STRESS

! Stress
! Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded
Bar
! Average Shear Stress
! Allowable Stress
! Design of Simple Connections

1
Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

• Body Force

w
FR
w(s) C
A
.
Ax D s

Ay
Dy
• Support Reaction

2
Table 1 Supports for Coplanar Structures

Type of Idealized
Reaction Number of Unknowns
Connection Symbol

(1) One unknown. The reaction is a

θ θ θ
force that acts in the direction of
Light cable the cable or link.

(2)
One unknown. The reaction is a
force that acts perpendicular to
the surface at the point of contact.
F
Rollers and rockers

(3) One unknown. The reaction is a

force that acts perpendicular to
Smooth surface F the surface at the point of contact.

3
Type of Idealized
Reaction Number of Unknowns
Connection Symbol

(4) Fy
Fx Two unknowns. The reactions
are two force components.
Smooth pin or hinge

(5) Fy
Two unknowns. The reactions
Fx
are a force and moment.

Internal pin

(6)
Fy Three unknowns. The reactions
M
Fx are the moment and the two force
components.
Fixed support
4
• Equation of Equilibrium

ΣF=0
Σ MO = 0

Σ Fx = 0 Σ Fy = 0 Σ Fz = 0

Σ Mx = 0 Σ My = 0 Σ Mz = 0

5
 • Internal Resultant Loadings

F2 section
F3

F1 F4

y
F2 F3
MO V
N MO N
x
V
F1 F4

6
Example 1

Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at C of the
beam shown.

270 N/m

A B
C
3m 6m

7
 • Support Reactions
(1/2)(9)(270) = 1215 N
270 N/m

A
MA = 3645 N•m B
C
3m 6m

Ay = 1215 N 540 N
• Internal Loading 180 N/m
540 N = VC
-540(2) = -1080 N•m = MC B
135 N 540 N C
0 = NC 2m 4m
270 N/m
90 N/m
180 N/m

MA = 3645 N•m 0
1080 N•m
A C
3m 540 N

Ay = 1215 N
8
• Shear and bending moment diagram
(1/2)(9)(270) = 1215 N
270 N/m

3645 N•m A
B
C
3m 6m
1215 N
V (N) 1215
540
+
M (N•m)
-
1080
3645 b

flanges web
C h
tw 540 N
1080 N•m
540 N
Side View Front View 9
Example 2

Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at C of the
machine shaft shown. The shaft is supported by bearings at A and B, which exert
only vertical forces on the shaft.

225 N
800 N/m
A B
C D
200 mm 100 mm 100 mm

50 mm 50 mm

10
 • Support Reactions (800 N/m)(0.15 m) = 120 N/m 225 N

A B
Ax
D
0.275 m 0.125 0.1 m

Ay By

+ Σ MA = 0: -(120)(0.275) + By(0.4) - (225)(0.5) = 0, By = 363.75 N

+ Σ Fx = 0: Ax = 0 Ax = 0,
+ Σ Fy = 0: Ay - 120 +363.75 - 225 = 0 Ay = -18.75 N,

• Internal Loading
+ ΣF = 0: NC = 0
x
800(0.05) = 40 N
MC + ΣFy = 0:
A -18.75 - 40 - VC = 0,
NC
VC = -58.75 N
C
0.2 m VC + ΣMA = 0:
18.75(0.25) + 40(0.025) + MC = 0
18.75 N 0.025 m MC = -5.69 N•m 11
 • Internal Loading

800(0.05) = 40 N
MC = -5.69 N•m
A
NC = 0
C
0.2 m VC = -58.75 N

18.75 N 0.025 m
800(0.05) = 40 N
5.69 N•m
A
0
C
0.2 m 58.75 N

18.75 N 0.025 m

12
Example 3

The hoist consists of the beam AB and attached pulleys, the cable, and the motor.
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at C if the
motor is lifting the 2 kN load W with constant velocity. Neglect the weight of the
pulleys and beam.

1m 2m 0.5 m
0.15 m
B
0.15 m D
A C

13
 1m 2m 0.5 m
0.15 m
B
0.15 m D
A C

W = 2 kN

1m TC = 2 kN + Σ F = 0:
0.15 m x
2 + NC = 0
NC NC = -2 kN
C MC
A VC
+ Σ Fy = 0:
-2 - VC = 0,
VC = -2 kN

+ Σ MC = 0:
W = 2 kN
MC - 2(0.15) + 2(1.15) = 0
MC = -2 kN•m
14
Example 4

Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at G of the
wooden beam shown . Assume the joints at A, B, C, D, and E are pin-connected.

