GATE – 2 0 1 6

EC : ELECTRONICS
& COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Set - 1
N o. of Qu est i on s : 65 M a xi m u m M a r k s : 100

I N ST RU CT I ON S
1. Tot al of 65 quest ions car r ying 100 mar ks, out of which 10 quest ions car r ying a t ot al of 15 mar ks ar e in
Gener al Apt it ude (GA)
2. The Engineer ing M at hemat ics will car r y ar ound 15% of t h e t ot al m ar k s, t he Gener al Apt it ude sect ion
will car r y 15% of t h e t ot al m ar k s and t he r em ai n i n g 70% of t h e t ot al m ar k s.
3. Ty p es of Qu est i on s
(a ) M u l t i p l e Ch oi ce Qu est i on s (M CQ) car r ying 1 or 2 mar ks each in all paper s and sect ions. These
questions ar e object ive in nat ur e, and each will have a choice of four options, out of which the candidate
has t o mar k t he cor r ect answer (s).
(b) N u m er i cal An sw er Qu est i on s of 1 or 2 mar ks each in all paper s and sect ions. For t hese quest ions
t he answer is a r eal number, t o be ent er ed by t he candidat e using t he vir t ual keypad. No choices will
be shown for t hese t ype of quest ions.
4. For 1-m ar k mult iple-choice quest ions, 1/3 m ar k s will be deduct ed for a wr ong answer. L ikewise, for
2-m ar k s mult iple-choice quest ions, 2/3 mar ks will be deduct ed for a wr ong answer. Ther e is no negat ive
mar king for numer ical answer t ype quest ions.

5. Michael lives 10 km away from where I live. Ahmed

GEN ERAL APT I T U D E (GA)
(Q.1 – 5) : Car r y On e M ar k Each
1. Which of t he following is CORRECT wit h r espect
t o gr ammar and usage?
M ount Ever est is ____________.
(a) t he highest peak in t he wor ld
(b) highest peak in t he wor ld
(c) one of highest peak in t he wor ld
(d) one of t he highest peak in t he wor ld
2. The policeman asked t he vict im of a t heft , “ What
did you ?”
(a) loose (b) lose
(c) loss (d) louse
3. Despit e t he new medi cine’s ______________ i n
t r eat ing diabet es, it is not ______________widely.
(a) effect iveness --- pr escr ibed
(b) availabilit y --- used
(c) pr escr ipt ion --- available
(d) accept ance --- pr oscr ibed
4. I n a huge pile of apples and or anges, bot h r ipe
and unr ipe mixed together, 15% ar e unr ipe fr uit s.
Of t he unr ipe fr uit s, 45% ar e apples. Of t he r ipe
ones, 66% ar e or anges. I f t he pile cont ains a t ot al
of 5692000 fr uit s, how many of t hem ar e apples?
(a) 2029198 (b) 2467482
(c) 2789080 (d) 3577422
lives 5 km away and Susan lives 7 km away fr om
where I live. Arun is farther away than Ahmed but
closer than Susan fr om wher e I live. Fr om t he
infor mation pr ovided her e, what is one possible
distance (in km) at which I live from Ar un’s place?
(a) 3.00
(b) 4.99
(c) 6.02
(d) 7.01
(Q.6 – 10) : Car r y Tw o M ar k s Each
6. A per son moving t hr ough a t uber culosis pr one
zone has a 50% pr obabilit y of becoming infect ed.
H owever, only 30% of infect ed people develop t he
di sease. What per cent age of peopl e movi ng
t h r ou gh a t uber cul osi s pr one zone r emai ns
infect ed but does not show sympt oms of disease?
(a) 15
(b) 33
(c) 35
(d) 37
7. I n a wor ld filled wit h uncer t aint y, he was glad t o
have many good fr iends. H e had always assist ed
them in times of need and was confident that t hey
would r ecipr ocate. However, the events of the last
week pr oved him wr ong.
Which of t he following infer ence(s) is/ar e logically
valid and can be infer r ed fr om the above passage?
2 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1)

(i ) His friends were always asking him to help them.
(i i ) H e felt t hat when in need of help, his fr iends
would let him down.
(iii) H e was sur e t hat his fr iends would help him
when in need.
(i v)H is fr iends did not help him last week.
(a) (i ) and (i i ) (b) (i i i ) and (i v)
(c) (i i i ) only (d) (i v) only
8. Leela is older than her cousin Pavithr a. Pavithra’s
br ot her Shiva is older than Leela. When Pavithr a
and Shiva ar e visiting L eela, all t hr ee like to play
chess. Pavit hr a wins mor e oft en t han L eela does.
Which one of t he following st at ement s must be
TRUE based on t he above?
(a) When Sh i va pl ays chess wi t h L eel a and
Pavit hr a, he oft en loses.
(b) L eela is t he oldest of t he t hr ee.
(c) Shiva is a bet t er chess player t han Pavit hr a.
(d) Pavit hr a is t he youngest of t he t hr ee.
a 1 1 1
9. I f q  and r  b  and s c  , t he value of
r s q –5
abc is .
Q : I f f(x) is cont inuous at x = x0, t hen it may not
be differ ent iable at x = x0.
R : I f f(x) is differ ent iable at x = x0, t hen it is also
cont inuous at x = x0.
(a) P is t r ue, Q is false, R is false
(b) P is false, Q is t r ue, R is t r ue
(c) P is false, Q is t r ue, R is false
(d) P is t r ue, Q is false, R is t r ue
4. Which one of t he following is a pr oper t y of t he
solut ions t o t he L aplace equat ion: 2f = 0?
(a) T he sol u t i ons have n ei t h er maxi ma nor
minima anywher e except at t he boundar ies.
(b) T h e sol u t i on s ar e n ot separ abl e i n t h e
coor dinat es.
(c) The solut ions ar e not cont inuous.
(d) T he sol u t i ons ar e not depen den t on t h e
boundar y condit ions.
5. Consider t he plot of f(x) ver sus x as shown below.
f (x )
+2
0 +5 x
–2

(a) (r qs)– 1 (b) 0 Su ppose F( x) 

x

(c) 1 (d) r +q+s

5 f ( y)dy. Wh i ch on e of t h e
following is a gr aph of F(x)?
10. P, Q, R and S ar e wor king on a pr oject . Q can
fi ni sh t he t ask i n 25 days, wor k i ng al one for F(x)
12 hour s a day. R can finish t he t ask in 50 days,
wor king alone for 12 hour s per day. Q wor ked (a) –5 0 +5 x
12 hours a day but took sick leave in the beginning
for two days. R wor ked 18 hour s a day on all days.
What is t he r at io of wor k done by Q and R aft er F(x)
7 days fr om t he st ar t of t he pr oject ?
(a) 10:11 (b) 11:10 (b) –5 0 +5 x

(c) 20:21 (d) 21:20

F(x)
T ECH N I CAL SECT I ON
–5 0 +5 x
(Q.1 – 25) : Car r y On e M ar k Each (c)
1. L et M 4 = I , (wher e I denot es t he ident it y mat r ix)
and M  I , M 2  I and M 3  I . Then, for any natur al
F(x)
number k, M – 1 equals:
–5 +5
(a) M 4k + 1 (b) M 4k + 2 (d)
0 x
(c) M 4k + 3 (d) M 4k
2. The second moment of a Poi sson-di st r i but ed 6. Which one of t he following is an eigen funct ion of
r andom var iable is 2. The mean of t he r andom t h e cl ass of al l con t i n u ou s-t i m e, l i n ear ,
var iable is _______. time-invar iant systems (u(t) denotes the unit-step
3. Given t he following st at ement s about a funct ion funct ion)?
f :    , select t he r ight opt ion: (a) ej 0 t u (t ) (b) cos (0t)
P : I f f(x) is cont inuous at x = x0, t hen it is also
(c) ej 0 t (d) sin (0t)
differ ent iable at x = x0.
SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1) 3

