Date:___________

Expt. No._____________ Page No.

________________________________________________________________________________________

THE SHISHUKUNJ INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, INDORE

CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL FILE

CLASS- XII

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:

1. This PDF is for Reference purpose only.

2. Please write all the practical’s in your chemistry practical file.
3. Write all the equation and Observation table on blank page .
4. A sample of volumetric titration with readings and calculations is provided. You have to
replace the reading followed by the calculation.
5. Calculation is to be done on ruled page.
6. For the Salt analysis & Food Test analysis mention all equation on blank page and
Observation table on ruled page .

Teacher’s Signature:_____________
 Date:___________
Expt. No._____________ Page No.
________________________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT No.01

Aim: To prepare M/20 solution (250ml) of Mohr’s salt and titrate it against the given KMnO4 solution. Find
the molarity of the solution and also it’s strength.

Material Required: Watch Glass, Analytical Balance, Weight Box, 250ml glass beaker, glass rod, 250ml
Measuring Flask, Spatula, burette, conical flask, Pipette, dropper and distilled wash
bottle.

Theory: The molecular mass of Mohr’s salt, FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O = 392 gmol-1

For preparing 250ml of M/20 Mohr’s salt solution,

Mohr’s salt required =
392 1
X 250 = 4.9gm
1000 20

Chemical Equations:
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4-----------> K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5[O]
2FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O + H2SO4 + [O]----------> Fe2(SO4)3 + 2(NH4)2SO4 + 13H2O] x 5
2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 + 10FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O-----------> K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3
+ 10(NH4)2SO4 + 68H2O
Ionic Equations
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- -----------------> Mn2+ + 4H2O
Fe2+ ---------> Fe3+ + e- ] x 5
___________________________________________________________
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5Fe2+ ---------> 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O
____________________________________________________________

Indicator:- KMnO4 is a self-indicator

End Point:- Colourless to permanent light pink colour (KMnO4 in burette)

Procedure:
1. Weigh the clean and dry watch glass and record its weight in the notebook.
2. Weigh exactly 4.9g of Mohr’s salt on a watch glass and record the weight in the notebook.
3. Transfer carefully the weighed Mohr’s salt from the watch glass into a clean 250ml measuring
flask using a funnel.
4. Wash the watch glass thoroughly with distilled water to transfer the sticking salt completely into
the flask add about 5ml of conc. H2SO4 to the solution in the measuring flask to check the
hydrolysis of ferrous sulphate.
5. Add enough distilled water to measuring flask carefully up to just below the etched mark on the
neck with the help of wash bottle.
6. Add the last few drops of distilled water with a pipette or a dropper until the lower level of the
meniscus just touches the mark on the measuring flask.
7. Stopper the measuring flask and shake it gently to make the solution.
8. Rinse and fill the burette with the given KMnO4 solution
9. Add one test tube (20ml) full of diluted sulphuric acid (2M) to the solution in titration flask

Teacher’s Signature:_____________
 Date:___________
Expt. No._____________ Page No.
________________________________________________________________________________________
10. Note the initial reading of the burette.
11. Now ass KMnO4 solution from the burette till a permanent light pink colour is imparted to the
solution in the titration flask on addition of a last single drop of KMnO4 solution.
12. Note the final reading of the burette.
13. Repeat the above steps 4-5 times to get three concordant readings.

Observations:
Weight of watch glass=16.394g
Weight of watch glass + Mohr’s salt=21.304g
Weight of Mohr’s Salt= 4.91gm
Volume of Mohr’s salt solution prepared = 250ml
Volume of Mohr’s salt solution taken for each titration = 20 ml

Observation table:-

Volume of Initial Final reading

Volume of
S.No. mohr's salt reading of of the
KMnO4 used
solution the burette burette
1 20 ml 0 ml 20.1 ml 20.1 ml
2 20 ml 0 ml 19.5 ml 19.5 ml
3 20 ml 0 ml 19.5 ml 19.5 ml
4 20 ml 0 ml 19.5 ml 19.5 ml

Concordant volume = 19.5 ml

Calculations

(i) Molarity of the KMnO4 solution

From the overall balanced chemical equation, it is clear that 2 moles of KMnO4 react with 10
moles of Mohr’s salt.
MKMnO4 X VKMnO4 = 2
Mmohr's salt X VMohr’s salt 10

