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Ref:Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Lippincott.: Alphabetical List of Named Radiographic Projections
Ref:Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Lippincott.: Alphabetical List of Named Radiographic Projections
A
ADAMS (MODIFICATION OF HERMODSSON'S VIEW)
The same as Hermodsson's view but with internal rotation increased from 70 degrees to 100 degrees. See Hermodsson’s
view.
Ref:Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Lippincott.
AHLBACK METHOD
Weight-bearing AP view of the knee in full extension.
ALBERS-SCHONBERG
Demonstrates the TMJs.
Head in the lateral position, then rotate the head 20 degrees towards the film. Centre to the TMJ in contact with the film,
with the tube angled 20 degrees upwards.
ALEXANDER METHOD
View of the optic canal in cross section.
Both sides for comparison.
Patient sat with the back of head against the skull table. Upper border of the skull table angled backward 15 degrees .
Position the patients head so that the midsagittal plane makes an angle of 40 degrees to the plane of the bucky. Head
extended so that the acanthomeatal line is at right angles to the plane of the bucky. Centre to the lower outer margin of
the orbit away from the film.
ALTSCHUL
Position as for Townes (half-axial skull view) view but angle 35 degrees rather than 30 degrees.
ANTHONSON'S VIEW
Subtalar joint view.
Foot in the lateral position. Dorsi-flex the foot. Angle the vertical central ray 25 degrees towards the foot and, 30 degrees
towards the toes. Centre immediately below the medial malleolus.
ARCELIN
Demonstrates the petrous temporal region.
Head in the AP position and rotate 45 degrees away from the side being examined with the radiographic baseline at right
angles to the film. Centre to the baseline at a point 2.5cm in front of the EAM, with the tube angled 10 degrees to the
feet.
Ref: Goldman and Cope. A Radiographic Index. Wright
BECLERE METHOD
View of the intercondyloid fossa in profile.
Patient supine. Knee flexed so that the long axis of the femur is at 120 degrees to the long axis of the tibia. Direct the
central ray at right angles to the long axis of the tibia and centre to the knee joint.
BERQUIST VIEW
See Capitellum view
BERTEL
Demonstrates the orbital floors and the infra-orbital fissure.
Head in the PA position with radiographic baseline at right angles to the film. Centre to the nasion with the tube angled
20 degrees towards the head
Ref: Goldman and Cope. A Radiographic Index. Wright Publishing, Bristol.
BETT'S VIEW
View to demonstrate the trapezium. Shows the trapezium without the overlapping of other carpal bones.
Gedda / Betts or Clements view. It’s basically an offsetview where you externally rotate the wrist and hand obliquly it to
the image plate at about 45 degrees, and angle cranially about 5 degrees It not only gives you a full view of the
trapezium, but it gives you a good CMC view and then isolates the STT and TT joints. It helps to stage arthritic disease
and in the selection of surgical technique
BLACKETT-HEALY METHODS
Shoulder views
1. A tangential projection of the insertion of the teres minor.
Patient prone. Internally rotate the arm, flex the elbow and place the hand on the back. Centre to the head of the
humerus.
BLONDEAU
OM facial bones overtilted by 5 degree
BRATTSTROM METHOD
Skyline patella.
BREWERTON'S VIEW
To show erosions of the metacarpal heads and the bases of the phalanges.
Hand in the AP position i.e. palm facing upwards. The metacarpal-phalangeal joints are flexed to 45 degrees with the
phalanges in contact with the film. Tube angled 20 degrees (from ulnar side) to the head of the third metacarpal.
BRIDGEMAN VIEW
See Stecher Method, point 1.
BRODEN I
Subtalar joint view.
Foot positioned as for AP ankle, then rotate the foot 45 degrees medially. Angled the tube cranially between 10 degrees
and 40 degrees .
BRODEN II
Subtalar joint view.
Foot positioned as for AP ankle, then rotate the foot 45 degrees externally. Angle the tube cranially 15 degrees.
Ref: Hansen and Swiontkowski, ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA PROTOCOLS, Raven Press.
BUTTERFLY VIEWS
Elongated views of the rectosigmoid segments of large intestine.
AP BUTTERFLY
Centre 5cm inferior to the anterior-superior iliac spine (ASIS) and angle the vertical central ray 40 degrees towards the
head.