B C

6.5 kN
1m
G E
A
D

4 kN/m
0.6 m 0.6 m 2m

15
• Support Reactions Two - force
B C FBC

6.5 kN
Ey 1m
G E Ex
A
D

4 kN/m (1/2)(2)(4) = 4 kN
0.6 m 0.6 m 2/3 m (2/3)(2) = 4/3 m

+ Σ ME = 0: 4(4/3) + 6.5(3.2) - FBC(1) = 0, FBC = 26.1 kN

+ Σ F = 0: 26.13 + Ex = 0 Ex = -26.1 kN,

x

+ Σ Fy = 0: -6.5 - 4 + Ey = 0 Ey = 10.5 kN

16
• Internal loadings acting on the cross section at G
B
FBC = 26.13 kN

34.02 kN = FBA 50.19o Joint B

FBD = -21.78 kN
6.5 kN FAB = 34.02 kN + ΣFx = 0:
39.81o -FBA sin50.19o + 26.13 = 0
MC
A NC FBA = 34.0 kN, (T)
G
0.6 m VC + ΣFy = 0:
-FBA cos50.19o -FBD = 0
FBD = -21.8 kN, (C)
Member AG

+ ΣMG = 0: MG -34.02 sin39.81o(0.6) + 6.5(0.6) = 0 MG = 9.17 kN•m

+ ΣF = 0: 34.02 cos39.81o + NG = 0 NG = -26.1 kN

x

+ ΣFy = 0: -6.5 + 34.02 sin39.81o - VG = 0 VG = 15.3 kN

17
Example 5

Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at B of the
pipe shown. The pipe has a mass of 2 kg/m and is subjected to both a vertical
force of 50 N and a couple moment of 70 N•m at its end A. It is fixed to the wall
at C.
z

C 0.75 m
B 0.5 m
x
50 N
D
y
1.25 m
70 N•m A

18
 • Free-Body Diagram
z
(MB)z

(FB)z
(MB)y (FB)y WBD= 9.81 N WBD = (2 kg/m)(0.5 m)(9.81 N/kg)
(FB)x B 0.25 m
(MB)x = 9.81 N
WAD D
x 50 N WAD = (2 kg/m)(1.25 m)(9.81 N/kg)
0.625 m y = 24.52 N
70 N•m A 0.625 m

• Equilibrium of Equilibrium

Σ Fx = 0: (FB)x = 0
Σ Fy = 0: (FB)y = 0
Σ Fz = 0: (FB)z - 9.81 -24.525 -50 = 0, (FB)z = 84.3 N
Σ (MB)x = 0: (MB)x + 70 - 50(0.5) - 24.525(0.5) - 9.81(0.25) = 0, (MB)x = -30.3 N•m
Σ (MB)y = 0: (MB)y + 24.525(0.625) + 50(1.25) = 0, (MB)y = -77.8 N•m
Σ (MB)x = 0: (MB)z = 0
19
• Free-Body Diagram

(FB)x = 0 (MB)x = -30.3 N•m

(FB)y = 0 (MB)y = -77.8 N•m

(FB)z = 84.3 N (MB)z = 0

77.8 N•m 84.3 N

9.81 N
B 0.25 m
30.3 N•m
24.5 N D
x 50 N
0.625 m y
70 N•m A 0.625 m

20
Stress
z

+z Face

+y Face

+x Face
x

21
 z
σz
By compatibility,
τzy σx = σ'x
τzx σ'x -x Face σy = σ'y
τ'xy τyz σz = σ’z
τ'yx τ'xz τxy = τ'xy
σ'y τxz σy
τxy τyx τyx = τ'yx
τ'yz
y τzx = τ’xz
σx
-y Face τ'zy
τ'zx
σ'x∆y∆z
τ'xy∆y∆z
σ'z
-z Face τ'yx∆x∆z y
x σ'y∆x∆z
Top View σy∆x∆z
τyx∆x∆z
τxy∆y∆z
σx∆y∆z
x 22
 σ'x∆y∆z
τ'xy∆y∆z
O
τ'yx∆x∆z y
σ'y∆x∆z O´ σy∆x∆z
τyx∆x∆z
τxy∆y∆z
σx∆y∆z
x

