Senarai Semak Fizik

Checklist Physics

PEMBIASAN CAHAYA ialah fenomena
di mana arah cahaya berubah apabila
bergerak melalui dua bahan berlainan
ketumpatan. Ini disebabkan kelajuan
cahaya berubah semasa ia merambat
dari satu medium ke medium lain.
REFRACTION OF LIGHT is a
phenomenon where the direction of
light changes when it travels through
two materials of different densities.
It is due to the change in the speed of
light as it passes from one medium
into another.
 Mengapa cahaya dibiaskan?
Why light is refracted?
• Ini disebabkan perubahan halaju
cahaya semasa ia melalui dari satu • Cahaya bergerak perlahan dalam
medium ke medium lain. kaca berbanding udara.
• It is due to the change in the velocity of Light travels more slowly in glass
light as it passes from one medium into than in air.
another. • Apabila cahaya melalui udara ke
kaca, laju cahaya berkurang dan
sinar bengkok.
When a light beam passes from
air into glass, the speed of light
decreases. This makes the beam
‘bend’
 Sudut tuju
Angle of
Sinar tuju incidence
Incidence ray
Sudut biasan
Angle of
refraction
Sinar biasan
Refracted ray

Garis normal
Normal line
 Mendekati garis normal
Towards normal line

i>r

Laju cahaya semakin berkurang selepas biasan.

Speed of light decrease after refraction.
 Menjauhi garis normal
i Away from normal line

r
i<r

Laju cahaya semakin bertambah selepas biasan

Speed of light increases after refraction.
Selari dengan garis normal.
Parallel with normal line.

Laju cahaya semakin berkurang

selepas biasan
Speed of light decreases after
refraction.
• Cahaya bergerak lebih perlahan dalam medium lebih tumpat.
Light ray travel much slower in a denser medium.
• Apabila sinar cahaya bergerak dari satu medium ke medium
laju
lain, …………….. berubah.
When light ray travels from one medium to another, its
speed changes.
……………..
arah
• Perubahan laju cahaya menyebabkan perubahan …………….
The change in speed of the light ray causes the change of its
direction
…………………...
Senarai Semak Fizik
Checklist Physics
Semakin bertambah sudut tuju, semakin bertambah sudut biasan.
The bigger the incident angle, the bigger the refracted angle.

Sudut tuju, i / angle of incedence

Sudut biasan, r / angle of refraction

Ketumpatan / density
 i = 20 ⁰
Tanda
Letakkan
Lukis kedudukan
Alihkan blokkaca,
blok
bentuk kaca di
Normal line cahaya.
tempat
gunakan Alihkan
asal. Laraskan
protaktorblokdab
Sinar tuju blok kaca atas
Incident ray kaca
kotak
pembaris
kertasdan
sinar
ukur
dan supaya
untuk sudut
tanda lukis
biasan.
sinar
garis tuju
Catat
normal
titik tengah, ke ‘O’
nilai.
‘O’.pada
dan tanda i
Mark
=sudut
20⁰ the
Draw ithe position
= 20,
side30,of40,of 50,
the
60Place
light.
thedi theRemove
atas
glass glass block
kertas.
block the
glass
toonits
Remove a block
original
piecetheand location
ofglass
measure
and
block,
paper position
andtheby
and angle
the
mark ray
using ofthe
Sinar bias
refraction.
box
the to
protractor allow
center Record
andtheruler,
point ray
the
Refracted ray
value.
pointing
draw
of thethe to “O”
normal
glass with
block line
the
and angle
mark of
as “O”. theincidence,
ifollowing
= 20º. angles, i =
X 20º, 30º, 40º ,50º and
r = sudut bias
60 on the paper.
refracted angle X
Ulang dengan
sudut tuju, i =
30⁰ , 40⁰, 50⁰
dan 60⁰.
Repeat steps 4
and 5 for angle
of incidence, i =
30º, 40º, 50º
and 60º.
i/⁰ r/ ⁰ Sin i Sin r Sin i
Sin r
20 13 0.34 0.22 1.55
30 20 0.50 0.34 1.47
40 25 0.64 0.42 1.52
50 30 0.77 0.50 1.54
60 35 0.87 0.57 1.53
Bias mendekati garis normal.
Refract towards normal line

Semakin bertambah sudut tuju, semakin bertambah sudut biasan.

The bigger the incident angle, the bigger the refracted angle.
Kecerunan = 1.2 = 1.2
1.0
Berkadar terus
Directly proportional

Eksperimen dalam bilik gelap

Experiment in dark room.
 KESIMPULAN
CONCLUSION
• Graf sin i lawan sin r adalah
garis lurus melalui asalan.
A graph of sin i against sin r is a
straight line passing through the
origin.

