82 PHYSICS + study of matter Force, eneray and motion @. time + helps explain how and why matter moves through space an “e emlained 1 2 padealiy a mathematical science wherein principles and phenomena are explained in mathematical quantities and mathematical relationship ‘Two Physical Quantities Used in Physics 1. Scalar quantity ~ fully described by magnitude alone 2. Vector quantity ~ described by both magnitude and direction scar] vector | one daatty | dianoey time - fi saargt | erect | ows “ acceleration m/s? seen | work ° 5 aor a } A. MOTION + a change in position of an object relative to an object at rest Types of Motion 1. Translational vs. Curvilinear + Translational motion ~ motion along a straight line + Curvilinear motion ~ motion along a curve 2. Uniform vs. Non-uniform * Uniform moton ~ motion at a constant speed in a straight line + Non-uniform motion ~ motion that involves change in speed and/or direction Elements of Motion 1. Distance and Displacement Distance - total length of a path taken by a moving object Displacement - a change in position of an object in a given direction Example ‘Acar moves 12 km south and then 16 km east. Find ts distance (d) and displacement (4 ) Answer 2 124 16= 28 km a s o 12 km F= 12) + 18= 20 km (36.905 of E) 8 16 kn 2. Speed and Velocity ve * Speed: a rate of motion Average Speed - total distance traveled for a given period of time is Instantaneous Speed - speed at an instant or at a given point in a path 7 Example | Mr. Santos took his family to Albay last summer vacation. Traveling a total distance of 60 kilometers from Manila, he reached the hotel in 8 hours. What was his average speed? Answer =~ 560 km 1 8h V.E.A. Learning, Inc. VisionsExcellencesAchievement 305 Katipunan Avenue, Quezon City » 433-3600 + 0919-52605813 Note: Mr. Santos may not have been driving at a constant speed of 70 km per hour roughout the trip. He would slow down when there is a nice view of Mayon Voicano or stop to get gas along th ay. His sf 2 long the way. His speed at maybe 12:00 as he looks at hs speedometer would be his instantaneous speed. i Velocity: rate of motion of an object with reference to a direction The average velocity of Mr. Santos in the cbove example would be 70 km/hr going southwest. 3. Acceleration: rate of change in velocity per unit time accelerating if its velocity + and/or direction change(s). } Average acceleration ~ ratio of the change in velocity 1. to the time interval Where dow - average acceleration vi - initial velocity vi=final velocity + time intoerval Instantaneous acceleration - the change in velocity at any given time Example How much time is needed for a car to accelerate from 7 m/s to a speed of 22 m/s if the acceleration is 3 m/s?2 2 mis—Tmis Answer (= =5s a 3mis® Motion Graphs 1. Uniform motion - zero acceleration + Position-Time Graph: straingt line; slope average velocity Velocity-Time Graph: horizontal line; slope = acceleration = 0 Example: 2m{E] ELA ismB{e) n> ¢}/-—— ¥= ts mite) Peston (m [ED \eocty (mi (ED L____, Time (21 Time ) 2. Non-uniform motion ~ uniformly accelerated motion + Position-Time Graph: curve; slopes of tangents to the curve at specific times are the instantaneous velocities + Velocity-Time Graph: straight line; slope = average acceleration «= Acceleration-Time Graph: horizontal line; acceleration = constant e a s_t £ g ie i : fe é 3 4 Time Time Time © The area under the line on the velocity-time graph represents the displacement at any time interval, The area under the line on the acceleration-time graph represents the change in velocity at any time interval. V.E.A, Learning, Inc. VisionsExcellencesAchievement 305 Katipunan Avenue, Quezon City + 433-3600 + 0919-526058184 [ Exercise: A bike moves according to the velocity-fime graph shown below. 1. find the displacement of the bike for each segment. 2) find the average acceleration of the bike for each segment. Solution: , ecymn 1 gL oys-0)=8m Som dy, (6 28-0) = 32m ag BBM amis! 11, = La 648-4) + 00~6Y4—0) = 8m Lmis? Uniformly Accelerated Motion 1. Basic Equations of Motion xtvi+ Zar ] where x=finalcistance —_vi~ initial velocity ee x =inital disatance a ~ accelerarfion \ v= final velocity xi vi v= ve+ 2ad 2. Free Fall If we let go of a golf ball and a ping pong ball from a high place above the ground, they would both fall toward the ground because of the pull of gravity. Regardless of mass and size, the acceleration of the body is due to gravity, a .8m/s* moving downwards. What happens during the fall? Would they reach the ground at the same time? When objects fall toward the earth, neglecting air resistance, they are said to be in free fall. According to Galileo, light and heavy objects will hit the ground nearly at the same time because during the free fall the balls are uniformly accelerated by the force of gravity Example Aball dropped from a window strkes the ground 2 seconds later. How high is the window? Answer: Solve for vi v= vi+ at = 0+ (9.8 m/st}(2s) = 19.6 m/s Note! g = 9.8 m/s? Solve ford: vi? =v? +2ad vi =v 19.6 m/ sy 0 2a (29.8 m/s*) =19.6m 3. Projectile Motion * motion of a body which is given an initial velocity and follows a path determined by the action of gravity and by air resistance + motion is along a parabolic path has two components, the horizontal and the vertical component horizontal component: constant velocity vertical component: constant acceleration = g = 9.8 m/s? (downward) V.E.A. Learning, Inc. VisionsExcellence-Achievement 305 Katipunan Avenue, Quezon City + 433-3600 + 0919-5260581