+ ΣF = 0: - σ'y∆x∆z + σy∆x∆z = 0
y

σ'y = σy
+ ΣF = 0: σx∆y∆z - σ'x∆y∆z = 0
x

σx = σ'x
+ ΣMO´ = 0: (τxy∆y∆z)(∆x) - (τyx∆x∆z)(∆y) = 0

τxy = τyx
23
 z z
σz∆x∆y τ ∆x∆y σz∆x∆y
τzx∆x∆y zy

∆z τyz∆x∆z σ'x∆y∆z
τxz∆y∆z σy∆x∆z σ'y∆x∆z σy∆x∆z
τyx∆x∆z
τxy∆y∆z y σx∆y∆z y
σx∆y∆z ∆x
∆y x σ'z∆x∆y
x

z z z
τ'xy∆y∆z
τzy∆x∆y τzx∆x∆y
τ'yz∆x∆z τ'yx∆x∆z
τyz∆x∆z τyx∆x∆z
τ'xz∆y∆z
y y τxz∆y∆z y

x τ'zy∆x∆y x τxy∆y∆z τ'zx∆x∆y

x
24
Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar

• Assumptions
The material must be
- Homogeneous material
- Isotropic material
P

Internal force
Cross-sectional area

External force
P P

25
 z
P
P
∆F = σ∆A
σ σ σ
σ x y

x y

P P

+ ↑ FRz = ΣFz ; ∫ dF = ∫ σdA

A

P = σA

P
σ=
A

26
 Example 6

The bar shown has a constant width of 35 mm and a thickness of 10 mm.

Determine the maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is subjected to
the loading shown.

A B 9 kN C 4 kN D
12 kN 22 kN
9 kN 4 kN
35 mm

27
 A B 9 kN C 4 kN D
12 kN 22 kN
9 kN 4 kN
35 mm
P (kN)
30
22
12
x

10 mm

30 kN

σ
35 mm

PBC 30 kN
σ max = σ BC = = = 85 . 7 MPa
A ( 0 . 035 m )( 0 . 01 m )
28
 A B 9 kN C 4 kN D
12 kN 22 kN
9 kN 4 kN
35 mm
σ (MPa)
85.7
62.9
34.3
x

10 mm

30 kN

σ
35 mm

PBC 30 kN
σ max = σ BC = = = 85 . 7 MPa
A ( 0 . 035 m )( 0 . 01 m )
29
Example 7

The 80 kg lamp is supported b two rods AB and BC as shown . If AB has a

diameter of 10 mm and BC has a diameter of 8 mm, determine which rod is
subjected to the greater average normal stress.

A
5 3
4
60o B

30
 • Internal Loading • Average Normal Stress C
y
A
FBC
FBA d = 10 mm 5 3
5 3 4

60o B 4 60o B d = 8 mm
x

FBC 395 . 2 N
σ BC = = 2
= 7 . 86 MPa
ABC π ( 0 . 004 m )
80(9.81) = 784.8 N
FBA 632 . 4 N
σ BA = = = 8 . 05 MPa
ABA π ( 0 . 005 m ) 2
+ 4

→ ΣFx = 0; FBC ( ) − FBA cos 60o = 0
5 The average normal stress distribution acting
3 over a cross section of rod AB.
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0; FBC ( ) + FBA sin 60o − 784.8 = 0
5 8.05 MPa
8.05 MPa
FBC = 395.2 N, FBA = 632.4 N
8.05 MPa 632.4 N
31
Example 8

Member AC shown is subjected to a vertical force of 3 kN. Determine the

position x of this force so that the average compressive stress at C is equal to the
average tensile stress in the tie rod AB. The rod has a cross-sectional area of 400
mm2 and the contact area at C is 650 mm2.