7. A cont inuous-t ime funct ion x(t) is per iodic wit h 12. Consider t he foll owing st at ement s for a met al
per iod T. The funct ion is sampled unifor mly wit h ox i de sem i con du ct or f i el d ef f ect t r an si st or
a sampling per iod T s. I n which one of the following (M OSFET):
cases is t he sampled signal per iodic? P : As channel length r educes, OFF-stat e cur r ent
incr eases.
(a) T  2 T2
Q : As channel lengt h r educes, out put r esist ance
(b) T = 1.2 T s incr eases.
(c) Always R : As channel lengt h r educes, t hr eshold volt age
(d) Never r emains const ant .
8. Consi der t he sequence x[n] = a nu[n] + bn u[n], S : A s ch an n el l en gt h r edu ces, ON cu r r en t
wher e u[n] denot es t he unit -st ep sequence and incr eases.
0 < | a| < | b| < 1. The r egion of conver gence Which of the above statements ar e I NCORRECT?
(ROC) of t he z-t r ansfor m of x[n] is
(a) P and Q
(a) | z| > | a|
(b) P and S
(b) | z| > | b|
(c) Q and R
(c) | z| < | a|
(d) R and S
(d) | a| < | z| < | b|
13. Consider t he const ant cur r ent sour ce shown in
9. Consider a two-port network with the transmission t he figur e below. L et  r epr esent t he cur r ent gain
A B of t he t r ansist or.
mat r ix: T    . I f the net wor k is r ecipr ocal, +V CC
C D
t hen
(a) T – 1 = T R
(b) T 2 = T
(c) Det er minant (T) = 0
(d) Det er minant (T) = 1 V ref
–
10. A cont inuous-t ime sinusoid of fr equency 33 H z is +
mult iplied wit h a per iodic Dir ac impulse t r ain of R2
fr equency 46 H z. The r esult ing signal is passed R1
t hr ough an ideal analog low-pass filt er wit h a RL
cut off fr equency of 23 H z. The fundament al
fr equency (in H z) of t he out put is _________.
11. A small per cent age of impur it y is added t o an
int r insic semiconduct or at 300 K . Which one of
t he following st at ement s is t r ue for t he ener gy
band diagr am shown in t he following figur e? The load cur r ent I 0 t hr ough RL is
Conduct i on Band    1  Vr ef    Vr ef
Ec (a) I 0    (b) I 0   
   R  1 R
N ew Ener gy L evel 0.01eV    1  Vr ef    Vr ef
(c) I 0    (d) I 0   
   2R    1  2R
Ev 14. The fol lowing si gnal V i of peak vol t age 8 V is
Valence Band
applied t o t he non-inver t ing t er minal of an ideal
(a) Intrinsic semiconductor doped with pentavalent opamp. The t r ansist or has V BE = 0.7 V,  =100;
atoms to form n-type semiconductor V L ED = 1.5 V, V CC = 10 V and – V CC = – 10 V.
(b) I nt r insic semiconduct or doped wit h t r ivalent 10V 10V
at oms t o for m n-t ype semiconduct or
(c) I n t r i n si c sem i con du ct or doped w i t h 100

pen t av al en t at om s t o f or m p-t y pe 8 k
+V CC
semiconduct or L ED
–
(d) I nt r insic semiconduct or doped wit h t r ivalent
2 k +
at oms t o for m p-t ype semiconduct or Vi 15 k 
– V CC
4 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1)

Vi The cor r esponding fr equencies synt hesized ar e:

6V (a) 10 kH z, 20 kH z, 40 kH z, 80 kH z
4V
(b) 20 kH z, 40 kH z, 80 kH z, 160 kH z
2V
t (c) 80 kH z, 40 kH z, 20 kH z, 10 kH z
– 2V (d) 160 kH z, 80 kH z, 40 kH z, 20 kH z
– 4V
– 6V 17. The out put of t he combi nat i onal ci r cui t gi ven
below is
The number of t imes t he L ED glows is ________.
A
15. Consider the oscillator cir cuit shown in the figur e.
The funct ion of t he net wor k (shown in dot t ed
B Y
lines) consist ing of t he 100 k r esist or in ser ies C
wit h t he t wo diodes connect ed back-t o-back is t o:
1nF 158k
(a) A + B + C (b) A(B + C)
158k +VCC (c) B(C + A) (d) C(A + B)
1nF
– 18. What is t he volt age V out in t he following cir cuit ?
+ V DD
– VCC 22.1k

D1

100k
D2

10k 
(a) introduce amplitude stabilization by preventing
the op amp from saturating and thus producing
sinusoidal oscillations of fixed amplitude
(b) int r oduce amplit ude st abilizat ion by for cing
t he opamp t o swi ng bet ween posi t i ve and
n egat i ve sat u r at i on an d t h us pr odu ci n g
squar e wave oscillat ions of fixed amplit ude
(c) int r oduce fr equency st abilizat ion by for cing
t he cir cuit t o oscillat e at a single fr equency
(d) enable t he loop gain t o t ake on a value t hat
pr oduces squar e wave oscillat ions
16. The block di agr am of a fr equency synt hesi zer
consist ing of a Phase L ocked L oop (PL L ) and a
divide-by-N count er (compr ising  2,  4,  8,  16
out put s) i s sket ched bel ow. The synt hesizer is
excit ed wit h a 5 kH z signal (I nput 1). The fr ee-
r unning fr equency of t he PL L is set t o 20 kH z.
Assume t hat t he commut at or swi t ch mak es
cont act s r epeat edly in t he or der 1-2-3-4.
I nput 1 Phase
Det ect or
Ampli fier
Count er VCO
1 2
2 4 C t he number of r ight -half s-plane poles.
3 8 R
4 16
Synt hesizer
out put
10k 
V out
(a) 0 V
(b) (| V T of PM OS| + V T of NM OS) / 2
(c) Swit ching t hr eshold of inver t er
(d) V DD
19. M at ch t he infer ences X, Y, and Z, about a syst em,
t o t he cor r esponding pr oper t ies of t he element s
of fir st col umn in Rout h’s Table of t he syst em
char act er ist ic equat ion.
X : The syst em is st able ...
Y : The syst em is unst able ...
Z : The t est br eaks down ...
P : ... when all element s ar e posit ive
Q : ... when any one element is zer o
R : ... when ther e is a change in sign of coefficients
(a) X  P, Y  Q, Z  R
(b) X  Q, Y  P, Z  R
+VCC (c) X  R, Y  Q, Z  P
(d) X  P, Y  R, Z  Q
L ow Pass 20. A cl osed-l oop cont r ol syst em i s st abl e i f t he
Filt er
N yqui st pl ot of t he cor r espondi ng open-l oop
t r ansfer funct ion
(a) enci r cles t he s-pl ane point (– 1 + j0) i n t he
count er clockwise dir ect ion as many t imes as
– V CC
(b) enci r cl es t he s-pl ane poi nt (0 – j 1) i n t he
cl ock wi se di r ect i on as many t i mes as t he
number of r ight -half s-plane poles.
SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1) 5

(c) enci r cles t he s-pl ane point (– 1 + j0) i n t he 28. I n t he following int egr al, t he cont our C encloses
count er clockwise dir ect ion as many t imes as t he point s 2j and – 2j
t he number of left -half s-plane poles.
(d) enci r cles t he s-pl ane point (– 1 + j0) i n t he 1 sin z
2 
 C ( z  2j )3 dz

count er clockwise dir ect ion as many t imes as
t he number of r ight -half s-plane zer os.
The value of t he int egr al is ________.
21. Consider binar y dat a t r ansmission at a r at e of
29. The r egi on speci fi ed by {(, , z): 3    5,
56 kbps using baseband binar y pulse amplit ude
modul at i on (PAM ) t hat i s desi gned t o have a      , 3  z  4.5} in cylindr ical coor dinat es
r ai sed-cosi n e spect r u m . T h e t r an sm i ssi on 8 4
has volume of _______.
bandwidt h (in kH z) r equir ed for a r oll-off fact or
of 0.25 is ________. 30. The Laplace transform of the causal periodic square
wave of per iod T shown in the figure below is
22. A super het er odyne r ecei ver oper at es i n t he
f (t )
fr equency r ange of 58 M H z – 68 M H z. The
i nt er medi at e fr equency f I F and l ocal osci l l at or
fr equency f L O ar e chosen such t hat f I F  f L O. I t is 1
r equir ed t hat t he image fr equencies fall out side
t he 58 M H z – 68 M H z band. The mi ni mum
r equir ed f I F (in M H z) is ________. 0 T/2 T 3T/2 2T t
23. T h e am pl i t u de of a si n u soi dal car r i er i s
modul at ed by a si ngl e si nusoi d t o obt ai n t he 1 1
(a) F( s)  (b) F(s) 
amplit ude modulat ed signal s(t) = 5 cos 1600t 1  e sT/2  
sT