LPO BUTTERFLY
Centre 5cm inferior to and 5cm medial to the right ASIS. Angle the vertical central ray 40 degrees towards the head.
PA BUTTERFLY
Centre to the ASIS and angle the vertical central ray 40 degrees towards the feet.
RAO BUTTERFLY
Centre to the level of the ASIS and 5cm to the left of the lumbar spinous processes. Angle the vertical central ray 40
degrees towards the feet.
C
CAHOON
View to demonstrate the styloid processes of the skull.
Position as for Bertel's view and angle the tube 25 degrees cranially.
Ref: Goldman and Cope. A Radiographic Index. Wright Publishing, Bristol..
CALDWELL
Routine OF 20 view of the skull.
Ref: K.Clarke. Positioning in Radiography. 11th Ed.
CARPEL BOSS
Demonstrates bony protuberance on the dorsum of the wrist at the level of the second and third carpo-metacarpal
joints.Wrist slightly ulnar deviated with the ulnar side to the cassette. 30 degree supination of the wrist to place the
dorsal prominence at the dorsoradial aspect of the second to third carpo-metacarpal joints and at a tangent to the
vertical central ray. Centre to pass through the dorsal prominence.
Ref: Gilula and Yin. Imaging of the Wrist and Hand, Saunders.
CARPAL CANAL
Routine carpal tunnel view.
Ref: K.Clarke. Positioning in Radiography. 11th Ed.
CAUSTON METHOD
Oblique foot projection to demonstrate the sesamoids.
Foot lateral with the medial side against the cassette. Angle the central ray 40 degrees towards the ankle and centre to
the first metatarsophalangeal sesamoids.
Ref: Causton, J. (1943):Projection of the sesamoid bones in the region of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, Radiology
9:39.
CHASSARD'S VIEW
View to show the sigmoid colon.
Patient sits with both legs over the side of the table and leans forward slightly. Centre fairly high up the patients back.
CHAUSSE II
Oblique transoral view of the foramen jugulare.
The patient is positioned as for an AP skull with the mouth wide open. Rotate the head 10 degrees away from the side in
question. Direct the central ray up through the open mouth so that it makes an angle of 35 degrees to a line joining the
superior border of the EAM and the anterior nasal spine.
Ref: Chausse, C. (1950).Trois incidences pour l'exam du rocher, Acta Radiol. 34:274-287.
CHAUSSE III
Head in the PA position then rotate the head 5-10 degrees towards the unaffected side. Centre along the radiographic
baseline midway between the outer canthus and the EAM.
SUBONG, MEGANFUQS BSRT IV 4
CHAUSSE IV
See Stenvers view (C-Ear).
CINCINATTI VIEW
Supine chest x-ray coned to the mediastinum, a high kV filter is used.
The filter consists of 0.5mm copper and 0.4mm tin inserted so that the copper layer is nearest the tube. A CT scoutview
(topogram) is an alternative.
CLEMENTS view. It’s basically an offsetview where you externally rotate the wrist and hand obliquly it to the image plate
at about 45 degrees, and angle cranially about 5 degrees It not only gives you a full view of the trapezium, but it gives
you a good CMC view and then isolates the STT and TT joints. It helps to stage arthritic disease and in the selection of
surgical technique
COALITION VIEW
Demonstrates a calcaneotalar coalition.
Patient standing with the cassette under the long axis the calcaneum. Angle the central ray 45 degrees and direct it
through the posterior surface of the flexed ankle to the level of the base of the fifth metatarsal.
COBEYS VIEW is a weight bearing AP ankle projection used to demonstrate the angulation between the long axix of the
calcaneum and the tibia (some call it a Buckview)
It is a PA projection done on a special radiolucent platform. The patient stands on the platform equal weight on both feet
with the toes on the side of interest against a 7 X 17 IR. (no grid, 40 SID) The platform holds the IR at a 20 degree tilt from
vertical (away from the patient)
The CR is angled caudal at 20 degree centered at the level of the ankle joint. (The tube and IR will be parallel to
eachother.) Collimate to include as much of the tib/fib possible. A radiopaque marker is placed just behind the heel for
measuring purposes when analizing alignment.e tibia, radiographically imaging the coronal plane alignment of the
hindfoot.