B
3 kN
x

A
C

200 mm

32
 FAB 3 kN
x

A
C

200 mm

• Internal Loading
FC
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0; FAB + FC − 3 = 0 − − − −(1)

+ Σ MA = 0: -3(x) + FC(200) = 0 ------(2)

• Average Normal Stress

FAB F
σ= = C
400 650
FC = 1.625 FAB − − − −(3)

Substituting (3) into (1), solving for FAB, the solving for FC, we obtain
FAB = 1.143 kN FC = 1.857 kN
The position of the applied load is determined from (2); x = 124 mm
33
 Connections
P
• Simple Shear

A
B C
D
P P
A
A τavg

V V
V

V
τ avg =
A

34
• Single Shear P P

P P

P P P P

Top View Top View

P P
P P
Side View
Side View
P P

V=P V=P

35
• Double Shear P P

P/2 P/2
P/2 P/2
P P P P

Top View Top View

P P
P P

Side View Side View

P P

V = P/2 V = P/2
V = P/2 V = P/2
36
Normal Stress: Compression and Tension Load

• Tension Load P
P
a
b
P´ a

P b
b t
d

P
P

A = bt P P
σ @ a −a = σ @ b −b =
bt A = (b-d)t d (b − d )t
b t
Section a-a t
b
Section b-b
37
• Bearing Stress t
b´

d P P b

b´

t
P/2
P d Abearing = dt
P/2
Bearing Stress

P
σ bearing =
dt

38
 P
σ normal =
(b − d )t t

dθ
d b
θ

P
σ bearing =
dt
90° d
+ ΣF = 0: P−∫ σ b ( )t cosθdθ = 0
x −90° 2
d 90°
( )tσ b sin θdθ =P
2 −90°

P
σ bearing =
td sin 90o
P
σ bearing = − − − − −*
td 39
• Axial Force Diagram for Compression Load on Plate

b P d P

Tension

-P -P
Compression
−P
− Normal Stress : σ= , compression
(bd )t
P
− Bearing Stress σ bearing =
dt

40
• Axial Force Diagram for Tension Load on Plate
a

b d P P

Tension
P P

Compression
+P
− Normal Stress : max σ= , tension τ
(b − d )t
P
− Bearing Stress σ bearing = P/2
dt P
P τ P/2
− Shearing Stress τ= t
2at
a 41
• Shearing Stress on pin

Single Shear
P

P
P
P

P P
P P
P
τ=
A
P P
P P

42
 Double Shear P

P/2
P
P/2
P/2
P/2

P/2 P/2
P/2
P/2 P /2
τ =
P A
P/2
P/2 P P
P/2
P /2
τ =
A
P/2
P/2 P/2
43
 Pure Shear

z
Section plane
τzy
τyz
∆z
y τyz
∆x τzy
∆y
x Pure shear
τzy = τyz

44
 Example 9

The bar shown a square cross section for which the depth and thickness are 40
mm. If an axial force of 800 N is applied along the centroidal axis of the bar’s
cross-sectional area, determine the average normal stress and average shear stress
acting on the material along (a) section plane a-a and (b) section plane b-b.

a 20 mm
b
800 N
b
30o 20 mm
a

45
 a 20 mm
40 mm b
800 N
b
30o 20 mm
a
(a) section plane a-a
a

800 N N = 800 N

N 800 N
σ = = = 500 kPa
A ( 0 . 04 m )( 0 . 04 m )

τ avg = 0

500 kPa
46
 a 20 mm
40 mm b
800 N
b
30o 20 mm
a
(b) section plane b-b

b
V = 800 cos30o = 692.82 N
30o
800 N 800 N
b 30o
N = 800sin30o = 400 N
x
40 mm 40
sin 30 o = ; x = 80 mm
30o x
τavg
N 400 N
σ = = = 125 kPa
σ A ( 0 . 04 m )( 0 . 08 m )
State of Stress @ b-b b
216.51 kPa
V 692 . 82 N
b 125 kPa τ avg = = = 216 . 51 kPa
A ( 0 . 04 m )( 0 . 08 m )
47
Example 10

The wooden strut shown is suspended form a 10 mm diameter steel rod, which is
fastened to the wall. If the strut supports a vertical load of 5 kN, compute the
average shear stress in the rod at the wall and along the two shaded planes of the
strut, one of which is indicated as abcd.

c
b 20 mm
d
40 mm
a

5 kN

48
 • Average shear stress in the rod at the wall
c
b V = 5 kN
20 mm 5 kN
V 5 kN
d τ avg = = = 63 . 7 MPa
40 mm A π ( 0 . 005 m ) 2
a
d = 10 mm
5 kN
63.7 MPa
5 kN

• Average shear stress along the two shaded plane

V = 2.5 kN V = 2.5 kN
c
V 2 . 5 kN
b τ avg = = = 3 . 12 MPa
A ( 0 . 04 m )( 0 . 02 m )
d
a 3.12 MPa
5 kN
5 kN

49
Example 11

The inclined member show is subjected to a compressive force of 3 kN.