Where,
MKMnO4 = Molarity of KMnO4 solution
VKMnO4 = Volume of KMnO4 solution
MMohr’s salt = Molarity of Mohr’s salt solution
Vmohr’s salt= Volume of Mohr’s salt solution

MKMnO4 X 19.5 = 2
1/20 X 20 10

Teacher’s Signature:_____________
 Date:___________
Expt. No._____________ Page No.
________________________________________________________________________________________

MKMnO4 = 2 1 = 2
X
10 19.5 195

Molarity of KMnO4 solution 1

M (0.0102M)
97.5

(ii) Strength of KMnO4 solution:-

Strength = Molarity x Molar mass
= 0.0102 x 158 = 1.611g/lit

Result:
The Molarity of given KMnO4 solution is 1/97.5 M and the strength of given KMnO4 solution is
1.611g/lit.

Precautions:
1. Read the upper meniscus while taking burette reading with KMnO4 solution.
2. Check for air bubble in the burette, if found remove before use.

Teacher’s Signature:_____________
 Date:___________
Expt. No._____________ Page No.
________________________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT No.02

Aim: To prepare M/40 solution (250ml) of Oxalic acid and titrate it against the given KMnO4 solution. Find
the molarity of the solution and also it’s strength.

Material Required: Watch Glass, Analytical Balance, Weight Box, 250ml glass beaker, glass rod, 250ml
measuring Flask, Spatula, burette, conical flask, Pipette, dropper and distilled wash
bottle.

Theory: The molecular mass of Oxalic acid is = 126 g mol-1

For preparing 250ml of M/40 oxalic acid solution =
126 1
X 250 = 0.79gm
1000 40

Oxalic acid crystal, 0.79g is required.

Chemical Equations:
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 ------------> K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5[O]

COOH
| . 2H2O + [O] 60-70°C----> 2CO2 + 3H2O] x 5

COOH

COOH
2KMnO4 + 2H2SO4 + 5
| . 2H2O + [O] ---------> K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 18H2O + 10CO2
COOH

_____________________
Ionic equation:-
MnO-4 + 8H+ + 5e- -------------> Mn2+ + 4H2O] x 2
C2O42- -----------> 2CO2 + 2e-] x 5
2MnO4- + 16H+ + 5C2O42- ----------> 2Mn2+ + 8H2O +10CO2

Indicator:- KMnO4 is a self-indicator

End Point:- Colourless to permanent light pink colour (KMnO4 in burette)

Procedure:
1. Weigh exactly 0.79g of Oxalic acid crystals on a watch glass and dissolve in water to prepare
exactly 250 ml of solution with the help of a 250 ml measuring flask. Rinse the pipette with the
M/40 oxalic acid solution and pipette out 20 ml it in a washed titration flask.
2. Rinse and fill the burette with the given KMnO4 solution
3. Add one test tube (20ml) full of diluted sulphuric acid (2M) to the solution in titration flask

Teacher’s Signature:_____________
 Date:___________
Expt. No._____________ Page No.
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Note the initial reading of the burette.
5. Heat the flask to 60-70°C and add KMnO4 solution from the burette till a permanent light pink
colour is imparted to the solution in the titration flask on addition of a last single drop of KMnO4
solution.
6. Note the final reading of the burette.
7. Repeat the above steps 4-5 times to get three concordant readings.

Observations:
Weight of watch glass =16.021g
Weight of watch glass + oxalic acid = 16.021g
Weight of oxalic acid = 0.79gm
Volume of Oxalic acid crystal solution prepared = 250ml
Volume of Oxalic acid solution taken for each titration = 20 ml

Observation table:-

Volume of Initial Final reading

Volume of
S.No. oxalic acid reading of of the
KMnO4 used
solution the burette burette
1 20 ml 0 ml 20.5 ml 20.5 ml
2 20 ml 0 ml 20.0 ml 20.0 ml
3 20 ml 0 ml 20.0 ml 20.0 ml
4 20 ml 0 ml 20.0 ml 20.0 ml

Concordant volume = 20.0 ml

Calculations:

(i) Molarity of the KMnO4 solution

From the overall balanced chemical equation, it is clear that 2 moles of KMnO4 react with 5
moles of oxalic acid.
MKMnO4 X VKMnO4 = 2
Moxalic acid X Voxalic acid 5

