FIGER VEIN RECOGNITION SYSTEM (SEMINAR REPORT)

FINGER VEIN RECOGNITION SYSTEM

A Technical Seminar Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of
the award of the Degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In

Computer Science and Engineering

By

HARIKRISHA GUJJE (15011A0514)

Under The Guidance of

Dr. D. VASUMATHI

Professor

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING HYDERABD

JNTUH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, HYDERABAD – 500085

2018-19

Name: G. Hari Krishna , Roll no.:15011A0514,JNTUH-CEH CSE-4th year

FIGER VEIN RECOGNITION SYSTEM (SEMINAR REPORT)

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad

JNTUH College of Engineering, Hyderabad – 500085

CERTIFICATE BY THE SUPERVISOR

This is to certify that the project report entitled “FINGER VEIN RECOGNITION
SYSTEM”, being submitted by G Hari Krishna (15011A0514), in partial fulfilment
of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Computer Science and Engineering, is a record of bonafide work carried out by
them. The results are verified and found satisfactory.

Dr. D. Vasumathi,
Professor,

Department of Computer Science and Engineering,

JNTUH College of Engineering,

Hyderabad

Name: G. Hari Krishna , Roll no.:15011A0514,JNTUH-CEH CSE-4th year

FIGER VEIN RECOGNITION SYSTEM (SEMINAR REPORT)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD

JNTUH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, HYDERABAD – 500085

DECLARATION
We, G. Hari Krishna(15011A0514) here by certify that the project reported entitled
“FINGER VEIN RECOGNITION SYSTEM” carried out under the guidance of
Dr. D. Vasumathi,Professor, is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and
Engineering. This is a record of bonafide work carried out by us and the results
embodied in this project have not been reproduced/ copied from any source and have
not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any other
degree or diploma.

G. Hari Krishna (15011A0514)

Department of Computer Science & Engineering,

JNTUH College of Engineering,Hyderabad

Name: G. Hari Krishna , Roll no.:15011A0514,JNTUH-CEH CSE-4th year

FIGER VEIN RECOGNITION SYSTEM (SEMINAR REPORT)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

HYDERABAD

JNTUH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, HYDERABAD – 500085

CERTIFICATE BY THE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

This is to certify that the project report entitled “FINGER VEIN RECOGNITION
SYSTEM”, being submitted by G. Hari Krishna (15011A0514) in partial fulfilment
of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Computer Science and Engineering, is a record of bonafide work carried out by
them. The results are verified and found satisfactory.

Dr.R. Sri Devi,

Professor & Head of the Department,

Department of Computer Science and Engineering,

JNTUH College of Engineering,

Hyderabad.

Name: G. Hari Krishna , Roll no.:15011A0514,JNTUH-CEH CSE-4th year

FIGER VEIN RECOGNITION SYSTEM (SEMINAR REPORT)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express sincere thanks to our Supervisor Dr. D. Vasumathi

ma’am, Professor for her admirable guidance and inspiration both theoretically and
practically and most importantly for the drive to complete project successfully.
Working under such an eminent guide was our privilege.

We owe a debt of gratitude to Dr.R.Sri Devi ma’am, Professor & Head of the
department of Computer Science & Engineering, for her kind considerations and
encouragement in carrying out this project successfully.

We are grateful to the Project Review Committee members and Department

of Computer Science & Engineering who have helped in successfully completing
this project by giving their valuable suggestions and support.

We express thanks to our parents for their love, care and moral support
without which we would have not been able to complete this project. It has been a
constant source of inspiration for all our academic endeavours. Last but not the least,
we thank the Almighty for making us a part of the world.

G. Hari Krishna (15011A0514)

Name: G. Hari Krishna , Roll no.:15011A0514,JNTUH-CEH CSE-4th year

FIGER VEIN RECOGNITION SYSTEM (SEMINAR REPORT)

ABSTRACT

Biometrics systems for individual identification have been developed for decades.
Manymethods have been proposed such as fingerprint, facial, iris, voice
recognitions. However each method has its own disadvantages. Fingerprint
identifying systems usually have low security. Fingerprint patterns are easy to be
counterfeited because they are left everywhere whenever we touch a surface.
Similarly facial and voice patterns can also be cloned easily. Iris scanning is
uncomfortable because of producing a strong light to shine into subjects‘ eyes. A
relatively new method that has been recommended by Hitachi Ltd can solve above
problems and then can be applied in a wide area. It is to use finger veins for
identifying individuals.