+ 20 cos 1800t + 5 cos 2000t . The value of t he s  1  e 2 
 
modulat ion index is __________
24. Concent r ic spher ical shells of r adii 2 m, 4 m, and 1 1
8 m car r y unifor m sur face char ge densit i es of (c) F(s)  (d) F( s) 
s(1  e sT ) 1  e sT
20 nC/m 2, – 4 nC/m 2 and s, r espectively. The value 31. A net wor k consist ing of a finit e number of linear
of s (nC/m 2) r equir ed t o ensur e t hat t he elect r ic r esi st or (R), i nduct or (L ), and capaci t or (C)
 
flux densit y D  0 at r adius 10 m is _________. element s, connect ed all in ser ies or all in par allel,
25. The pr opagation const ant of a lossy t r ansmission is excit ed wit h a sour ce of t he for m
line is (2 + j5)m – 1 and its char acter istic impedance 3

a cos( k0 t ), wher e a  0,   0.

is (50 + j0)  at  = 106 r ad s– 1. The values of t he k 1
k k 0

line const ant s L , C, R, G ar e, r espect ively, The sour ce has nonzer o impedance. Which one
(a) L = 200 H /m, C = 0.1 F/m, R = 50 /m, of t he following is a possible for m of t he out put
G = 0.02 S/m measur ed acr oss a r esist or in t he net wor k?
(b) L = 250 H /m, C = 0.1 F/m, R = 100 /m, 3
G = 0.04 S/m (a) b k cos( k0 t  k ), where bk  ak , k
(c) L = 200 H /m, C = 0.2 F/m, R = 100 /m, k 1

G = 0.02 S/m 4

(d) L = 250 H /m, C = 0.2 F/m, R = 50 /m, (b) b k cos( k0 t  k ), where bk  0, k
k 1
G = 0.04 S/m
3
(Q.26 – 55) : Car r y Tw o M ar k s Each (c)  ak cos( k0 t   k )
1 k 1
26. The i nt egr al ( x  y  10) dx dy, wher e D
2 D 2
denot es t he disc: x2 + y2  4, evaluat es t o_____. (d)  ak cos( k0 t   k )
k 1
27. A sequence x[n] is specified as
n
32. A fir st -or der low-pass filt er of t ime const ant T is
 x[ n ]  1 1  1  excit ed wit h di ffer ent i nput signals (wi t h zer o
 x[ n  1]   1 0  0  , for n  2.
      initial conditions up t o t = 0). M atch t he excitat ion
The init ial condit ions ar e x[0] = 1, x[1] = 1, and si gnal s X, Y, Z wi t h t he cor r espondi ng t i me
x[n] = 0 for n < 0. The value of x[12] is ______. r esponses for t  0:
6 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1)

X : I mpulse P : 1 – e– t/T 37. Consider an n-channel metal oxide semiconductor

Y : Unit st ep Q : t – T(1 – e– t/T ) field effect tr ansist or (MOSFET) with a gate-to-
Z : Ramp R : e– t/T W
sour ce vol t age of 1.8 V. Assume t hat  4,
(a) X  R, Y  Q, Z  P L
N Cox = 70  10 AV , the thr eshold voltage is 0.3V,
–6 –2

(b) X  Q, Y  P, Z  R and the channel length modulation par ameter is

(c) X  R, Y  P, Z  Q 0.09 V – 1. I n t he sat ur at i on r egi on, t he dr ai n
(d) X  P, Y  R, Z  Q conductance (in micr o seimens) is ________.
33. An AC volt age sour ce V = 10 sin(t) volts is applied 38. The figur e below shows t he doping dist r ibut ion
to the following net wor k. Assume that R1 = 3 k, in a p-t ype semiconduct or in log scale.
R2 = 6 k and R3 = 9 k, and that the diode is
ideal. N A(cm – 3) 1016
1014
e R3 h
1 2

R2 R2 R3 Posi t ion (m)

R3 The magnit ude of t he elect r ic field (in kV/cm) in
f R2 g t he semi conduct or due t o non unifor m dopi ng
d c
is _________.
R2 R1
39. Consider a silicon sample at T = 300 K , wit h a
R1 R2
R3
u n i f or m don or den si t y N d = 5  10 16 cm – 3 ,
i l l umi nat ed uni for ml y such t hat t he opt i cal
a b
I rms
AC
R1
gener at i on r at e i s G opt = 1.5  10 20 cm – 3 s– 1
V = 10 sin( t )
t hr oughout the sample. The incident r adiat ion is
t ur ned off at t = 0. Assume low-level inject ion t o
RM S cur r ent I r m s (i n mA) t hr ough t he di ode be valid and ignor e sur face effect s. The car r ier
is ________. lifet imes ar e p0 = 0.1 s and n0 = 0.5 s.
34. I n t he cir cuit shown in t he figur e, t he maximum
power (i n wat t ) del i ver ed t o t he r esi st or R n-t ype Si
is __________.
The hol e concent r at i on at t = 0 and t he hol e
concent r at ion at t = 0.3 s, r espect ively, ar e
3 k 10 k 
100 vo (a) 1.5  1013 cm – 3 and 7.47  1011 cm – 3
+ +
vo + (b) 1.5  1013 cm – 3 and 8.23  1011 cm – 3
– 5V 2 k – 40 k  R
–
(c) 7.5  1013 cm – 3 and 3.73  1011 cm – 3
(d) 7.5  1013 cm – 3 and 4.12  1011 cm – 3
35. Consider t he signal 40. An ideal opamp has volt age sour ces V 1, V 3, V 5, ...,
x[n] = 6 [n + 2] + 3[n + 1] + 8[n] V N– 1 connect ed t o t he non-inver ting input and V 2,
V 4, V 6, ..., V N connect ed t o t he inver t ing input as
+ 7[n – 1] + 4[n – 2] .
shown i n t he fi gu r e bel ow (+V CC = 15 vol t ,
I f X(ej) is t he di scr et e-t ime Four i er t r ansfor m – V CC = – 15 volt ). The volt ages V 1, V 2, V 3, V 4, V 5,
1  V 6, ... ar e 1, – 1/2, 1/3, – 1/4, 1/5, – 1/6, ... vol t ,
of x[ n ] , t h en  X (ej  )sin 2 (2) d  i s equal r espect ively. As N appr oaches infinity, t he out put
 
volt age (in volt ) is ___________.
t o _________.
10 k 
36. Consider a silicon p-n junct ion wit h a unifor m V2 10 k 
10 k 
accept or doping concent r at ion of 1017 cm – 3 on t he V4
p-side and a unifor m donor doping concent r at ion +V CC
VN –
of 1016 cm – 3 on t he n-side. No ext er nal volt age is
10 k  V0
appl i ed t o t he di ode. Gi ven: k T /q = 26 m V, +
1 k – V CC
n i = 1.5  1010 cm – 3, Si = 120, 0 = 8.85  10– 14 F/m, V1
and q = 1.6  10– 19 C. 1 k
V3
The char ge per unit junct ion ar ea (nC cm – 2) in
1 k
t he deplet ion r egion on t he p-side is ___________. VN – 1
1 k
SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1) 7