Where,
MKMnO4 = Molarity of KMnO4 solution
VKMnO4 = Volume of KMnO4 solution
Moxalic acid = Molarity of oxalic acid solution
Voxalic acid = Volume of oxalic acid solution

Teacher’s Signature:_____________
 Date:___________
Expt. No._____________ Page No.
________________________________________________________________________________________

MKMnO4 X 20 = 2
1/40 X 20 5

MKMnO4 = 2 1 = 2
X
5 40.0 200
1
Molarity of KMnO4 solution M = (0.010M)
100

(ii) Strength of KMnO4 solution:-

Strength = Molarity x Molar mass
= 0.010 x 158 = 1.58g/lit

Result:
The Molarity of given KMnO4 solution is 1/100 M and the strength of given KMnO4 solution is
1.58g/lit.

Precautions:
1. Read the upper meniscus while taking burette reading with KMnO4 solution.
2. Check for air bubble in the burette if found, remove before use.

Teacher’s Signature:_____________
 Date:___________
Expt. No._____________ Page No.
________________________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT No.03

Aim: To detect the presence of one acidic and one basic radical in the given sample of salt (packet no.____)

Preliminary Investigation
Physical state: Solid
Colour : White fine powder
Odour : Ammonium smell ( NH4 + may be present)
Solubility : Soluble in water

Identification of Acidic Radical

S.No. Procedure Observation Inference

a) Preliminary test :

Salt was taken in a test tube, CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2-

1 No gas evolved
dilute H2SO4 was added to it are absent

Salt was taken in a test tube,

Conc. H2SO4 was added to it Colourless gas with
then heated and a glass rod pungent smell which
2 May be Cl- is present
dipped in NH4Cl is brought gives dense white fumes
near the mouth of the test of NH4Cl
tube

Confirmatory test for Cl-

Curdy white ppt.
Conc. HNO3 and AgNO3
solution was added in the salt
1 Cl- is confirmed
solution
White ppt. soluble in
Dissolved this ppt in NH4OH
NH4OH
Chromyl chloride test:
To the salt solid K2Cr2O7 and
conc. H2SO4 was added and
heated.
The evolved vapours were A yellow solution
2 Cl- is confirmed
passed through NaOH obtained
solution. To the yellow
solution thus obtained, acetic
acid and lead acetate solution
was added

Chemical reaction involved in the confirmation of Chloride

Preliminary test:
Heat
2NH4Cl + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 + 2HCl
NH4OH + HCl NH4Cl + H2O
(white fumes)

Teacher’s Signature:_____________
 Date:___________
Expt. No._____________ Page No.
________________________________________________________________________________________
Silver nitrate test
NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl ↓ + NaNO3
(white ppt)
AgCl + 2NH4OH [Ag(NH3)2Cl]Cl. + 2H2O
(Soluble complex)
Chromyl Chloride test:
4NaCl + K2Cr2O7 + 6H2SO4 4NaHSO4 + 2KHSO4 + 2CrO2Cl2 + 3H2O
(Chromyl Chloride)
CrO2Cl2 + 4NaOH Na2CrO4 + 2H2O + 2NaCl
(Sod. Chromate)
Na2CrO4 + (CH3COO)2Pb PbCrO4↓ + 2CH3COONa
(Lead Chromate yellow ppt.)

Identification of Basic Radical

S.No. Procedure Observation Inference

To the salt, NaOH solution is

Ammonia gas evolves May be NH4+ is present
added and then heated.
1

The gas passed through A brownish ppt.

NH4+ Confirmed
Nessler's reagent obtained.

Chemical reaction involved in Group-Zero Analysis

NH4Cl + NaOH Δ NaCl + H2O + NH3 ↑

NH3 + HCl NH4Cl
White fumes
Nessler’s reagent

2K2[HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH H2N.HgO.HgI ↓ + 7KI + 2H2O

Nessler’s reagent Brown ppt.

Result: The acidic radical in the given salt sample is Cl- and the basic radical in the given salt sample is
NH4+.

Teacher’s Signature:_____________
 Date:___________
Expt. No._____________ Page No.
________________________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT No.04

Aim: To detect the presence of one acidic and one basic radical in the given sample of salt (packet no. ___)

Preliminary Investigation
Physical state: Solid
Colour : White crystalline
Odour : Vinegar smell
Solubility : Soluble in water

Identification of Acidic Radical

S.No. Procedure Observation Inference

a) Preliminary test :

A pinch of salt taken in a test

CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2-
1 tube, dilute H2SO4 was added No gas evolved
are absent
to it.

