EXPERIMENT – 1 (Ruled page)

AIM-( Write on both pages)

To find the molarity and strength of given KMnO4 solution by preparing a standard solution of M/20

Mohr salt solution FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O.

APPARATUS REQUIRED--( Write on both pages)

Analytical balance, weight box, watch glass, spatula, two beakers, measuring flask, two burette, funnel,

Titration flask, test tube, burette stand etc.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED- -( Write on both pages)

Mohr salt, dilute H2SO4, distilled water and KMnO4 solution.

INDICATOR--( Write on both pages)

KMnO4 acts as a self indicator.

END POINT--( Write on both pages)

Colourless to permanent pink.

MOLECULAR REACTION--( Write on both pages)

2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5[O]

[2FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O + H2SO4 + [O] → Fe2(SO4)3 + 2(NH4)2SO4 + 13H2O]x5

__________________________________________________________________________________

2KMnO4 + 10 FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O + 8H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + 10(NH4)2SO4 + 68H2O

IONIC REACTION--( Write on both pages)

MnO4-+ 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O

[ Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e- ] x5
__________________________________________________________

MnO4-+ 8H+ + 5Fe2+ → 5 Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O

 THEORY-

Potassium permanganate oxidizes ferrous ions into ferric ions in acidic medium and is itself reduced to

colourlessmanganous ions. Therefore it is a redox titration.

PROCEDURE-

(1) Preparation of standard solution of Mohr salt-

Weigh an empty, clean and dry watch glass on an analytical balance. Now weigh 0.490g of Mohr salt .
Transfer it into 25ml measuring flask through a funnel. Wash the watch glass with distilled water directly
into the funnel so that all the solid sticking on the watch glass dissolves out. Add 3-4 drops of conc.
H2SO4 to it. Stopper the flask and shake well so that all the solid dissolves. Add more distilled water so
that the lower meniscus of the solution coincides with the mark on the neck of the flask. Mix the solution.

(2) Titration of Mohr salt solution with Potassium permanganate solution-

Wash the whole apparatus with water. Rinse one beaker with KMnO4 solution and another beaker
with Mohr salt solution and then take the solutions in respective beakers. Rinse one of the burette
with KMnO4 solution and other burette with Mohr salt solution and then take the solutions in respective
burette. Take 2ml of Mohr salt solution in titration flask and add one test tube (10ml) of dilute H2SO4
to it. Note the initial reading of burette filled with KMnO4 and then run KMnO4 solution dropwise
from the burette into the titration flask with constant shaking till the permanent pink colour appears.
Note the final reading of the burette. Repeat the titration until three concordant readings are obtained.

GENERAL CALCULATIONS-

M1V1 (KMnO4) = M2V2 ( Mohr salt)

n1 n2

M1 = 1 x 2 x 2 moles/litre
20 10 x

Strength of KMnO4 solution = M1 x Mol.mass of KMnO4

 = M1 x 158 g/litre

RESULT-

Molarity of given KMnO4 solution is_____________moles/litre

Strength of given KMnO4 solution is ______________ g/litre

PRECAUTIONS-

(1) Always read the upper meniscus in case of coloured solutions and lower meniscus in case of colourless
solutions.
(2) Rinse the burette with respective solution before filling.
(3) Add one test tube of dilute H2SO4 to the 2ml of Mohr salt solution taken in titration flask before starting
titration.
(4) Add 3-4 drops of conc.H2SO4 while preparing Mohr salt solution.

Write on Blank sheet

PREPARATION OF STANDARD M/20 MOHR SALT SOLUTION-

Molarity = Wt. of solute x 1000

Mol. Mass of solute Vol. of solution (ml)

1 = Wt. of solute x 1000

20 392 25

Wt. of solute = 392 x 25/ 20 x 1000

= 0.490g

OBSERVATIONS-

Weight of the empty watch glass =__________ g

Weight of the watch glass + salt =__________ g
Weight of the salt = ____________ g

Volume of Mohr salt solution taken in each titration = 2 ml

 S.N INITIAL READING FINAL READING VOLUME OF
O OF BURETTE OF BURETTE KMnO4 SOLUTION
USED ( ml)
1.