41. A p-i -n phot odi ode of r esponsi vi t y 0.8A/W i s (b) M emor y wr i t e oper at i ons ar e sl ower t han
connected to the inver ting input of an ideal opamp memor y r ead oper at i ons i n an 8085 based
as shown in t he figur e, +V cc = 15 V, – V cc = – 15V, syst em.
L oad r esist or RL = 10 k. I f 10 W of power is (c) The stack pointer needs to be pr e-decr emented
incident on t he phot odiode, t hen t he value of t he befor e wr iting r egister s in a PUSH, wher eas a
photocur r ent (in A) thr ough the load is ________ POP oper ation uses the addr ess alr eady in the
1 M
stack pointer.
(d) Or der of r egist er s has t o be int er changed for
+V CC
a PUSH oper at ion, wher eas POP uses t heir
–
V0 nat ur al or der.
+
1 M
45. The open-loop transfer function of a unity-feedback
– V CC 10k  cont r ol syst em is

+V CC K
G(s) = 2
42. I dent ify t he cir cuit below. s  5s  5
The val ue of K at t he br eak away poi nt of t he
OP0 I P0
f eedback con t r ol sy st em ’s r oot -l ocu s pl ot
OP1 I P1
X2
OP2 I P2
Y2 is________.
X1 3:8
OP
3 I P3 8:3
Y1 46. The open-l oop t r ansfer f unct i on of a uni t y-
Decode OP4 I P 4 Encoder
feedback cont r ol syst em is given by
OP5 I P5
X0 OP6 I P6 Y0
OP7
K
I P7
G(s) =
s(s  2)
(a) Binar y t o Gr ay code conver t er For t he peak over shoot of t he closed-loop syst em
(b) Binar y t o XS3 conver t er t o a unit st ep input t o be 10%, t he value of K
(c) Gr ay t o Binar y conver t er is ____________.
(d) XS3 t o Binar y conver t er 47. The t r ansfer funct ion of a linear t ime invar iant
43. The funct i onal i t y i mpl ement ed by t he ci r cui t syst em is given by
below is H (s) = 2s4 – 5s3 + 5s – 2
P The number of zer os i n t he r i ght hal f of t he
Q
R
s-plane is ________.
S
Y 48. Consi der a di scr et e memor yl ess sour ce wi t h
O0 alphabet S = {s0, s1, s2, s3, s4, ...} and r espect ive
C1 O1
1 1 1 1 1 
2:4 probabilities of occurrence P   , , , , ...,.
C0 Decoder O2
 2 4 8 16 32 
O3
The ent r opy of t he sour ce (in bit s) is _______.
Enable = 1
49. A digital communicat ion syst em uses a r epetition
is a t r ist at e buffer code for channel encodi ng/decodi ng. Dur i ng
(a) 2-t o-1 mult iplexer t r ansmi ssion, each bit is r epeat ed t hr ee t i mes
(b) 4-t o-1 mult iplexer (0 is t r ansmit t ed as 000, and 1 is t r ansmit t ed as
(c) 7-t o-1 mult iplexer 111). I t i s assumed t hat t he sour ce put s out
(d) 6-t o-1 mult iplexer sy m bol s i n depen den t l y an d w i t h equ al
44. I n an 8085 syst em, a PUSH oper at ion r equir es pr obabilit y. The decoder oper at es as follows: I n a
mor e clock cycles t han a POP oper at ion. Which block of thr ee r eceived bit s, if the number of zer os
one of t he following opt ions is t he cor r ect r eason exceeds t he number of ones, t he decoder decides
for t his? in favor of a 0, and if t he number of ones exceeds
(a) For POP, t he dat a t r ansceiver s r emain in t he t he number of zer os, t he decoder decides in favor
sam e di r ect i on as f or i n st r u ct i on f et ch of a 1. Assuming a binary symmetr ic channel with
(memor y t o pr ocessor ), wher eas for PU SH cr ossov er pr obabi l i t y p = 0.1, t h e av er age
t heir dir ect ion has t o be r ever sed. pr obabilit y of er r or is ________.
8 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1)

50. An anal og pul se s(t) i s t r ansmi t t ed over an 53. Two lossless X-band hor n antennas ar e separ at ed
addit ive whit e Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. by a dist ance of 200. The amplit ude r eflect ion
The r eceived signal is r (t) = s(t) + n(t), wher e n(t) coefficient s at t he t er minals of t he t r ansmit t ing
i s addi t i ve whi t e Gaussi an noi se wi t h power an d r ecei vi n g an t en n as ar e 0.15 an d 0.18,
N0 r espect ively. The maximum dir ect ivit ies of t he
spectr al density . The r eceived signal is passed t r ansmit t ing and r eceiving ant ennas (over t he
2
t hr ough a filt er wit h impulse r esponse h(t). L et i sot r opi c an t en n a) ar e 18 dB an d 22 dB ,
E s and E h denot e t he ener gies of t he pulse s(t) r espect ively. Assuming t hat t he input power in
an d t h e f i l t er h (t ), r espect i vel y. Wh en t h e t he lossless t r ansmission line connect ed t o t he
signal-t o-noise r at io (SNR) is maximized at t he ant enn a i s 2 W, and t hat t he ant ennas ar e
ou t pu t of t h e f i l t er (SN R m ax ), wh i ch of t h e per fect ly aligned and polar izat ion mat ched, t he
following holds? power ( i n mW) del i ver ed t o t he l oad at t he
r eceiver is ________.
2E s
(a) E s  E h ; SNR max  N 54. T h e el ect r i c f i el d of a u n i f or m pl an e wave
0
t r avelling along t he negat ive z dir ect ion is given
Es by t he following equat ion:
(b) E s  E h ; SNR max  2N 
0 E iw  (aˆ x  jaˆ y )E 0 ejkz
2E s This wave is incident upon a r eceiving ant enna
(c) E s  E h ; SNR max  N placed at t he or igin and whose r adiat ed elect r ic
0
field t owar ds t he incident wave is given by t he
2E h following equat ion:
(d) E s  E h ; SNR max  N
0
 1
51. The cur r ent densit y in a medium is given by E a  (aˆ x  2aˆ y )E 1 e jkr
r
 400sin 
j   r Am 2 T h e pol ar i zat i on of t h e i n ci den t wav e, t h e
2 p(r 2  4) polar izat ion of t he ant enna and losses due t o t he
polar izat ion mismat ch ar e, r espect ively,
The total cur r ent and the aver age cur r ent density
flowing t hr ough t he por tion of a spher ical sur face (a) L inear, Cir cular (clockwise), – 5dB
  (b) Cir cular (clockwise), L inear, – 5dB
r = 0.8 m ,    ,0    2 ar e gi v en , (c) Cir cular (clockwise), L inear, – 3dB
12 4
r espect ively, by (d) Cir cular (ant i clockwise), L inear, – 3dB
(a) 15.09 A, 12.86 Am – 2 55. The far -zone power densit y r adiat ed by a helical
(b) 18.73 A, 13.65 Am – 2 ant enna is appr oximat ed as:
(c) 12.86 A, 9.23 Am – 2  
 C 1 cos4 
W r ad  W aver age  a
(d) 10.28 A, 7.56 Am – 2 r 0
r2
52. An ant enna point ing in a cer t ain dir ect ion has a The r adiat ed power densit y is symmet r ical wit h
n oi se t em per at u r e of 50 K . T h e am bi en t r espect t o  an d ex i st s on l y i n t h e u pper
t emper at ur e is 290 K . The ant enna is connect ed
t o a pr e-amplifier t hat has a noise figur e of 2 dB 
hemisphere: 0    ; 0    2; C0 is a constant.
and an available gain of 40 dB over an effect ive 2
bandwidt h of 12 M H z. The effect ive input noise The power r adiated by the antenna (in watts) and
t emper at ur e T e for t he amplifier and t he noise t h e m ax i m u m di r ect i v i t y of t h e an t en n a,
power Pao at t he out put of t he pr eampl i fi er, r espect ively, ar e
r espect ively, ar e (a) 1.5 C0, 10 dB
(a) T e = 169.36 K and Pao = 3.73  10– 10 W (b) 1.256 C0, 10 dB
(b) T e = 170.8 K and Pao = 4.56  10– 10 W (c) 1.256 C0, 12 dB
(c) T e = 182.5 K and Pao = 3.85  10– 10 W (d) 1.5 C0, 12 dB
(d) T e = 160.62 K and Pao = 4.6  10– 10 W
SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1) 9