CRANIODORSAL HEADVIEW
Hip view.Supine hip with the knees extended and legs internally rotated. Central ray angled 30 degrees caudally, centre
over the hip.
Ref: Schneider (1964).
CRANIOVENTRAL HEADVIEW
Hip view.
Supine hip centred on the femoral head with the leg raised 45 degrees.
Ref:Schneider (1964).
D
DANELIUS-MILLER METHOD
Routine horizontal beam view of the hip.
DENEER METHOD
See Dunlop Method.
DIDIEE VIEW
Shoulder view.
Patient prone with cassette under the shoulder. Arm parallel to the table top with a 7.5cm pad under the elbow. Dorsum
of hand on the hip with the thumb directed upward. Beam angled 45 degrees.
DUNCAN-HOEW METHOD
Flexion and extension views of the lumbar spine (PA and lateral).
E
ERASO METHOD
Projection of the jugular foramina.
The patient is positioned as for an AP skull. The chin is then raised and the central ray is angled upwards to make an
angle of 65 degrees to the OM line. Centre to the midline at the level of the EAM.
Ref: Eraso, S.T. (1961). Roentgen and clinical diagnosis of glomus jugulare tumors, Radiology 77:252-256.
F
FALSE PROFILE VIEW (click here for a good article)
See Le Quesne method.
FEIST-MANKIN METHOD
See Isherwood method.
FERGUSON'S VIEW
View of the sacro-iliac joints.
The patient is supine and the tube is angled 25-30 degrees cranially. With this projection, the symphysis pubis overlaps
the sacrum.
Ferguson view, the patient is in the same position as for the AP Pelvis. The tube in angled 30-35 degrees cephalic and is
centered to the midportion of the pelvis. It shows the SI joints more clearly and helps in evaluating injury to the sacral
bone, the pubis, and the ischial rami
Ref: Positioning in Radiography, K.Clarke, 11th Ed. p139.
FISK METHOD
A projection of the bicipital groove.
Patient erect. Flex the elbow, rest the forearm on the cassette and supinate the hand. Centre to the bicipital groove.
Ref: Fisk, C. (1965).Adaption of the technique for radiography of the bicipital groove, Radiol. Technol. 37:47-50.
FLAMINGO VIEWS
Stress views of the symphysis pubis.
Two views. Patient stands on each leg in turn. Centre to the symphysis pubis.
FLYING ANGEL
Routine lateral thoracic inlet view.
Ref: K.Clarke. Positioning in Radiography. 11th Ed.
FRIEDMAN METHOD
An axiolateral projection of the femoral head, femoral neck and upper femur.
FUCHS METHOD
Projection of the temporal styloid process.
Position the patient as for a lateral skull view. Angle the central ray cranially 10 degrees and anteriorly 10 degrees and
centre to the styloid process against the film. Both sides for comparison.
FURMAIER METHOD
Skyline patella.
Ref: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (1974). 56-A, NO.7, OCTOBER
G
GARTH'S VIEW
Apical axial oblique view of the shoulder - useful for trauma dislocation cases
Centre to the head of the humorous.
Patient erect or Supine rotated 45 degrees to the affected side, central ray angled 45 degrees caudaly.
Ref: Merrill Volune 1 page 145
Discussion:
- used in the instability patient to visulaize the anterior/inferior glenoid
rim for fractures or calcification following dislocation;
- Technique:
- patient is seated with the arm at the side;
- cassette is placed posterior, parallel to the spine of the scapula
- beam is directed thru the glenohumeral joint toward the cassette
at angle of 45 deg degrees to the plane of the thorax, and
directed 45 deg caudally;
GAYNOR-HART METHOD
Inferosuperior carpal tunnel projection.
Ref: K.Clarke. Positioning in Radiography. 11th Ed.
See also Templeton and Zim method.
GEDDA / Betts or Clements view. It’s basically an offsetview where you externally rotate the wrist and hand obliquly it to
the image plate at about 45 degrees, and angle cranially about 5 degrees It not only gives you a full view of the
trapezium, but it gives you a good CMC view and then isolates the STT and TT joints. It helps to stage arthritic disease
and in the selection of surgical technique
H
HAAS
Demonstrates the petrous temporal region, foraman magnum, and dorsum sellae.
