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3c3-TrigonometSubstitu Stu PDF
3c3-TrigonometSubstitu Stu PDF
y f x dx y f tttt dt
This kind of substitution is called inverse substitution.
We can make the inverse substitution x a sin provided that it defines a one-to-one
function. This can be accomplished by restricting to lie in the interval 2, 2.
In the following table we list trigonometric substitutions that are effective for the given
radical expressions because of the specified trigonometric identities. In each case the restric-
tion on is imposed to ensure that the function that defines the substitution is one-to-one.
(These are the same intervals used in Appendix D in defining the inverse functions.)
sa 2 x 2 x a sin , 1 sin 2 cos 2
2 2
sa 2 x 2 x a tan , 1 tan 2 sec 2
2 2
3
sx 2 a 2 x a sec , 0 or sec 2 1 tan 2
2 2
s9 x 2
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate y x2
dx.
s9 x 2 s9 9 sin 2 s9 cos 2 3 cos 3 cos
(Note that cos 0 because 2 2.) Thus, the Inverse Substitution Rule
gives
s9 x 2 3 cos
y x 2 dx y 9 sin 2 3 cos d
cos 2
y d y cot 2 d
sin 2
y csc 2 1 d
cot C
1
2 ■ TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Since this is an indefinite integral, we must return to the original variable x. This can be
3 done either by using trigonometric identities to express cot in terms of sin x3 or
x by drawing a diagram, as in Figure 1, where is interpreted as an angle of a right triangle.
¨ Since sin x3, we label the opposite side and the hypotenuse as having lengths x and 3.
Then the Pythagorean Theorem gives the length of the adjacent side as s9 x 2, so we
œ„„„„„
9-≈ can simply read the value of cot from the figure:
FIGURE 1
s9 x 2
sin ¨=
x cot
3 x
(Although 0 in the diagram, this expression for cot is valid even when 0.)
Since sin x3, we have sin1x3 and so
y
s9 x 2
x 2
dx
s9 x 2
x
sin1
x
3
C
x2 y2
1
a2 b2
y SOLUTION Solving the equation of the ellipse for y, we get
(0, b)
y2 x2 a2 x2 b
1 or y
sa 2 x 2
b2 a2 a2 a
(a, 0)
0 x Because the ellipse is symmetric with respect to both axes, the total area A is four times
the area in the first quadrant (see Figure 2). The part of the ellipse in the first quadrant is
given by the function
b
y sa 2 x 2 0xa
FIGURE 2 a
≈ ¥ a b
+ =1 Ay sa 2 x 2 dx
1
a@ b@ and so 4
0 a
To evaluate this integral we substitute x a sin . Then dx a cos d. To change the
limits of integration we note that when x 0, sin 0, so 0; when x a,
sin 1, so 2. Also
b a b 2
A4 y sa 2 x 2 dx 4 y a cos a cos d
a 0 a 0
2 2 1
4ab y cos 2 d 4ab y 2 1 cos 2 d
0 0
[
2ab 12 sin 2
2
]
0 2ab
2
00
ab
We have shown that the area of an ellipse with semiaxes a and b is ab. In particular,
taking a b r, we have proved the famous formula that the area of a circle with
radius r is r 2.
NOTE Since the integral in Example 2 was a definite integral, we changed the limits of
■
integration and did not have to convert back to the original variable x.
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION ■ 3
1
EXAMPLE 3 Find y x sx 2 2 4
dx.
To evaluate this trigonometric integral we put everything in terms of sin and cos :
dx 1 cos 1 du
y y d y
x sx 4
2
2 4 sin
2
4 u2
œ„„„„„
≈+4
1
4
1
u
C
1
4 sin
C
x
csc
¨
C
4
2
We use Figure 3 to determine that csc sx 2 4x and so
FIGUR E 3
x dx sx 2 4
tan ¨=
2 y x sx C
2 2 4 4x
x
EXAMPLE 4 Find y sx 2 4
dx.
SOLUTION It would be possible to use the trigonometric substitution x 2 tan here (as in
Example 3). But the direct substitution u x 2 4 is simpler, because then du 2x dx
and
x 1 du
y dx y su su C sx 2 4 C
sx 4 2 2
NOTE ■
Example 4 illustrates the fact that even when trigonometric substitutions are pos-
sible, they may not give the easiest solution. You should look for a simpler method first.
dx
EXAMPLE 5 Evaluate y sx , where a 0.