AN SWERS
GEN ERAL APT I T U D E

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (c)

T ECH N I CAL SECT I ON

1. (c) 2. (1) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (c)

7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (13) 11. (a) 12. (c)

13. (b) 14. (3) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (b)

19. (d) 20. (a) 21. (35) 22. (5) 23. (0.5) 24. (– 0.25)

25. (b) 26. (20) 27. (233) 28. (– 133.87) 29. (4.714) 30. (b)

31. (a) 32. (c) 33. (1) 34. (0.8) 35. (8) 36. (4.836)

37. (28.35) 38. (0.0133) 39. (c) 40. (15) 41. (– 8) 42. (a)

43. (b) 44. (c) 45. (1.25) 46. (2.87) 47. (3) 48. (2)

49. (0.028) 50. (a) 51. (* ) 52. (a) 53. (2.99) 54. (c; d)

55. (b)

* None of the gi ven opti on i s cor r ect

EXPL AN AT I ON S
GEN ERAL APT I T U D E  Tot al no. of apples = 384210 + 1644988
2. L ose (ver b) = 2029198
3. H er e ‘effect i veness’ is noun and ‘pr escr ibed’ is 5. Fr om given dat a, t he following diagr am can be
ver b. So t hese wor ds ar e apt and befit t ing wit h possible.
t he given wor d ‘medicine’. 7 km S
4. Given, 6.02 m A
Tot al no. of fr uit s = 5692000 5 km Ah
I M
Unr ipe t ype of apples = 45% of 15% of 5692000
10 km
45 15 H er e S  Susan
=   5692000
100 100 A  Ar un
= 384210
Ah  Ahmed
Ripe t ype of apples = (100 – 66)%  (100 – 15)%
M  M ichael
 5692000
Fr om t he above diagr am, Ar un lives far t hest
34 85 away t han Ahmed means mor e than 5 km but
=   5692000
100 100 closer than Susan means less than 7 km, fr om
= 1644988 t he given alt er nat ives.
So, only opt ion ‘c’ is possible.
10 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1)

6. The per cent age of peopl e movi ng t hr ough a 10. Q can finish 1 day’s 1 hour ’s wor k
tuber culosis pr one zone r emains infected but does
1 1
not show sympt oms of disease. = 
25  12 300
= (100 – 30)%  50% R can finish 1 day’s 1 hour ’s wor k
70 50 35 1
 =   35%
100 100 100 =
50  12
8. Fr om t he given quest ion t wo st at ement s will be
1
followed. =
600
For st at ment I
Now Q wor king hour s
Ar r ange t he given dat a accor ding t o t heir ages
= (7 – 2)  12
Shi va
 = 60 hr
Age L eela  R wor king hour s = 7  18 = 126

Pavit hra Aft er 7 days, t he r at io of wor k done by Q & R is
For st at ement I I Q :R
Ar r ange the given data accor ding to their winning 60 126
Pavit hra
:
300 600
Q : R = 120 : 126
L eela = 20 : 21
So, fr om st at ement I and I I , it is clear t hat only
T ECH N I CAL SECT I ON
opt ion (d) is possible (i.e., st at ement I ).
1. Given, M4 =I
1 M8 = M4 = I
9. Given q–a
= 
r
 M7 = M– 1
1 1 M 12 = M8 = I
 = 
q a r
 M 11 = M – 1
 q =r
a
...(i )  M 16 = M 12 = I
1  M 15 = M – 1
r– b =
s ............................
1 1  M – 1 = M 4k + 3
 =
rb s wher e k is a nat ur al number.
 s = rb ...(i i ) 2. H er e, E(x2) = 2
1  V(x) = E(x2) – (E(x))2
s– c =
q L et mean of t he poisson r andom var iable be x.
1 1 x = 2 – x2
 =
sc q 2
 x2
Since V (x)  x and (E(x)) 
 s =qc
...(i i i )
x +x– 2
2
=0
Fr om equat ion (i ),
x + 2x – x – 2
2
=0
qa = r
x(x + 2) – 1 (x + 2) =0
(sc)a = r (fr om eq. (i i i ))
(x – 1) (x + 2) =0
S ac
=r
 x = 1, – 2
1
sac =  s b (fr om eq. (i i )) M ean of r andom var iable () = 1
3. Si n ce con t i n u ou s f u n ct i on m ay n ot be
sabc = s = s1
differ entiable at x = x0, but differ ent iable function
 abc = 1 is always cont inuous.
So t he value of abc is 1 5. Fr om t he given quest ion int egr at ion of r amp is
par abolic, int egr at ion of st ep is r amp.
SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1) 11

So, t he r equir ed gr aph of f (x) is shown below.

13. +VCC
+ 10V
+
+
R VZ IE
VZ
–5 5 –
–

–
+ R2

RL t0 = IC
R1

Parabolic Fr om t he given figur e, we have

region
(–ve) Parabolic
Parabolic V P = V N (Vir t ual shor t )
region
Linear region (+ve)
region (+ve) Linear       VZ
I0 = IC =  IE   
(–ve)
Parabolic
region
   1   1 R
(+ve)
region
(+ve)
   Vr ef
=  
 1 R

14. +10 V
0
7. I f is a r at ional number, t hen discr et e t ime
2 100 
signal x(n) = cos(0n) will be per iodic.
8. Given sequence LED
10(2k)
x(n) = ( a) n x(n )  (b) n x(n ), = 2V –
8k + 2k
Also given 0  a  b 1 + Vop 15 k

 The r egion of conver gence (ROC) Vi

=  z  a  z  b 
= zb
9. A t wo por t net wor k is r ecipr ocal in t r ansmission
par amet er s if (AD – BC) = 1
i.e., t he value of Det er minant (T) = 1
10. Given, f m = 33 H z,
f s = 46 H z
The fr equency in sampled singal =  33, 13, 79,
59, 125. .............. The above fr equenci es ar e
passed t o a L PF of cut -off fr equency 23 H z. The
out put fr equency = 13 H z.
11. Donor ener gy level close t o conduct ion band.
12. As per t he given st at ement
P : TRUE
Q : F A L SE , A s ch an n el l en gt h r edu ces,
out put r esist ance r educes.
R : F A L SE , A s ch an n el l en gt h r edu ces,
t hr eshold volt age r educes
S : TRUE
So, t he given st at ement Q and R ar e incor r ect .
Vi
2V
(1) (2) (3)
V i cr osses 2V, 3 t imes
So, t he L ED glows 3 t imes.
15. The ci r cui t shown (i n fi g.) i s a wei n br i dge
oscillat or. So t he amplit ude of oscillat ions can be
det er mined and st abilized by using a nonlinear
cont r ol net wor k . As t he osci l l at i ons gr ow, t he
di odes st ar t t o con du ct i n g t h at cau ses t h e
effect ive r esist ance in t he feedback t o decr ease.
Ther efor e equi l i br i um wi l l be r eached at t he
out put amplit ude t hat causes t he loop gain t o be
exact ly unit y.
12 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1)

16. H er e t h e r equ i r ed di agr am of f r equ en cy H er e X = The syst em is st able

synt hesizer consist ing of phase locked loop (PPL ) Y = The syst em is unst able
and a divide by-N count er is shown below.
Z = The t est br eaks down
Phase
Amplifier 20. H er e t he N yqui st pl ot of t he cor r espondi ng
fin and VCO
Detector
Filter Nfin
open-loop t r ansfer funct ion is

j
Divide S-plane
by N

f in Divide by N VCO out put (Nf in)
Nyquist path
5kH z 2 10kH z N=P– Z
5kH z 4 20kH z
For closed loop st abilit y
5kH z 8 40kH z
Z = 0, N = P
5kH z 16 80kH z
So, t he point (– 1, j0) encir cles t he s-plane is t he
So, the cor r esponding fr equencies synt hesizer ar e
count er clockwise dir ect ion equaling P poles of
r espect ively 10 kH z, 20kH z, 40kH z, 80kH z.
t he r ight -half s-plane.
17. Fr om t he given combinat ional cir cuit out put (Y) 21. Fr om given dat a
= ABC  AB  BC
binar y dat a t r ansmission (Rb) = 56 kbps
= AB (C  1)  BC
Roll-off fact or () = 0.25
= ABC  BC (Since C  1 = C  1  1  C )
 Tr ansmission bandwidt h
= C0  C
= 0C Rb
(BW) = 1   
= C 2 


