ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I WISH TO SAY EXPRESS MY DEEP GRATITUDE AND

SINCERE THANKS TO THE PRINCIPAL,VIKAS
BHARATI PUBLIC SCHOOL FOR HER
ENCOURAGEMENT AND FOR ALL THE FACILITIES
THAT SHE PROVIDED FOR THIS PROJECT WORK .I
SINCERELY APPRECIATE THIS MAGNANIMITY BY
TAKING ME INTO HER FOLD FOR WHICH I SHALL
REMAIN INDEBTED TO HER .I EXTEND MY HEARTY
THANKS TO MRS. NEHA SHARMA,PHYSICS
TEACHER, WHO GUIDED ME TO THE SUCCESSFUL
COMPLETION OF THIS PROJECT . I TAKE THIS
OPPORTUNITY TO EXPRESS MY DEEP SENSE OF
GRATITUDE FOR HER INVALUABLE
GUIDENCE,CONSTANT ENCOURAGEMENT, IMMENSE
MOTIVATION,WHICH HAS SUSTAINED MY EFFERTS
AT ALL THE STAGES OF THIS PROJECT WORK...... I
CAN'T FORGOT TO OFFER MY SINCERE THANKS TO
PARENTS AND ALSO TO MY CLASSMATES WHO
HELPED ME TO CARRY OUT THIS PROJECT WORK
SUCCESSFUL AND FOR THEIR VALUABLE
ADVICEAND SUPPORT ,WHICH I RECIEVED FROM
THEM TIME TO TIME.
 INTRODUCTION

Eddy currents (also called Foucault's currents) are loops

of electrical current induced within conductors by a
changing magnetic field in the conductor according to
Faraday's law of induction. Eddy currents flow in closed
loops within conductors, in planes perpendicular to the
magnetic field. They can be induced within nearby
stationary conductors by a time-varying magnetic field
created by an AC electromagnet or transformer, for
example, or by relative motion between a magnet and a
nearby conductor. The magnitude of the current in a
given loop is proportional to the strength of the magnetic
field, the area of the loop, and the rate of change of flux,
and inversely proportional to the resistivity of the
material. When graphed, these circular currents within a
piece of metal look vaguely like eddies or whirlpools in a
liquid.

By Lenz's law, an eddy current creates a magnetic field

that opposes the change in the magnetic field that
created it, and thus eddy currents react back on the
source of the magnetic field. For example, a nearby
conductive surface will exert a drag force on a moving
magnet that opposes its motion, due to eddy currents in
the surface by the moving magnetic field. This effect is
employed in eddy current brakes which are used to stop
rotating power tools quickly when they are turned off.
The current flowing through the resistance of the
conductor also dissipates energy as heat in the material.
Thus eddy currents are a cause of energy loss in
alternating current (AC) inductors, transformers, electric
motors and generators, and other AC machinery,
requiring special construction such as laminated
magnetic cores or ferrite cores to minimize them. Eddy
currents are also used to heat objects in induction
heating furnaces and equipment, and to detect cracks
and flaws in metal parts using eddy-current testing
instruments.

Because of the tendency of eddy currents to oppose,

eddy currents cause a loss of energy. Eddy currents
transform more useful forms of energy, such as kinetic
energy, into heat, which isn’t generally useful.
 ​PROCEDURE

The procedure for Eddy current is often known as eddy

current testing.
Eddy current testing is one of several non destructive
methods(NDT) that use the principle of electromagnetism as the
basis for conducting examinations. Several other methods such as
Remote Field Testing (RFT), Flux Leakage and Barkhausen Noise
also use this principle.
Eddy currents are created through a process called electromagnetic
induction. When alternating current is applied to the conductor,
such as copper wire, a magnetic field develops in and around the
conductor. This magnetic field expands as the alternating current
rises to maximum and collapses as the current is reduced to zero. If
another electrical conductor is brought into the close proximity to
this changing magnetic field, current will be induced in this second
conductor. Eddy currents are induced electrical currents that flow in
a circular path. They get their name from Eddy that are formed
when a liquid or gas flows in a circular path around obstacles when
conditions are right.

One of the major advantages of Eddy current as an NDT tool is the

variety of inspections and measurements that can be performed. In
the proper circumstances, Eddy currents can be used for:

● Crack detection
● Material thickness measurements
● Coating thickness measurements
 ● Conductivity measurements for:
● Material identification
● Heat damage detection
● Case depth determination
● Heat treatment monitoring

Some of the advantages of Eddy current inspection include:

● Sensitive to small cracks and other defects

● Detects surface and near surface defects
● Inspection gives immediate results
● Equipment is very portable
● Method can be used for much more than flaw detection
● Minimum part preparation is required
● Test probe does not need to contact the part
● Inspects complex shapes and sizes of conductive materials

Some of the limitations of eddy current inspection include:

● Only conductive materials can be inspected

● Surface must be accessible to the probe
● Skill and training required is more extensive than other
techniques
● Surface finish and and roughness may interfere
● Reference standards needed for setup
● Depth of penetration is limited
● Flaws such as delaminations that lie parallel to the probe coil
winding and probe scan direction are undetectable