2 a2
SOLUTION We let x a sec , where 0 2 or 32. Then
dx a sec tan d and
y sec d ln sec tan C
4 ■ TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
x
≈-a@
œ„„„„„ dx x sx 2 a 2
y sx ln C
¨
2a 2 a a
a
ln x sx 2 a 2 ln a C
FIGU RE 4
x Writing C1 C ln a, we have
sec ¨=
a
dx
y sx 2 a2
ln x sx 2 a 2 C1
3 s32 x3
EXAMPLE 6 Find y
0 4x 2 932
dx.
3 8 tan
27
3 s32 x3 3
sec 2 d
3
y 0 4x 9
2 32 dx y0 27 sec3 2
3 1 cos 2
163 y sin d
0 cos 2
x3 12 1 u
2
3 s32 12
du 16 y 1 u 2 du
3 3
y0 4x 9
2 32 dx 16 y1 u 2
1
163 u
1
u
12
1
163 [( 12 2) 1 1] 323
x
EXAMPLE 7 Evaluate y s3 2x x 2
dx.
SOLUTION We can transform the integrand into a function for which trigonometric substi-
tution is appropriate by first completing the square under the root sign:
3 2x x 2 3 x 2 2x 3 1 x 2 2x 1
4 x 12
x u1
y s3 2x x dx y du
2
s4 u 2
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION ■ 5
x 2 sin 1
y s3 2x x dx y 2 cos d
2 2 cos
y 2 sin 1 d
2 cos C
s4 u 2 sin1
u
2
C
Exercises
s1 x 2 t
A Click here for answers. S Click here for solutions. 19. y dx 20. y s25 t 2
dt
x
1–3 Evaluate the integral using the indicated trigonometric 23 1
substitution. Sketch and label the associated right triangle. 21. y x 3s4 9x 2 dx 22. y sx 2 1 dx
0 0
1
1. yx dx ; x 3 sec dt
2
sx 2 9 23. y s5 4x x 2 dx 24. y st 2 6t 13
2. yx 3
s9 x 2 dx ; x 3 sin 1 x2
25. y s9x dx 26. y s4x x dx
2 6x 8 2
x3
3. y sx dx ; x 3 tan dx dx
29 27. y x 28. y 5 4x x
2
2x 22
2 52
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
2 16 22
dx x
1 y sx sinh1 C
11. y s1 4x 2 dx 12. y x sx 4 dx
2 2 a2 a
0
x dx
17. y sx dx 18. y ax (a) by trigonometric substitution.
2
7 2
b 2 32 (b) by the hyperbolic substitution x a sinh t.
6 ■ TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
33. Find the average value of f x sx 2 1x, 1 x 7. where is the charge density per unit length on the rod and 0
is the free space permittivity (see the figure). Evaluate the inte-
34. Find the area of the region bounded by the hyperbola gral to determine an expression for the electric field EP.
9x 2 4y 2 36 and the line x 3.
y
35. Prove the formula A 2 r 2 for the area of a sector of a circle
1
P (a, b)
with radius r and central angle . [Hint: Assume 0 2
and place the center of the circle at the origin so it has the
equation x 2 y 2 r 2. Then A is the sum of the area of the 0 L x
triangle POQ and the area of the region PQR in the figure.]
y
P
39. Find the area of the crescent-shaped region (called a lune)
bounded by arcs of circles with radii r and R. (See the figure.)
¨
O Q R x r
La b
EP y dx
a 4 0 x 2 b 2 32
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION ■ 7
Answers
1. sx 2 99x C 3. x 2 18 sx 2 9 C
1
3
25.
1
3
ln 3x 1 s9x 2 6x 8 C
27. 2 tan1x 1 x 1x 2 2x 2 C
1
5. 24 s38 7. s25 x 225x C
1
4
sin1 x 2 14 x 2 s1 x 4 C
1
29.
9. ln (sx 2 16 x) C 11. 4 sin12x 2 x s1 4x 2 C
1 1 4
1 1
13. 6 sec x3 sx 92x 2 C
2 33.
1
6 (s48 sec1 7) 37. 0.81, 2; 2.10
15. (xsa 2 x 2 ) sin1xa C 17. sx 2 7 C 39. r sR r r 2 R 2 arcsinrR
2 2 2
41. 2 2Rr 2
8 ■ TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
π 3π
1. Let x = 3 sec θ, where 0 ≤ θ < 2 or π ≤ θ < 2 . Then
dx = 3 sec θ tan θ dθ and
p p p √
x2 − 9 = 9 sec2 θ − 9 = 9(sec2 θ − 1) = 9 tan2 θ
= 3 |tan θ| = 3 tan θ for the relevant values of θ.