= B AC  C  56
= 1  0.25  kH z
2 
= B  AC  C  C AC 
  = 28  1.25 kH z
= 35 kH z



= B  AC  C A  C 
   22. Fr om given dat a
The fr equency r ange of super heter odyne r eceiver
= B  AC  AC  C  Since C  C  (f s) = 58 M H z - 68M H z
= B  AC  C A  1 
  When f s = 58 M H z
 
f si = f s + 21F > 68 M H z
= B C  AC
  Since A  1  1 21F > 10 M H z
= B[C + A]
 1F  5 M H z
 Y = B(C + A)
P
So, t he minimum r equir ed F 1F is 5 M H z.
19. +
23. H er e t he amplit ude modulat ed signal
Stable
+ (when all elements are positive) s(t) = 5 cos1600t + 20 cos1800t + 5cos 2200t
+
A c
s(t) = cos2  f c  f m  t  A c cos2f ct
2
Q
+
A c
Roath array
 cos2  f c  f m  t
0 (when any on element is zero) 2
breaks
+
So, A c = 20 and A c = 10
R A c
+ or =5
Un-stable
2
–
(when there is a change in sign of coefficients)
10 1
+   =   0.5
20 2
 X – P, Y – R, Z – Q
SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1) 13

24.  2 5 
s = s G + jC =   j
3
 50 50 
s 2
s1
2 1
 G = 
50 25
2 = 0.04 s/m
4
5
and C =
50  

5
8 = F/m
50  106

1
4 net =  10 6
D=0 10
= 0.1  F/m
Given unifor m change densit ies ar e
H ence line const ant L , C, R & G ar e r espect ively
S1 = 20 nc/m 2
L = 250 H /m
S2 = – 4 nc/m 2
C = 0.1 F/m
 S3 = ? (unknown)
R = 100 /m
Now elect r ic flux densit y at r = 10 m is given by
 and G = 0.04 s/m
  net leaving t he spher e of r adius r = 10 m 
D =   aˆ r 26. Given integr al is conver ted into polar coor dinates,
 Ar ea of spher e of r adius r = 10 m 
 we get
but D = 0
1
 net at r = 10 =0 2   x  y  10  dxdy
D
20  10– 9  4(2)2 + (– 4  10– 9)  4(4)2 + S34(8)2 = 0 2 2
1
 S3 = S = – 0.25 nc/m 2 =
2   (r cos   r sin   10) pdr d
25. Given, r  0  0

Pr opagat ion cont act of a lossy t r ansmission line 2 2

1 2
(P) = (2 + j5) m , –1 =
  (r cos   r 2 sin   10r ) dr d 
2
r  0 0
char act er ist ic impedance
(z0) = 50 , 2 2
1  r 3 r3 
angular fr equency () = 10 r ad/sec, 6 =   cos   sin   5r 2  d 
2 3 3 0
0 0 
Now P = R  j L  G  j C 

1 8 8 
 R  j L  =  cos   sin   20  d 

z0 = 2  3 3 
0
 G  jw C 
Pz0 = R + jL 2
1 8 8 
= sin   cos   20  
 R + jL = (100 + j 250) 
2  3 3 0
 R = 100 /m
1  8 8  8 8 
250 =  sin 2  cos2  40    sin 0  cos0  
L = 2  3 3  3 3 

250 1  8   8 
L =  250 H / m =  0   40       
106 2   3   3 
(Since  = 106 r ad/s)
P 1  8   8 
 = G + jC =    40       
z0 2  3   3 
14 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1)

= 34 + 21 = 55
1  8 8
=    40    x(10) = x(9) + x(8)
2  3 3
= 55 + 34 = 89
1 x(11) = 89 + 55 = 144
=  40
2
x(12) = 144 + 89 = 233
= 20
So, t he r equir ed value of x(12) is 233.
27. Given sequence x[n] is given by
28. Given int egr al
n
 x(n )  1 1  1  1 sin z 1 f (2j )
  = 1 0  0  , n  2
 x(n  1)     

2   Z  2j 
C
3
dz = 
2
 2i
2!

Put n = 2, we get Now f(z) = sin z

2
f (z) = cos z
 x(2)  1 1  1 
  =      f (z) = – sin z
 x(1)  1 0  0   f (z0) = – sin 2 j

2 1 1  2  1 sin z 1   sin (2j ) 

=      
1 1 0  1 
Now
2   z  2j 
c
3
dz = 
2
 2j 
 2 


x(2) = 2 sin h 2
= j j
x(1) = 1 2
n=3 1
 sin h 2  = – 133.87
= 
2
3
 x(3)  1 1  1  So, t he value of int egr al is – 133.87
  =    
 x (2)  1 0  0  29. The r egion of cylinder is given by
3  5
3 2  1  3 
=        
 2 1  0   2  8

4
x(3) = 3 3  z  4.5
x(2) = 2 Now t he differ ent ial volume of cylinder is
Fr om the above values we can wr it e the r ecur sive dv = d  dz
r elat ion is as 5  4 4.5
x(n) = x(n – 1) + x(n – 2) Volume (V) =    d d dz
x(2) = x(1) + x(0)  3   z 3
8
=1+1=2

x(3) = x(2) + x(1) 2
5
 4 4.5
=2+1=3 =   z3
2 
3
x(4) = x(3) + x(2) 8
=3+2=5
1  
x(5) = x(4) + x(3) =  25  9        4.5  3 
2 4 8
=5+3=8
1  3
x(6) = x(5) + x(4) =  16  
2 8 2
= 8 + 5 = 13
 V = 4.714 m 3
x(7) = x(6) + x(5)
30. Fr om t he given figur e.
= 13 + 8 = 21
One per iod of signal
x(8) = x(7) + x(6)
x1(t) = u(t) – u(t– T/2)
= 21 + 13 = 34
1 e sT 2
x(9) = x(8) + x(7)  X 1(s) = 
s s
SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1) 15

1  e sT 2 1
=  V I (s) =
s s2
1 V 0(s) = H (s) · V I (s)
X(s) = X 1 ( s)
1  e sT 1
= 2
 1  e sT 2  s 1  s 
 H ere X 1 (s)  
 s  1  t
=  
s2
s s 1
1
 X(s) = 
s 1  e sT
 2
 0(t) = t   1  e t  
 (Ramp)
i(t) R L
31. 33. For diode is ideal t he cir cuit net wor k is given by
a 3k
d
+ C
3k 6k
v(t) i(t) 6k
3k e
10 sint
–
6k 6k c 9k
b
L et us consider a ser ies RL C-cir cuit (wit h volt age 6k 9k 9k
sour ce) g
h

H er e
At same pot ent ial we can join nodes, t her efor e
V(t) = a1 cos 0t + a2cos 20t + a3 cos3 0t net wor k becomes
i (t) = b1cos (0t + 2) + b3cos (20t + 2) b,d,f c,e,g
+ b3cos (30t + 3) a 6k
h
3 3k 6k 9k
i (t) =  b cos  k t  
k 1
k 0 k  3k 6k 9k

10 sint 6k
Wher e bk  ak ,  k 3k 9k

32. Tr ansfer funct ion 6k

1 6k
H (s) = ID
1  s
 V 0(s) = H (s) · V I (s)
(a) if V i (t) = (t) 10 sint 5k 2m
V 1(s) = 1
0  2 t
1
V 0(s) = H (s) · V I (s) = 2m
1  s I D(RM S) =  1 mA
t
2
1  So, t he RM S cur r ent (I RM S) t hr ough t he diode is
0(t) = e (impulse)
 1 mA.
(b) if vi (t) = u(t) 34. Fr om t he given cir cuit
1 8 K
V I (s) =
s
1 1 1
V 0(s) = =  160V R = 8 Kfor PMT
s 1  s  s s 1

t

0(t) = 1  e

 (Unit st ep)  5 
V0 =    2 k  2V
(c) vi (t) = r (t)  5k 
16 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1)

