Field Report On Northern Area of Pakistan

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FieLd rePOrt OF nOrthern areas OF Pakistan

,Buner,sWat,shanGLa,kOhistan,chiLLas,BeshaM,GiLGit and hunZa
dePartMent OF GeOLOGy
Bacha khan university charsadda
2017
By Ibadullah. Bacha khan university charsadda

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SUBMITTED BY : IBADULLAH
SUBMITTED TO:
MR IMRAN AHMAD AND MR RAFIQ AHMAD
SEMESTER :
6TH
ROLL NO:
41
DEPARTMENT :
GEOLOGY

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY
1. Acknowlegdement. 7
2. Abstract 8
3. Introduction and objective 9
4. Literature review 12
s.no stop name Description page no
1. Shewa ShahbazGarhi Complex ( Rhoyllite,gabbro,doleritedykes ) 18

2. JafarKandao Formation (Marble,schist,phyllite) 22
3. Ambella Granitic Complex (Aphanitic ,pegmatite) 25
4. Phaneritic (xenoliths ,doloarite dykes) 28
5. Koga Syenite (syenite) 30
6. Lamprophyre 33
7. Buneer Part OfNikanaiGhar Formation(dolomite marble,calcareous marble) 35
8. Lower swat schist gnesis (schist and genisis) 38
9. Mingora Melange Zone (serpentinite,dunite,peridotite) 41
10. Mangora melange zone (talc) 44
11. Saidu Formation (Graphatic schist) 47
12. Marghuzar Formation (garnet mica schist) 48
13. Kashala Formation (marble) 50
14. Swat Granitic Gneissis (granite genisis) 52
15. Manglawar Formation (orthogenesis) 53
16. Swat NikanaiGhar Formation ( dolomite,amphibolites) 56
17. Shangla Top (blue schist) 59
18. ShanglaMelange Zone (crysotile) 61
19. Talc Peridotite In shangla (peridotite) 63
20. Besham Group Meta Sediments ( quartzite ,schistose,genesis) 65
21. Karora Formation (granite intrusion) 68
22. Dubair Granodiorite ( granodiorite) 70

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23. Jijal Complex (dunite,serpentinite,pyroxenite,hornblendite, 72

24. Jijal Complex (pyroxenite) 74
25. Jijal complex (hornblendite) 76
26. GranulitesJijal Complex (granulite) 78
27. Pattan Shear Zone (amphibolites) 80
28. Kamila Amphibolite Complex (southern and northern amphibolites) 82
29. Chillas complex ( Gabbro norite) 85
30. Hornblende Pegmatite (large crystal a re embedded) 87
31. Raikot Fault (it is active fault) 89
32. Kohistan Batholiths 93
33. Chalt Volcanoes ( Rhoyllite,Andesite,Basalt) 97
34. Main KarakuramThrust (the boundary b/w K.I.A and Eurasian plate) 100
5 OUTCOMES
6 REFREANCE
LIST OF FIGURES/PICTURURE
1. Fig 1.1: Gabbro………………………………………….............21
2. Fig 1.2: Doloraite dykes……………………………………..…..21
3. Fig 1.3: Rhyolite………………………………………………....21
4. Fig 2.1 Marble: ………………………………………….............24
5. Fig 2.2:Phyllite………………….......................………………...24
6. Fig 2.3:Schist.................................................................................24
7. Fig 3.1:APhenitic alkaline complex…………………………… .25
8. Fig 3.2:pegmatite dykes of granite………………………………27
9. Fig 4.1:Phaneritic granite::……………………………………....30
10. Fig 4.2: Xenolith………………………………………………... 30
11. Fig 5.1 kogasyenite……………………………………………....32

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12. Fig 5.2:cross cutting relationship...................................................32

13. Fig 5.3:Xenolith in Nepheline syenite...........................................32
14. Fig 6.1 Lamprophyre……………………………………………. 34
15. Fig 7.1:dolomite marble……………………………………...........37
16. Fig 7.2:limy marble………….......……………………………......37
17. Fig 7.3:Calcaerous layer in dolomite............................................... 37
18. Fig 8.1:Garnet mica shist………………………………………......40
19. Fig 8.2:Different metamorphic rock.................................................40
20. Fig 8.3:Gnesis...................................................................................40
21. Fig 8.4:Paragenisis........................................................................... 40
22. Fig 9.1:Peridotite...............................................................................42
23. Fig 9.2:Types of peridotite................................................................43
24. Fig 9.3:Serpentinite...........................................................................43
25. Fig 10.1:Talc.....................................................................................45
26. Fig 10.2:Fresh sample of talc............................................................45
27. Fig 11.1:Graphiticshist………………………………………..........48
28. Fig12.1:Garnet mica shist with minor dolomite……………............50
29. Fig13.1:Kashala Fm having dolomite marble with garnet................51
30. Fig14.1:Swat granitic gneisis…………………………………........53
31. Fig 14.2:Augen structure...................................................................54
32. Fig15.1:Manglawar formation(orthogensiss)……………………....55
33. Fig 16.1:Dolomite marble.................................................................58
34. Fig 16.2:Orthoamphibolites..............................................................58
35. Fig17.1:Blue schist…………………………………………............60
36. Fig 18.1:Serpentinite.........................................................................62
37. Fig 18.2:dunite...................................................................................62
38. Fig 18.3:Shear zone of shangla melange zone in serpenteinite.........62
39. Fig19.1:peridodite……………………………………………..........65
40. Fig 21.1:Granite intrusion..................................................................69
41. Fig22.1:Dubair granodiorite…………………………………..........71
42. Fig 24.1:Pyroxenite............................................................................75
43. Fig25.1:Horblendite………………………………………………...77
44. Fig26.1:Granulites(red mineral Almandine garnet……....................79
45. Fig27.1:Amphibolites paten shear zone………………………….…82
46. Fig 28.1:Kamila amphibolites............................................................84
47. Fig 29.1:Gabbro norite.......................................................................86
48. Fig30.1:Hornblend pegmatite…………………………….......……..88
49. Fig31.1:Raikot fault(active fault)……...……………………………90
50. Fig 32.1:Contact b/w pre genetic and post genetic.............................96
51. Fig 32.2:Kohistan batholiths phases...................................................96
52. Fig 33.1:Rhyollite(light),Andesite,(greenish)Basalt(dark).................99
53. Fig 33,2:Rhyolite................................................................................99
54. Fig 34.1:serpentinte............................................................................102
55. Fig 34.2:Crysotile...............................................................................102
56. Fig30.3:MKTboundry………………………………………….........103

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LIST OF SKECHES
1. Jafarkandoo formation................................................................24
2. Augen structure..........................................................................53
3. Shangla melange zone.................................................................62
4. Rocks of continental margin of indian plate...................................65
5. Besham group rocks or karora group rocks....................................67
6. Jijal complex (ultramafic complex)...............................................73
7. Veins in rock.(patten shear zone)..................................................81
8. Kamilla amphibolites...................................................................81
9. Gabbro norite..............................................................................86
10. Kohistan batholiths......................................................................95
11. Chalt volcanoes...........................................................................99
12. M.K.T.......................................................................................101
LIST OF MAPS:
S.No Stop no/name pages
1. 1.1:Shewa shahbaz ghari complex......................................21

2. 4.1:Map of Granite.............................................................29
3. MAP of Alpurai netasediments..........................................46
4. 20.1:Map of Besham group................................................67
5. 21.1:Map of Nanga parbat.................................................70
6. 23.1:Geological map of jijal complex................................74
7. 31.1:Tectonic map of Himalayan.......................................91
8. 31.2:Fault map of Pakistan.................................................92
9. 31.3:Tectonic map .............................................................93
10. 32.1:Map of kohistan Batholith..........................................95
11. 33.1:Map of chalt valcanics...............................................99
12. 34.1:M.K.T map................................................................101
13. 34.2:M.K.T ,M.M.T and M.B.T map.................................102

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I meekly thank Allah Almighty, the Merciful and the Beneficent, who gave me health,
thoughts
and co-operative people to enable me achieve this goal.All appreciation are for almighty
“Allah” The Magnificent, The Merciful and His Holy prophet Muhammad (P B U H) who is
forever a torch of guidance and knowledge for humanity. All Praise to All Mighty Allah Who
gave us knowledge, education and learning to work to the best of our abilities, courage and
patience to obligation. This Field work could not have been possible without the generous
support and guidance of our teachers, We are grateful to our respectable teachers Sir Imran
ahmad And Sir Rafiq ahmad for their unforgettable Sympathetic behaviour, helping attitude,
hard work and guidance throughout the entire field. We easily understand from their lectures.
And we gain alot of knowledge from their lectures and I am so thankful to them .They give
us his their precious time. We have learned so much from them and without their efforts; this
amazing field would not have been possible. Last but not the least, any acknowledgement
could never adequately express our obligation to our loving friends for, their motivation,
support and for memorable time we spent together. Thanks are also extended to all our
friends for their nice and helpful company during our entire field. After that we are great full
to our honourable VC of BKUC to give us permission for the field. We are thanking full to
the department of Geology of BACHA KHAN UNIVERSITY Charsadda for the endless
support and encroachment. This amazing and unforgettable field would not have possible and
again and again special and from core of my heart special thanks to Sir Rafiq ahmad and Sir
Imran ahmad for his tremendous effort, techniques and his guidance.
Sir! Imran Ahmad Sir! Rafiq Ahmad

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ABSTRACT
The study area of bunir,swat,Jijal,Kohistan,chilas,Besham,Gilgit and Hunza is the Northern
part of the Pakistan, we study area along the KKH and Indus river geologically that area are
very complex and highly deformed areas having plats colloid zone and triple junction of the
world three largest mountain series. Geotectonically there are many large and observable
tectonics features in the area, main suture zone, MMT, MKT, Triple junction, Kohistan island
arc, syntaxes collision zone of Indian and Eurasian plates. . Structurally small fold, faults
(rakaposhi) active fault( Raikot fault) and fracture in rocks. . Petrology of different igneous
(plutonic and volcanic), metamorphic and Meta sedimentary rocks with their brief
mineralogy and petrology. Mainly there regionally geology having different types of rock
complexes of igneous bodies,rock formations,melange zone and also different grade of
metamorphic rocks:
 Shewa shahbaz ghari complex (Gabbro ,Gabbro norite,Dykes,Rhyollite)
 Bunir ambela alkaline complex(pheneritic ,Apheneritic alkine
granite,syenite,lamprophyre,nephline syenite,dolorite dyke,corbonatites)
 Minghora melange zone
 Alpuri group metasediments( margazar fm,manglawer fm, sidho graphtic
schist,kashala fm, nikani Ghar fm,)
 Shangla melange zone
 Besham groups or complex
 grandiorite
 Dubair granitic complex
 Paten shear zone
 Chromite of jijal complex
 Southern Kamila amphibiolites
 Chilas complex
 Northern kamila amphibiolites
 Chalt volcanoes
 Kohistan batholite
 Rakaposhi melange zone
 Raikot fault
 Yaseen group sediments

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1) INTRODUCATION
The field incharge Sir Rafiq Ahmad and imran ahmad give a
lecture 3hours with us about geological field trip to Northern areas of Pakistan.He told us that
your field trip will be tomorrow .We are very happy to heard about geological field trip.and
next day .and our respected teacher Mr. Imran and Rafiq arrange
a bus and 1 haice for us.We sharply move out from the Bacha khan university on 7 am and
then we start our geological field journey on the way to Mardan charsadda road we reached
mardan ,some friends we pick from mardan and then we moving toward our aims from
Mardan Swabi road
We reached to Shewa Shabaz Ghari this was our Ist stop shewa shahbaz ghari
complex and we studied different igneous rocks and we studied its these 4 types of rocks in
shewa shahbaz ghari complex. We identified three phases of intrusion phase has gabbroic
rock amd gabbro norite means plutonic igneous rock.2nd phase has eruption of Rhoyllite.3rd
phase has intrusion of diabasic dykes..and temperature was 40cc degree.
Now we moved toward next stop on the way to Mardan Rustam road .we reached
our 2nd stop which the name was Jaffer kandov formation..Imran sir some drawn sketches
and he give us lecture about Jaffer kandov .the Jaffer kandov have 3 types of rock schist
pyllite and marble which we discuss below in detail.and then moved toward Ambela granite
complex when we reached Ambela the time was 11 am we take a stay near ambela hotel for
getting breakfast.After breakfast we moved from restaurant .Then we studied Ambela
Alkaline Complex such as Phanaretic alkalie granite.
Aphanaitic alkaline granite .this complex is composed of seven different types.The we

studied moved toward Bunir area some of this complex types discussed in bunir areas
which is koga syenite , lamprophyre is basic igenous rock in the form of dykes And after
than we studied Nikani Fhar formation .it lies on the northern side of Ambela alkaline
complex.In bunir city we stay in Hotel for Lunch but the time was 4:00pm.when we take
a lunch time was 5.00pm .we gone from hotel to Mosjid for prayer.After then we gone
toward another stop no 9.The Garnet mica schist.We studied a last stop in lower swat