Head in the PA position with the radiographic baseline at right-angles to the film. Centre in the midline to the external
occipital protuberance with the central ray angled 25 degrees cranially.
Ref: Haas, L.(1927).Verfahren zur sagittalen Aufnahme der Sellage gend, Fortscr. Roentgenstr. 36:1198-1203.
HARRIS
Axial projection of the heel. Useful for demonstrating talo-calcaneal bars.
Patient stands with both feet on the film. The patient leans forward slightly. The tube is positioned behind the patient
and the central ray is angled 45 degrees towards the heels and is centred between the medial malleolus.
HAYES VIEW
To demonstrate the superior-inferior sacro-iliac joints.
Patient sat upright on the bucky table with their legs over the side. The vertical central ray is directed along the plane of
the sacro-iliac joint in question.
HENKELTOPF
Routine infero-superior view of the zygomatic arches (jug handles).
HENSCHEN
Demonstrates the petrous temporal region.
Head in the lateral position. Centre 5cm above the EAM away from the film, with the tube angled 15 degrees towards
the feet.
HICKEY (skull)
The profile view of the mastoid region.
HICKEY (HIP)
See Lauenstein and Hickey Methods.
HILL-SACHS VIEW
AP shoulder with arm in marked internal rotation.
HIRTZ
The routine SMV projection.
Some cases overtilt by 15 degrees
HOBB'S VIEW
View of the sterno-clavicular joints.
Centre to the midline at the level of the sterno-clavicular joints.
HOLMBLAD METHOD
View of the knee.
HOUGH METHOD
Projection of the sphenoid strut.
Patient positioned as for a PA skull with the radiographic baseline horizontal. Turn the head 20 degrees towards the side
being examined. The horizontal central ray is angled downwards by 7 degrees so that is emerges through the orbit on the
side being examined.
Ref: Hough, J.E.(1968).Sphenoid strut: parieto-orbital projection, Radiol. Technol. 39:197-209.
HSIEH METHOD
PA oblique projections of the hip. Demonstrates posterior dislocations of the femoral head.
Patient prone with the unaffected side raised by 45 degrees. Direct the vertical central ray between the posterior surface
of the iliac blade and the femoral head.
HUGHSTON
Patella view.
Ref:: Hughston (1968). Subluxation of the Patella, J. Bone and Joint Surg., 50-A:1003-26.
J
JAROSCHY METHOD
See Hugheston.
JOHNER VIEW
Tangential shoulder view.
Patient supine with the elbow flexed and the forearm resting on the abdomen. Film placed vertically against the superior
aspect of the shoulder. Angle the central ray 20 degrees medially and 20 degrees below the horizontal. Centre to the
head of the humerus.
JOHNSON METHOD
An axiolateral projection of the femoral head and neck.
Patient in the AP pelvis position. Place the cassette vertically against the lateral aspect of the hip of interest. Tilt the
cassette backward 25 degrees. Direct the horizontal central ray 25 degrees cephalad and 25 degrees downwards and
centre to the femoral neck.
Ref: Johnson,C.R (1932).A new method for roentgenographic examination of the upper end of the femur, J. Bone Joint
Surg. 30:859-866,
JONES POSITION
View of the elbow in flexion. Demonstrates the olecranon process in profile and the distal humerus. Place the humerus
on the cassette and flex the arm.
Two projections taken, one with the central ray angled at right angles to the forearm (for olecranon) and another with
the central ray angled at right angles to the humerous (for distal humerus).
JUDET VIEWS
Oblique views of the acetabulum.
1. Raise the affected side by 45 degrees and centre to the affected hip.
K
KANDEL METHOD
Suroplantar projection to demonstrate clubfoot.
The patient stands on the cassette. The vertical central ray is angled 40 degrees and directed to the heel so that it
emerges from the midfoot.
Ref: Kandel, B. (1952). The suroplantar projection in the congenital clubfoot of the infant, Acta Orthop. Scand. 22:161-
173.
KASABACH METHOD
Oblique projection of the odontoid process.
Patient supine. Rotate the head 45 degrees away from the side being examined. Angle the vertical central ray 10 degrees
caudal and centre to a point midway between the outer canthus and the EAM.