A pinch of salt taken in a test

Colourless gas with May be CH3COO- is
2 tube, and heated with conc.
vinegar smell present
H2SO4

Confirmatory test for CH3COO-

Oxalic acid test:

To the salt, Oxalic acid and
1 2-3 drops of water was added Vinegar smell produced CH3COO- is confirmed
and rubbed.

Ester test:
To the salt, Conc, H2SO4 and
2 ethyl alcohol was added and
heated.
Pleasant fruity smell of
CH3COO- is confirmed
ester

Neutral Ferric Chloride Deep red colour appears

test: which disappears on
3 To the salt solution, 1-2 ml of CH3COO- is confirmed
boiling and a brown-red
neutral ferric chloride precipitate is formed
solution ias added and boiled

Chemical reaction involved in the confirmation of Acetate

Oxalic acid test:

Teacher’s Signature:_____________
 Date:___________
Expt. No._____________ Page No.
________________________________________________________________________________________

COOH
| + 2CH3COONa + [O] K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 18H2O + 10CO2
COOH

Ester test:

2CH3COONa + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2CH3COOH

CH3COOH + C2H2OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
Etyhl Acetate (Fruity Smell)

Neutral Ferric Chloride test:

6CH3COO- + 3Fe3+ + 2H2O [Fe3(OH)2(CH3COO)6]+ + 2H+

[Fe3(OH)2(CH3COO)6]+ + 4H2O 3[Fe3(OH)2(CH3COO)] + 3CH3COOH + H+
(Brown-red precipitate)
Identification of Basic Radical

S.No. Procedure Observation Inference

To the Salt, NaOH solution Group Zero (NH4+)

1 No gas evolved
was added and heated. absent

To Salt , distilled water and White Precipitate is First Group (Pb2+) is

2
dil HCl was added to it formed Present

The ppt. was boiled with

distilled water and divided in
to two parts Yellow ppt. is formed
(i) KI (potassium Iodide)
3 was added to one part Pb2+ is Confirmed
of the solution
(ii) K2CrO4 was added to Yellow ppt. is formed
the second part of the
solution

Chemical reaction involved in I Group Analysis

Pb(NO3)2 + 2HCl PbCl2 ↓ + H2O + 2HNO3 ↑

White ppt
Potassium Iodide test:
PbCl2 + 2KI PbI2↓ + 2KCl
Yellow ppt
Potassium chromate test:-
PbCl2 + K2CrO4 PbCrO4↓ + 2KCl
Yellow ppt

Teacher’s Signature:_____________
 Date:___________
Expt. No._____________ Page No.
________________________________________________________________________________________

Result: The acidic radical in the given salt sample is CH3COO- and the basic radical in the given salt sample
is Pb2+.

Teacher’s Signature:_____________
 Date:___________
Expt. No._____________ Page No.
________________________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT No.05

Aim: To detect the presence of one acidic and one basic radical in the given sample of salt (packet no. ____)

Preliminary Investigation
Physical state: Solid
Colour : Transparent crystalline
Odour : Odourless
Solubility : Soluble in water

Identification of Acidic Radical

S.No. Procedure Observation Inference

a) Preliminary test :

A pinch of salt was taken in

CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2-
1 dry test tube and dil H2SO4 No gas evolved
are absent
was added to it.

A pinch of salt was taken in Reddish brown gas with

2 dry test tube and conc. H2SO4 pungent sell is evolved NO3- May be present
was added to it and heated. (turns FeSO4 sol. black)

Confirmatory test for NO3 -

To the salt conc. H2SO4 and

Reddish brown gas
Cu chips were added and
1 evolved NO3- is confirmed
heated.