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bunir schistose rock.The time never being stop continuesly moved fast.The darkness
appeared .and we travelled on swat bunir road to Swat faiza Gut.when reached to swat
faiza gut the sky thundering and rain started .We lift a bus and move toward hotel .we ist
night stay in faiza gut Hotel(Hill view hotel) .
On 2nd day we come out from Hotel on 7:pm .Again started our field
journey on a Ist stop we studied the Mangora Melange zone,Talc serpentinite ,dunite and
the next stop we Alpurai metasediments and now we moving on indian plate On stop no
3 we studied marguzar formation having garnet mica schist and next stops on the road
side on swat Madian road such as Manglawar formation,dolomitic marble,amphibolites
and blue schist .we moved toward Shangla then we checked the Shangla melange zone
such as Dunite ,serpentinite and its polymarps ,peridotite .teh indain plate
termininted.After these rock observed we lunch on Shangla top .And then travelled to
Besham city for night stay in Kargal hotel besham city.
On 3rd day we started our travel through pedestrain to stop Ist .because
they near to besham city .the imran sir give about the day 3rd field lecture. And then we
move toward our next stop .in Besham group rocks are. Granodiorite,patten
shear,chromite of jijal complex ,kamila amphibolites southern and northern this is part of
K.I.A.on the way to besham we moved to chillas complex on the way to kohistan.the last
stop of day 3 the time was 5:oo pm .we start over journey to chillas city .when we reached
the time was 11:00 pm.we stay in Pakistan hotel .
On the next day 4 the same routine we take a breakfast and sharply
move out from hotel to 8:00 am we studied different rocks of chillas complex.it is huge
batholiths on the globe thats why its famous from all over the world .the southern and
northern amphibolites was separated by chillas complex.on the way to gilgit we observed
different rock types .when we reached to gilgit in the evening time we studied not in
youth hostel but we night stay in gilgit city Baigh Guest House.
On 5th day we sharply move out on 6:00 am .and moved toward our
geological field trip we studied kohsitan batholiths,chalt valcanics.We observed MKT
between the Eursian plate and koshistan island arc .then again come back to Hotel which
we stayed in last night.on 6th day we moved out toward Hunza distt for short field and
more refreshment and enjoyment in Atta abad lake.On 7th day we again started our
journey from gilgit to besham from 6:00 am.and we night stayed in Besham city.The
university of peshawer students also stayed there in besham some of my friends .we
discussed field trip of northern areas.The next day we back to our university and finally
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we reached to 10:00 pm at Bacha khan university hostel. And we were very happy to
come back to our hostel with safe journey
Map of Northern areas of Pakistan.1.1(the green colour show our field route from
bacha khan university to gilgit)

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1.1)Objective of the area Study:

The geological Fieldwork and report writing is an essential (compulsory)requirement
for BS degree in Geology .Students of BS semester VI have done field work for one weeks in
areas of Bunir,Swat, Besham, Kohistan ,Gilgit and Hunza, Which was carried out In the
month of 21 April, 2017. The main purpose of field is:
 Identifications of different types of rocks
 Regional geology of the area
 Geomorphology of an area
 Geological mapping
 Tectonics of the area
 Startigraphy of the Northern area
2) LITERATURE REVIEW:
2.1) Geology of Northern Pakistan:
Gilgit-Baltistan covering the most area of Northern Pakistan. The

northern area of Pakistan mainly compromises of three tectonics plates. These plates are
Karakorum Plate, Kohistan Island Arc and Indo-Pakistan Plate. Kohistan Island Arc is
sandwiched between Karakorum plate and Indo-Pakistan Plate by having two main trusts the
NSZ or MKT in the north and Indian suture zone ISZ or main mantle thrust MMT in the
south. The region of GB is mainly composed of rocks of Karakorum plates (i.e.
metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks), northern suture zones (i.e. Ophiolites mélanges)
and Kohistan Island Arc (i.e. mafic-ultramafic complex and Batholith plutons).The
crystalline basement of Karakoram consists of low-grade quartzite and migmatites, which are
in turn intruded by a granodiorite.
The quartzite (Chikar quartzite) consists of dark grey siltstones and

quartzite, largely derived from green schist-facies metamorphism of poorly sorted sub
arkoses. This metaterrigenous unit forms km wide open folds, and is transformed into hard
spotted schist and massive hornfels-like rocks close to the contact with the granodiorite.
Granitic dikes intrude the met sediments.
The migmatites occur to the SE of Chikar, and up the right bank

of the Darkot Pass glacier, where the met sediments become increasingly intruded by granitic
dikes. In a few km, the injected met sediments seem to gradually give way to migmatites, and

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into anatectic granite engulfing masses of nebulitic gneisses and agmatitic amphibolite. The
granodiorites occur in apophyges 4-5 km wide (Kishmanja, Ishkarwaz) and in thrusted sheets
and slices, 4 to 10 km long (in front of Kan Khun). The Granite bears biotite and frequent
amphibole, almost totally altered.
2.2) Karakorum Plates:
Karakorum plates represent the northern most part of Pakistan and it is

located on the northern side of NSZ or MKT. The rock body exposed here are highly
deformed sedimentary, metasedimentary, and igneous assemblages and they are ranges in age
of Jurassic to 12 late Cretaceous and formed as a result of collision between KIA with
Eurasian plate along NSZ or MKT. The Karakorum plate is divides into;
I. The Northern Sedimentary Belt

II. II. The Karakorum Axial Batholith
III. III. The Southern Metamorphic Belt
2.2.1) The Northern Sedimentary Belt;
The northern sedimentary belt is northern most unit of

Karakorum block and is mainly consisting of up to 7km thick belt which is transgressive on a
pre-Ordovician crystalline basement rocks. The sedimentary belt is further divided into thrust
sheet in Chitral and Hunza Valley along the western and eastern margin of Karakorum block.
The rock body present in this block ranges in age from Permian to Paleozoic and most of the
succession with the eastern Karakorum along Hunza valley are of Permian age. The Hunza
include calc-alkaline granodiorite which has both biotite and hornblende minerals.
The granodiorites occur in apophyges 4-5 km wide (Kishmanja, Ishkarwaz) and in

thrusted sheets and slices, 4 to 10 km long (in front of Kan Khun). The Granite bears biotite
and frequent amphibole, almost totally altered
2.2.2) The Karakorum Axial Batholith;
It is a large body of igneous rocks intrudes in different

times and the earliest magmatic episode is recorded earlier than 100 Ma and can be correlated
with the initial 13 stages of intra-oceanic subduction. The extension of this batholith is up to
Ladakh in the east and across into Afghanistan in west. The northern sedimentary belt in the
northern of Karakorum plates is separated from the marginal mass present in the southern

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part of the Karakorum plate by this axial batholith in the Hindukush and Karakorum ranges.
The dominant rocks phases of this batholith are granodiorites, granites and pegmatite’s which
are readily intruded by the sills and dykes mostly basic in nature. At least three major
tectonics episodes of magmatic intrusion were identified in the magma axial batholith. The
earliest episode was in the mid –Cretaceous and mainly consisting of sub alkaline and calc-
alkaline intrusion. The second phase of intrusion consists of sub-alkaline granites of Eocene
age having mainly biotite, amphiboles and andalusites. The last episode occurred in Miocene
and is represented by leucogrsnites sheets and intrusion of batholithic dimensions. A linear
batholithic body, about 20 km wide and 150 km long, occupies higher peaks of the Eastern
Karakoram and Pangong Mountain in Ladakh. This batholith extends into the western
Karakoram across the Baura range. Hispar, Biafo to the west of Baltoro and is known as
Karakoram axial batholith. In general, the Karakoram batholith is porphyritic in texture and
pink in color but in western Karakoram homogeneous and fine grained with occasional
coarse grained varieties are also reported. The belt occurs as an elongated arcuate composite
body comprising different sub-alkaline and calc-alkaline unit
2.2.3)The Southern Metamorphic Belt :

The southern metamorphic belt of the Karakorum plates is developed
as a hanging wall along the NSZ or MKT. the difference group is included in this belt are
variously named as we move from the western to the eastern margins (i.e. chitral slate in
Hindu Kush, Darkot group in the Yasin valley, Baltit group and Damurdu Formation in the
Hunza valley and Shigar group in the Baltistan group). The low grade metamorphic rock in
this belt are biotite schist ,chlorites schist ,quartz schist ,while the high grade metamorphism
is demarcated by kyanites and illuminates schist’s.
2.3) Northern Suture Zones or Main Karakorum Thrust (MKT); Main Karakorum
Thrust is a fault contact which separates the rocks of Eurasian plates from that of KIA. This
suture zones is formed as a result of collision of KIA with Eurasian plates. NSZ is a
compromise of ophiolites mélange containing rocks like’s serpentines, volcanic and marine.
Sediments in a slate. The different types of sedimentary volcanic present on the northern
sides of KIA are separated from the slates and quartzite of the Eurasian plates by this
mélange. The rock body are present along this thick mélange are limestone’s, quartz, volcanic
greenstones and altered rocks like serpentine in a slates matrix.
2.4) Kohistan Island Arc:

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Kohistan island arc is formed as a result of intra oceanic subduction of

neo Tethys beneath Eurasian plate in late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous times and covering an
area of about 3600 km2. KIA is separated from the Indian plates by MMT or ISZ in the south
while its northern boundary is marked by MKT or NSZ which separate it from the Eurasian
volcanic rocks .KIA consist of associated volcanic rocks. KIA consists of the following
geological bodies of rocks as we move from north to south.
1. Yasin Group Sediments
2. Chalt Volcanic Group
3. Kohistan batholiths
4. Chilas complex
5. Jijal complex
2.4.1) Yasin group Sediment:
Yasin sedimentary group represent the northern part of KIA and they
are youngest Tethyan remains comprised of mainly sedimentary and volcanic clastic rocks.
The volcanic rocks are metamorphosed to green schist facies due to volcanic collision of two
plates. This group show variable lithology along different part of the NSZ.in the Eastern part
along Hunza Valley ,this group contain volcano clastic , terrigenious slate , silty quartzite and
pebble conglomerates while limestone unit is absent .
2.4.2) Chalt volcanic group:
The rocks of the chalt volcanic group are exposed in the south of
NSZ. Chalt volcanic group is composed of basalt rhydacites and andesite and are generally
metamorphosed to green schist facies. The volcanic rock present in the zone are highly
deformed and shows metamorphic grade from green schist in the West to amphibolite facies
in the south. The volcanic or Meta volcanic present in this group are divided on the basis of
their geochemical contents, One group is having MgO contents between 15 and 6% while
Second group is having less than 6 %
2.4.3) Kohistan Batholith:
The presence of major belt of granitic rocks in the northern part of
KIA were first described but Tahir kheli and Jan .These were later on named as Kohistan
batholith by Peterson and Windley . The major components of KIA are represented by
Kohistan batholith. The area covered by this series along E-W direction is 300 Km and along
N-S direction is 60Km.Different rock bodies present in tis batholith are; granodiorite, diorite,
hornblende, hornblende, gabbro and lecogranites. Kohistan batholith is formed as a result of

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three stages of magmatic intrusion .the geochemistry of first stage is recognized by two
Magma types. The first type of magma is represented by medium to high potassium diorite,
the second is low potassium trondhjemites. The second type of the rock present in the first
stage has unique feature having a lack of enrichment in LREE relative to HREE.stage three
pluton present within the Kohistan island arc forms the minor part of the batholith. The age
assigned to this group is 30 Ma.
2.4.4) Chilas Complex:
Chilas complex is representing the southern part of KIA and consisting
mainly of pyroxene-diorites and gabbro norites with the minor amount of gabbro, anthracite,
troctolites, peridotites and the mafic dyke .in the southern part of KIA .this group is extending
300 Km along the E-W and 40 Km along the N-S, the rock group present in this complex are
in the age from late Jurassic to Cretaceous .IN southern part, Chilas complex has a Tectonic
contact with Kamila amphibolite. 2.4.5) Kamila Amphibolite: It lies in the south of Chilas
Complex and mainly consist of two varieties of Amphibolite .one variety is medium to coarse
grained Amphibolite while, the other is fined grained banded or homogeneous amphibolite.
Width of the Kamila Amphibolite is 10 to 40 Km and is present all along the southern
Kohistan batholith. Structural data and there age suggest that the deformation and
metamorphism occurred before the collision of KIA with Indian Plate. The rock shows very
close resemblance with the chilas complex Gabbronorite and suggesting the same origin.
2.4.6) Jijal Complex:
Jijal complex having basal cumulates, layered gabbro and ultramafic rock
lies in the southern part of KIA consisting of about 150 Km2 and represent the deepest part of
the arc. Two distinct units in the complex are; Ultramafic rocks ,consisting of dunites,
harzburgites ,websterities and clino pyroxinites Garnet granulite. The granulite present in
this complex are of two types, on having plagioclase and other is free of plagioclase. The
plagioclase free variety I ultrabasic to basic and other variety having plagioclase is basic to
intermediate in nature. The lithology exposed in this group is granulite and ultramafic rocks.
2.5) Besham Group:
The Besham Group comprises a heterogeneous mixture of biotitic

gneisses and schists (most of uncertain paragenesis), granitic gneisses, metapsammites,
amphibolites, blue-quartz pegmatites and other pegmatites, weakly deformed hornblende-
granodiorite, mylonites, phyllonites and undeformed microgranites. The gneisses are medium
to coarse grained. The metapsarnmites are often fine grained with a granoblastic texture, e.g.