Vein images are taken by shining a near-infrared light through fingers. Hence finger
vein scanning procedures do not require physical contact. Consequently it can be
used in hospitals to identify patients with its hygiene. In addition, vein patterns are
very hard to be cloned because the veins are inside our fingers. Finger vein
recognition systems can obtain very high security and accuracy if the algorithm in
use is good enough. Therefore they are suitable to be integrated in ATMs (automatic
teller machines) and other applications which require high security. Obviously
finger vein security systems can be applied in many applications. As an
undergraduate student project, this is limited in a small scale which enables personal
computer authentication. The product has been tested with a small group of people
and worked properly. It still requires a deep test before commercialised in practice.

Name: G. Hari Krishna , Roll no.:15011A0514,JNTUH-CEH CSE-4th year

FIGER VEIN RECOGNITION SYSTEM (SEMINAR REPORT)

INTRODUCTION

The possibility of achieving personal identification based on the vein pattern is

referred years ago . A person‘s veins are completely unique. Twins do not have
(13)

identical veins, and veins in left hands of a person differ from those in his right
hands. Their shapes also change very little as a person ages. A finger vein
authentication system is relatively simpler than systems using fingerprint. The whole
process has main procedures i.e. vein capturing, vein extracting, and pattern
matching.

When we shine near-infrared light through fingers, human tissues pass through most
of the infrared light while haemoglobin in our blood blocks them. Hence veins
appear darker in the picture. A normal digital camera needs to be filtered from visible
light so that it can pass only the infrared light. The vein image of each finger has
different brightness and contrast. Consequently we need some enhancement for the
image so that the image quality is good enough for next process.

After the image is enhanced, we extract veins out by detecting centre line using
(10)
maximum curvature points in image profiles . Vein width may vary when blood
pressure or temperature changes. However the centre line of the vein always stays
stably. Extracted lines will be stored in a database in enrolment procedure. While
testing, the current extracted pattern will be compared to those in the database using
two dimensional filters (1) (2) to decide whether the pattern is matched or not.

The project includes two software packages which use same database i.e. enrolment
and management. Enrolment software is used to enrol users to the database.

Name: G. Hari Krishna , Roll no.:15011A0514,JNTUH-CEH CSE-4th year

FIGER VEIN RECOGNITION SYSTEM (SEMINAR REPORT)

Management is used for users to lock and unlock computers. When a user is going
to leave his computer, he uses the management software to lock the computer. When
he returns, he puts his finger which was used for enrolment into the vein scanner.
The management software will check if the vein pattern which is captured from the
scanner is matched to the one in the database. If the pattern is matched, the computer
will be unlocked.

The project has been built completely and worked properly in Windows XP Service
Pack 2 OS. It has been tested by Acer TravelMate 2201LC (Intel Celeron 2.6GHz)
with a small number of people and worked with most of them. Due to a cheap camera
and infrared source in use, vein images of few people are not clear enough. However
this can be improved easily by using a better camera and infrared sources.

Name: G. Hari Krishna , Roll no.:15011A0514,JNTUH-CEH CSE-4th year

FIGER VEIN RECOGNITION SYSTEM (SEMINAR REPORT)

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The product is used for personal computer authentication. This includes one vein
scanner and two software packages which use the same database (figure 2). The
vein scanner communicates with the computer by a USB 2.0 interface (figure 1).

Figure 1 Hardware package Figure 2 Software packages

The first software package is Enrolment. This program gets images which come
from the vein scanner, then extracts out centre lines of the vein images. This data
and information of users (first name, last name, etc.) will be stored in the database
(figure 3).

The second software package is Management. This program enables the user to
lock his computer. Then it always checks if the user puts his finger in. The software
will extract the veins out and compare it to the one in the database. If they are
matched to each other, the computer will be unlocked.