Ref: Kasabach, H.H. (1939). A roentgenographic method for the study of the second cervical vertebrae, A.J.R 42:782-785.
KEMP-HARPER METHOD
SMV projection of the jugular foramina.
Patient with back to the vertical bucky.
Chin elevated until the OM line is vertical. Angle the horizontal central ray 20 degrees downwards. Centre below the chin
so that the central ray passes between and through the EAM on the side in question.
Ref: Kemp Harper, R.A.(1957). Glomus jugulare tumors of the temporal bone, J.Fac. Radiologists 8:325-334.
KISCH METHOD
See Friedman method.
KITE METHODS
Projections to demonstrate clubfoot.
True lateral and dorsoplantar projections of the foot.
KNUTSSON METHOD
Skyline patella.
Ref: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surger (1974). 56-A, NO.7, October
KOVACS METHOD
Profile image of the lowermost lumbar intervertebral foramen.
Patient lies on the affected side and then rotate the pelvis 30 degrees anteriorly. Centre along a straight line extending
from the superior edge of the uppermost iliac crest through the fifth lumbar segment to the inguinal region of the
dependent side.
Ref: Kovacs, A. (1950) .X-ray examination of the exit of the lowermost lumbar root, Radiol. Clin. 19:6-13.
KUCHENDORF METHOD
Oblique PA projection of the patella.
Patient prone, elevate the hip on the affected side and slightly flex the knee. Centre to the joint space between the
patella and the femoral condyles at an angle of 30 degrees caudal.
L
LAQUERRIERE AND PIERQUIN METHOD
Ulnar groove projection.
Ref: K.Clarke. Positioning in Radiography. 11th Ed.
LAUENSTEIN
Routine turned lateral hip projection.
LAURINS VIEW
View of the patella.
LAW
Demonstrate the petrous temporal region.
Head in the lateral position, then rotate the head 15 degrees towards the film. Centre 5cm above and 5cm behind the
EAM away from the film with the tube angled 15 degrees towards the feet.
LAWRENCE METHOD
Lateral view of the proximal humerus.
Supine, horizontal beam axial shoulder.
LAWRENCE METHOD
Transthoracic lateral humerus.
LENTINO METHOD
See carpal bridge view.
LEONARD-GEORGE METHOD
Demonstrates the femoral head and neck.
Patient supine. A curved cassette is placed on the medial aspect of the leg of interest (between the thighs). Direct the
central ray perpendicular to the femoral neck.
LETOURNEL VIEW
Iliac wing view.
LEWIS METHOD
The routine view of the sesamoid bones of the first metatarsal.
Ref: K.Clarke. Positioning in Radiography. 11th Ed.
LILIENFELD (CALCANEUM)
See coalition view.
LILIENFELD (HIP)
A posterolateral projection of the ileum and acetabulum.
Patient prone then raise the unaffected side by 75 degrees. Centre at the level of the greater trochanter of the hip in
contact with the film.
LINDBOLM
AP lordotic chest.
Patient leans back 30+ dgerees, centre to mid sternum.
LODGE-MOOR PROJECTIONS
Lateral oblique projections to demonstrate the cervical articular facets (four views in total). Patient supine with the X-ray
tube on the right hand side. First projection with the patients right side elevated by 20 degrees. Second projection with
patients left side elevated by 20 degrees. For both views, centre the horizontal central ray to C5. When the raised side is
nearest to the tube then angle 5 degrees cephalad. When the raised side is away from the tube then angle 5 degrees
caudal. Repeat the two projections from the left side.
LOW-BEER METHOD
Parietotemporal projection.
Position the head in the lateral position. Angle the horizontal central ray upward 10 degrees and anteriorly 33 degrees.
Centre to the back of the head so that the beam enters at the level of the lower orbital margin and passes through the
foraman magnum.
Similar appearances to Stenvers view.
LOWENSTEIN'S VIEW
Routine frog lateral hips.
M
MAY View
View to demonstrate the zygomatic arch.
Head in the PA position with the chin raised as far as possible. The head is then rotated 15 degrees away from the side
being examined. Centre through the zygomatic arch, with the tube angled towards the feet so that the central ray is at
right-angles to the radiographic baseline.