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the top of each of the thrust slices west of Besham (where biotite is an essential phase), but
are coarse grained and more arkosic in other areas. Lead-zinc sulphide deposits occur within
the metasediments of the Besham Group in several areas, the largest being at Lahor and
Pazang on the west and east banks of the Indus, respectively. The deposits occur in folded
stratigraphically controlled lodes which have been extensively remobilised during Himalayan
shearing and later faulting so that they are now also partly structurally controlled. The
gneissic textures and fabrics with a quartz, feldspar, muscovite, biotite, and garnet and
hornblendic-amphibole mineralogy are the products of the pre-Himalayan high-grade
deformation and metamorphism with its associated granite and pegmatite intrusion.

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FIELD DESCRIPTION
STOP NO 1
1.1) Area:
Shewa shahbaz ghari complex
1.2) Formation :
igenous complex during Himalayan orogeny
Rock types:
Gabbro:
has plutonic basic igneous rock which is composed of Femg mineral due to its
compostion the colour of this rock is dark.Gabbro posses 45-55%silica and other
ferromagnesium mineral .Most part of this complex is metamorphosed due to Himalayan
orgeny .Plutonic rock of this complex is exposed due to exhumation process .
Rhoylite:
is acid volcanic igneous rock which colour is light. Rhyolite is an extrusive

igneous rock with a very high silica content. It is usually pink or gray in color with
grains so small that they are difficult to observe without a hand lens. Rhyolite is made
up of quartz, plagioclase, and sanidine, with minor amounts of hornblende and biotite.
Trapped gases often produce vugs in the rock. These often contain crystals, opal, or
glassy material
Dolerite:
Dolerite is in the form of dyke . These are the hypabassal dikes. Dolerite is
on dark dull color.
Gabbro Norite:
.Gabbro norite is 45-55% is silica which dominant composition of calci

plagclase e.g labradorite bywotonite, anorthite .its also part of this complex

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1.3) Field identification of rock types:
We studied different types of rocks such as Gabbro ,Gabbro

norite,Dolarite dykes ,Rhyollite
1.3.1)Gabbro:
 has plutonic basic igneous rock which is composed of Femg mineral due
to its compostion
 the colour of this rock is dark.
 Gabbro posses 45-55%silica and other ferromagnesium mineral .
 .Plutonic rock of this complex is exposed due to exhumation process .
 Coarse grained igenous rock
 It composed of biotite.amphibole,fieldspar
1.3.2)Rhoylite:
 Acid volcanic igneous rock which colour is light.

 Rhyolite is an extrusive igneous rock with a very high silica content.
 It is usually pink or gray or light in color
 with grains so small that they are difficult to observe without a hand lens.
 Rhyolite is made up of quartz, plagioclase, and sanidine,
 with minor amounts of hornblende and biotite.
 Sometimes Trapped gases often produce vugs in the rock.
1.3.3)Dolerite:
 Dolerite is in the form of dyke .

 These are the hypabassal dikes.
 Dolerite is on dark dull color.
1.3.4)Gabbro Norite:
 .Gabbro norite is 45-55% is silica which dominant composition of

calci plagclase e.g labradorite bywotonite, anorthite .its also part of
this complex
 Black colour is amphibole

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 Shining appearance of black color is biotite(mica is two types

1:muscovite which is white colour.2:biotite which is black shining
colour)
 Watery colour is quartz
 Milky colour is fieldspear
1.4 )Environment of rock types:
This complex environment is rift
1.5)Age of rocks:
Age of this complex is paleozoic and metamorphosed in Eocene age .and its is
younger than jafer kandao formation
1.6)Geological feature:
 Dykes composition of this dykes dibasic to intermediate

composition which has intruded in volcanic igneous rock
 We interpret cross cutting relationship
 Older part of this complex is gabbro that gabbro has been intruded by dybasic dykes
 Planer struture in rock develop due to tectonic stresses is called foliation
 Alignment of flaky mineral represent metamorphic effects in Himalayan orgeny
1.7)Geological location:
This is part of Indian plate ,which is comprises basic and acidic alkaline
rocks. This complex lies on the passive continental margin of indian plate.

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1.8) Map of shewa shahbazghari complex:
map# 1.1
1.9)Field photos:
Figure1.1 Gabbro Fig1.2: Dolorite dykes
Fig 1.3:foliated Rhyollite

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1.10)Conclusion:
we identify 4 types of rocks in shewa shahbaz ghari complex.enviroment for this

complex is rift .we identified thre phases of intrusion.Ist phase has gabbroic rock amd gabbro
norite means plutonic igenous rock.2nd phase has eruption of Rhoyllite.3rd phase has intrusion
of diabasic dykes.and later on this complex is metamorphosed in Himalayan orogeny.
Stop No 2
2.1)Area:
Jaffar kandaw
2.2)Formation:
Jaffar kandaw formation.
This formation is composed of meta sedimentary rock .The Meta sedimentary

rock are those sedimentary rock which has been metamorphosed. The minerals in these
sedimentary rock has been also metamorphosed and the sedimentary feature has been
preserved it. This formation is older than shewa shahbaz garha complex and ambela alkaline
complex. Due to cross cutting relationship. First deposition of Jaffar kandaw formationand
nikani ghar formation occurred then rifting occur. Here ridges are also present because of
hardness of the rock.
2.3)Age:
The age of this formation is older than shewa shahbaz garhi complex(Precambrian to
cenozic)
it lies on the Indian plate
Cross cutting relationship.
2.6)Environment:

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The environment of this formation is tectonic environment
2.7)Rock types:
Metasedimentry rock
Rock present in this formation are:
2.7.1)Marble.
which is metamorphosed limestone composed of recrystallized and

interlocking calcite or dolomite crystals.
2.7.2)Phyllite:
Phyllite is a type of foliated metamorphic rock created from slate that is

further metamorphosed so that very fine grained white mica achieves a preferred orientation.
It is primarily composed of quartz, sericite mica, and chlorite.
2.7.3)Schist:
Schist is a still higher degree of metamorphism, characterized by coarse

grained foliation and/or lineation, with mica crystals large enough to be easily identified with
the unaided eye.
2.9) Field identification of rocks type:
Marble:
 Marble are non foliated metamorphic rock

 Marble is usually a light-colored rock.
 When it is formed from a limestone with very few impurities, it will be white in
color.
 Marble that contains impurities such as clay minerals, iron oxides, or bituminous
material can be bluish, gray, pink, yellow, or black in color.
 Dolomite marble bouncing back the geological hammar due to hardness
 Calcareous marble sugery structure in hand specimen

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Phyllite
 is a type of foliated metamorphic rock created from slate

 Phyllite is fine grained metamorphic rock
 Phyllites are usually black to gray or light greenish gray in color.
 The foliation is commonly crinkled or wavy in appearance.
Schist
 Medium grade metamorphism

 Sheet like grain preferred orientation
 More than 50% flaty and elongated mineral
 Characterized by coarse grained
 Wavy undulation
2.8)Associated sketches:
Sketch is given below. Sketch:2.1
2.9)Field photography:
Fig:2.1 Marble Fig:2.2 Phyllite Fig:2.3 Schist

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2.10)Conclusion:
The conclusion of that stop we studied that first the sedimentary rocks of jaffar
kandaw formation were deposited after that an intrusion occur due to which the sedimentary
rocks of jaffar kandaw formation has been metamorphosed as a result phllyte, marble and
shist were formed..mostly the central part of each complex is unmetamorphosed because
direct stresses apply on sides.
Stop no 3:
3.1) Area:
Ambela
3.2) Complex:
Ambela alkaline complex
3.3) Age:
Middle to late Paleozoic
3.4) Geological location:
The alkaline igenous province of the peshawer plain extended over a

distance of 200 kilometer along the northern and northwestern margins of peshawer plain
from loe shaliman in the west through Warsak Mohmand-malakand agencie,Ambela upto
Turbela in the east or even upto Manshera.The loe shaliman corbonotite complex ,Malakand
corbonotite,Shewa shahbaz ghari complex ,Turbela alkaline complex and the Ambela granitic
complex included the alkaline province .Mean that the Ambela alkaline complex lies on the
Indian plate.
3.6) Environment:
Rift environment
3.7) Rock types: Rocks in this complex are given below:
1. Phanaretic alkalie granite.

2. Aphanaretic alkaline granite.
3. Syenite.

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4. Nephaline syenite.
5. Lampropyre.
6. Dolerite dykes
7. Carbonatite.
3.8) Identification in field:
1. Aphanitic alkaline granite:

 Fine grain granite formed due to sudden cooling core rock.
 Components of aphanetic granite are biotite, feldspar and quartz.
 This type of granite has no clear view of minerals. Aphanetic alkaline
granite is bounded by pheneritic alkaline granite (Btholiths)
 .this type of granite forms in core of the batholith due to sudden cooling (
after that granite comes upward through exhumation process.)
 It is more compacted and high density
2. Pegmatite Dyke:
 dyke is pure granite which is unmetamorphosed.
 Having larger crystals of feldspar and biotite also larger crystals of quartz
are present.
 Pegmatite is formed due to extra and large time of crystallization.
 Colour of this granite is light and therefore known as leucogranite in which
clear cut visibility of quartz, feldspar and biotite.This is also called leuco
granite due to light color.

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Fig:3.1(the upper rock is fine grain granite (Aphanitic) and the lower is coarse grain granite(phaneritic)
Fig:3.2 (pegmatite dykes of phaneritic granite)
3.10) Conclusion of stop 3:
The conclusion of stop 3 we studied Ambela alkaline complex of

different rock types and finally we studied in that stop Apaneritic granite and pegmatite Dyke
The Aphanitic alkaline granite is Fine grain granite formed due to sudden cooling core rock.
Components of aphanetic granite are biotite, feldspar and quartz. This type of granite has no
clear view of minerals And pegmatite Dyke This type of dyke is pure granite which is

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unmetamorphosed. having larger crystals of feldspar and biotite also larger crystals of
quartz are present. Pegmatite is formed due to extra and large time of crystallization
Stop no 4:
4.1) Area:
Ambela
4.2) Complex:
4.3) Age:
Middle to late Paleozoic
It lies on Indian plate (indo-pakistan plate)
4.6) Environment:
Rift environment
4.7) Rock types:
4.7.1) Pheneritic Alkaline Granite:
Most part of this complex is metamorphosed. Composition of

granite is silica (quartz), feldspar (sodium rich plagioclase), biotite and muscovite. Minerals
are clearly visible .
As amount of potassium, sodium or aluminium increases than normal concentration in granite

then it is called as alkaline granite. Coarse grain (Xenolith) granite is known as pheneritic
granite form due to very slowly cooling of granitic components in magma. Coarse grain
granite form at the periphery of batholith by slow cooling. Pheneritic granite found above and
below from aphanetic alkaline granite.
4.8) Identification in field:

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 Composition of granite is silica (quartz), feldspar (sodium rich

plagioclase), biotite and muscovite.
 Minerals are clearly visible in hand specimen
 Coarse grain
here we also observed xenolith.