2.

3.

4.

Volume of KMnO4 solution used = ______ ml

CALCULATIONS-

M1V1 (KMnO4) = M2V2 ( Mohr salt)

n1 n2

M1 = Molarity of KMnO4 solution.

V1 = Volume of KMnO4 solution used in each titration.
n1 = No. of moles of KMnO4 in the balanced chemical equation.
M2 = Molarity of Mohr salt solution.
V2 = Volume of Mohr salt solution taken in each titration.
n2 = No. of moles of Mohr salt in the balanced chemical equation.

M1 = 1 x 2 x 2
20 10

M1 = ____________ moles/litre

Strength of KMnO4 solution = M1 x Mol.mass of KMnO4

= x 158
= _______________ g/litre

RESULT-

Molarity of given KMnO4 solution is_____________moles/litre.

 Strength of given KMnO4 solution is ______________ g/litre.

EXPERIMENT – 1 (Plain page with pencil)

AIM-

To find the molarity and strength of given KMnO4 solution by preparing a standard solution of M/20

Mohr salt solution FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O.

APPARATUS REQUIRED-

Analytical balance, weight box, watch glass, spatula, two beakers, measuring flask, two burette, funnel,

Titration flask, test tube, burette stand etc.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED-

Mohr salt, dilute H2SO4, distilled water and KMnO4 solution.

INDICATOR-

KMnO4 acts as a self indicator.

END POINT-

Colourless to permanent pink.

MOLECULAR REACTION-

2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5[O]

[2FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O + H2SO4 + [O] → Fe2(SO4)3 + 2(NH4)2SO4 + 13H2O]x5

__________________________________________________________________________________

2KMnO4 + 10 FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O + 8H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + 10(NH4)2SO4 + 68H2O

IONIC REACTION-

MnO4-+ 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O

[ Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e- ] x5
__________________________________________________________

MnO4-+ 8H+ + 5Fe2+ → 5 Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O

PREPARATION OF STANDARD M/20 MOHR SALT SOLUTION-

Molarity = Wt. of solute x 1000

Mol. Mass of solute Vol. of solution (ml)

1 = Wt. of solute x 1000

20 392 25

Wt. of solute = 392 x 25/ 20 x 1000

= 0.490g

OBSERVATIONS-

Weight of the empty watch glass =__________ g

Weight of the watch glass + salt =__________ g
Weight of the salt = ____________ g

Volume of Mohr salt solution taken in each titration = 2 ml

S.N INITIAL READING FINAL READING VOLUME OF

O OF BURETTE OF BURETTE KMnO4 SOLUTION
USED ( ml)
1.

2.

3.

4.

Volume of KMnO4 solution used = ______ ml

CALCULATIONS-

M1V1 (KMnO4) = M2V2 ( Mohr salt)

n1 n2
 M1 = Molarity of KMnO4 solution.
V1 = Volume of KMnO4 solution used in each titration.
n1 = No. of moles of KMnO4 in the balanced chemical equation.
M2 = Molarity of Mohr salt solution.
V2 = Volume of Mohr salt solution taken in each titration.
n2 = No. of moles of Mohr salt in the balanced chemical equation.

M1 = 1 x 2 x 2
20 10

M1 = ____________ moles/litre

Strength of KMnO4 solution = M1 x Mol.mass of KMnO4

= x 158
= _______________ g/litre

RESULT-

Molarity of given KMnO4 solution is_____________moles/litre.

Strength of given KMnO4 solution is ______________ g/litre.

 EXPERIMENT – 2 (Ruled page)

AIM-

To find the molarity and strength of given KMnO4 solution by preparing a standard solution of M/20

Oxalic acid solution (COOH)2.2H2O.