MACNAB'S VIEW
View of the patella.
MACQUEEN-DELL
Transpharyngeal view of the head of the mandibular condyle.
The film is parallel to the median sagittal plane and centred to the EAM of the affected side. The central ray is angled 5
degrees cranially and 5 degrees posteriorly towards the condyle to be examined.
MAYER
To demonstrate the petrous temporal region.
Patient in the AP position with the radiographic baseline at right-angles to the film. Rotate the head 45 degrees towards
the side being examined, and centre through the EAM nearest the film, with the tube angled 45 degrees towards the
feet.
MERCEDES VIEW
Routine superior-inferior axial shoulder view, or lateral scapula view
MERCHANT'S VIEW
View of the patella. Patient supine. Knees flexed 45 degrees over the end of the table. Position femora so that they are
parallel to the table top. Place knees and feet together. Angle the central ray 30 degrees from the horizontal ( 30 degrees
to femora). Centre midway between patellae.
Ref: Merchant, A, et al (1975). Reontgenographic Analysis of Patellofemoral Congruance, J. Bone and Joint Surg., 56-A:
1391-96, Oct.
MILLER METHOD
Projection of the hypoglossal canal.
Patient positioned as for an AP skull with the radiographic baseline horizontal. Rotate the head 45 degrees towards the
SUBONG, MEGANFUQS BSRT IV 15
side in question. The horizontal central ray is angled downwards an unknown number of degrees so that it passes
through the foraman magnum.
MILLER'S VIEW
To demonstrate anterior or posterior dislocation of the shoulder.
The patient is positioned as for the routine trauma shoulder view. The tube is then angled 45 degrees towards the feet
and centred to the glenoid.
If the head of the humerus is projected below the glenoid then the dislocation is anterior.
If the head of the humerus is projected above the glenoid then the dislocation is posterior.
MODIFIED CLEAVES
Hip view. Frog view with the thighs abducted to approx. 40 degrees. Centre 2.5cm above the symphysis pubis.
MORTISE VIEW
True AP ankle.
N
NOLKE METHOD
Projection of the upper sacral canal.
Patient sits upright on the bucky table with the feet over the side of the table and leans forward. Centre to the sacrum.
O
OPPENHEIM'S VIEW
Cephaloscapular projection.
X-ray beam passed from superior to inferior across the glenoid face to a cassette behind the patient who is leaning
forward.
OUTLET VIEW
See supraspinatus outlet view.
P
PAWLOW METHOD
Swimmer's view with the patient on their side.
PEARSON METHOD
A bilateral AP projection of the acromoclavicular joints. Both joints taken in one expose on a wide film.
PILLAR VIEWS
Cervical spine views to demonstrate the posterior intervertebral joints.
Position as for AP cervical spine. Take two exposures, one with the head rotated at right-angles to the left and one with
the head rotated at right-angles to the to the right. Angle the vertical central ray 30 degrees towards the feet. Centre just
behind the angle of the mandible with the top of the cassette at the level of the EAM.
Ref: K.Clarke. Positioning in Radiography, 11th Ed, p157.
PIRIE
This is the routine OM 30 sinus view with the mouth open.
Ref: Goldman and Cope. A Radiographic Index. Wright Publishing, Bristol..
PORCHER-POROT
Oblique transmaxillary view of the foramen jugulare.
The radiographic baseline is vertical. The tube is angled 55 degrees cranially. The head is then rotated 40 degrees away
from the affected side. Centre midway between the EAM and the angle of the mouth on the affected side.
PRAYER POSITION
Lateral calcanei.
Legs abducted and the planar surfaces of the feet placed together. Centre between the heels.
Q
QUESADA METHOD
Projections of the clavicle. Patient prone.
1. Centre to the midpoint of the clavicle at an angle of 45 degrees caudal.
2. Centre to the midpoint of the clavicle at an angle of 45 degrees cephalad.
Ref: Quesada, F (1926). Technique for the roentgen diagnosis of fractures of the clavicle, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 42:424-
428.
R
REVERSE TOWNES
Demonstrates the condyles, condylar heads and condylar hypo/hyperplasia.
PA Townes ( half-axial skull) with 30 degree angulation.