• sin i = constant (gradient)

sin r
Hukum Snell / Snell’s Law.
 Laws of Refraction
I. Sinar tuju, sinar bias, garis normal semuanya berada pada satah
yang sama.
The incident ray , refracted ray and the normal line all lie in a
same plane,
II. Nilai / The value of
sin i = pemalar / constant.
sin r
Hukum Snell / Snell’s law.
Indeks Biasan / Refractive index
Indeks biasan / Refractive index,
n = sin i
sin r

Indeks biasan / Refractive index,

n = Speed of light in vacuum or air, c
Speed of light in medium, v

(light speed in air = 3 x 108 ms-1)

n = sin i/sin r

n = halaju cahaya dalam udara/vakum

halaju cahaya dalam medium

n = speed of light in air / vaccum

speed of light is medium
Indeks biasan tiada unit/ The refractive index has no units.
Ia adalah satu nilai untuk kebolehan cahaya bengkok dalam
medium sebaik ia masuk ke dalam medium.
It is an indication of the light-bending ability of the
medium as the ray of light enters its surface from the air.
Jika cahaya bergerak dari medium kurang tumpat
ke lebih tumpat
If light travels from less dense to denser medium:
(from air to glass)
n = sin i
sin r
Jika cahaya bergerak dari medium lebih tumpat
ke medium kurang tumpat.
If light travels from denser to less dense medium:
(from glass to air)
n = sin r
sin i n paling minima ialah udara = 1.00,
oleh itu n > 1
Calculate the refractive index of the following.

65º

30º Air

Air water

55º Glass

43º

Solution:
n = sin i n = sin 65 o
sin 43 o
sin r
= sin 60 o = 1.51 = 1.33
sin 35 o
 Medium A n = sin 45
sin 40
=

Medium A kerana ia kurang tumpat.

(jauhi garis normal)
Medium A because it is less dense
(away from normal line)
 45⁰
30⁰

n = sin 45
sin 30

n = sin ϴ = 1.54
sin 33

1.54 = 3 x 108 v = 3 x 108 =

v 1.54
n = sin r = 1.50
sin 30 r
30⁰
n = 3 x 108
2.25 x 108
Senarai Semak Fizik
Checklist Physics
 DALAM NYATA & DALAM KETARA
REAL DEPTH & APPARENT DEPTH
• Seorang ibu melihat kaki
anaknya dalam kolam.
A mother observing the legs of
her son in the pool.
• Kaki anaknya kelihatan lebih
pendek disebabkan oleh
pembiasan cahaya.
His legs appear to be shorter
because of refraction of light.
 DALAM NYATA & DALAM KETARA
REAL DEPTH & APPARENT DEPTH

Duit syiling kelihatan semakin dekat

Kolam renang kelihatan cetek. dengan permukaan air.
The swimming pool looks shallower The coin appears closer to the surface
of water
Cahaya bergerak dari air ke udara. Light travels from water to air.
Cahaya dibiaskan menjauhi garis normal. Light will be refracted away from
Mata tafsir cahaya bergerak lurus. normal line.
Eye interprate light travels in a
straight line.
DALAM NYATA & DALAM KETARA
REAL DEPTH & APPARENT DEPTH
The refraction of light gives us a false
impression of depth. Water/ fish in a deep
less deep than it really is.
pool appears _____
Dalam ketara
Apparent Depth
Image Dalam nyata
Real Depth
Jarak antara permukaan air dengan object.
Distance between water surface and object.

Jarak antara permukaan air dengan imej.

Distance between water surface and image.

n=H
h
 The following terms are defined:
(a) Apparent depth, d : The distance of the
image
_________ from the surface of the water
(b) Real depth, D : The distance of the
object from the surface of the water
_______
The refractive index is related to the real
depth, D and apparent depth, d in the
following way:

Refractive index, n =__real depth, D__

apparent depth, d
n = 12.0 = 1.5
8.0
Cahaya bergerak daripada kaki di
dalam air yang lebih tumpat ke
udara yang kurang tumpat.
Dibiaskan menjauhi garis normal.
Light travels from the feet in the
water which is denser to air
Apparent
which is less dense. Refracted depth
away from normal line. image
Figure above shows two rays of light OA and OB coming from the
real fish, OA and OB are refracted
_________ away from the normal at the
boundary before entering observer’s eye.
water __________

To the observer, the emergent rays seem to originate from

point, I which is above the object O. It appears to come from a
virtual fish. (Image of the fish)
 Apparent depth
Real depth

Ia tembak imej ikan yang berada di atas

Tembak ke bawah atau bersudut tepat ikan sebenar.
dengan ikan. It hits the image of the fish which is
Hit below or perpendicular to the fish. above the real fish
 Mengapa sebatang pensil kelihatan bengkok di dalam air.
Why a pencil looks bend in water?
• Cahaya bergerak lurus daripada air ke udara (lebih tumpat ke
kurang tumpat)
Light travels from water to air (denser to less dense)
• Bias menjauhi garis normal.
Refraction away from normal line.
• Mata nampak cahaya bergerak lurus dan ia berasal dari titik I
bukan dari titik O. Ia seolah2 datang dari pencil maya. Imej
pensil berada di atas pencil sebenar. Oleh itu ia nampak
bengkok dalam air.
Our eyes interpret that light travels in a straight line. It
originate from point, I which is above the object O. It appears
to come from a virtual pencil. (Image of the pencil which is
above the real pencil. So it looks bend in the water.
• Cahaya bergerak lurus daripada air ke udara (lebih
tumpat ke kurang tumpat)
Light travels from water to air (denser to less dense)
• Bias menjauhi garis normal.
Refraction away from normal line.
• Mata nampak cahaya bergerak lurus dan ia berasal
dari titik I bukan dari titik O. Ia seolah2 datang dari
pencil maya. Imej pengayuh berada di atas
pengayuh sebenar. Oleh itu ia nampak bengkok
dalam air.
Our eyes interpret that light travels in a straight
line. It originate from point, I which is above the
object O. It appears to come from a virtual paddle.
(Image of the paddle which is above the real paddle.
So it looks bend in the water.