Z Z √
1 1 1
R 1 1 x2 − 9
√ dx = 3 sec θ tan θ dθ = 9
cos θ dθ = 9
sin θ + C = +C
x2 x2 − 9 9 sec2 θ · 3 tan θ 9 x
3π
Note that − sec(θ + π) = sec θ, so the figure is sufficient for the case π ≤ θ < 2
.
Z Z Z Z
x3 33 tan3 θ
√ dx = 3 sec2 θ dθ = 33 tan3 θ sec θdθ = 33 tan2 θ tan θ sec θ dθ
x2 + 9 3 sec θ
3R ¡ ¢ R¡ 2 ¢
=3 sec2 θ − 1 tan θ sec θ dθ = 33 u − 1 du [u = sec θ, du = sec θ tan θ dθ]
" ¡ ¢3/2 √ #
2
3¡ 1 3 ¢ 3¡ 1 3 ¢ 3 1 x +9 x2 + 9
= 3 3 u − u + C = 3 3 sec θ − sec θ + C = 3 − +C
3 33 3
¡ ¢3/2 p ¡ ¢p
= 1
3
x2 + 9 −9 x2 + 9 + C or 1
3
x2 − 18 x2 + 9 + C
√ π π
5. Let t = sec θ, so dt = sec θ tan θ dθ, t = 2 ⇒ θ= 4
, and t = 2 ⇒ θ = 3
. Then
√ √ p
x2 + 16 = 16 tan2 θ + 16 = 16(tan2 θ + 1)
√
= 16 sec2 θ = 4 |sec θ|
= 4 sec θ for the relevant values of θ.
Z Z Z
dx 4 sec2 θ dθ
√ = = sec θ dθ = ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C1
x2 + 16 4 sec θ
¯√ ¯
¯ x2 + 16 x¯ ¯√ ¯
= ln ¯¯ + ¯¯ + C1 = ln ¯ x2 + 16 + x¯ − ln |4| + C1
4 4
¡√ ¢
= ln x2 + 16 + x + C, where C = C1 − ln 4.
√
(Since x2 + 16 + x > 0, we don’t need the absolute value.)
³x´ 1 √ ³ x ´ √x2 − 9
1 x2 − 9 3 1
= sec−1 − + C = sec−1 − +C
6 3 6 x x 6 3 2x2
15. Let x = a sin θ, where − π2 ≤ θ ≤ π
2. Then dx = a cos θ dθ and
Z Z Z
x2 dx a2 sin2 θ a cos θ dθ
= = tan2 θ dθ
(a2 − x2 )3/2 a3 cos3 θ
Z
¡ ¢
= sec2 θ − 1 dθ = tan θ − θ + C
x x
=√ − sin−1 + C
a2 − x2 a
Z Z p
x 1 1 √
17. Let u = x2 − 7, so du = 2x dx. Then √ dx = √ du = 1
2
·2 u + C = x2 − 7 + C.
x2 − 7 2 u
10 ■ TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
√
31. (a) Let x = a tan θ, where − π2 < θ < π
2
. Then x2 + a2 = a sec θ and
Z Z Z ¯√ ¯
dx a sec2 θ dθ ¯ x 2 + a2 x ¯¯
√ = ¯
= sec θ dθ = ln|sec θ + tan θ| + C1 = ln¯ + ¯ + C1
x2 + a2 a sec θ a a
³ p ´
= ln x + x2 + a2 + C where C = C1 − ln |a|
√
(b) Let x = a sinh t, so that dx = a cosh t dt and x2 + a2 = a cosh t. Then
Z Z
dx a cosh t dt x
√ = = t + C = sinh−1 + C.
x2 + a2 a cosh t a
√
33. The average value of f (x) = x2 − 1/x on the interval [1, 7] is
Z 7√ 2 Z " #
1 x −1 1 α tan θ where x = sec θ, dx = sec θ tan θ dθ,
dx = · sec θ tan θ dθ √
7−1 1 x 6 0 sec θ x2 − 1 = tan θ, and α = sec−1 7
R α R α
= 16 0 tan2 θ dθ = 16 0 (sec2 θ − 1) dθ
h iα
= 16 tan θ − θ = 16 (tan α − α)
0
¡√ ¢
= 16 48 − sec−1 7
Rr √
35. Area of 4P OQ = 12 (r cos θ)(r sin θ) = 12 r 2 sin θ cos θ. Area of region P QR = r cos θ
r 2 − x2 dx.