REVERSE WATERS
Method (AP) facial bones.
RHESE METHOD
The routine PA oblique of the optic foramen
Ref: K. Clarke. Positioning in Radiography, 10 th ed.
RIPPSTEIN METHOD
Foreshortened view of the femurs and femoral neck.
Requires a Rippstein leg support.
Patient supine with the hips flexed 90 degrees and abducted 20 degrees. The legs are parallel in a Rippstein leg support.
SUBONG, MEGANFUQS BSRT IV 17
Vertical central ray centred to the symphysis pubis.
Ref: Rippstein, J. (1955). On Assesment of the Neck of the Femur by Means of Two X-rays. Z. Orthop. 86; 345-360.
RISSER METHOD
Demonstrates both iliac crests and epiphysis.
Patient supine. Centre to the iliac crests.
Ref: Risser, J.C.(1958). The Iliac Apophysis: An invaluable sign in the management of scoliosis, Clin. Orthop. 11: 111-119.
ROCHER
AP Skull centred through orbits
ROBERT'S VIEW
True AP thumb.
ROSENBERG METHOD
45 degree posteroanterior flexion weight-bearing view of the knee.
Ref: Rosenburg T. et al. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
S
SANSREGRET MODIFICATION OF CHAUSSE III METHOD
Slight oblique projection of the petrosa and attic wall.
Patient supine. Rotate the head 10 degrees away from the side of interest. Adjust the infraorbitomeatal line so that it is
30 degrees from the vertical. Centre to a point 2.5 cm medial to the EAM at the level of the upper orbital margin on the
affected side.
Ref: Sansgret, A.(1963), Technique for the study of the middle ear, A.J.R. 90:1156-1166.
SCHNEIDER METHOD
Demonstrates the upper contour of the femoral head.
1. Patient supine with the femour flexed 60 degrees.
2. Patient supine with the femour flexed 30 degrees.
Vertical central ray centred to the hip joint.
SCHULLER
Lateral view of the petrous temporal region.
SERENDIPITY VIEW
View of the sterno-clavicular joints.
Patient supine. Angle the horizontal central ray 40 degrees towards the head. Centre midway between the sterno-
clavicular joints.
SETTEGAST METHOD
Tangential projection of the patella.
Patient prone. Knee flexed to at least 90 degrees . Centre to the patellofemoral joint space. The degree of angle is
dependent on the amount of knee flexion but should be 15-20 degrees towards the joint space.
SIMMONS VIEWS
To demonstrate congenital talipes equinovarus.
1.AP of both feet with the x-ray tube angled 30 degrees to the hindfoot.
2.AP of each foot with the foot held in the position of fullest correction. The x-ray tube is angled 30 degrees to the
hindfoot.
STAUNIG METHOD
An inferosuperior projection of the pubic and ischial bones and symphysis pubis.
Patient prone. Centre to the symphysis pubis with the central ray angled 35 degrees cephalad.
See also Lilienfeld Method.
STECHER METHODS
Projections of the scaphoid.
1. PA wrist position with the cassette inclined by 20 degrees so that the hand is higher than the wrist. Centre to the
scaphoid.
2. PA wrist position with the forearm horizontal and the central ray angled 20 degrees towards the elbow. Similar
projection to 1.
3. PA wrist position with the fist clenched. This position tends to widen the fracture line.
Ref: Stecher, W.R. (1937). Roentgenography of the carpal navicular bone, A.J.R. 37:704-705.
STENVER
Oblique view of the petrous temporal region.
Ref: K. Clark, Positioning in Radiography, 11th Ed.
STOCKHOLM C
Similar to Stenver's view but designed for use with a skull unit.
Head in the lateral position, with the centre of the bucky 2.5cm in front of the EAM and 1cm above the orbitimeatal line.
The tube is angled 10 degrees towards the head, and 30 degrees towards the face. The grid must be rotated accordingly.
Ref: Goldman and Cope. A Radiographic Index. Wright Publishing, Bristol..
STORK METHOD
See Flamingo view.