To Salt, FeSO4 solution was

added and then conc. H2SO4 Dark brown ring is
2 along the sides of test tube formed at the junction of NO3- is confirmed
was added two solutions

Chemical reaction involved in the confirmation of Nitrate

KNO3 + H2SO4 KHSO4 + HNO3

HNO3 + C 4NO2 + CO2 ↑ + 2H2O
Paper pellet

Copper test:-
2KNO3 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2NHO3
4HNO3 + Cu Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
(Reddish brown gas)

Teacher’s Signature:_____________
 Date:___________
Expt. No._____________ Page No.
________________________________________________________________________________________

Ring test:-
KNO3 + H2SO4 KHSO4 + HNO3
6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 2NHO3 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 2NO
FeSO4 + NO + H2O [Fe(NO)(H2O)5]SO4
Brown ring

Identification of Basic Radical

S.No. Procedure Observation Inference

A pinch of salt was taken in a
test and NaOH solution was
Group 0 (NH4+) is
1 added ot it and heated the gas No Colouration obtained
absent
evolved was passed through
Nessler’s reagent

A Pinch of salt was taken in a

2 test tube, distilled water and No ppt is formed Group 1 (Pb2+) is absent
dil. HCl was added to it.

Through the above obtained Group II (Pb2+, Cu2+,

3 No ppt is formed
solution, H2S gas was passed. As3+) , is absent

To the Original Solution,

Solid NH4Cl, 0.5ml conc.
4 HNO3 was added, boiled and White ppt. obtained Al3+ may be present
then cooled. NH4OH was
added in the solution.

Confirmation test:
The ppt. obtained is dissloved
Blue ppt. floating in the
dil HCl, blue litmus solution
5 colourles solution Al3+ presence confirmed
and NH4OH was added drop
obtained
wise till blue colour
developed.

Chemical reaction involved in III Group Analysis

AlCl3 + 3NH4OH 3NH4Cl + Al(OH)3 ↓

White ppt
Lake test:
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O

AlCl3 + 3NH4OH 3NH4Cl + Al(OH)3↓

Blue colour adsorbs on this ppt

Result: The acidic radical in the given salt sample is NO3- and the basic radical in the given salt sample is
Al3+.

Teacher’s Signature:_____________
 Date:___________
Expt. No._____________ Page No.
________________________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT No.06

Aim: To detect the presence of one acidic and one basic radical in the given sample of salt (packet no. ___)

Preliminary Investigation
Physical state: Solid
Colour : Fine powder
Odour : Odourless
Solubility : Soluble in water

Identification of Acidic Radical

S.No. Procedure Observation Inference

a) Preliminary test :

Salt was taken in a test

CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2-
1 tube, dilute H2SO4 was No gas evolved
are absent
added to it

Salt was taken in a test

tube, Conc. H2SO4 was Colourless gas with
added to it then heated pungent smell which
2 May be Cl- is present
and a glass rod dipped in gives dense white
NH4Cl was brought near fumes of NH4Cl
its mouth.
Confirmatory test for Cl-

Conc. HNO3 and AgNO3

Curdy white ppt.
solution was added in the
salt solution
1 Cl- is confirmed
White ppt. soluble in
Dissolved this ppt in
NH4OH
NH4OH

Chromyl chloride test:

To the salt solid K2Cr2O7,
conc. H2SO4 was added
and heated.
The evolved vapours were
A Yellow solution
2 passed through NaOH Cl- is confirmed
obtained
solution. To the yellow
solution thus obtained,
acetic acid and lead
acetate solution was added

Teacher’s Signature:_____________
 Date:___________
Expt. No._____________ Page No.
________________________________________________________________________________________

Preliminary test:
2NH4Cl + H2SO4 Heat (NH4)2SO4 + 2HCl
NH4OH + HCl NH4Cl + H2O
(white fumes)
Silver nitrate test:
NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl ↓ + NaNO3
(white ppt)
AgCl + 2NH4OH [Ag(NH3)2Cl]Cl. + 2H2O
(Soluble complex)
Chromyl Chloride test:
4NaCl + K2Cr2O7 + 6H2SO4 4NaHSO4 + 2KHSO4 + 2CrO2Cl2 + 3H2O
(Chromyl Chloride)
CrO2Cl2 + 4NaOH Na2CrO4 + 2H2O + 2NaCl
(Sod. Chromate)
Na2CrO4 + (CH3COO)2Pb PbCrO4↓ + 2CH3COONa
(Lead Chromate yellow ppt.)