4.8.1) Xenolith:
 When a part of rock falls in magma chamber and embedded in it
so it is known as xenolith.
4.8.2)Dolarite Dyke:
 This is hypabassal plutonic igneous rock formed at shallow depth.

 Greenish in colour due to presence of ferromagnesian mineral such
as amphibole.
 This dyke consists of 45% to 55% silica
4.9) Maps of granite:m
Map:4.1

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4.10) Field photography:
fig:4.1(Phaneritic granite which is fine grain) Fig:4.2(Xenolith)
4.11)Conclusion of stop 4:
In this stop we studied the phaneritic alakine granite Most part of this
complex is metamorphosed. Composition of granite is silica (quartz), feldspar (sodium rich
plagioclase), biotite and muscovite. Minerals are clearly visible .
As amount of potassium, sodium or aluminium increases than normal concentration in granite

then it is called as alkaline granite. Coarse grain (Xenolith) granite is known as pheneritic
granite form due to very slowly cooloing of granitic components in magma. Coarse grain
granite form at the periphery of batholith by slow cooling. Pheneritic granite found above and
below from aphanetic alkaline granite.and this stop we studied environment ,age,geological
location of rock and also geological feature
Stop no 5:
5.1) Area:
Koga(bunir)
5.2) Complex:

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5.3) Age:
Paleozoic
the geological location of this complex is Indian plate .mean the

complex lies on Indian plate
5.5) Geological feature:
We observed cross cutting relationship of quartz.
5.6) Environment of rock:
Syenite is most commonly associated with continental rift and

orogenic magmatism, but can be found in a wide range of tectonic settings.
5.7) Rock types:
5.7.1)Koga syenite:
These are silica difficient rocks both syneite and nephaline

syenite.In other words syenites are composed of feldspathides minerals in which amount
of sodium and aluminuim is higher than silica.
Shape is like feldspar but composition is different that is sodic aluminium in nephaline is
called isomorph of feldspar. Colour is different from feldspar.
Syenite is intermediate plutonic alkaline rock while its opposite intermediate alkaline
volcanic rock is trachyte.
Reaction texture has develop in syenite and trachyte formed due to reaction between two
contrasting mineralogical composition Or formed due to xenocryst and surrounding
melt. Surrounding melt form a rim around the xenocyst.
5.8) Rock identification:
 silica difficient rocks both syneite and nephaline syenite.
 In other words syenites are composed of feldspathides minerals in
which amount of sodium and aluminuim is higher than silica.

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 Shape is like feldspar but composition is different that is sodic

aluminium in nephaline is called isomorph of feldspar.
 . Syenite is a coarse-grained alkaline igneous rock dominated by
essential alkali feldspar.
 Holocrstalline plutonic rock
Fig:5.1 koga syenite
Fig:5.2 cross cutting relation ship Fig:5.3 Xenolith in Nephline syenite

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the result of this stop we observed the Syenite is a coarse-grained

alkaline igneous rock dominated by essential alkali feldspar. Mafic minerals are usually
present in small amounts and include clinopyroxenes such as augite, diopside, aegirine-augite
and aergirine, and hornblende and biotite. Plagioclase can also be present.
STOP NO 6:
6.1) Area:
Bunir
6.2) Complex:
6.3) Age:
Lamprophyres occur throughout all geologic eras. Archaean examples are commonly
associated with lode gold deposits.
the geological location is Indian plate
it occur in the form of dykes
6.6) Environment:
Rift environment
6.7) Rock types:
6.7.1) Lamprophyre:
Lamprophyre is basic igneous rock occurs always in form of dykes and have
porphyritic texture. Larger grains of feldspar (phenocryst) are embedded in fine grained
matrix of ferromagnesian minerals (ground mass). Lamp means shiny appearance, porphyry
means porphyritic texture. These are host rock for diamond like kimberlite.

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ground mass act as shiny appearance and the feldspar act as phenocryst. small
volume ultrapotassic igneous rocks primarily occurring
as dikes, lopoliths, laccoliths, stocks and small intrusions. They are alkaline silica-
undersaturated mafic or ultramafic rocks with high magnesium oxide, >3% potassium oxide,
high sodium oxide and high nickel and chromium.
Lamprophyres occur throughout all geologic eras. Archaean examples are commonly
associated with lode gold deposits.

 always in form of dykes
 Having porphyritic texture.
 Larger grains of feldspar (phenocryst) are embedded in fine grained
matrix of ferromagnesian minerals (ground mass).
 ground mass act as shiny appearance
 the feldspar act as phenocryst.
 Dark gray to black intrusive igneous rocks that generally occur as
dikes (tabular bodies inserted in fissures
Fig:6.1 (lamprophyre having garnet feldspar act as Phenocryst

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The conclusion of this stop is we observed lamprophyre
lithilogy,age,geological location,geological feature,colour,and economic important of
lamprophyre.And These are host rock for diamond like kimberlite.
STOP NO 7:
7.1) Area:
Nikani ghar
7.2) Formation:
A part of Nikanai Ghar Formation
Expalanation:
A part of nikani ghar formation lies on the nortern side of ambela

complex.Here the nikani ghar formation acts as a host rock which is older than ambela
alkaline complex.
7.3) Age:
Older age than Ambila Granite complex
Indian plate
A cross cutting relationship between ambela alkaline complex and the

nikani ghar formation.
7.6) Environment:
Rift environment
7.7) Rock types:
Dolomite marble and marble are present in this formation. As metamorphism of

limestone gives calcareous marble and metamorphism of dolomite give rise to dolomitic
marble. Dolomite is carbonate rock like limestone but is more compacted than limestone.

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Dolomite marble has pinkish colour which is due to Mg and marble of limestone is white and
also soft as compared to dolomitic marble. Marble of Limestone is formed due to
recrystallization of calcite (calcareous marble).
Marble made due to the metamporphisim of limestone will possess a sugary texture which
will be formed due to the recrystallization of calcite in limestone.this type of marble will be
pure white in color.
the color of a marble depends upon its parent rock lithology,
Dolomitic marble has impurity and certain changes of colour are present. Iron layer is also
present in dolomite.

7.8.1) Dolomitic marble:
 Dolomite is carbonate rock like limestone
 It is more compacted than limestone.
 Dolomite marble has pinkish colour which is due to Mg.
 the colour of marble depend upon its parent rock lithology,
 Dolomitic marble has impurity and certain changes of colour are
present.
 Iron layer is also present in dolomite.
7.8.2) Limy marble:

 Less compacted than dolomite marble .
 Marble made due to the metamporphisim of limestone will possess
a sugary texture .
 This type of marble will be pure white in color.

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Fig:7.2 limy marble(sugery texture white colour)

Fig:7.1:dolomite marble of stop 7
Fig:7.3 calcaerous layer in dolomite marble

In this conclusion we studied different types of marble !)dolomite
marble 2) limestone marble Dolomitic marble and marble are present in this formation. As
metamorphism of limestone gives calcareous marble and metamorphism of dolomite give
rise to dolomitic marble. Dolomite is carbonate rock like limestone but is more compacted
than limestone. Dolomite marble has pinkish colour which is due to Mg and marble of

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limestone is white and also soft as compared to dolomitic marble.And we also studied the
calcareous marble dyke in dolomite marble
STOP NO 8:
8.1) Area:
Lower swat bunir schistos group
8.2) Garnet Mica Schist:
8.3) Age:
Cambrian /late paterozic
It lies on the covergent plate boundry of Indian plate
Foliated medium to fine grain
8.6) Environment:
Metamorphic environment:
Medium grade regional metamorphic along converget boundary
8.7) Rock types:
Schist is foliated medium grade metamorphic rock. Garnet is pure metamorphic

mineral formed due to metamorphic reaction in metamorphism. It is index mineral for
regionally metamorphic rock. Larger crystal developed during tectonic activities preserved in
metamorphic rock which is normally used for determining pressure and temperature
condition o metamorphism in sub surface. With naked eye we can see it and is known as
garnet porphyroblast. This mineral is normally used for geothermobarrometery of
metamorphic rock.

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Garnet porphyroblast is formed by metamorphism of argilacious rocks (sedimentary rocks).
Gneisis: High grade metamorphic rock which posses light and dark color alternate bands.
light color bands are of qurtzo feldspathic which is also called leucosomes.
dark color bands are of ferromagnesian mineral like biotite, amphibole.
two types:
1. orthogniesis: When acidic and intermediate rocks metamorphosed under high grade
metamorphisim called orthogneisis.
Protolith for this gneis is garnite,syenite.
2. Para gneisis:When metamorphisim occur of sandstone and qurtzite under high grade
metamorphic condition known as paragenisis.
Protolith for this gneis is sandstone and quartzite.
here we also observed microfolding which was mesostructure and we can see it on
outcrop.these structures give us the history of tectonic forces.
 It is Foliated
 Fine to medium grade
 Composed of Muscovite,Biotite,Garnet,Quartz
 The index mineral is garnet
 The colour is shiny .dark grey
 Small sized dark red-brown garnets on foliation surface
2) Gneisis:
 High grade metamorphic rock which posses light and dark color alternate
bands.
 light color bands are of quratzo feldspathic which is also called
leucosomes.
 Dark color bands are of ferromagnesian mineral like biotite, amphibole.

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8. 9)Field photography:
Fig:8.1(Garnet mica schist) Fig:8.2 (different metamorphic rocks)
Fig: 8.3 Gnesis light and dark bend Fig:8.4 Paragnesis

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The result of this stop no 8 .we studied garnet mica schist Larger
crystal developed during tectonic activities preserved in metamorphic rock which is normally
used for determining pressure and temperature condition o metamorphism in sub surface.
And we studied through naked eye we can see it and is known as garnet porphyroblast. This
mineral is normally used for geothermobarrometery of metamorphic rock.and schist is
medium grade metamorphic rock and we also studied the age ,environment,geological
location and we also studied the gneisis a high grade metamorphic rock which posses light
and dark bends and also studied the two types of gneisis 1)orthogneisis 2)paragneisis which is
explained above .
STOP NO 9
9.1) Area:
Mingawara.
9.2) Melange Zone:
Melange zone is associated with subduction zone and sedimentary,

igneous and metamorphic intrusions are there.
9.3) Rock Types:
Dunite and perodotite are ultrabasic rocks which possess more than 80%
olivine as essential mineral composition.Alteration of olivine, then we get serpentine and it is
because of its reaction with surface water. A rock having serpentine mineral is called
serpentinite.Serpentine is greenish in colour and shiny appearance. This is the leading edge of
Indian plate.It has calcic plagioclase or feldspar which has white in colour. Alteration of
serpentine form talc.Serpentine is host rock for emrald.
9.4) Envirnoment:
Associated with subduction
9.5) Age of Rock:

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This zone contain fault of different age and tectonic history
9.6) Geological Features:
This zone is exposed along Kishora thrust which is a branch or splay of

main mantle thrust (M.M.T). We call it splay of M.M.T on the basis of serpentinite that are
exposed along this fault
Dunite and serpentinite are mantle rocks obducted along main mantle thrust (M.M.T) and
transported to this zone along Kishora thrust which is considered as a part of main mantle
thrust (M.M.T).It is metamorphosed in Himalayan orogeny.
9.7) Associated Sketch: Sketch:1,sketch:2
9.8) Geological Location:
The leading edge of Indian plate
 Serpentinite : is green colour

 It had to 90 % of serpentine.
 Dunite:if no alteration the colour will be black
 After alteration the colour is greenish
 Peridotite:75-85% olvine,pyroxene +claci rich plagioclase .
 the colour will be(olvine-dark colour,clino pyroxene-greenish
colour)
9.10) Field Photography:
fig:9.1)(peridotite

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Fig: 9.2(types of Peridotite)
Fig :9.3 supertinite (partial metamorphism of dunite)
9.11) Conclusion:
The conclusion of this stop no 9 we studied the dunite ,perioditite,serpentinite .it

is metamorphosed during himalayan orogeny. Dunite and serpentinite are mantle rocks
obducted along main mantle thrust (M.M.T) and transported to this zone along Kishora thrust
which is considered as a part of main mantle thrust