Name: G. Hari Krishna , Roll no.:15011A0514,JNTUH-CEH CSE-4th year

FIGER VEIN RECOGNITION SYSTEM (SEMINAR REPORT)

Figure 3 Enrolment software Figure 4 Management software

Both software packages are written by Visual Basic 2005 linking with Matlab.
Matlab is used to handle image processing functions such as vein extraction and
pattern matching. Two packages
―talks‖ to each other through a Microsoft Access database. The database includes
user information i.e. user first name, user last name and user vein pattern.

The principle is that the infrared light with wavelength 700nm ~ 1000nm can pass
through most of human tissues while the haemoglobin in the blood can absorb the
(3)
infrared light fully . Therefore we need a near-infrared source with proper
wavelength to shine through the finger. An infrared-sensitive digital camera is
placed underneath the finger to catch light which passed through the finger. The
scanner is sketched in figure 5.

Name: G. Hari Krishna , Roll no.:15011A0514,JNTUH-CEH CSE-4th year

FIGER VEIN RECOGNITION SYSTEM (SEMINAR REPORT)

Figure 5 Finger vein scanner sketch

Near-Infrared source

Infrared LEDs with 875nm, 850nm and 810nm wavelengths have been tested. The
jumbos (high power infrared source) with 810nm wavelength gave the best images
of veins in most of cases.
The ELJ810-248B-EPIGAP-IR EMITTER, JUMBO 40DEG can be found on
uk.farnell.com. Some important
technical specifications are listed
below:

Wavelength, typ: 810nm

Power dissipation: 3W
Current, forward If: 260mA
Voltage, Vf max: 13V Angle, viewing : 40o

Price: £14.20 (04/2008) Figure 6 810nm jumbo (14)

More technical information can be found in Appendix.

Because a jumbo is quite big, two jumbos are arranged in a series. The board is
connected to a 16V power supply. The circuit arrangement is shown below:

R VR R
16V if

Vf

Name: G. Hari Krishna , Roll no.:15011A0514,JNTUH-CEH CSE-4th year

FIGER VEIN RECOGNITION SYSTEM (SEMINAR REPORT)

As described above, if is equal to 260mA and Vf is equal to 13V. Therefore:

VR = 16V – Vf = 16V – 13V = 3V

So

In the real design, 12Ω resistors are chosen.

CCD Camera

The tested camera is 5.2M pixel infrared PC Camera (figure 8). The CCD camera
responses to both visible and infrared light. Technical information is shown below:

Interface: USB 2.0 Infrared

Picture size: 640x480, 1280x960, 1600x1200, filter

2560x2048
Window capture size: 2304x1728
Video format: 24-bit RGB/I420
Transmission rate: (640x480) 30f/s (1280x960)
Signal-to-noise ratio: >48dB

Image focus: 3mm (macro lens) to infinity Figure 8 CCD camera with Auto
exposing, auto light control, auto colour infrared filter
correction, auto white balance

As infrared photography, an infrared filter is used. The filter has to be able to block
light with wavelength less than 810nm. An Instrument Plastic Limited Optolite
Infrared Filter was used. The transmittance rate of the filter is shown in the figure
below:

Name: G. Hari Krishna , Roll no.:15011A0514,JNTUH-CEH CSE-4th year

FIGER VEIN RECOGNITION SYSTEM (SEMINAR REPORT)

Figure 9 Filter response (15)

As shown in the figure 9, the transmittance rate with 810nm wavelength is about
85% while it blocks most of light with wavelengths less than 750nm.

In addition, there is also a finger holder which is used to stabilise the finger. The
distances between the jumbo board and the holder, the holder and camera are
adjusted for best image quality.

Name: G. Hari Krishna , Roll no.:15011A0514,JNTUH-CEH CSE-4th year

FIGER VEIN RECOGNITION SYSTEM (SEMINAR REPORT)

METHODOLOGY
IMAGE PROCESSING:
Input vein images from the scanner are dull and include much noise. Therefore they
need to be improved by two enhancement functions i.e. auto-contrast and
smoothing. However before enhanced, they have to be cropped to eliminate
redundant parts:

Crop

Input images from the scanner have size 240x180 1 and include unwanted areas
which need to be cut out. We will take only the central part which has the vertical
position from 50 to 145. This is easy to do in Matlab by a simple line:

Cropped_f = f(50:145,:,1) %f is the input image The

below figure shows an input image before and after cropped:

(a) (b)
Figure 13(a) Input image before cropped (b) After cropped

Name: G. Hari Krishna , Roll no.:15011A0514,JNTUH-CEH CSE-4th year

FIGER VEIN RECOGNITION SYSTEM (SEMINAR REPORT)

Auto-contrast

This function finds out the optimal contrast for each image and then increases the
difference between veins and the background. The mechanic of auto-contrast is
pretty simple. We just need to rescale the colours of the image so that its minimum
brightness becomes 0 and maximum brightness becomes 255 (in our case). We now
consider a cropped sample image taken from the scanner and its histogram2:

Minmum Maximum
brightness
i brightness

(b)
Figure 14(a) Cropped sample (b) its histogram

Smoothing

Auto-contrasting enhances the contrast in the image but also creates more noise in
the image. The principle is that there is noise in the image already because of low
quality camera. Autocontrasting just makes noise become clearer. Much noise will
affect the vein extraction process. Therefore a procedure which helps to reduce noise
needs to be done before later processes. Smoothing image is used in this case.

The mechanic of smoothing is also pretty simple. Considering a pixel in the image,
we just need to calculate the average value of pixels in its neighborhood and update
the old value with the calculated average value. This can be done easily in Matlab

by creating a filter mask 𝑤 with size 5x5 and its all elements are . This
mask is then convoluted (or correlated) with the image by the Matlab function:

Name: G. Hari Krishna , Roll no.:15011A0514,JNTUH-CEH CSE-4th year

FIGER VEIN RECOGNITION SYSTEM (SEMINAR REPORT)

𝑔 = 𝑖𝑚𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟(𝑓, 𝑤, ′𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒′) (5) %f is the image after auto-contrasted

VEIN EXTRACTION:
It can be said that the vein scanner design and vein extraction module mainly decide
the accuracy of the whole system. The pattern matching is just a two dimensional
filter. Therefore a good algorithm for extraction module helps not only to achieve
high accuracy but also to have different vein scanner designs with the same accuracy.

Many methods have been proposed such as line-shaped features from images include
using a matched filter, mathematical morphology, connection of emphasized
edge lines, ridge line following for minutiae detection in grayscale fingerprint
images, and repeating the line tracking. The project uses Maximum curvature
points in image profiles method of N. Miura, A. Nagasaka, and T. Miyatake to
extract veins.
The method can extract the centrelines of veins consistently without affection by
fluctuations in vein width and brightness. Hence it can gain a very high accuracy.
Experimental result shows that the equal error rate for personal identification was
0.0009% (10) which is much better than other methods.
Algorithm

There are 3 steps in the algorithm:

Extraction of centre positions of veins

Connection of vein centres
Labelling the image

Let say is the intensity of a pixel .

[Step 1] Extraction of centre positions of veins

Assume is a cross-sectional profile acquired from at vertical direction:

Name: G. Hari Krishna , Roll no.:15011A0514,JNTUH-CEH CSE-4th year

FIGER VEIN RECOGNITION SYSTEM (SEMINAR REPORT)

where z is a position in a profile. A mapping function is defined as:

In order to calculate the curvatures at position , we calculate :

In computing, can be calculated as (11):

where w is used for calculation of the average of the profile. In the project w is
assumed as 8.

Obviously if is positive, the profile is a dent. Now the local maximums of

in each concave area are calculated. The positions indicate the centre points of

Name: G. Hari Krishna , Roll no.:15011A0514,JNTUH-CEH CSE-4th year

FIGER VEIN RECOGNITION SYSTEM (SEMINAR REPORT)

the veins. These points are defined as , where and N is the number
of local maximum points in the profile.

Figure 20 Calculation of the curvature of the profile

Figure 21 Relationship amongthe profile, curvature and score of probability of veins

A score , is defined as:

Where is the width f the region where the curvature is positive and include
(figure 21). The score indicates the probability that the centre position are on the
vein are assigned to each centre position.