Identification of Basic Radical

S.No. Procedure Observation Inference

A pinch of salt was taken in a
test and NaOH solution was
Group 0 (NH4+) is
1 added ot it and heated the gas No Colouration obtained
absent
evolved was passed through
Nessler’s reagent

A Pinch of salt was taken in a

2 No ppt is formed Group 1 (Pb2+) is absent
test tube, distilled water and
dil. HCl was added to it.

Through the above obtained Group II (Pb2+, Cu2+,

3 No ppt is formed
solution, H2S gas was passed. As3+) , is absent

To the Original Solution,

Solid NH4Cl, 0.5ml conc. Group III (Fe3+, Al3+) is
4 No ppt is formed
HNO3 were added, boiled and absent
then cooled. NH4OH was
added in the solution.

Through the above obtained Group IV (Zn2+, Co2+,

5 No ppt is formed
solution, H2S gas was passed. Ni2+) is absent

Teacher’s Signature:_____________
 Date:___________
Expt. No._____________ Page No.
________________________________________________________________________________________
To the original solution, solid
NH4Cl, NH4OH and Group V (Sr2+) may be
6 White ppt. is formed
(NH4)2CO3 solution were present
added
Confirmation test:
Above obtained ppt. was
dissolved in acetic acid and
7 Ba2+ is absent
CO2 was boiled off. To one
No ppt is formed
part of the solution K2CrO4
solution was added.
Second part of the ppt.
White ppt. is formed Sr2+ presence
8 ammonium sulphate solution
confirmed
was added
To the salt, dil HCl was added
and a paste was prepared this Sr2+ presence
Crimson-Red flame
paste was taken on a platinum confirmed
wire and tested on a flame

Chemical reaction involved in V Group Analysis

SrCl2 + (NH4)2CO3 SrCO3↓ + 2NH4Cl

SrCO3 + 2CH3COOH (CH3COO)2Sr + CO2 + H2O

(CH3COO)2Sr + (NH4)2SO4 2CH3COONH4 + SrSO4↓

White ppt

Result: The acidic radical in the given salt sample is Cl- and the basic radical in the given salt sample is Sr2+.

Teacher’s Signature:_____________
 Date:___________
Expt. No._____________ Page No.
________________________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT No.07

Aim: To detect the presence of one acidic and one basic radical in the given sample of salt (packet no. ____)

Preliminary Investigation
Physical state: Solid
Colour : White
Odour : Odourless
Solubility : Soluble in water

Identification of Acidic Radical

S.No. Procedure Observation Inference

a) Preliminary test :

Salt was taken in a test tube, CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2-

1 No gas evolved
dilute H2SO4 was added to it are absent

A pinch of salt has been

taken in dry test tube and Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-, C2O42-,
2 No gas evolved
conc. H2SO4 has been added CH3COO- are absent
to it and heated.

Barium chloride test: dil HCl

A white ppt. insoluble
3 and BaCl2 solution was added Presence of SO42-
in dil HCl was obtained
to aqueous salt solution
Confirmatory test for SO42-

The aqueous solution is

Appearance of white Confirmed Presence of
4 acidified with acetic acid and
ppt. SO42-
lead acetate solution

Chemical reaction involved in the confirmation of Sulphate

Preliminary test:
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 ↓ + 2NaCl
(white ppt)

Na2SO4 + (CH3COO)2Pb PbSO4 + 2CH3COONa

Teacher’s Signature:_____________
 Date:___________
Expt. No._____________ Page No.
________________________________________________________________________________________

Identification of Basic Radical

S.No. Procedure Observation Inference

A pinch of salt was taken in a
test and NaOH solution was
Group 0 (NH4+) is
1 added ot it and heated the gas No Colouration obtained
absent
evolved was passed through
Nessler’s reagent

A Pinch of salt was taken in a

2 test tube, distilled water and No ppt is formed Group 1 (Pb2+) is absent
dil. HCl was added to it.

Through the above obtained Group II (Pb2+, Cu2+,

3 No ppt is formed
solution, H2S gas was passed. As3+) , is absent

To the Original Solution,

Solid NH4Cl, 0.5ml conc.
Group III (Fe3+, Al3+) is
4 HNO3 were added, boiled and No ppt is formed
absent
then cooled. NH4OH was
added in the solution.

Through the part of above Group IV (Zn2+, Ni2+) is

5 No ppt. is formed
solution, H2S gas was passed absent

To the original solution, solid

NH4Cl, NH4OH and Group V (Ba2+, Ca2+,
6 No ppt. is formed
(NH4)2CO3 solutions were Sr2+) is absent
added
Confirmation test Mg2+:

To the Original solution, a

pinch of NH4Cl and a few Group VI (Mg2+)
7
drops of NH4OH were added. presence confirmed
White ppt. is formed
Excess of Ammonium
Phosphate solution added to
it.