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STOP N0 10
10.1) Area:
Mangora
10.2) Melange zone:
This zone is exposed along Kishora thrust which is a branch or splay of

main mantle thrust (M.M.T)
10.3) Rock type:
Talc :the serpentine metamorphosed formed talc this is called steatization

process and talc high grade metamorphism formd Asbestos
Olivine Alteration(rxn with water) serpentine met(steatization process)
talc high grade met asbestose
10.4) Ecnomic important:
Talc is corbonate schist is host variety for emrald .talc is used in

cosmetic industries for creams and gem variety of beryl
10.5) Age of rock :
This zone contain fault of different age and tectonic history
10.6) field identification of rock type:
 Its soapy like touch

 The colour is white .
 Low hardness greasy feel
10.7) Enviroment:
In metamorphic rock especially serpentine deposit

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10.8) Field photograpy:
Figure 10.2 talc fresh surface and use in cosmetics industries

Fig: 10.1(talc the alteration product of serpintinite)
10.9) conclusion stop 10:
 The conclusion of this stop we studied talc which used in

cosmetics industries and it soapy like touch.
 The gem variety of beryl
 Talc is host variety of emerold

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ALPURAI GROUP:
Alpurai Group of Meta Sediment (A.G.M):
These rocks are also called as lower Swat Bunir schistose group
rock. Alpurai group of meta sediment (A.G.M) is composed of different formations.
older
1)Swat Granitic Gneiss.
2)Marghuzar Formation.
3)Manglawar Formation.
4)Saidu Graphitic Schist / Saidu Formation.
5)Kashala Formation.
6)Nikanai Ghar Formation.
younger
These formations are explained in sequence below.
Map of Alpuri group:
Le Fort et al. (1980); Smith et al. (1994);

Anczkiewicz et al. (1998); and DiPietro and Isachsen (2001)

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STOP NO 11
11.1) Area:
Saidu (Swat).
11.2) Formation:
Saidu Formation/Saidu Graphitic Schist.
11.3) Rock Types:
Schist and graphite are present. Protolith for graphite is carbonaceous

shale.Graphite is used as alubricant in heavy machinery.
11.4) Identification of Rock:
 Fresh sample will turn your finger tips black.

 The colour is dark black
11.5) Envirnoment:
Environment of deep of saidu is deep marine/reducing enviroment
11.6) Age of Rock:
Triasic
It lies the Continental margin of Indian plate.

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Fig:11.1(Graphtic schist the Fresh sample will turn your finger tips black.)
11.9) Conclusion stop 11:
The conclusion of this stop we studied the graphtic schist which form in
reducing environment . Schist and graphite are present. Protolith for graphite is carbonaceous
shale.Graphite is used as lubricant in heavy machinery
STOP NO 12
12.1) Area:
Marghuzar.
12.2) Formation:
Marghuzar Formation.
12.3) Rock Types:
Dominant lithology is garnet mica schist with minor amount of dolomitic

marble.
Continental margin of Indian plate.

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12.5) Field Identification of Rock:
1)Garnet mica schist
 Patches of garnet dark in colour

 It is Foliated
 Fine to medium grade
 Composed of Muscovite,Biotite,Garnet,Quartz
 The index mineral is garnet
 The colour is shiny .dark grey
 Small sized dark red-brown garnets on foliation surface
2)Dolomitic Marble
 Dolomite is carbonate rock like limestone
 It is more compacted than limestone.
 Dolomite marble has pinkish colour which is due to Mg.
 the colour of marble depend upon its parent rock lithology,
 Dolomitic marble has impurity and certain changes of colour are
present.
 Iron layer is also present in dolomite.
12.6) Envirnoment:
Marine environment
Garnet porphyroblast (larger xlls) of metamorphic mineral.
12.8) Age of Rock:
Permian
12.9) Field photos:

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Fig:12.1(Marghuzar fm having Garnet mica schist with minor amount of Dolomite)
The result of this stop is we studied the garnet mica schist and minor
amount of dolomite . Garnet is pure metamorphic mineral formed due to metamorphic
reaction in metamorphism. It is index mineral for regionally metamorphic rock. Larger
crystal developed during tectonic activities preserved in metamorphic rock which is normally
used for determining pressure and temperature condition o metamorphism in sub surface.
With naked eye we can see it and is known as garnet porphyroblast.And we studied the
dolomitic marble which is more compacted .They have different colour due to impurity
STOP NO 13
13.1) Area:
Kashala (Swat)
13.2) Formation:
Kashala Formation.
13.3) Rock Types:
It is dominantly composed of marble (calcareous marble) and dolomitic marble with

garnet mica schist.

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 Rhombohedral crystals of dolomite in thin section have observed.

 The dolomite marble bouncing back of the geological hammer
13.5) Age of Rock:
permian
Marble with small amount of garnet mica schist
It lies the Continental margin of Indian plate.
13.8) Environment:
Shallow marine shelfal environment
13.9) Field photos:
Fig:13.1(kashala Fm having dolomite Marble with garnet)

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The conclusion of stop no 13 that we studied the kashala

formation which have dolomite marbel with garnet mica schist .its lies on the leading edge of
paasive continental margin.
Dolomite metamorphism formed the dolomite marbl which is pink in colour.
STOP NO 14
14.1) Area:
Swat.
14.2) Formation:
Swat Granitic gneiss.
14.3) Rock Types:
Granite and gneiss are present.
1)Genisis:
 Gneiss is high metamorphic rock possess light and dark colour alternate
bands.
 Light band is composed of quartz and feldspar known as leucosomes.
 Dark colour bands show ferromagnesian minerals like biotite and
amphibole. Milky white is plagioclase watery white is quartz.
2)Granite:
 Its coarser grained

 It is light coloured intrusive igenous rock
 . It consists chiefly of three minerals: quartz, alkali feldspar (which contain
alumina and silica) and plagioclase feldspar (which contain sodium and
calcium).

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Augen (eye) structures are observed in swat granitic gneiss. Temperature,

pressure and ionic components are factors for augen. Quartz/feldspar is harder and on high
tectonic forces it bulges in the middle which is bounded by black layer of biotite which form
augen structure.
Augen: (from German "eyes") are large, lenticular eye-shaped mineral grains or
mineral aggregates visible in some foliated metamorphic rocks. In cross section they have the
shape of an eye. Feldspar, quartz, and garnet are common minerals which form augen.
14.6) Age of Rock:
Its granitic intrusion in manglaur formation which was later on metamorphosed

due to Himalayan orogeny.its age is precambrain.
14.8) Envirnoment:
There is no environment because its igneous intrusion and exposed due to

exhumation process
14.9) Geological sketch:
Sketch 14.1
14.10) field photos:
Fig: 14.1(Granitic Gnesis with Augen structure)

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Fig: 14.2 Augen structure(Augen: (from German "eyes") are large, lenticular eye-shaped mineral grains)
14.11) Conclusion:
The conclusion of this stop we identified the granite gneisis in swat

granitic genisis .Gneiss is high metamorphic rock possess light and dark colour alternate
bands. Light band is composed of quartz and feldspar known as leucosomes. Dark colour
bands show ferromagnesian minerals like biotite and amphibole. Milky white is plagioclase
watery white is quartz. Augen (eye) structures are observed in swat granitic gneiss.
Temperature, pressure and ionic components are factors for augen
STOP NO 15
15.1)Area:
Manglawar.
15.2) Formation:
Manglawar Formation.
15.3) Rock Types:
Ortho gneiss. Ortho gneiss is a member of Manglawar formation.
Economic importance: of sheet silicates is that it acts as heat resistance in utensils, iron etc.
15.4) Field Identification of Rock:

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 Both biotite and muscovite are shiny

 And form sheet silicate of ortho gneiss.
 Lineation of biotite in ortho gneiss is perpendicular to tectonic
forces.
15.5) Environment:
Before Himalayan orogeny these granitic batholiths were intruded in

Manglawar Formation which was later on metamorphosed during orogeny.
15.7) Age of Rock:
Pre cambrain
Fig:15.1 Manglawar Formation(OrthoGensis)
15.9) geological feature:
The interpret the geological deformational events( D1,D2,D3)

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15.10) Conclusion:
The conclusion of this stop is before the Himalayan orogeny these granitic
batholiths were intruded in Manglawar Formation which was later on metamorphosed during
orogeny. Orthogenisis is member og manglaur formation.when acid under high grade
metamorphism formed orthogenisis
STOP NO 16
16.1) Area:
swat
16.2) Formation:
Nikani ghar formation
16.3) Rock Types:
16.3.1) Dolomitic marble:
Dolomitic marble and marble are present in this

formation. As metamorphism of limestone gives calcareous marble and metamorphism of
dolomite give rise to dolomitic marble. Dolomite is carbonate rock like limestone but is more
compacted than limestone Dolomitic marble and marble are present in this formation. As
metamorphism of limestone gives calcareous marble and metamorphism of dolomite give rise
to dolomitic marble. Dolomite is carbonate rock like limestone but is more compacted than
limestone.
Sandy dolomite metamorphism siliceous dolomite
the color of a marble depends upon its parent rock lithology,.
16.3.2) Amphibolites:
Medium to high grade metamorphic rock .three types of amphibolites

classification on the basis of protolith or parent rock
1)paraamphibolites:

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When the argalliceous sedimentary rock are metamorphosed under

the medium grade metamorphism .the product will be paraamphibolite .and colour is dark
don’t posses foliation
2)arthoamphibolites:
When mafic igneous rock i.e. gabbro and basalt are

metamorphosed under medium to high grade metamorphism the product is ortho
amphibolites.
16.4) F ield Identification of Rock:
1) Dolomite marble:
 Dolomite marble has pinkish colour

 and marble of limestone is white and also soft as compared to
dolomite marble.
 Dolomite marble has impurity and certain changes of colour are
present.
 Iron layer is also present in dolomite
2)Amphibolites:
Field identification of rock types:
 The colour of amphibole is green, brown

 black in hand specimen
 green or brown in thin section
 Composed of amphibole dominant
 Composed of Biotite,amphibole.calci rich plagioclase
 Coarse grain metamorphic rock
 1)Amphibole:Which is black colour
 2)biotite:shinny black
 3)claci rich plagioclase

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16.5) Environment Rock:
16.1) Dolomite marble: Marine environment
16.2) Amphibolites :These are basalt of K.I.A (part of continental crust) which
have been metamorphosed to amphibolite under amphibolites facie metamorphism. And
having no environment
16.6) Age of Rock:
Older than Ambela granite
Marble of Limestone is formed due to recrystallization of calcite (calcareous

marble).
This formation lies of Continental margin of Indian plate.
Fig:16,1 Dolomite marble Fig: 16.2 Orthoamphibolites

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16.10) Conclusion stop 16:
The conclusion of stop no 16 we studied the Dolomite marble has

pinkish colour which is due to Mg and marble of limestone is white and also soft as
compared to dolomitic marble. Marble of Limestone is formed due to recrystallization of
calcite (calcareous marble).and dolmitic marble is more compacted than limestone
Marble made due to the metamporphisim of limestone will possess a sugary texture which
will be formed due to the recrystallization of calcite in limestone.this type of marble will be
pure white in color. Also studied the amphibolites and there types 1)orthoamphibolites
2)paraamphibolites
STOP NO 17
17.1) Area:
Shangla region of swat
17.2) Formation/Complex:
17.3) Rock Types:
Blue schist.
Blue colour glaucophane of amphibole family is dominant in it and it is

very heavy due to ferromagnesian (Fe+Mg) minerals. Chlorite or trimolite are also present.
Its diagnostic mineral is blue amphibole known as glaucophane schist. Glaucophane is high
pressure and low temperature mineral.On the basis of this blue schist geologist concluded
that neo tethyan ocean (N.T.O) was subducted beneath Kohistan Island Arc (K.I.A) and
finally Indian plate collided with Kohistan Island Arc (K.I.A) and form a suture zone by the
obduction of ophiolites along main mantle thrust (M.M.T)
17.4) Environment:
These are mantle rocks of oceanic crust which is exposed along MMT

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It is a diagnostic rock for demarcation of convergent plate boundary or

subduction process.Associated with subduction
It lies on the Hinge point of Indian plate.
17.7) Age of Rock:
Eocene
17.8) Identificaton of Rock:
 Chlorite or trimolite gives green colour in blue schist.