Name: G. Hari Krishna , Roll no.:15011A0514,JNTUH-CEH CSE-4th year

FIGER VEIN RECOGNITION SYSTEM (SEMINAR REPORT)

FUTURE APPLICATIONS:
This section uses practical examples to show what form personal verification
solutions that combine template protection with finger vein authentication using a
visible-light camera might take in the future.
Self checkout at retail stores:
The authentication technique described in this article could be used to provide a self-
checkout service at supermarkets, convenience stores, or other retailers (see Figure
7). In this example, the shopping carts provided for customer use are equipped with
tablet devices. The customer first scans their fingers over the tablet to verify their
identity and then checks that their name and payment method are correct before
proceeding. The customer then uses the tablet camera to scan product barcodes as
they place them in the cart
One-stop Biometric Authentication for Hotels:
Finger vein authentication using a visible-light camera is suitable for deployment
anywhere a camera can be installed. Possible examples include room rentals and
other accommodation check-in, serving as keys to executive lounges, or for
engaging with an interactive robot. This includes centralized one-stop biometric
authentication that is utilized by a variety of different services and works by having
users create a public template on a smartphone or other device and then distributing
the template to other devices.
Enhanced Convenience through Government Industry Partnership:
Japan introduced a personal identification (ID) number system in January 2016, and
the use of My Number cards that hold this ID number information in electronic form
is continuing to increase. In addition to using the card as a certified public document,
the electronic certificate for user authentication stored on the card’s integrated circuit
(IC) can also be used as personal identification in government administrative
procedures or when accessing private services

Name: G. Hari Krishna , Roll no.:15011A0514,JNTUH-CEH CSE-4th year

FIGER VEIN RECOGNITION SYSTEM (SEMINAR REPORT)

CONCLUSION

The final product has worked and satisfied individual identification by finger veins
applied in personal computer as proposed. The product has been tested with 10
people and worked properly with 8 people. This accuracy is not high mainly due to
poor quality of vein images coming in from the camera. This can be improved by
using a better near-infrared source and a more sensitive camera. The arrangement of
infrared LEDs can also be changed so that we can have different designs of the vein
scanner.

The project has demonstrated and proved the capability of personal identification
based on vein patterns. Although the scale is small, other applications can be
extended by solutions which are used in this project. For large applications, some
modules should be done in hardware in order to improve the speed of the whole
system. If problems of accuracy and speed are solved there is a huge market waiting
for the system such as ATMs, cars, houses, cell phones, entrance doors, etc.

Name: G. Hari Krishna , Roll no.:15011A0514,JNTUH-CEH CSE-4th year

FIGER VEIN RECOGNITION SYSTEM (SEMINAR REPORT)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Automatic feature extraction from non-uniform finger vein image and its
application to personal identification. N. Miura, A. Nagasaka, and
T.Miyatake. Nara, Japan : IAPR, 2002, Vol. MVA2002.

2. Locating blood vessels in retina image by piece-wise threshold probing

of a matched filter response. A. Hoover, V. Kouznetsova, and M.
Goldbaum. 3, s.l. : IEEE Tras. Med. Imaging, 2000, Vol. 19, pp. pp 203-210.

3. Multiscale Feature of Finger-Vein Patterns Based on Curvelets and Local

Interconnection Structure Neutral Network. Zhongbo Zhang, Siliang
Ma, Xiao Han. Changchun : The 18th International Conference on Pattern
Recognition (ICPR '06), 2006. 0-7695-2521-0/06.

4. Roy, Divakar. Auto Contrast. Matlab Central. [Online] MatWork. [Cited: 04

04 2008.]
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0566&objectType
=file.

5. Rafael C. Gonzalez, Steven L. Eddins, Richard E. Woods. Digital

Image Processing Using Matlab. Tennessee, US : s.n.

6. Automatic segmentation and registration of retinal fluorescein

angiograpies - Application to diabetic retinopathy. T. Walter, J. Klein, P.
Massin, and F. Zana. Copenhagen, Denmark : s.n., May 200. Vol. First
international Workshop on Computer Assisted Fundus Image Analysis, pp. pp
15-20.

7. Perceptual organization of thin networks with active contour functions

applied to medical and aerial images. P. Montesinos and L. Alquier.
Veinne, Autriche : ICPR'96, 1996. pp. pp 647651.

8. Direct gray-scale minutiae detection in fingerprints. D. Maio and D.

Maltoni. s.l. : IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., Jan 1997. Vol. 19, pp.
27-40.

Name: G. Hari Krishna , Roll no.:15011A0514,JNTUH-CEH CSE-4th year