APPARATUS REQUIRED-

Analytical balance, weight box, watch glass, spatula, two beakers, measuring flask, two burette, funnel,

Titration flask, test tube, burette stand, burner etc.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED-

Oxalic acid, dilute H2SO4, distilled water and KMnO4 solution.

INDICATOR-

KMnO4 acts as a self indicator.

END POINT-

Colourless to permanent pink.

MOLECULAR REACTION-

2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5[O]

[(COOH)2 + [O] → 2CO2 + H2O]x5

__________________________________________________________________________________

2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5(COOH)2 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 10CO2 + 8H2O

IONIC REACTION-

[MnO4-+ 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O] x 2

[ (COO2-)2 → 2CO2 + 2e- ] x5

__________________________________________________________

2MnO4-+ 16H+ + 5(COO2-)2 →2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 10CO2

 THEORY-

Potassium permanganate oxidizes oxalic acid into carbon dioxide in acidic medium at 60-70 0Cand is itself
reduced to colourlessmanganous ions. Therefore it is a redox titration.

PROCEDURE-

(1) Preparation of standard solution of Oxalic acid-

Weigh an empty, clean and dry watch glass on an analytical balance. Now weigh 0.157g of oxalic acid.
Transfer it into 25ml measuring flask through a funnel. Wash the watch glass with distilled water directly
into the funnel so that all the solid sticking on the watch glass dissolves out. Stopper the flask and shake
well so that all the solid dissolves. Add more distilled water so that the lower meniscus of the solution
coincides with the mark on the neck of the flask. Mix the solution.

(2) Titration of Oxalic acid solution with Potassium permanganate solution-

Wash the whole apparatus with water. Rinse one beaker with KMnO4 solution and another beaker
with oxalic acid solution and then take the solutions in respective beakers. Rinse one of the burette
with KMnO4 solution and other burette with oxalic acid solution and then take the solutions in respective
burette. Take 2ml of oxalic acid solution in titration flask and add one test tube (10ml) of dilute H2SO4
to it. Heat the flask upto 60-700C. Note the initial reading of burette filled with KMnO4 and then run
KMnO4 solution dropwisefrom the burette into the titration flask with constant shaking till the permanent pink
colour appears.Note the final reading of the burette. Repeat the titration until three concordant
readings are obtained.

GENERAL CALCULATIONS-

M1V1 (KMnO4) = M2V2 (oxalic acid )

n1 n2

M1 = 1 x 2 x 2 moles/litre
20 5 x

Strength of KMnO4 solution = M1 x Mol.mass of KMnO4

 = M1 x 158 g/litre

RESULT-

Molarity of given KMnO4 solution is_____________moles/litre

Strength of given KMnO4 solution is ______________ g/litre

PRECAUTIONS-

(1) Always read the upper meniscus in case of coloured solutions and lower meniscus in case of colourless
solutions.
(2) Rinse the burette with respective solution before filling.
(3) Add one test tube of dilute H2SO4 to the 2ml of oxalic acid solution taken in titration flask before starting
titration.
(4) Heat the titration flask containing oxalic acid solution and dilute H2SO4upto 60-700C.
 EXPERIMENT – 2 (Plain page with pencil)

AIM-

To find the molarity and strength of given KMnO4 solution by preparing a standard solution of M/20

Oxalic acid solution (COOH)2.2H2O.

APPARATUS REQUIRED-

Analytical balance, weight box, watch glass, spatula, two beakers, measuring flask, two burette, funnel,

Titration flask, test tube, burette stand, burner etc.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED-

Oxalic acid, dilute H2SO4, distilled water and KMnO4 solution.

INDICATOR-

KMnO4 acts as a self indicator.

END POINT-

Colourless to permanent pink.