Chemical reaction involved in VI Group Analysis

MgCl2 + NH4OH + (NH4)2HPO4 Mg(NH4)PO4↓ + 2NH4Cl + H2O

(White ppt)

Result: The acidic radical in the given salt sample is SO42- and the basic radical in the given salt sample is
Mg2+.

Teacher’s Signature:_____________
 Date:___________
Expt. No._____________ Page No.
________________________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT No.08

Aim: To test for the presence of Carbohydrates in the given organic compound.

Material Required: Glucose, Sucrose, Molisch’s Reagesnt, Fehling’s reagent, Benedict’s reagent, Tollen’s
Reagent, test tube.

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

MOLISCH’S TEST:

1-2ml of aqueous solution of carbohydrate, few A red violet ring is

drops of molisch’s reagent (1% alcoholic Presence of
1 modered at the junction
solution of 1- naphthol) was added. Then add 1 Carbohydrate
of two layer
ml of conc. H2SO4 slowly along the side of test
tube.
BENEDICT’S TEST:

To 1-2 ml of aqueous solution of carbohydrate in

Presence of
2 a test tube, 1-2 ml of Benedict’s reagent was A reddish ppt. indicates
Carbohydrate
added. Then the test tube was kept in a boiling
water bath for 10 mins.

FEHLING TEST:

2ml of aqueous solution of the carbohydrate is Presence of

3 taken and to this 1-2ml each of Fehling solution A reddish ppt. indicates
Carbohydrate
“A” and “B” is added. Now the test tube is kept
in a water bath for boiling.
TOLLEN’S TEST:

We take 2-3ml of aqueous solution of the A shining silver mirror

Presence of
4 carbohydrate in a test tube. Add to it 2-3ml indicates on the wall of
Carbohydrate
Tollen’s reagent. Keep this test tube in a water inner side of test tube
bath for 10 mins.

Chemical equation for Fehling Test:

CHO COO-Na
| |
(CHOH)4 + 2Cu(OH)2 + NaOH Tartrate Ions
(CHOH)4 + 3H2O+Cu2O↓
|
| CH2OH
CH2OH
Glucose Sod. Salt of gluconic acid

Teacher’s Signature:_____________
 Date:___________
Expt. No._____________ Page No.
________________________________________________________________________________________

Chemical equation for Tollen’s Test:

AgNO3 + NH4OH NH4NO3 + AgOH

2AgOH Ag2O + H2O

Ag2O + 2NH4OH 2[Ag(NH3)2OH + 3H2O

(Soluble)

CHO COOH
| |
NH4OH
(CHOH)4 + Ag2O + NaOH
(CHOH)4 + 2Ag
| | (Silver mirror)
CHO COOH
Glucose Gluconic acid

Result: The given sample contain is Carbohydrate.

Teacher’s Signature:_____________
 Date:___________
Expt. No._____________ Page No.
________________________________________________________________________________________

EXPERIMENT No.09

Aim: To test for the presence of Proteins in the given organic compound.

Material Required: Egg albumin, 1% CuSO4 solution, Conc. HNO3, NaOH Solution, Ninhydrine solution,
Millon’s reagent and test tube.

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

BIURET TEST:

2 ml of NaOH solution was added to the

Bluish violet colouration
1 dispersion of the substance in test tube, add ed 4- Presence of Protein
indicates
5 drops of 1% CuSO4 solution and the mixture
was warmed for about 5 min.

XANTHOPROTIC TEST:

2ml of egg albumin was taken in test tube and A yellow colouration
2 Presence of Protein
add 3-4 drops of conc. HNO3 was added to it indicates
then heated.

NINHYDRIN TEST:
Intense blue colouration
3 2ml of egg albumin was taken in test tube and Presence of Protein
indicates
add a few drops of ninhydrin Solution was
added to it. Then the contents were boiled.

MILLON’S TEST:
White ppt. changes to
4 Presence of Protein
2 drops of Millon’s reagent was added to 1-2 ml brick red on boiling
of egg albumin solution.

Result: The given sample contain is Proteins.

Teacher’s Signature:_____________