V OC = V t h = V 40k 36. Fr om given dat a

= i 40k  40k
WP
 200 
=    40 k
 50 k  p n
= 160 V

200
 I sc =  20 mA
10k
si = 12 0
Vth = 12  8.85  10– 14 F/m
So, Rt h =
I sc N D = 1016 cm – 3
= 1022 m – 3
160v N A = 1017 cm – 3
=  8 k
20 mA
= 1023 m – 3
The maximum power deliver ed t o t he r esist er R
kT N N 
V0 = n  A 2 D 
vs2 q  ni 
(Pmax) =
4 RL
 23 22

2  10  10 
160  = 0.026n  2
W = 16
4  8k  
 1.5  10 

160  160 = 0.757 V
= = 0.8 w
4  8  1000
35. Plancher al’s r elat ion is given by 2  1 1 
W = V0   
q N
 A N D 

1 
X ej  Y ej  d =
      x (n ) y( n )
2 
n  2  12  8.85  10 14  1 1 
= 19
 0.757  23  22 
1.6  10  10 10 
1  cos  4
Y(ej) = sin 2 (2)  = 3.325  10– 8 m
2
= 3.325  10– 6 cm
1 1 j 4 1  j 4
=  e  e ND
2 4 4 Wp = 
NA  ND
1 1 1
y(n) = (n )  (n  4)  (n  4)
2 4 4 1022
=  3.325  10 8
1022  1023
 
 1 1 1 = 3.023  10– 9 m
y(n) =   ,0,0,0, ,0,0,0,  
 4 2

4
 = 3.023  10– 7 cm
Q = W PN A eA


x(n) = 6,3,8,7,4

 
Q
= W PN A
A
1   e = 3.023  10– 7  1017  1.6  10– 19
X ej   Y ej  d = 2
      x ( n ) y (n )
  = 4.836  10– 9 cm – 2
n 
= 4.836 nC-cm – 2
 H en ce, t h e ch ar ge per u n i t f u n ct i on ar ea
2  x(n) y(n) = 2  8  12  8 (nC-cm – 2) in t he deplet ion r egion on t he p-side is
n  4.836 nC-cm – 2.
SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1) 17

37. H er e Dr ain conduct ance (in sat ur at ion r egion), ln (1016) = 36.84

1
gd =  .I D  = 0.026  36.84  32.23 
rd  0.01  0.001 

1 W 2 = 0.0133 /cm
ID =  m Cox  V gs  VT 
  H ence, t he magni t ude of el ect r i c fi el d i n t he
2 L
semi conduct or due t o non-uni for m dopi ng i s
1 2 0.0133 / cm.
=  70  10 6  4 1.8V  0.3V 
2 39. The hole Concent r at ion
t  p
1 Pn(t) = Pn0  Pn  0  e
=  7  105  4  (1.5)2
2
at low level injuct ion
5
= 14  10  2.25  Pn (neglect ive)
0

= 31.5  10 5 A Pn  0 
 GR =
= 0.315 mA n0
gd = 0.09  0.315 mA/V
 Pn (0) = GR  n
gd = 28.35  10– 6 A/v 0 0
= 1.5  1020  0.5  10– 6
= 28.35  Seimens
= 7.5  1013/cm 3
So, t he dr ain conduct ance is 28.35  seimens.
At t = 0
38. The doping dist r ibut ion in P-t ype semiconduct or
(in log scale) is shown below in t he figur es.  P(t) = Pn(0) · e0
= 7.5  1013 /cm 3
–3
 NA (cm ) At t = 0.3 s


Ln (NA)

1016 36.84 0.3

14 14  P(t ) = Pn  0  e0.1
10 10
32.24
1 2 0.001 0.01
= 3.73  1011 /cm 3
µm(log scale)
So, t h e h ol e con cen t r at i on at t = 0 an d at
t = 0.3 s ar e 7.5  1013 cm – 3 and 3.73  104 cm – 3
dp r espect ively.
qD p = q  p p
dx 40. H er e an ideal opamp has volt age sour ce V 1, V 3,
dp =  p V 5, _ _ _ _ _ _ _, V N– 1 connected to the non-inverting
 p VT p input and V 2, V 4, V 6, _ _ _ _ _ _ _, V N connect ed t o
dx
t he inver t ing input as shown in t he fig. below.
VT dp
 =
p dx
p  NA
VT d N A
 =
N A dx

d
  = VT ln  N A ( x) 
dx 
log10 x1 = 1 m
 x1 = 101 m
= 0.001 cm
log10 x2 = 2m
 x2 = 102 m
= 0.01 cm
ln (1014) = 32.23
18 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1)

Using super posit ion, t he out put can be shown by I f t he ser ies appr oaches  t hen

 Rf   1 1 1   1 1 1 
V 0 = 1   V 0 =  1    .......      ....... 
 RN   3 5 7   2 4 6 

 Rp 1 1 1 1
Rp R  = 1     ....... = 
 V p1  V p2  ............ P V pn  2 3 4 5
 R p1 R p2 R PN 
This ser ies is called har monic ser ies which is a
diver gent infinit e ser ies
 Rf Rf Rf 
 VN1  VN 2  ............ VN n   V 0 = +  = + V sat
 R N1 RN 2 RN n  = +V CC = 15V
Wher e RN = R N1 R N 2 ..... R Nn H ence, t he out put volt age is 15 V (posit ive).
41. Fr om given dat a
and Rp = R p1 R p2 .....R PN R PO The phot o diode wit h r esponsivit y 0.8 A/W

I n t he pr oblem given  Diode cur r ent = 0.8A W 10 W 

Rf = RN1 = RN2 = ...... = 8  10– 6 A
= RNn = 10 k = 8 A
Rp1 = Rp2 = Rp3 = ...... V 0 = – 8 (1M )
= RPN = RPO = 1 k = – 8  10– 6  10– 6 V
= – 8V
 
 10 k  8 8
 V 0 = 1   IL = =
  10 k   10k 10  103
  n  8
    8  10 4 A
=
104
 1k = – 800  10– 6 A
 1k  
 1  n  1 n   = – 800 A
 VP1    V  ......
P2 1 M
 1k 1k 
 
  +VCC
–

V0 = –8µ(1M) = –8V
 10 k 10 k  8µA
 VN1  VN2  ..... + IL
 10 k 10 k  10k

 V 0 = (V P1 + V P2 + ..... V Pn) –VCC

– (V N1 + V N2 + ..... V Nn) H en ce, t h e v al u e of ph ot o cu r r en t

(t hr oughput t he load) is – 800 A.

42. H er e t he t r ut h t able for t he given cir cuit is shown below.

X2 X1 X0 OPo OP1 OP2 OP3 OP4 OP5 OP6 OP7 I P0 I P1 I P2 I P3 I P4 I P5 I P6 I P7 Y2 Y1 Y0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 – – –
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 – – –
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

H ence it will be binar y t o Gr ay Code Conver t er.

SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1) 19


43. C1 C0 Y  2.3 =
1  2
0 0 P
 = 0.59
0 1 Q
K
1 0 R Also given G(s) =
s s  2 
1 1 S
CE:-
Thus it is ‘‘4 t o 1 mult iplexer ’’ (it means 4 input s 1 + G(s) = 0
and 1 out put )  s + 2s + K = 0
2

44. Push t akes 12T st at es due t o pr e decr ement and 2 n = 2

pop t akes 10T st at es.
2  0.59  n = 2
45. T h e open -l oop t r an sf er f u n ct i on of a u n i t y n = 1.69 r /sec
feedback cont r ol syst em is
2
K = n = 1.69  1.69
K
G(s) = 2 = 2.87 r /sec
s  5s  5
H ence t he value of K is 2.87 r /sec.
dk
For br eak away point =0 47. The t r ansfer funct ion of a linear t ime invar iant
ds
syst em
d  1  H (s) = 2s4 – 5s3 + 5s – 2
=0
ds  s  5s  5 
 2
Now, RH – Cr it er ia
2 d (1) d 2
s 
 5s  5 
ds
1
ds

s  5s  5
=0
 +S
4
2 0 –2
2
 s2  5s  5  1
– S3 –5 +5
0 – (2s + 5) = 0 3
2
2s + 5 = 0 +S 2 –2

 s = – 2.5 is a br eak away point

+ S1 0(2)
T h e v al u e of K i s Obt ai n f r om m agn i t u de 3 0
–S
condit ion –2
3 Sign Changes
K
=1 3 Root s (Zer os) in t he r ight half of t he s-Plane.
s2  5s  5 s2.5
48. The ent r opy of t he sour ce
1 1 1
K (H ) = log 2 (2)  log 2 (4)  log 2 (8)
=1 2 4 8
 2.52  5  2.5   5 1
 log 2 (16)  .....
16
K
 =1 1 1 2 1 3
6.25  12.5  5 =  1  log 2 (2 )  log 2 (2 )
2 4 8
 K = 1.25 1
 log 2 (24 )  .....
So, t he value of K at t he br eakaway point is 1.25. 16
46. Gi ven t he peak over shoot of t he cl osed-l oop 1 1 1 1
syst em t o a unit st ep input =  1  log 2 (2)   3 log 2 (2) 
2 4 8 16
%M p = 10%
 4 log 2 (2)  .....
M p = 0.1
1 1 1 1
1  2 H= 1   2   3   4  .....
 Mp = e 
2 4 8 16
1  2 1
0.1 = e

 n
1 2 2
= n  = 2
 2
n 0    1
 ln(0.1) = 1  2 
1  2  
20 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1)

49. Pr obabilit y of er r or
1
Pe = P3 + 3P2 (1 – P) J =
Ar ea of r  0.8m spher e
P = 0.1
Pe = (0.1)3 + 3  (0.1)2 (1 – 0.1) 7.45
= 0.001 + 3  0.01  0.9 = 
4 2
= 0.001 + 0.027 (0.8)2   sin  d  d 
= 0.028 
  0
2
Thus t he aver age pr obabilit y of er r or is 0.028.
50. The impulse r esponse of t he filt er is same on t he 7.45
signal, so we have E s = E h =
1.04
Signal-t o-noise r at io
 J = 7.15 A/m 2
2E s H ence t he t ot al cur r ent and aver age cur r ent
SNR = N densit y ar e 7.45 A and 7.15 A/m 2.
o

Es = Es 52. TA = 50°k

2E s
SNR =
No Pre amp
NF = 2dB
G = 40 dB
2E s
H ence, t he out put of t he fit t er (SNRmax) is .
No
10 log10 NF = 2dB
51. Cor r ect opt ion is not given log10 NF = 0.2
Cur r ent densit y in a medium is given by NF = 100.2
Noise t emper at ur e = (NF – 1) T o
 400sin  
J = ar A/m 2 = (100.2 – 1) 290°
2(r 2  4)
= 169.36 K
N ow cur r ent passi ng t hr ough t he por t i on of
spher e of r adius (r ) = 0.8 m is given by Noise power (i/p)
  = k T eB
I =  J.ds (r  const ant ) =1.38  10– 23  (169.36 + 50)  12  106
s
Noise power at (o/p) = (3.632  10– 14)  104
 2
ˆ
ds = r sin  d d ard ( r  0.8 m) = 3.73  10– 10 wat t s
53. For lossless hor n ant ennas

4 2 T = R = 1
400sin  2
I =  0 2(r 2  4) r sin  d d  Power Gain = Dir ect ivit y

2 Dir ect ivit y of Tr ansmit t ing ant enna,
D T = 18 dB
400(0.8)2     10 log D T = 18
=   
2(0.82  4)  4 12 
GT (or ) D T = 63.09
Dir ect ivit y of Receiving ant enna,
     
  sin    sin      (2) D R = 22 dB
 2
   6  
10 log D R = 22
 I = 7.45 A GR (or ) D R = 158.48
The aver age cur r ent densit y t hr ough t he given input power Pin = 2 W
spher e sur face is given by
Spacing, r = 200 
SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1) 21
r = 200  at z = 0;

E iw = E 0 cos t aˆ x  E 0 sin t aˆ y
(in t ime var ying for m)
Pin at t = 0
T = 0.15 PL  R = 0.18 
ZL E iw = E 0 aˆ x
P in PL

at t =
GT GR 2

E iw = E 0 ( aˆ y )
Transmitting Antenna Receiving Antenna
As a tip of electr ic field intensity is tr acing a cir cle
Fr iis t r ansmission for mula in given by when t ime var ies, hence t he wave is said t o be
 
2 cir cular ly pol ar i zed i n cl ock wi se di r ect i on (or )
PL = G T G R   Pin RHCP. Polar izing vector of incident wave is given
 4r  by,
wher e :
aˆ x  j aˆ y
Pin : I nput power (pr ime indicat es power due t o P̂i =
2
r eflect ion) r adiat ed elect r ic field fr om t he ant enna is
2
Pin = 1   T Pi n  1  jk 
E a = (aˆ x  2aˆ y )E I e
2
= 1  (0.15)  2 
at r = 0
Pin = 1.955 W 
E a = E I cos t aˆ x  2E I cos t aˆ y
2

PL = 63.09  158.48 
  (in t ime var ying for m)
  1.955
 4 200  As bot h x and y component s ar e in-phase hence
= 3.1  10– 3 t he wave is said to be linear polar ized. Polar izing
As t h er e i s a r efl ect i on at t he t er mi nal s of (aˆ x  2aˆ y )
r eceiving ant enna power deliver ed t o t he load in v ect or of r adi at ed f i el d i s P̂a 
5
given by polar izing mismat ch; The polar izing mismat ch
is said t o have, if t he polar izat ion of r eceiving
 2

PL = 1   R  PL ant enna is not same on t he polar izat ion of t he
incident wave. The polar izat ion loss fact or (PL F)
=  1  (0.18)   3.1  10
2 3
ch ar act er i zes t h e l oss of E M power du e t o
 PL = 2.99 mW polar izat ion mismat ch.
2
H ence, t he power deli ver ed t o t he l oad at t he ˆ .P
PL F = P ˆ
i a
r eceiver is 2.99 mW.
in dB; PL F (dB) = 10 log (PL F)
54. Given
Elect r ic field of incident wave is given by  aˆ x  jaˆ y   aˆ x  2aˆ y 
PL F =  . 
 2   5 
E iW = (aˆ x  jaˆ y )E 0 e
jkz

2
Y 1  j2
=
(clock wise)
2 5
CW
1
(or) 0.5

2
Z E0
X
PL F (dB) = 10 log 0.5
= – 3.0102
= – 3 dB(appr ox)
So, t he loss due t o t he polar izat ion is – 3 dB.
^ )
(–ay
22 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1)

55. Given Now Maximum dir ectivity of the antenna in given

Power densit y r adiat ed by t he ant enna is given by
by U max
D = 4
 C Pr ad
Wr ad  02 cos4  aˆ r W/m 2
r U = r 2 W r ad
Power r adiat ed (or ) aver age power r adiat ed by C0
t he ant enna in given by U = r2  cos4 
 r2

Pr ad =  Wr ad . ds U = C0 cos4 
s

 / 2 2
U max = C0
C0 4 2
=   cos r sin  d  d  4C0
 0  0 r2  D= = 10
1.256 C0
( r adiat ed only in t he upper hemispher e)
D (dB) = 10 log 10
1
= C0 (2)  D = 10 dB
5
Thus t he power r adiat ed by t he ant enna and t he
 Pr ad = 1.256 C0 Wat t maxi mum di r ect i vi t y of t he t he ant enna ar e
1.256 C0 Wat t and 10 dB r espect ively..