 Blue colour glaucophane of amphibole family is dominant in it
 It is very heavy due to ferromagnesian (Fe+Mg) minerals.
 Low to medium grade metamorphic
 Fine to medium grained
Fig:17.1 Blue schist
We studied the blue schist is this stop .Blue colour glaucophane of

amphibole family is dominant in it and it is very heavy due to ferromagnesian (Fe+Mg)
minerals. Chlorite or trimolite are also present. Its diagnostic mineral is blue amphibole

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known as glaucophane schist. Glaucophane is high pressure and low temperature mineral. It
is a diagnostic rock for demarcation of convergent plate boundary or subduction process. It is
a very low grade metamorphic rock form under low temperature and extremely high pressure
environment.
STOP NO 18
18.1) Area:
Shangla.
18.2) Melange Zone:
Shangla Melange Zone.
18.3) Rock Types:
Green colour mineral serpentine is dominant. Dunite is ultra basic

plutonic igneous rocks which possess greater than 95% olivine. Polymorphs of serpentine are
1)lizerdite,2) crysotile and 3) Antigorite. Serpentine and dunite are first component of
Shangla mélange zone which are obducted oceanic lithosphere rocks thrust system has
obducted it. Shearing and obduction. Dunite and serpentine also present in powder due to
shear zone that is called mylonite formed by the process of mylonization.
 Fresh black surface of dunite shows no alteration.

 when show green colour that is serpentine.
 Lizerdite: is very rare,
 Crysotile: is a fibrous variety greenish to brownish in colour(there
is tectonic activity where is crysotile)
 Antigorite: is greenish dunite which is very common.
18.5) Environment:
No environment .these are mantle rocks .its protolith are ultamafic and
mafic rocks.these have been exposed along MMT in Eocene age

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It lies on the Hinge point of Indian plate.
Crysotile represents shearing / movement of tectonic activity. Crysotile is form

in shear zone due to tectonic activities also obducted.
18.8) Age of Rock:
Eocene age
18.9)Associated Sketch: sketch 1:
18.10) Field photos:
Fig:18.1 Serpentinite(polymorph crysotile) Fig:18.2 Dunite(which is no alteration)
Fig: 18.3(shear zone of shangla melange zone in serpentinite)

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18.11) Conclusion:
We studied in this stop green colour rock is called serpentine .it is ultrabasic
plutonic rock which is posses 95 % olvine is known as dunite.Ist rock crystallize with magma
chamber these are considered to be a part of Neo thtyan oceanic crust which is uplifted along
MMT during Eocene age.Ultrabasic rock only found at mantle or oceanic crust.
STOP NO 19
19.1) Area:
Shangla(swat)
19.2) Complex/Formation/zone:
Shangla mélange zone
19.3) Rock Types:
Peridotite is white ultra basic plutonic igneous rock. It posses 75% to 80%
olivine and clino pyroxene also calcic rich plagioclase is present. These rocks are associated
with oceanic lithosphere and upper mantle. They do not occur in continental setting. These
rocks are formed at first stage of magmatic differentiation in upper part of mantle that is
why don’t occur in continental setting. They form at greater depth and part of ophiolites. It
crystallizes at high temperature.
 The Peridotite posses 75% to 80% olivine

 Clino pyroxene also calcic rich plagioclase is present.
 The olivine is black colour in gand specimen
 Clino pyroxene is greenish colour
 It is coarser grain
 It is ultramafic less than 45% silica

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They formed at greater depth also the part of ophiolites
Its lies on the leading edge of Indian plate subduct along K.I.A
19.7)Age of Rock:
Peridotite is plutonic igneous rock and is ultramafic oldest rock on earth surface
as a Canadian shield rocks older than pre-cambrian. The Canadian shield rock komatite is
oldest on the earth surface Perotrozic age
19.8)environment:
no environment

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Fig:19.1 Peridotite(75-80% olvine pyroxene and clino pyroxene having greenish colour) Fig:19.2 Types of Peridotite
It is the part of ophiolites mean thethyan oceanic part of

ophiolites obducted .these are plutonic. The Canadian shield rock komatite is oldest on the
earth surface Perotrozic age.opho mean snake like skin lite mean rock.they formed at greater
depth part of ophiolites
STOP NO 20
20.1) Area:
Besham
20.2) Formation:
Karora formation
In the besham group we identify of schistose

rocks,quartzites,gneisses and has been intruded by granitic plutons.firstly these were
sedimentary rock deposited in marine environment of neo thethyan ocean on stable passive
continental shelf of Indian plate.which was later on metamorphosed during Himalayan
orogeny.most part of this granitic complex is also metamorphosed Bisham complex were

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intruded by huge batholith during Himalayan orogeny that is why most part of this grantic
complex is also metamorphosed.
20.3) Rock type:
Quartzite,schistose rock,gneisses
We identify 3 types of rocks this group quartzite,schistose

rock,genises
20.4,1)quartzite:
 the fresh surface of quartzite is rough.

 The grain are rounded
 It is hard and non foliated metamorphic rock
20.4.2)schistose rock:
 schistose rock have schistosity .

 it posses alignment of flaky mineral due to tectonic stresses
20.4.3)gneisses:
 High grade metamorphism.it posess alteranate light and dark colour bends.
 light bend quartz are fieldsper.
 Dark colour is biotite and amphibole
20.5) Environment of rock types:
Besham group rocks environment is marine
20.6)Age of rock:
Eocene age
Many part of this group were metamorphosed during Himalayan orogeny

.some part were partially metamorphosed. This complex intruded by granitic plutons

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its lies on the leading edge of Indian plate
20.9) Associated sketches:
Sketch1,sketch2,sketch3
20.10) geological map:
Map of Besham group:20.1
20.11) Conclusion:
In this stop we observed 3 types of rocks e.g schistose rocks,quartzites,gneisses

and has been intruded by granitic plutons.firstly these were sedimentary rock deposited in
marine environment of neo thethyan ocean on stable passive continental shelf of Indian
plate.which was later on metamorphosed during Himalayan orogeny.

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STOP NO 21
21.1) Area:
Besham
21.2) Formation:
Karora formation
Nanga Parbat Syntaxis (N.P.S):
Nanga Parbat Syntax is bend occur in a thrust fault or loop like

structure.Nanga Parbat Syntax (N.P.S) is formed due to huge plutonic activity in association
with continental thickening and tectonic forces. Thickening is due to orogeny/convergent
plate boundary (tectonic activity). Nanga Parbat Syntax is along main mantle thrust (M.M.T).
No vegetation on Nanga Parbat due to absence of ferromagnesian minerals which changes
into soil. Nanga Parbat is lying on the hanging wall of Raikot fault and is uplifted at the rate
of 1cm to 5cm/year.
Raikot fault is active and has younger sediments in tilted form.
21.3) Rock type:
Granite rock
21.4) Field indentifcation of rock type:
 In field we observed the granitic intrusion

 granitic rock have biotite,fieldspar,quartz .
 It is coarser grained
 It is light colour
 Composed of different mineral biotite,fieldspar,quartz
1)Biotite:
 Shining appearance black colour.and its type of mica
2)Fieldspar:
 Fieldspar have milky white colour

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3)quartz:
 The colour of quartz is watery .
The nanga parbat synetix have loop like strcture or bend occur in thrust fault
21.5) Environment of rock type:
Rift environment
21.6) Age of rock:
precambrian
Its the granitic intrusion in besham group metasediments.and sometime

due to metamorphism the granitc rock convert into gneises.
It lies on Indian plate
21.9) Field photos:
Fig:21.1 granite intrusion

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21.10) Maps of Nanga Parbat:
21.11) Conclusion:
The conclusion of this stop is granitic intrusion between besham

metsediments.and the granitic rock we identify in this stop.granitic rock have
biotite,fieldspar,quartz and we also observed the orthgneises
STOP NO 22
22.1) Area:
Dubair
22.2) Formation:
Dubair grandiorite

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Dubair Granodiorite we study granodiorite which is plutonic

igneous rock.The word granodiorite is derived from its physical appearance and chemical
composition. It is in between granite (plutonic intermediate rock).
22.3) Rock types:
granodiorite
 Granodiorite is a coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock

 Containing quartz and plagioclase,
 Which has composition in between granite and diorite.
 The hardness is 6 of grandiorite
 Light colour igenous rock
 The large grain visible in unaided eyes.
 Phaneritic textured intrusion similar to granite.
22.6) Age of rock:
It has been metamorphosed and was intruded as a pluton in Besham

group rock (B.G.R) or simply called Besham Complex.
22.9)field photography:
Fig:22.1 Dubair granodiroite

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The result of this stop is we study granodiorite which is plutonic igneous

rock. Granodiorite is a coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock.and actually the grandiorite is
intruded as plutons of bisham group metasediments.and simply called it besham complex
STOP NO 23
23.1)Area:
jijal
23.2) complex:
jijal complex
It is composed of mantle rocks including chromite in the form of

cumulates, dunite, serpentinite and some patches of pyroxinte. Chromite crystallizes first in
magma. Cumulate deposits of magma chambers. Jijal is an ultramafic complex.
23.3) Rock types:
Dunite,serpentnite,Horblendite,Pyroxenite,chromite
23.4)Field identification of rock type:
 We identify different rock types

Dunite,serpentnite,Horblendite,Pyroxenite,chromite
1)Dunite:
 dunite have black colour and having 90% olvine
2)pyroxenite:
 Having crystal pyroxene and gressy green colour
3)chromite:

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 Its dark brown ,dark green colour.its high density having cr.
4)serpentnite:
 It have soap touch like talc.it is alteration product of talc.the colour

is green
5)Horblendite:
 Horblendite has more than 90% hornblende.hbl is member of

amphibole and the colour is black
6)peridotite:
 It is dark green colour.and 75-80%olive and clinopyroxene +calci

plagiclase
23.5) Environment of rock types:
These types of rock have no environment because its obducted along

MMT in Eocene age
23.6) Age of rock:
eocene
its is welded zone between Indian plate(I.P) and kohistan island arc(K.I.A)
It lying on welded zone of Indian plate and kohistan island arc
Sketch:1

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23.10) GEOLOGICAL MAPS: Map of jijal complex:23.1
23.11) Conclusion:
In this complex we study different types of rocks.and we study

different mineral of different rock.which we easily observed rocks identification . Jijal is an
ultramafic complex. Chromite used in steel industries as raw material and in explosive.
This is alpine type complex. This is suture zone in between Indian plate and Kohistan island
arc (K.I.A) which was completely subducted along MMT
STOP NO 24
24.1) Area:
Jijal
24.2) Complex:
Jijal complex

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In this stop we identified the pyroxenite rock.which have

greesy green colour due to pyroxene.
No environment of this rock because its not metasedimentry

rocks
24.5) Age of rock:
Eocene
Its lies on suture zone of indain plate and kohistan island arc
Fig:24.1 Pyroxenite (gressy green in colour)
24.9) Conclusion:

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The conclusion of this stop is pyroxenite rock.we identify the pyroxene mineral in
pyroxenite rock which is grassy green in colour . pyroxenite
an ultramafic igneous rock consisting essentially of minerals of the pyroxene group, such
as augite, diopside, hypersthene, bronzite or enstatite. Pyroxenites are classified
into clinopyroxenites, orthopyroxenites, and the websterites which contain both types of
pyroxenes . Closely allied to this group are the hornblendites, consisting essentially
of hornblende and other amphiboles.
STOP NO 25
25.1) Area:
jijal
25.2) Complex:
Jijal complex
25.3) Rock types:
Hornblendite is a plutonic rock consisting mainly of the amphibole hornblende.