MOLECULAR REACTION-

2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5[O]

[(COOH)2 + [O] → 2CO2 + H2O]x5

__________________________________________________________________________________

2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5(COOH)2 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 10CO2 + 8H2O

IONIC REACTION-

[MnO4-+ 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O] x 2

[ (COO2-)2 → 2CO2 + 2e- ] x5

__________________________________________________________

2MnO4-+ 16H+ + 5(COO2-)2 → 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 10CO2

PREPARATION OF STANDARD M/20 OXALIC ACID SOLUTION-

Molarity = Wt. of solute x 1000

Mol. Mass of solute Vol. of solution (ml)

1 = Wt. of solute x 1000

20 126 25

Wt. of solute = 126 x 25/ 20 x 1000

= 0.157g

OBSERVATIONS-

Weight of the empty watch glass =__________ g

Weight of the watch glass + salt =__________ g
Weight of the salt = ____________ g

Volume of oxalic acid solution taken in each titration = 2 ml

S.N INITIAL READING FINAL READING VOLUME OF

O OF BURETTE OF BURETTE KMnO4 SOLUTION
USED ( ml)
1.

2.

3.

4.

Volume of KMnO4 solution used = ______ ml

CALCULATIONS-

M1V1 (KMnO4) = M2V2 (oxalic acid )

n1 n2
 M1 = Molarity of KMnO4 solution.
V1 = Volume of KMnO4 solution used in each titration.
n1 = No. of moles of KMnO4 in the balanced chemical equation.
M2 = Molarity of oxalic acid solution.
V2 = Volume of oxalic acid solution taken in each titration.
n2 = No. of moles of oxalic acid in the balanced chemical equation.

M1 = 1 x 2 x 2
20 10

M1 = ____________ moles/litre

Strength of KMnO4 solution = M1 x Mol.mass of KMnO4

= x 158
= _______________ g/litre

RESULT-

Molarity of given KMnO4 solution is_____________moles/litre.

Strength of given KMnO4 solution is ______________ g/litre.

 EXPERIMENT – 3(Ruled page)

AIM-

To separate the different colours present in ink by paper chromatography and to compare their Rfvalue.

APPARATUS REQUIRED-

Whatman filter paper, Jar, scale , pencil etc.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED-

Ink, acetone or alcohol or water.

THEORY-

An ink contains different colours. If the spot of ink is eluted with suitable solvent, the colours travel with
different speeds with the moving medium and get separated.

PROCEDURE-

Take a strip of Whatman filter paper. With the help of pencil draw a line at a distance of about one inch
from one end parallel to the width. Put a spot of ink on this lineat the centre. Dry it and put another spot
exactly at the same place. Hang the paper in the jar having alcohol or water such that one end of paper dips
in the solvent but the ink spot should remain above the level of solvent. Leave the apparatus undisturbed
for 20-30 mins. Different colours will appear at different heights. Take out the paper and let it dry. The
developed paper is known as chromatogram. Mark the centres of each coloured spot. Measure the
distance of each coloured spot and that of solvent from the initial line.

PRECAUTIONS-

(1) The spot of the ink should be very fine.

(2) The ink spot should remain above the level of the solvent.
(3) The apparatus should not be disturbed during elution.
 EXPERIMENT – 3 (Plain page with pencil )

AIM-

To separate the different colours present in ink by paper chromatography and to compare their Rfvalue.

APPARATUS REQUIRED-

Whatman filter paper, Jar, scale , pencil etc.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED-

Ink, acetone or alcohol or water.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS-

Developing solvent used - Water

Distance travelled by the developing solvent from the original line - __________cm.

SPOT COLOUR OF DISTANCE TRAVELLED Rf VALUE

NO THE SPOT BY THE COLOUR SPOT = distance travelled by colour
FROM THE ORIGINAL distance travelled by solvent
LINE (cm)
1.

2.

3.

4.
 EXPERIMENT – 4 (Ruled page)

AIM-

To study the effect of concentration and temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate
and hydrochloric acid.

APPARATUS REQUIRED-

Conical flask, two measuring cylinder, a white sheet of paper, black pen, stop watch, burner etc.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED-

Sodium thiosulphate, hydrochloric acid and nitric acid.

