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T. Rasigha
M.Tech Apparel technology and Management Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore
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INTRODUCTION
Flooring is the general term for a permanent covering of a floor, or for the work of installing such a floor covering. Floor covering is a term to generically describe any finish material applied over a floor structure to provide a walking surface. Both terms are used interchangeably but floor covering refers more to loose-laid.
Soft Coverings
Carpet is a floor covering woven or felted from natural or man-made fibers. Fitted carpet is attached to the floor structure, extends wall-to-wall, and cannot be moved from place to place. An underlay can extend carpet life and improve comfort. Rugs are also woven or felted from fibers, but are smaller than the room in which they are located, have a finished edge, and usually lie over another finished floor such as wood flooring. Rugs may be temporarily attached either to the flooring below by adhesive tape or to other methods to prevent creep, or may be loose-laid. The appeal of soft floor-coverings is their warmth and quiet. As well as conventional carpets and rugs, soft flooring includes natural floorings made from a variety of grasses and vegetable fibres.
For:
Warm and cosy underfoot, Good insulation from cold and draughts. Helps deaden sound.
Against:
Vulnerable to staining, even if treated. Impractical in areas that get wet. Sisal and sea grass can be slippery so must not be used on stairs.
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CARPET
A carpet is a textile floor covering consisting of an upper layer of "pile" attached to a backing. The pile is generally, made from either wool or a manmade fibre such as polypropylene, and usually consists of twisted tufts, which are often heat-treated to maintain their structure. Popular carpet underlays are Foam rubber Crumb rubber Felt Carpet under lays are typically 6-10mm. They primarily provide foot comfort, but they also reduce carpet wear and provide sound and thermal insulation.
Nylon:
Nylon is the most common material for construction of carpets. Both nylon 6 and nylon 66 are used. Nylon can be dyed topically or dyed in a molten state (solution dying).
Polypropylene:
Polypropylene is used to produce carpet yarns because it is inexpensive. It is difficult to dye and does not wear as well as wool or nylon.
Polyester:
The polyester known as "PET" (polyethylene terephthalate) is used in carpet manufacturing in both spun and filament constructions.
Acrylic:
Acrylic is a synthetic material first created by the Dupont Corporation in 1941 but has gone through various changes since it was first introduced. In the past Acrylic used to fuzz or pill easily, this happened when the fibres degraded over time and short strands broke away with contact or friction.
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Types of Carpet
Textured Plush
Most decoratively versatile cut-pile carpet Textured surface helps hide footprints and vacuum marks Adds casual beauty to any room Looks great between vacuuming Preferred style for busy households A great "whole-house" carp
Saxony
Refined cut-pile surface Luxuriously smooth, soft finish Beautiful with traditional interiors Adds distinctive elegance to any room Ideal for living and dining rooms Shows subtle highlights and accents
Berber Loop-Pile
A wool-like look and rugged loop surface Natural, hand-crafted appearance creates a warm, personal atmosphere Tight loop texture helps hide footprints and vacuum marks Subtle patterns fit a variety of room styles Ideal choice for contemporary to country to cottage furnishings
Berber Cut-Pile
A new berber look with all the wonderful color and interest of traditional loop berbers The great plush "feel" of thick, cut pile carpet Beautifully crafted and colored yarns add personality to any room Very versatile decoratively, ideal for casual rooms, kids' rooms, etc. Subtle color flecks help hide soil that might appear between cleanings.
Cut/Loop
Carved definition with cut-and-loop pile Accent colors spice up floor surfaces Multicolor effects hide soil and stains Looks great between vacuuming Choose from soft tonals to bolder color combinations
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Commercial Loop
Versatile styles blend comfortably with any decor Durable long-wearing surface pile engineered for high traffic areas Intriguing color choices suitable for professional and practical installations Textured surfaces provide subtle highlights
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Tacking Method
Simple but crude method of fixing. The carpet have dimpled edges which collect dust and carpet fluff. Fixing is . Tacks at 6spaces. Difficult to stretch the carpet whilst tacking in placer. Lifting of carpet is difficult and liable to cause damage to the foundation.
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Threshold strips:
In doorways, threshold strips are screwed, nailed or glued to the floor. They grip the carpet with spikes and fold down over the edge to protect it.
Stair rods:
Stair rods are again being made, and old ones can be found in antique shops or on the Internet. Make sure you have enough for your stairs. The method of fixing is usually obvious.
Angled grippers:
For staircases, angled grippers are fitted at the junction between tread and riser. They can be bought to fit standard-width stair carpet.
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RUGS
RUG or rug can mean, a floor covering of shaggy or woven material, typically not extending over the entire floor. A small carpet woven in a pattern of colors, typically by hand in a traditional style
Viscose, made from wood pulp, is a shiny, silk-like fiber. Viscose is susceptible to matting
when it is used on its own.
Rayon is a synthetic material that has a resemblance to silk. Rayon is derived from wood
(made from cellulose found in trees).
Nylon,
another of the synthetic rug materials, is widely used in rug making. Nylon rugs have great characteristics such as uniformity and strength as well as stain and soil resistance.
Acrylic, another synthetic material, can be blended with other fibers to produce a rug that
has the look of a wool rug, but at a lower cost.
are derived from propylene and ethylene gases. These fibers are strong, colorfast, quick drying, abrasion resistant, mildew resistant, along with soil and stain resistant.
is the name given to synthetic yarns that are made by a mechanical process to fluff them out before the yarn is used for tufting or weaving.
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Types of Rugs
Braided
Braided rugs are made by using three or more strips of fabric, usually wool, folding the raw edges to the middle and braiding them together. For an oval rug the center braid should be one inch longer than the width-length in feet. example 2' x 4' rug center strip would be 2'2" long. The center braid is laced together and new strips are sewn on to make the braid longer as lacing continues
Rag Rugs
Rag rugs were commonly made in households up to the middle of the 20th century by using odd scraps of fabric on a background of old sacking
Prodded
Proddy rugs are made, as the name implies, by prodding or poking strips of fabric through linen from the back side.
Woven
Handmade and machine-made. Woven rugs include both flat rugs and pile rugs. The more tightly a rug is woven or knotted, the more detailed a design can be. "It is generally believed that the density of knots determines the value of a carpet
Rug Materials
There are two groups of rug materials:
Natural:
Animal or plant fibers, including wool, cotton, sisal, jute, seagrass or bamboo. material such as viscose, rayon, nylon, acrylic or
Synthetic:
Man-made polypropylene/olefin.
Wool
is widely used and it is the main component of higher quality pile area rugs.
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Jute, made from stem fiber plants, comes mainly from India
and China. Jute is well suited for making durable yarns and fabrics because of its stability and firmness.
spelled sea grass, with a space) comes from a tall plant found in wetlands areas. It has grass-like stems and is a durable material for rugs. Seagrass is known for its non-porous surface that gives it a naturally smooth texture.
Bamboo is
a woody material that is found mostly in China and Japan. Bamboo, like sisal, is durable and can hold up under heavy use, which makes it a great choice for an area rug in a high-traffic area.
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Scatter Rugs
Small rugs that add spots of colour and texture to make a bare floor look more interesting. Heavy wear or soiling places can use scatter rugs because inexpensive and easily washed.
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REFERENCES:
1. Berbercarpetbible.com 2. Rug Materials Guide 3. Intercarpets.co.uk 4. World Floor Covering Association 5. http://www.diyinfozone.com/types-of-soft-floor-coverings 6. http://www.ehow.com/list_7428122_types-soft-floorings.html 7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flooring 8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpet#Fibres_and_yarns_used_in_carpet 9. http://www.rugsindia.com/