Hornblende-rich ultramafic rocks are rare and when hornblende is the dominant mineral
phase they are classified as hornblendites with qualifiers such as garnet hornblendite
identifying a second abundant contained mineral.
Metamorphic rocks composed dominantly of amphiboles are referred to as amphibolites
 Hornblend, It has white shiny muscovite

 black colour (Hbl) of amphibole.
 horblend pegmatite are large crystals devolped in horblendite
 composed of dominant of Hornblende
 hornblende hardness 5-6

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Rift environment
25.6) Age of rock:
Eocene
This is alpine type complex
Its lies on suture zone of indian plate and kohistan island arc
25.9) Field photos:
Fig:25.1 Hornblendite(dominant of hornblende mineral and colour is black)
25.10) Conclusion of stop no 25:
In this stop we studied the horblendite rock .which have

dominant of hornblende Hornblendite is a plutonic rock consisting mainly of the amphibole
hornblende. Hornblende-rich ultramafic rocks are rare and when hornblende is the dominant
mineral phase they are classified as hornblendites with qualifiers such as garnet hornblendite
identifying a second abundant contained mineral.
Metamorphic rocks composed dominantly of amphiboles are referred to as amphibolites

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STOP NO 26
26.1) Area:
jijal
26.2) Complex:
Jijal complex
26.3) Explanation :
Granulites are a class of high-grade metamorphic rocks of the granulite facies

that have experienced high-temperature and moderate-pressure metamorphism. They are
medium to coarse–grained and mainly composed of feldspars sometimes associated with
quartz and anhydrous ferromagnesian minerals, with granoblastic texture and gneissose to
massive structure.
 Red mineral is almandine garnet

 amphacite(greenish in colour) as an index mineral used for identification.
 Medium to coarse grain
 Mainly composed of feldspar
 Granulites typically contain amphibole, quartz, feldspar and pyroxene with
very little or no mica.
 granular texture of polygonal crystals (granoblastic texture).
26.5) Rock types:
Granulites.
Rift environment.
26.7) Age of rock:

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Paloeozoic.
it has equidimentional grains in form of granules and named on the basis

of textures as granulites.
Its lies on suture zone of indian plate and kohistan island arc.
Fig:26.1 Garnet Granulites(Red mineral is almandine garnet)
Conclusion:
The conclusion of this stop is we observed granolites .Red mineral is almandine

garnet contains amphasite(greenish in color) as an index mineral and we have two types of
garnet . 1)garnet granolite 2) pyroxene granolite
A granulite is a fine- to medium-grained metamorphic rock with a granular texture of

polygonal crystals (granoblastic texture). Granulites typically contain amphibole, quartz,
feldspar and pyroxene with very little or no mica. Granulites frequently contain garnet,
kyanite, sillimanite and/or sapphirine.

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Granulites form by regional metamorphism of a wide range of protoliths including

argillaceous and arenaceous sediments, mixed siliciclastic and carbonate sediments and
igneous rocks. Like schists, granulites are usually prefixed by their most important mineral
components such as sillimanite-granulite or sapphirine-granulite.
Granulites are considered a high-grade metamorphic rock and occur at granulite facies
metamorphism under high temperature conditions. Some granulites are probably the residues
of partial melting in the crust.
STOP NO # 27
27.1) Area:
Patten
27.2) Shear zone:
Patten shear zone
27.3) Rock types:
Amphibolites :medium to high grade metamorphic rock .essential mineral

composition of amphibolites.
1)amphibole
2)biotite
3)calci rich plagclase
Three types of amphoblites classification on the basis of protlith or parent rock
1)paraamphbolite:
2)artho amphibolites
1)paraamphobolite:
When the argalliceous sedimentary rock are metamorphosed

under the medium grade metamorphism .the product will be paraamphibolite .and colour is
dark don’t posses foliation

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2)artho amphibolites:
When mafic igenous rock i,e gabbro and basalt are

metamorphosed under medium to high grade metamorphism the product is ortho
amphibolites.
 we identify S-type fold and Z-type fold .its depend upon the stresses direction.the
shear zone of amphibolites show that there is some tectonic stresses
 we identify amphibole rock which is a metamorphic rock that contains amphibole,
especially the species hornblende and actinolite, as well as plagioclase.
 colour of amphibole is green, brown or black in hand specimen and green or

brown in thin section.
These are basalt of K.I.A (part of continental crust) which have

been metamorphosed to amphibolite under amphibolites facie metamorphism. And having
no environment
27.6) Age of rock:
creataous
.the shear zone of amphibolites show that there is some tectonic stresses
its part of K.I.A(kohistan island arc)
Sketch:1,sketch:2,sketch:3,sketch:4,

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Fig:27.1 Amphibolites of Patten shear Zone its depend upon the stresses direction.These stresses show tectonic history
and in this picture showed that M like structure
27.11)Conclusion of stop 27:
The result of this stop we gain alot of knowledge .the S-type fold and Z-type fold
.its depend upon the stresses direction.the shear zone of amphibolites show that there is some
tectonic stresses and we identify amphibole rock which is a metamorphic rock that contains
amphibole, especially the species hornblende and actinolite, as well as plagioclase.
STOP NO 28
28.1) Area:
Kamila
28.2) Complex:
Kamila amphibolites complex
There are two types 1)southern amphibolites 2)northern

amphibolites .the intruded by huge batholite of Gabbro and Gabrro Norite which is called
chillas complex.this chillas complex has divided the kamila amphibolites into two i.e S.K.A
and N.K.A.The kamila amphibolites are extended upto lower DIR.

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The chillas complex is famous all over the world because it is huge Gabbro norite batholite
on globe.some part of chillas complex is metamorphosed and central part is
unmetamorphosed
28.3) Rock type:
Amphibolites(southern and northern )
It include 6 -8 km thick folded and refolded fine to coarse grain
Gabbro medium grade metamorphism amphibolite
 The colour of amphibole is green, brown

 black in hand specimen
 green or brown in thin section
 Composed of amphibole dominant
 Composed of Biotite,amphibole.calci rich plagioclase
 Coarse grain metamorphic rock
These are basalt of K.I.A (part of continental crust) which

have been metamorphosed to amphibolite under amphibolites facie metamorphism. And
having no environment
28.6) Age of rock:
creataeous
it is also known as pegmatite veins in which large crystal in S.K.H
Kohistan island arc

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Fig:28.1 Kamila Amphibolite
28.11)Geological Map:
28.1)Map show that kamila amphibolites
Sketch1,sketch2.sketch3,sketch4

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28.12) Conclusion:
The conclusion of this stop we studied kamilla amphibolites the intruded by

huge batholite of Gabbro and Gabrro Norite which is called chillas complex.this chillas
complex has divided the kamila amphibolites into two i.e S.K.A and N.K.A.The kamila
amphibolites are extended upto lower DIR.And Amphibolite having no environment and the
age of amphibolites is createous
STOP NO 29
29.1) Area:
Chillas
29.2) Complex:
Chillas complex
chillas complex is famous all over the world because it is huge

Gabbro norite batholite on globe.some part of chillas complex is metamorphosed and central
part is unmetamorphosed.it posses cumulates (layered chromite deposite) basal unit over
lamb by alpine chromite deposite and upper part of this complex is disminated chromite
grain.this complex purely product of ocean –ocean convergence.its complex also know is
rooted complex because its indirect contact with mantle rockswhich act as a nail on unstable
crust.
Same as of chillas complex is chaghi magmatic arc are having same composition of chilas
complex
29.3) Rock type:.
Chillas complex
gabbro norite plutonic igneous rocks which are composed of calcic rich plagioclase,
amphibole, biotite, olivine and pyroxene.
29.4) Environment of rock:

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The Chilas Complex represents the root zone magma chamber of

the Kohistan island arc(K.I.A), or magma generated by diapirism in the early stages of intra-
arc rifting during formation of a back-arc basin.
29.5) Age of rock:
This complex is in the age from late Jurassic to cretaceous.
Diagnostic feature of this complex that it possess cumulates (When

olivine or dunite crystallizes in layered form during magmatic crystallization these ultra-
mafic layered deposites is termed as cmmulates), layered chromite’s as it basal unit
overlying by alpine chromite deposits and upper part of this complex possess
disseminated chromite grains on the basis of its chemical composition possession of
chromite content it is considered in between basic and ultrabasic rocks.
29.7) Associated sketch:
Sketch 1.
This complex is purely the product of ocean- ocean

convergence. This is island arc orogeny. This complex is also known as rooted complex
because it is in direct contact with mantle rocks which acts as a nail on the unstable crust.
Fig:29.1 Gabbro Norite (dark colour)

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29.10) Field identification of rock type:

 Gabbro norite are dark colour
 Composed of dominant calci rich plagioclase
 Silica 45-55%
 Composed of olvine ,Amphibole,biotite and pyroxene
29.11) Conclusion no 29:
We identified gabbro norite which is plutonic igneous rock composed of

calcic rich plagioclase, amphibole, biotite and pyroxene. We studied about chilas complex
The Chilas Complex is a large mafic-ultramafic body closely associated with the Kohistan
Arc sequence in the western Himalaya of northern Pakistan.this complex purely product of
ocean –ocean convergence.its complex also know is rooted complex because its indirect
contact with mantle rocks which act as a nail on unstable crust.
Same as of chillas complex is chaghi magmatic arc are having same composition of chillas
complex
STOP NO 30
30.1) Area:
Babusar top road chilas city
30.2) Complex:
Chillas complex
30.3) Rock type:
It has huge crystals of Hbl(hornblende) known as pegmatite. Rock is

hornblendite. It has also garnet minerals in it.
Pegmatites are extreme igneous rocks that form during the final stage of a magma’s
crystallization. They are extreme because they contain exceptionally large crystals and
they sometimes contain minerals that are rarely found in other types of rocks.
30.4) Field identification of rock:

 The diagnostic properties are their dark color (usually black).

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 This is a very coarse-grained igneous rock dominated by hornblende

and quartz.
 Hornblende is present as prismatic elongate euhedral to subhedral
crystals up to 3 cm in length which are dark grey in hand-specimen.
 hornblendite showing light and dark color.
30.5)Environment formed pegmatite:
 hornblendite showing light and dark color.

 Dykes or veins of pegmatite existed in the area which large crystals
white and black color of hornblende, quartz, and plagioclase.
 Pegmatite deposit existed at babusar top area near chillas city have
very large crystals slowly crystallization of magma.
30.6) Age of Rock:
Late Jurassic to cretaceous
 Part of ophiolitic sequence.

 Dykes or vein of pegmatite
Hornblendite is deep mantle rock exposed along the hanging wall of MMT:
Fig:30.1Hornblende pegmatite

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30.10) conclusion of stop no 30:
In this stop we observed the hornblende pegmatite and actually

Pegmatites are extreme igneous rocks that form during the final stage of a magma’s
crystallization. They are extreme because they contain exceptionally large crystals and we
also studied about hornblendite which dominant of hornblende mineral.
STOP NO 31 Raikot Fault
31.1) Area:
Near Tattapaani chilas karakoram highway
31.2) Complex:
Chillas complex
31.3) Rock type:
Unconsolidated sediments, loose sediments recently deposited and inclined

due to stresses.
31.4) Field identification:
 Tiltation or inclination of sediments is the only criteria for
identification of active fault in field.
 Mean young sediments become titlted to show that there is

active fault
31.5) Association:
On the many springs were observed that represent Raikot fault.
31.6) Geological Feature:
Raikot fault is a strike slip fault.
31.7) Associated Structures:

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Sediments are inclined in direction of Raikot Fault upper

sediments are horizontal and below that many layers are tilted in direction of fault. Raikot
fault is a member of Sassi fault system.
The MMT would represented the kohistan –Raikot fault system by fault
and mylanoite zones define the northern and estern flanks of the Nanga Parbat . it Lies on the
western limb of Nanga Parbat.
Fig:31.1 Raikot fault (In the picture show that the sediments tilted)

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31.10) Geological Maps:

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MAP:31.10.1,31.10.2

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31.11) conclusion:
The conclusion of this stop we studied the Raikot fault which we observed
the Raikot fault is active .To identification of active fault is the sediments become titlted .It is
the major criteria of the identification of active fault.these are lies on the western limb of
Nanga parbat
Note: the Diamir-Raikot fault may had origin similar to Parun fault .To
continued develop into a major fault.the RAikot fault follow the original trend and reactivities
of Kohistan fault .Thereby the extended the history of MMT to Halocene
STOP NO 32 .KOHISTAN BATHOLITHS
32.1) Area:
Kohistan Batholiths are exposed near Gilgit city.
Kohistan batholiths
32.3) Rock types:
Batholith is a greek word and is composed of two words “Bath”means

deep and “Lith” means rocks so large emplacement of igneous intrusive rock formed from
cooled magma deep in the earth.
Kohistan batholiths are exposed in the geology of Pakistan through

exhumation process and have three genetic phases that are:
 Pre genetic
 Sync genetic
 Post genetic
1) Pre genetic:
Pre means before and genetic meansorogenic process so batholiths which

forms before orogenic process is known as pre genetic batholiths.Pre genetic Kohistan
batholiths are formed before the development of Kohistan island arc.These are highle