CHEMICAL REACTION-

Na2S2O3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2SO3 + S ( turbidity )

PROCEDURE-

1. Effect of concentration-
Mark a cross on white paper with the black pen. Wash the conical flask and take 50ml of sodium
thiosulphate solution in it with the help of measuring cylinder. To this add 10ml of HCl solution
and place the conical flask on the cross and start the stopwatch. Turbidity will appear due to
formation of sulphur. Keep on seeing the cross through the mouth of flask. Stop the watch when
cross becomes invisible. Note down the time taken. Wash the conical flask with nitric acid and then
with distilled water. Now take 40ml of sodium thiosulphate solution and 10ml of distilled water in
conical flask. Then add 10ml of HCl solution and repeat the experiment. Take different concentration
of sodium thiosulphate solution andnote down the time.

Effect of temperature-
Mark a cross on white paper with the black pen. Wash the conical flask and take 50ml of sodium
thiosulphate solution in it with the help of measuring cylinder. To this add 10ml of HCl solution
and place the conical flask on the cross and start the stopwatch. Turbidity will appear due to
formation of sulphur. Keep on seeing the cross through the mouth of flask. Stop the watch when
cross becomes invisible. Note down the time taken. Wash the conical flask with nitric acid and then
with distilled water. Take the same amount of sodium thiosulphate in conical flask and heat it to about
50C higher than the room temperature. To this add 10ml of hot HCl and repeat the experiment.
Repeat the experiment at different temperature and notedown the time.

RESULT-
Greater is the concentration of reactant, higher is the rate of reaction.
Rate of reaction increases with increase of temperature.

PRECAUTIONS-

(1) The total volume of the reaction mixture should remain same.
(2) The conical flask must be wash with nitric acid and with distilled water after every experiment.
 EXPERIMENT – 4 (Plain page with pencil )

AIM-

To study the effect of concentration and temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate
and hydrochloric acid.

APPARATUS REQUIRED-

Conical flask, two measuring cylinder, a white sheet of paper, black pen, stop watch, burner etc.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED-

Sodium thiosulphate, hydrochloric acid and nitric acid.

CHEMICAL REACTION-

Na2S2O3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2SO3 + S ( turbidity )

OBSERVATIONS-

S.NO VOLUME OF Na2S2O3 VOLUME OF VOLUME OF HCl TIME TAKEN FOR

SOLUTION TAKEN ( ml) DISTILLED WATER TAKEN (ml) INVISIBILITY OF THE
TAKEN (ml) CROSS (sec)
1. 50 0 10
2. 40 10 10
3. 30 20 10
4. 20 30 10
5. 10 40 10

S.NO VOLUME OF Na2S2O3 VOLUME OF HCl TEMPERATURE OF TIME TAKEN FOR

SOLUTION TAKEN ( ml) TAKEN (ml) REACTION MIXTURE INVISIBILITY OF THE
( 0C) CROSS (sec)
1. 50 10
2. 50 10
3. 50 10
4. 50 10
5. 50 10
RESULT-
Greater is the concentration of reactant, higher is the rate of reaction.
Rate of reaction increases with increase of temperature.
 EXPERIMENT – 5 (Ruled page)

AIM-
To study the variation of cell potential in Zn/Zn+2// Cu+2/Cuwith change in concentration of
electrolytes at room temperature..

APPARATUS REQUIRED-
Beakers, voltmeter, connecting lead, U-tube etc

CHEMICALS REQUIRED-
Copper strip, zincstrip, copper sulphate solution, zinc sulphate solution.

CHEMICAL REACTION-
Zn + Cu+2 → Zn+2 + Cu

THEORY-
The EMF of a cell varies with the concentration of the two electrolyte solution according to the following
Nernst equation-
E = E0 – 0.059 log [Product]
n [Reactant]

E = E0 – 0.059 log [Zn+2]

2 [Cu+2]

PROCEDURE-
Take copper sulphate and zinc sulphate solution in different beaker and immerse the respective metal strip
in the solution. Connect both the metal strips to voltmeter with the help of connecting lead. Connect both
the solutions through salt bridge. Note down the voltmeter reading. Repeat the same procedure with
copper sulphate solution of different concentration.