Determine the average compressive stress along the areas of contact defined by
AB and BC, and the average shear stress along the horizontal plane defined by
EDB.
3 kN
5 4
3

25 mm

50 mm
40 mm
80 mm

50
 • The average compressive stress along the areas of contact defined by AB and BC :
3 kN
5 4
3
3 kN
5 4
3

25 mm

50 mm 3 kN
40 mm
80 mm FAB = 3(3/5) = 1.8 kN 5 4
3
FBC= 3(4/5) = 2.4 kN
V = 1.8 kN

FAB 1 . 8 kN
σ AB = = = 1800 kPa = 1 . 8 MPa 1.8 MPa
AAB ( 0 . 025 m )( 0 . 040 m )
FBC 2 . 4 kN
σ BC = = = 1200 kPa = 1 . 2 MPa
ABC ( 0 . 050 m )( 0 . 040 m) 1. 2 MPa
51
• The average shear stress along the horizontal plane defined by EDB :
3 kN
5 4
3
3 kN
5 4
3

25 mm

50 mm
40 mm
80 mm FAB = 3(3/5) = 1.8 kN

FBC= 3(4/5) = 2.4 kN

V = 1.8 kN
V 1 . 8 kN
τ avg = = = 562 . 5 kPa
A ( 0 . 04 m)( 0 . 08 m) 1.8 kN
= 0 . 562 MPa

0.56 MPa
52
Allowable Stress

Pfail σ fail τ fail

F .S = F .S = F .S =
Pallow σ allow τ allow

6. Design of Simple Connections

P V
A= A=
σ allow τ allow

• Cross-Sectional Area of a Tension Member

P P
a τallow

a P
P A=
σ allow
53
 • Cross-Sectional Area of a Connector Subjected to Shear

P
P
τallow
P
A=
V=P σ allow
P P

• Required Area to Resist Bearing

(σb)allow

P
A=
(σ b ) allow
54
• Required Area to Resist Shear by Axial Load

Uniform shear stress (τallow)

d

P P
P
l=
τ allowπd

55
Example 12a

The control arm is subjected to the loading shown. (a) Determine the shear stress
for the steel at all pin (b) Determine normal stress in rod AB, plate D and E. The
thickness of plate D and E is 10 mm.

φ = 10 mm
B
A φ = 25 mm D E
φ = 25 mm

50 mm
200 mm
50 mm 25 kN
13 kN
C D E

5
3
pin C φ = 20 mm 13 kN 4 25 kN
75 mm 50 mm

56
 B
A FAB

200 mm 200 mm

C
Cx
5 36.87o
3
13 kN 4 25 kN Cy 13 kN
25 kN
75 mm 50 mm 75 mm 50 mm

• Reaction C
+ ΣMC = 0: FAB (0.2) + 13(0.075) − 25 sin 36.87(0.125) = 0
FAB = 4.5 kN , ←
+ ΣF = 0: -4.5 - Cx + 25cos36.87o = 0
x
Cx = 15.5 kN, ←
+ ΣFy = 0: Cy + 13 - 25sin36.87o = 0
Cx Cy = 2 kN, ↑
Cy C C = (15 . 5 ) 2 + ( 2 ) 2 = 15 . 63 kN 57
 φ = 35 mm (a) Shear stress
B
A 4.5 kN

200 mm 200 mm
φ = 25 mm
φ = 25 mm
C D E

5
3
pin C φ = 20 mm 13 kN 4 25 kN 15.63 kN 13 kN
25 kN
75 mm 50 mm 75 mm 50 mm

Pin C (Double shear) Pin D and E (Single shear)

15.63 kN VD 13 kN
τD = = 2
= 26 . 48 MPa ⇐
7.815 kN AD (π / 4 )( 0 . 025 )

7.815 kN
VE 25 kN
τE = = 2
= 50 . 93 MPa ⇐
VC 7 . 815 kN AE ( π / 4 )( 0 . 025 )
τC = = = 24 . 88 MPa ⇐
AC ( π / 4 )( 0 . 02 ) 2 58
 (b) Normal stress
4.5 kN A
φrod = 10 mm