Let x = r cos u ⇒ dx = −r sin u du for θ ≤ u ≤ π2 . Then we obtain
R√ R R
r2 − x2 dx = r sin u (−r sin u) du = −r 2 sin2 u du = − 12 r 2 (u − sin u cos u) + C
p
= − 12 r 2 cos−1 (x/r) + 12 x r2 − x2 + C
so
h p ir
area of region P QR = 1
2 −r 2 cos−1 (x/r) + x r 2 − x2
r cos θ
1
£ ¡ 2 ¢¤
= 2
0 − −r θ + r cos θ r sin θ
= 12 r 2 θ − 12 r 2 sin θ cos θ
and thus, (area of sector P OR) = (area of 4P OQ) + (area of region P QR) = 12 r 2 θ.
12 ■ TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
√
37. From the graph, it appears that the curve y = x2 4 − x2 and the line
√
y = 2 − x intersect at about x = 0.81 and x = 2, with x2 4 − x2 > 2 − x on
(0.81, 2). So the area bounded by the curve and the line is A ≈
R 2 £ 2√ ¤ R2 √ £ ¤2
0.81
x 4 − x2 − (2 − x) dx = 0.81 x2 4 − x2 dx − 2x − 12 x2 0.81 .
To evaluate the integral, we put x = 2 sin θ, where − π2 ≤ θ ≤ π
2
. Then
39. Let the equation of the large circle be x2 + y 2 = R2 . Then the equation of the small circle is x2 + (y − b)2 = r 2 ,
√
where b = R2 − r2 is the distance between the centers of the circles. The desired area is
R r £¡ √ ¢ √ ¤ Rr¡ √ √ ¢
A = −r b + r2 − x2 − R2 − x2 dx = 2 0 b + r 2 − x2 − R2 − x2 dx
Rr Rr√ Rr√
=2 0
b dx + 2 0
r 2 − x2 dx − 2 0 R2 − x2 dx
√
The first integral is just 2br = 2r R2 − r 2 . To evaluate the other two integrals, note that
R√ R R
a2 − x2 dx = a2 cos2 θ dθ [x = a sin θ, dx = a cos θ dθ] = 12 a2 (1 + cos 2θ) dθ
¡ ¢
= 12 a2 θ + 12 sin 2θ + C = 12 a2 (θ + sin θ cos θ) + C
a2 ³ x ´ a2 ³ x ´ √a2 − x2 a2 ³x´ xp
= arcsin + +C = arcsin + a2 − x2 + C
2 a 2 a a 2 a 2
so the desired area is
p h p ir h p ir
A = 2r R2 − r 2 + r 2 arcsin(x/r) + x r2 − x2 − R2 arcsin(x/R) + x R2 − x2
0 0
p h p i p
2¡ π ¢
= 2r R2 − r 2 + r 2 − R2 arcsin(r/R) + r R2 − r 2 = r R2 − r 2 + π 2
2r − R2 arcsin(r/R)
p
41. We use cylindrical shells and assume that R > r. x2 = r 2 − (y − R)2 ⇒ x=± r2 − (y − R)2 , so
p
g(y) = 2 r 2 − (y − R)2 and
R R+r p Rr √
V = R−r
2πy · 2 r2 − (y − R)2 dy = −r
4π(u + R) r2 − u2 du [where u = y − R]
" #
Rr √ Rr √ where u = r sin θ, du = r cos θ dθ
= 4π −r u r2 − u2 du + 4πR −r r 2 − u2 du
in the second integral
h ¡ ¢3/2 ir R π/2 R
2 π/2
= 4π − 13 r 2 − u2 + 4πR −π/2 r2 cos2 θ dθ = − 4π
3 (0 − 0) + 4πRr −π/2
cos2 θ dθ
−r
2 R π/2 £ ¤π/2
= 2πRr −π/2
(1 + cos 2θ) dθ = 2πRr 2 θ + 1
2 sin 2θ −π/2
= 2π2 Rr2
Rrp
Another method: Use washers instead of shells, so V = 8πR 0
r 2 − y2 dy as in Exercise 6.2.39(a), but evaluate
the integral using y = r sin θ.