RESULT-
Cell potential decreases with decrease in concentration of copper sulphate solution.

PRECAUTIONS-
(1) Electrodes should be cleaned properly.
(2) Use separate salt bridge for every cell.
(3) Each voltmeter reading should be taken after stirring the solution.
 EXPERIMENT – 5 (Plain page with pencil )

AIM-
To study the variation of cell potential in Zn/Zn+2// Cu+2/Cu with change in concentration of
electrolytes at room temperature..

APPARATUS REQUIRED-
Beakers, voltmeter, connecting lead, U-tube etc

CHEMICALS REQUIRED-
Copper strip, zincstrip, copper sulphate solution, zinc sulphate solution.

CHEMICAL REACTION-
Zn + Cu+2 → Zn+2 + Cu

OBSERVATIONS-

S.NO MOLARITY OF ZnSO4 MOLARITY OF CuSO4 CELL POTENTIAL

SOLUTION SOLUTION (V)
1.
2.
3.
4.

V Voltmeter

Salt Bridge

Zn Cu

ZnSO4 CuSO4
 EXPERIMENT – 6

AIM- To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

PRELIMINARY TESTS –

(1) Colour of the salt White Cu2+,Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,

Mn2+& Co2+ may be
absent

No characteristic smell NH4+ , S2-& CH3COO-

(2) Smell may be absent

Crimson red flame Sr2+ may be present

(3) Flame test-
Make a paste of salt with conc. HCl& take it
on the loop of platinum wire
&introduce it into the flame.

TEST OF ACIDIC RADICAL ( ANION) –

No characteristic observation CO32- , S2- , NO2-& SO32-
(i) Dilute H2SO4 group are absent.
To a pinch of salt add dil. H2SO4. Warm it if
required.
No characteristic observation Cl- , Br- , I- , NO3- ,
(ii) Conc.H2SO4 group - CH3COO-&C2O42-
are absent
To a pinch of salt add conc. H2SO4. Heat it if
required.
White ppt insoluble in nitric acid SO42-indicated
(iii) Independent group-
TEST FOR SULPHATE-
(i) To the W.E of salt add lead White ppt SO42- confirmed
acetate solution.

(ii) To the W.E of salt add dil. HCl&

then add barium chloride solution.

TEST OF BASIC RADICAL ( CATION) – No characteristic observation NH4+ absent

GROUP ZERO

Heat a pinch of salt with conc. NaOH No characteristic observation Pb2+absent

GROUP – I
To the O.S add dil. HCl.

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

GROUP- II

To the O.S add dil. HCl& pass H2S No characteristic observation Cu2+ , Cd2+& As3+ are
gas or add Na2S. absent

GROUP – III
No characteristic observation
To the O.S add solid NH4Cl & NH4OH in Fe3+ ,Al3+are absent
excess .

GROUP – IV
No characteristic observation
To the O.S add solid NH4Cl & NH4OH Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+&Mn2+are
solution & pass H2S gas or add Na2S. absent.

GROUP – V
white ppt
To the O.S add solid NH4Cl &NH4OH Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ indicated
solution followed by ammonium carbonate.
Warm if required.

Dissolve the white ppt in dil. Acetic

acid & boil off CO2gas.Divide the solution
into three parts-
No characteristic observation
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Ba2+ Ba2+ is absent

To the first part add potassium

Chromate solution.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Sr2+

White ppt
(i)Tothe second part add Sr2+confirmed
ammonium sulphate solution.
Crimson red flame
(ii) Perform flame test with white Sr2+confirmed
ppt.

RESULT-
ACIDIC RADICAL - SO42-
BASIC RADICAL- Sr2+
SALT - SrSO4