200 mm
φ = 25 mm D E
φ = 25 mm
D E
50 mm C
50 mm 25 kN 15.63 kN 13 kN
13 kN 25 kN
75 mm 50 mm

Cale AB Plate D
13 kN 13 kN P
σ σD =
A
13 kN
=
σD ( 0 . 05 )( 0 . 01 )
P 4.5 kN
σ AB = = = 56.7 MPa ⇐ 13 kN = 26 MPa ⇐
AAB (π / 4)(0.010) 2 t = 0.01 m
0.05 m 59
 4.5 kN A
φrod = 35 mm

200 mm
φ = 25 mm D E
φ = 25 mm
D E
50 mm C
50 mm 25 kN 15.63 kN 13 kN
13 kN 25 kN
75 mm 50 mm

Plate E σE
P
σE =
A
m
25 kN
1
25 kN
0.0

=
50 mm 25 kN (0.05 − 0.025)(0.01)
t=
5m

= 100 MPa ⇐
m
0. 0

25
0. 0

50 mm 25 kN
60
Example 12b

The control arm is subjected to the loading shown. Determine the required
diameter of the steel pin at C if the allowable shear stress for the steel is
τallow = 55 MPa. Note in the figure that the pin is subjected to double shear.

B
A

200 mm

C
5
3
13 kN 4 22 kN
75 mm 50 mm

61
 B
A FAB

200 mm 200 mm

C
Cx
5
3
13 kN 4 22 kN Cy 13 kN
22 kN
75 mm 50 mm 75 mm 50 mm

• Internal Shear Force

+ ΣMC = 0: FAB (0.2) − 13(0.075) − 22 sin 36.87(0.125) = 0
FAB = 13.125 kN
+ ΣF = 0: -13.125 - Cx + 22cos36.87o = 0
x
Cx = 4.47 kN
+ ΣFy = 0: Cy - 13 - 22sin36.87o = 0
Cx Cy = 26.2 kN
Cy C C = ( 4 . 47 ) 2 + ( 26 . 2 ) 2 = 26 . 58 kN 62
 B
A 13.125 kN

200 mm 200 mm

C
5
3
4 22 kN 26.58 kN 13 kN
13 kN 22 kN
75 mm 50 mm 75 mm 50 mm

• Required Area
V 13 . 29 × 10 3 −6
A= = = 241 . 6 × 10 m 2
= 242 mm 2
26.58 kN τ allow 55 × 10 6
d
π ( ) 2 = 242 mm 2
2
13.29 kN
d = 17.55 mm
13.29 kN
Use d = 20 mm
63
Example 13a

The two members are pinned together at B as shown below. Top views of the pin
connections at A and B are also given. If the pins have an allowable shear stress
of τallow = 86 MPa , the allowable tensile stress of rod CB is (σt)allow = 112 MPa
and the allowable bearing stress is (σb)allow = 150 MPa, determine to the smallest
diameter of pins A and B ,the diameter of rod CB and the thickness of AB
necessary to support the load.

A
Top view C

13 kN 5
3
A 4
B
1m 0.6 m B

64
• Internal Force

Ay 13 kN
FBC
A B 36.87o
Ax

1m 0.6 m

+ Σ MA = 0: − 13(1) + FBC sin 36.87(1.6) = 0

FBC = 13.54 kN

+ Σ Fy = 0: Ay − 13 + 13.54 sin 36.87 = 0

Ay = 4.88 kN

+ Σ F = 0: − Ax + 13.54 cos 36.87 = 0

x

Ax = 10.83 kN

65
 • Diameter of the Pins

Ay = 4.88 kN 13 kN
11.88 kN FBC = 13.54 kN
A B 36.87o
Ax = 10.83 kN B
1m 0.6 m
A
Top view
Pin A Pin B
FBC = 13.54 kN
11.88 kN

VA = 5.94 kN

VA = 5.94 kN VB= 13.54 kN

VA 5 . 94 kN VB 13.54 kN
AA = = = 69 . 07 mm 2 AB = = = 157.4 mm 2
τ allow 86 × 10 3 kN / m 2 τ allow 86 × 10 kN / m
3 2

