4.

a) What is upscaling? When do we need it?

b) What is downscaling? When do we need it?

Up scaling

Even with modern (super)computers, the grid blocks in a large simulation are still quite large
– as much as several meters vertically and several 10’s of meters aerially. The term grid
block is very often a grid pancake. This introduces an additional (artificial) scale by the
simulation user. The typical measurement scales (core and logs) are smaller than the grid
block scale. Thus some adjustment of the measurement is necessary. This process is called
scaling up or up scaling (homogenisation or effective characteristics) and is the subject of
active research.

 The actual simulation sample used in the lab is very small as compared to the
actual size of the grid blocks of the reservoir.
 It is highly difficult and extremely costly to carry out measurements of all the grid
blocks obtained by dividing the reservoir into smaller grid blocks.
 It is time consuming and tedious even for the supercomputers used in the labs for
such simulations due to their very large number.

Scaling up

Down scaling

The larger scale of seismic and production-derived data is essentially scaled down to the
modelling resolution during the construction of the geo statistical model. This process of
defining small scale structures as a smaller part of large scale structures is known as
downscaling. We need this process to test the relevance and reliability of integration of the
vast amount of data from sources like seismic surveys and geological samples.

Scaling Down

5.
a) What is hard data? When do we need it?
b) What is soft data? When do we need it?
c) What is analogue data?

Hard data is used in construction of high resolution 3D models of rock facies as it mainly
refers to well core data or petro physical properties e.g facies data, porosity,
permeability and core measurements.

Soft data refers to all other kinds of data like well logs and seismic measurements.

It can be needed in the absence of direct core measurements, where the well log data can
be taken as hard data and to calibrate the hard data.

Analogue data is critically evaluated and adapted to fit any hard data from the reservoir
being studied.
There are rarely enough data to provide reliable statistics, especially horizontal measures
of continuity. For this reason, data from analogue outcrops and similar more densely
drilled reservoirs are used to help infer spatial statistics that are impossible to calculate
from the present subsurface reservoir data. There are general features of certain
geological settings that can be transported to other reservoirs, provided they originate
from similar geological process. There are general features of certain geological settings
that can be transported to other reservoirs, provided they originate from similar
geological processes.