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fractured and metamorphosed, sourse of stresses and temperature for metamorphism of these
rocks are Himalayan orogeny,convergent plate boundary.
2) Sync genetic:
Sync mean during and genetic means orogenic process so batholiths which
forms during orogenic process is known as sync genetic.Sync genetic Kohistan batholiths are
formed during the development of Kohistan island arc.These are metamorphosed but
undeformed.
3) Post genetic:
Post means after and genetic means orogenic process so batholiths which
forms after orogenic process is known as post genetic.Post genetic Kohistan batholiths are
formed After the development of Kohistan island arc.These are neither metamorphosed nor
deformed.
 Pre genetic batholiths is of dark color,

 sync genetic batholiths is less dark than the pre genetic
 post genetic is of light color which is also known as
leucogranite,leuco means calcium and plagioclase rich
32.5) Enviroment of rock /association:
Much of the kohistan batholiths appears to be the product of

mantle wedge above subduction zone but some of the leuco granite and aplites seems to be
derived from the partial melting of the crust of Kohistan island arc.uplifted through
exhumation process
.32.6) Age of rock:
This succession is regarded to be the formed during northward subduction

in late Jurassic and late createceous age and metamorphose during closer of MKT
32.7) Geological features:
Post genetic will have regular arrangement of sheet like minerals

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It interpreted cross cutting relationship
Sketch
32.9) Geologial location:
Kohistan batholiths are the part of trans-himalayan complex.
32.10) Maps:
32.1)Map Kohistan Batholith

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32.11) Field photographs:
Fig:32.1 (contact b/w pre orgeny and post orgeny .(Pre orgeny Dark colour and syn orgeny less dark than pre orgeny.)
Fig: 32.2 Kohistan batholiths are exposed in the geology of Pakistan through exhumation process and have three genetic
phases that are:1)Syn genetic 2)pre-genetic 3)post genetic
32.12) Conclusion:
the conclusion of this stop we studied the kohistan batholites . Kohistan

batholiths are exposed in the geology of Pakistan through exhumation process and have three
genetic phases

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 Pre genetic
 Sync genetic
 Post genetic
And these phases are discussed in this stop .the pre –genetic exposed before the Himalayan
orogeny ,The syn-genetic during himlayan orogeny,and Post-genetic after Himalayan
orogrny and post-genetic are unmetamorphosed .stresses and temperature are the product of
convergent plat boundary .
STOP No 33
33.1) Area:
District Nagar,Gilgit.
chalt volcanic complex
33.3) Rock types:
This complex is composed of three types of volcanic igneous rocks that are:
 Rhyolite
 Andesite
 Basalt
1) Rhyolite:
Rhyolite is a acidic igneous volcanic rock composed of more than 65% of silica.
2) Andesite:
Andesite is a intermediate igneous volcanic rock having 55-65% silica.
3) Basalt:
It is basic volcanic igneous rock which posses 45-55% of silica. Because of pillow
structure it is also known as pillow Basalts.

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These rocks are metamorphose during Himalayan orogeny, there also known as
meta-volcanic rocks
Rhyolite:
 Rhyolite is of light color

 Its felsic extrusive rock
 It is made up of quartz, plagioclase, and sanidine,
 with minor amounts of hornblende and biotite.
 Fine grained igenous rock
Andesite:
 Andesite is of greenish color

 Fine grained extrusive igenous rock
 Andesite is rich in plagioclase feldspar minerals and may contain biotite,
pyroxene, or amphibole.
 Intermediate compostion of igneous rock
 Silica content 55-65%
Basalt:
 basalt is of dark color.

 Fine grained volcanic rock
 Sometimes formed a columnar structure
 It is typically composed largely of plagioclase with pyroxene and olivine.
33.5) Enviroment of rock /association:
This complex is formed due to episodic volcanoes. (rift

environment)
33.6) Age of rock:
33.7)Geological features:
Pillow structure which is the diagnostic feature of ocean

floor(Basalt).cross cutting relationship

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Sketch:1,sketch:2.sketch:3
It Lying on leading edge/northeren extremity of Kohistan island arc.
33.10) Maps:Map of Chalt valcanics
Fig:33.1 light colour is Rhyllite ,Greenish colour is Andesite,and dark colour is basalt. Fig:33.2 Rhyolite

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33.12) Conclusion of stop no 33:
in this stop we studied 3 different types of rock Rhyllite,basalt and

Andesite.And we differentiated these 3 types of rock .The Rhyllite is light colour and Basalt
is dark colour and Andesite is greenish colour.
STOP NO 34
34.1) Area:
Karakoram sikandar Abad
34.2) Thrust:
Main karakoram Thrust
34.3) Rock types:
Serpentinite is a rock composed of one or more serpentine group minerals,

the name originating from the similarity of the texture of the rock to that of the skin of a
snake.
 Suture zone is identified by serpentinite

 Serpentine are greenish colour
 Crysotile: is a fibrous variety greenish to brownish in colour(there is
tectonic activity where is crysotile)
 Composed of tourmaline mineral
34.5)Enviroment of rock /association:

The whole oceanic lithosphere has been uplifted due to this
regional structure. A thrust is exposed in Karakoram ranges.
34.6) Age of rock:
The age is late cretaceous
34.7) Geological features:

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It is a suture zone also called as shyoke suture zone. It is a welded

zone between kohistan island arc and Eurasian plate. Reminant arc relax of paleo tethyan
ocean exposed all along this suture zone.Melange zone associated with MMT and is termed
as Raka Poshi ophiolitic melange zone.
Sketch:1,sketch:2,

MKT is a suture zone between Eurasian plate(E.I) and Kohistan island
arc(K.I.A).
34.10) Maps:
Map:1

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Fig:34.1 Serpentinite of rock which is bounded between Shyoke suture zone
Fig:34.2 crysotile

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Fig:34.3 : M.K.T And it is welded zone between K.I.A and EURASIAN PLATE.

104 | P a g e
34.12) Conclusion of last stop:
In this stop we studied the MKT(main karakoram thrust).which

having serpentinite rock of green colour .It were composed of tourmaline mineral we see in
hand specimen .MKT is a suture zone between Eurasian plate and Kohistan island Arc
This suture zone also called as shyoke suture zone. It is a welded zone between kohistan
island arc and Eurasian plate. Reminant arc relax of paleo tethyan ocean exposed all along
this suture zone.

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OUTCOMES
In early cretaceous age we have Eurasian plate which is stable and an island arc named
Kohistan island arc”1st collision” of them occurred and forming shyoke suture zone which
we called Main karakoram thrust(MKT) opheolites are present there by uplifting of oceanic
lithosphere this all is due to continuous push of Indian plate to Kohitan island arc.
In Early Eocene age we have ”2nd collision” of Kohitsan island arc and Indian pate come in
contact and forming Indus suture zone which we called Main Mantle thrust(MMT). Opholites
are also present here due to uplifting of oceanic lithosphere… It is due to the continuous push
to Indian plate towards Kohitan island arc Ambella granitic complex of late Paleozoic age
and is one of the most important intrusion in Pakistan. In the north of the Ambella granitic
complex, lower buner-swat schistose group rocks which is also called Alpurigroup.In the east
of the Ambellagrinitic complex chinglaigneisis and in south there is Shewashahbazghari
complex .Shewashahbazghari complex is the isolated triangular igneous body intruded or
implaced in chamla ,swabi meta sedimentary sequence .Towards the north, due to vicinity of
these intrusions grades of metamorphism increases. This area contains such rare minerals like
Nephelinesyenite, Lamprophyres, feldspathoidal rocks, schistose rocks and other minerals.
Mélange zone is present in three different areas. It is also called as welded zone contain
sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous minerals. Due to which it is also called zone of mix
lithology:
1: Malakand area mélange zone.

2: Shangla mélange zone.
3: Mingawara mélange zone.
This area contain minerals like Olivine, serpentine ,antigorite,lhezerditecrysotile, granitic
genesis .Here Saidu formation and Kashala formation , marghazar formation of Triassic age
and blue schist are present. Ongoing further to the north i.e. Besham groups rocks like chail
formation and banna formation is present in Kohistan Island Arc Complex.
Jijal complex is the important part of the K.I.A containing mafic and ultra-mafic composition
and are divided into two groups:
 Group1: Alpine type rocks.

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 Group2: Garnet granulite.

Chilas complex is intruded in the middle of Kohistan island arc. Youngest thrust which is
called raikot fault/ raikot thrust fault. It is an active thrust fault on the western flank of the
Nanga parbat, more than 45 minor earth quacks has been reported per day. Kohistan batholith
is present there which is the beauty of that area and is the largest igneous body in the whole
world covers the central and northern part of Kohistan island arc complex. The pillow
structure is the dominant clue that subduction has been occur of paleotethyan plate beneath
Eurasian plate. Melonge zone is associated with M.K.T /suture zone is called rakaposhi
opheolitic melange zone.
REFRENCE
 Startigraphy of Pakistan
 Tectonic of Pakistan
 Muhammad Rafiq thesis 1997(university of peshawer)
 Irshad ahmad thesis 1999(structure and metamorphism south of the
malakand And joining areas of Northern Pakistan
 Specially sir .Imran Ahamd (lecturer in bacha khan university)
 Sir Rafiq ahmad(lecturer in Bacha khan university)
 www.geology.com
 www.Wikipedia.org
 Himalayan tectonics by Noward
 Geology of pakistan

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Field Report On Northern Area of Pakistan

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FieLd rePOrt OF nOrthern areas OF Pakistan

Bacha khan university charsadda

By Ibadullah. Bacha khan university charsadda

MR IMRAN AHMAD AND MR RAFIQ AHMAD

By Ibadullah. Bacha khan university charsadda

1. Shewa ShahbazGarhi Complex ( Rhoyllite,gabbro,doleritedykes ) 18

By Ibadullah. Bacha khan university charsadda

23. Jijal Complex (dunite,serpentinite,pyroxenite,hornblendite, 72

By Ibadullah. Bacha khan university charsadda

12. Fig 5.2:cross cutting relationship...................................................32

By Ibadullah. Bacha khan university charsadda

S.No Stop no/name pages

1. 1.1:Shewa shahbaz ghari complex......................................21

By Ibadullah. Bacha khan university charsadda

Sir! Imran Ahmad Sir! Rafiq Ahmad

By Ibadullah. Bacha khan university charsadda

By Ibadullah. Bacha khan university charsadda

Aphanaitic alkaline granite .this complex is composed of seven different types.The we

By Ibadullah. Bacha khan university charsadda

By Ibadullah. Bacha khan university charsadda

1.1)Objective of the area Study:

2.1) Geology of Northern Pakistan:

Gilgit-Baltistan covering the most area of Northern Pakistan. The

The quartzite (Chikar quartzite) consists of dark grey siltstones and

The migmatites occur to the SE of Chikar, and up the right bank

By Ibadullah. Bacha khan university charsadda

2.2) Karakorum Plates:

Karakorum plates represent the northern most part of Pakistan and it is

I. The Northern Sedimentary Belt

2.2.1) The Northern Sedimentary Belt;

The northern sedimentary belt is northern most unit of

The granodiorites occur in apophyges 4-5 km wide (Kishmanja, Ishkarwaz) and in

2.2.2) The Karakorum Axial Batholith;

It is a large body of igneous rocks intrudes in different

By Ibadullah. Bacha khan university charsadda

2.2.3)The Southern Metamorphic Belt :

By Ibadullah. Bacha khan university charsadda

Kohistan island arc is formed as a result of intra oceanic subduction of

By Ibadullah. Bacha khan university charsadda

The Besham Group comprises a heterogeneous mixture of biotitic

By Ibadullah. Bacha khan university charsadda

By Ibadullah. Bacha khan university charsadda

Shewa shahbaz ghari complex

igenous complex during Himalayan orogeny

is acid volcanic igneous rock which colour is light. Rhyolite is an extrusive

.Gabbro norite is 45-55% is silica which dominant composition of calci

By Ibadullah. Bacha khan university charsadda

1.3) Field identification of rock types:

We studied different types of rocks such as Gabbro ,Gabbro

 Acid volcanic igneous rock which colour is light.

 Dolerite is in the form of dyke .

 .Gabbro norite is 45-55% is silica which dominant composition of

 Black colour is amphibole

By Ibadullah. Bacha khan university charsadda

 Shining appearance of black color is biotite(mica is two types

1.4 )Environment of rock types:

This complex environment is rift

 Dykes composition of this dykes dibasic to intermediate

By Ibadullah. Bacha khan university charsadda

1.8) Map of shewa shahbazghari complex:

Figure1.1 Gabbro Fig1.2: Dolorite dykes

Fig 1.3:foliated Rhyollite