π π
(d A ) 2 = 69 . 07 mm 2 ( d B ) 2 = 157.4 mm 2
4 4
dA = 9.38 mm, Use dA = 10 mm dB = 14.16 mm, Use dB = 15 mm
66
• Diameter of Rod

Ay = 4.88 kN 13 kN
11.88 kN FBC = 13.54 kN
A B 36.87o
Ax = 10.83 kN
1m 0.6 m

13.54 kN

P 13 . 54 kN
ABC = = = 120 . 9 mm 2
13.54 kN (σ t ) allow 112 × 10 kN / m
3 2

π
(d BC ) 2 = 120 . 9 mm 2
4
dBC = 12.4 mm, Use dBC = 15 mm

67
 • Thickness

Ay = 4.88 kN 13 kN
11.88 kN FBC = 13.54 kN
A B 36.87o
Ax = 10.83 kN
1m 0.6 m

tAB 20 kN
φB = 15 mm
φA = 10 mm
A B
tAB
P
(σ b ) allow =
A 11.88 kN 13.54 kN P
(σ b ) allow =
11 . 88 × 10 3 A
150 × 10 = 6

( 0 . 010 )t AB A B 13 . 54 × 10 3
150 × 10 =
6

t AB = 0 . 00792 m ( 0 . 015 )t AB
(σb )A (σb )B t AB = 0 . 00602 m

By comparison use t AB = 8 mm

68
Example 13b

The two members are pinned together at B as shown below. Top views of the pin
connections at A and B are also given. If the pins have an allowable shear stress
of τallow = 86 MPa, the allowable tensile stress of rod CB is (σt)allow = 112 MPa
and the allowable bearing stress is (σb)allow = 150 MPa, determine to the
maximum load P that the beam can supported.

A φ = 10 mm
Top view φ = 15 mm C
t = 8 mm
P 5
3
A 4
B
1m 0.6 m B φ = 15 mm

t = 8 mm

69
• Internal Force

Ay P
FBC
A B 36.87o
Ax

1m 0.6 m

+ Σ MA = 0: − P(1) + FBC sin 36.87(1.6) = 0

FBC = 1.042P (T)

+ ↑ ΣFy = 0; Ay − P + 1.042 P sin 36.87 = 0

Ay = 0.375P
+

→ ΣFx = 0; − Ax + 1.042 P cos 36.87 = 0

Ax = 0.834 kN

70
 Ay = 0.375P P
0.914P FBC = 1.042P
A B 36.87o
0.834P
1m 0.6 m
B φ = 15 mm
A φ = 10 mm
Top view
Pin A (double shear) Pin B (single shear)
FBC = 1.042P
0.914P

VA = 0.457P

VA = 0.457P VB= 1.042P

VA VB
τ allow = τ allow =
AA AB
0 . 457 P 1 . 042 P
86 × 10 3 kPa = 86 × 10 3 kPa =
( π / 4 )( 0 . 01 ) 2 (π / 4 )( 0 . 015 ) 2
P = 14 . 78 kN P = 14 . 58 kN 71
 Ay = 0.375P P
0.914P FBC = 1.042P
A B 36.87o
0.834P
1m 0.6 m φrod = 15 mm

1.042P
Rod AB

P
σ allow =
ABC
1.042P 1 . 042 P
112 × 10 3 kPa =
( π / 4 )( 0 . 015 ) 2
P = 19 kN

72
 Ay = 0.375P P
0.914P FBC = 1.042P
A B 36.87o
0.834P
1m 0.6 m
B φ = 15 mm
A φ = 10 mm
t = 10 mm
Top view
t = 10 mm
tAB = 10 mm 20 kN
φB = 15 mm
φA = 10 mm
A B
tAB = 10 mm
P
(σ b ) allow = 0.914P
A FBC = 1.042P P
(σ b ) allow =
0 . 914 P A
150 × 10 6 =
( 0 . 010 )( 0 . 010 ) A B 1 . 042 P
150 × 10 6 =
P = 16 . 41 kN ( 0 . 015 )( 0 . 01 )
(σb )A (σb )B P = 21 . 60 kN

By comparison all P = 14 . 58 kN ⇐
73
Example 14

The suspender rod is supported at its end by a fixed-connected circular disk as

shown. If the rod passes through a 40-mm diameter hole, determine the minimum
required diameter of the rod and the minimum thickness of the disk needed to
support the 20 kN load. The allowable normal stress for the rod is σallow = 60
MPa, and the allowable shear stress for the disk is τallow = 35 MPa.