STRYKER'S VIEW
Technique:
- the patient is supine;
- a cassette is placed under the involved shoulder
- the palm of the hand of the affected extremity is placed on top
of the head with the fingers toward the back of the head;
- the beam is centered over the occur;
- coracoid process and tilted 10 deg cephalad;
Demonstrates defects in the posterolateral aspect of the humeral head
Ref: K.Clarke. Positioning in Radiography. 11th Ed.
T
TALAR NECK VIEW
Foot view.
Patient lies supine. The knee is flexed so that the sole of the foot is in contact with the cassette then internally rotate the
foot by 15 degrees. The vertical central ray is angled 15 degrees towards and centred to the midfoot.
TARRANT METHOD
A method to demonstrate the clavicle projected above the thoracic cage.
Patient sitting with the cassette on the lap. Central ray directed from behind the patient to the clavicle. The central ray is
at right angles to the coronal plane of the clavicle.
Ref: Tarrant, R.M. 91950). The axial view of the clavicle, X-ray Techn. 21:358-359.
TEUFEL METHOD
Acetabulum and femoral head margin including the fovea capitis.
Patient in 35-40 degrees anterior oblique position. Centre 2.5cm superior to the level of the greater trochanter. Central
ray angled 12 degrees cephalic.
TIEGE'S VIEW
Trauma axillary view.
Patient supine with the cassette above the shoulder. The forearm is brought across the chest and the horizontal central
ray is centred to the shoulder joint.
TILE
See Pennal’s view.
TITTERINGTON
The routine OM 30 view.
TOWNES
The routine half-axial view of the skull.
Ref: K.Clarke. Positioning in Radiography. 11th Ed.
TUBEROSITY VIEW
View of the elbow.
Elbow AP, angle 20 degrees towards the olecranon. Various degrees of rotation are used.
TWINNING METHOD
Swimmer's view for C7/T1
U
URIST'S VIEW
View of the acetabular rim in profile. Patient supine, injured side elevated 60 degrees.
See also Lequesne method.
V
VEIHWEGER METHOD
Ulnar groove projection.
Ref: Positioning in Radiography , K.Clarke, 11th ed.
VALDINI
Demonstrates the squamous portion of the occipital bone and the foramen magnum.
Head in the PA position with the chin tucked in as far as possible and the frontal region resting on the film, with the
radiographic base-line tilted 45-50 degrees downwards. Centre in the midline at the level of the EAM.
Ref: Goldman and Cope. A Radiographic Index. Wright Publishing, Bristol..
VELPEAU VIEW
Axillary lateral view of the shoulder.
Patient stands with their back against the table and leads backwards. Centre the vertical central ray to the shoulder joint.
Ref: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Lippincott.
WATERS
The routine OM view of the sinuses.
Ref: K.Clarke. Positioning in Radiography. 11th Ed.
WIGBY-TAYLOR METHOD
Open mouth oblique projection of the styloid process of the skull.
Position the patient as for an AP skull then rotate the head 78 degrees to the affected side. Angle the central ray cranially
8 degrees and centre to the styloid process nearest the film.
Both sides for comparison.
WILLIAMS METHOD
Projection to demonstrate the costovertebral and costotransverse joints.
Patient supine. Angle the central ray 20 degrees cephalad and centre to the sixth thoracic vertebrae.
WINDOW VIEW
Demonstrates the kidneys during an IVP in an infant.
Child positioned as for an AP abdomen. Angle the vertical central ray 35 degrees towards the feet. This projects the
kidneys through the liver on the right and the stomach on the left.
Ref: RADIOGRAPHY; XLV:538.
WORMS
AP skull
25 degree angle between OM baseline and central ray
Y
Y VIEW
Axial shoulder or lateral scapula.
Z
ZANCA'S VIEW
As for the routine view of the ACJ but with a 10-15 degree cephalic tilt of the x-ray beam.
ZIMMERS VIEW
Transorbital TMJ view.
Patient holds cassette behind TMJ. Mouth open wide. Position the tube at the outer canthus of the opposite eye and aim
downwards and backwards across the orbit to the condyle under investigation.
Ref: Eric Whaites , Essentials of Dental Radiography and Radiology Churchill Livingston.
ZITER'S VIEW
Scaphoid view.
Wrist PA with ulnar deviation. Angle the tube 25 degrees up towards the elbow. Centre between the styloid processes.
Ref: Radiography (1983), 49, 229-233.