40 mm t
40 mm

τallow
d

20 kN 20 kN

74
 40 mm t
40 mm

τallow

20 kN
20 kN

• Diameter of Rod • Thickness of Disk

P 20 kN V 20 kN
A= = A= =
σ allow 60 × 10 3 kN / m 2 τ allow 35 × 10 3 kN / m 2

π 20 kN 20 kN
A= d 2
= 2π ( 0 . 02 m )t =
4 60 × 10 3 kN / m 2 35 × 10 3 kN / m 2

d = 0.0206 m = 20.6 mm t = 4.55x10-3 m = 4.55 mm

75
Example 15

An axial load on the shaft shown is resisted by the collar at C, which is attached
to the shaft and located on the right side of the bearing at B. Determine the largest
value of P for the two axial forces at E and F so that the stress in the collar does
not exceed an allowable bearing stress at C of (σb)allow = 75 MPa and allowable
shearing stress of the adhesive at C of τallow = 100 MPa , and the average normal
stress in the shaft does not exceed an allowable tensile stress of (σt)allow = 55
MPa.

A B
60 mm 20 mm
2P P
80 mm
F C
E

76
 A 60 mm B
20 mm
2P P
3P
80 mm
F C
E
Load
3P
2P
Position
• Axial Stress • Bearing Stress
B
2P P 60 mm
3P 3P 80 mm
C
P P
(σ t ) allow = (σ b ) allow =
A A
3P 3P
55 × 10 kN / m =
3 2 75 × 10 3 kN / m 2 =
π ( 0 . 03 m ) 2 [π ( 0 . 04 m ) 2 − π ( 0 . 03 m ) 2 ]
P2 = 55 kN
P1 = 51.8 kN
77
 A 60 mm B
20 mm
2P P
3P
80 mm
F C
E
Load
3P
2P
Position
• Shearing Stress • Axial Stress
B
60 mm P1 = 51.8 kN
3P 80 mm
C • Bearing Stress
20 mm
P P2 = 55 kN
τ allow =
Ashear
• Shearing Stress
3P
100 × 10 3 kN / m 2 = P3 = 55 kN
[ 2π ( 0 . 04 m )(. 020 )]
P3 = 55 kN
The largest load that can be applied to the shaft is P = 51.8 kN. 78
Example 16

The rigid bar AB shown supported by a steel rod AC having a diameter of 20 mm

and an aluminum block having a cross-sectional area of 1800 mm2 . The18-mm-
diameter pins at A and C are subjected to single shear. If the failure stress for the
steel and aluminum is (σst)fail = 680 Mpa and (σal)fail = 70 MPa, respectively, and
the failure shear stress for each pin is τfail = 900 MPa, determine the largest load P
that can be applied to the bar. Apply a factor of safety of F.S = 2.0.

C
Steel P
0.75 m
B
A
Aluminum

2m

79
 C
Steel P FAC P
0.75 m
B B
A A
Aluminum 0.75 m 1.25 m
2m FB

+ ΣMB = 0: P(1.25 m) - FAC(2 m) = 0 ---------> FAC = 0.625P

+ ΣMA = 0: P(0.75 m) - FB(2 m) = 0 ----------> FB = 0.375P

• Rod AC • Block B
(σ st ) fail F (σ al ) fail FB
(σ st ) allow = = AC (σ al ) allow = =
F .S AAC F .S AB
680 × 10 3 kPa 0.625 P 70 × 10 3 kPa 0.375 P
= =
2 π(0.01 m) 2 2 1800 × 10 −6 m 2
P1 = 171 kN P2 = 168 kN
80
 C
Steel P FAC= 0.625P P
0.75 m
B B
A A
Aluminum 0.75 m 1.25 m
2m FB= 0.375P

• Pin A or C Summary
τ fail
F • Rod AC P1 = 171 kN
τ allow = = AC
F .S Apin
• Block B P2 = 168 kN
900 × 10 kPa3
0.625 P
=
2 π(0.009 m) 2 • Pin A or C P3 = 183 kN
P3 = 183 kN
Largest load P = 168 kN

81