DIFFERENTIATION OF

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

 COMPETENCES
16.Explain the role of induction and competence
in organogenesis
17.Describe the process of neural tube formation
and its regulating factors.
18.Distinguish the primary and secondary neural
tube formation and give example of organisme
having either type of neurulation.
19.Describe the differentiation the central nervous
system
What do you think of this figure?
 DERIVATISATION OF ECTODERM

EMBRYONIC ECTODERM

EPIDERMAL NEURAL NEURAL TUBE

ECTODERM CREST

-EPIDERMIS -ADRENAL MEDULLA -BRAIN

-FEATHER, -MELANOCYTE -NEUROHYPOPHISIS
NAIL/SCALE
-FACE CARTILAGE -SPINAL CORD
-OIL/SWEAT GLAND
-TEETH DENTIN -MOTORIC NEURON
-OLFACTORY
-PERIFERY NERVOUS -RETINA
EPITHELIUM
SYSTEM
-LENS, CORNEA
-MOUTH EPITHELIUM
-SCHWANN CELL
-ADENOHYPOPHISIS
- NEUROGLIAL CELL
-TEETH ENAMEL
SIMPATHETIK NERVOUS SYSTEM
-CHICK EPITHELIUM
PARA SIMPATHETIK NERVOUS
SYSTEM
 THE SEQUENCIAL EVENTS IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Formation of neural tube (neurulation)

• Differentiation of neural tube
Type of neurulation
Amphibia Teleostei

A B

primary secondary
The Formation of Neural Tube
 DIFERENTIATION OF NEURAL TUBE
The differentiation of neural tube into central nervous
system occurs in three main levels
1. Morphological Development
• The neural tube and its cavity enlarge and shrink at a
particular area of the neural tube leading to the brain vesicle
and spinal cords formation
2. Tissue Differentiation
• Cell population lining the neural tube reorganized them self
to form various functional area of the brain and spinal cord.
3. Cellular Differentiation
• The neuroepithelial cells differentiated into various type of
neuron and the supporting cells, the glia.
Neural Tube Patterning
BRAIN VESICLES FORMATION
continued
Continued
 Brain vesicle morphology of vertebrates

Fish Frog Bird Mammals/human

Cellular Differentiation of the Neural Tube

• The neural tube initially consists of a single layer 

germinal epithelium (neuroepithelium)
• The cells closed to the lumen continue to proliferate so
that the germinal epithelium thicken.
– The recently formed layer become mantel zone (intermediate)
– The Germinal epithelium ventral zone (ependyme)
• The cells of the mantel zone neuron and glia
– The Neuron make connection one to another and the 4th axon
extended away from the lumen and form the marginal zone with
few cells.
– The glial cells wrap the axon at the marginal zone with myelin
(white color).
• The mantel zone containing cells gray matter and the
marginal zone  white matter
continued
continued
Differentiation of the fore brain (prosencephalon)
 Cerebral Structure

Modification of the three zones of Cerebrum

1. Vertical arrangement: neuroblast of the mantel zone
migrate into the white matter to form the neocortex
consisted of 6 layers of neurons with specific function.
 E.g. the 4th receive input from the thalamus, and the 6th layers
send the output to the thalamus
2. Horizontal arrangement: form the 40 brain area with
specific function
– When the mitotic period was ended, the neuroblast migrated
out to form cortical plate (the outer most part of the brain)
Differentiation of Mid Brain (mesencephalon)
THE STRUCTURE OF MESENCEPHALON
 Differentiation of Hind Brain
(metencephalon and myelencephalon)
 Cerebellar Structure

• The three zones of the brain are modified as a results of

cell migration, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis.
• Some of the neuroblast enter the marginal zone to form
cluster of neurons known as Nuclei.
• Each nucleus works as a functional unit which connect
the outer layer of the cerebellum and other parts of the
brain.
• Some of neuroblasts migrate to the outer surface of the
cerebellum to form a new zone known as external
granule layer.
 Cerebellar Structure (continued)

• Neuroblasts of the outer part of LGE proliferate

– The inner part become the precursor of the main neuron of the
cerebellar cortex (neuron granule)
– The neuron Granule migrate into the white matter  to form
internal granule layer.
• The ependymal layer of cerebellum form various types of
cell such as Purkinje neuron  important for electrical
pathway in the cerebellum and support the granule
neuron
• Each of the Purkinje cell has many dendritic arbors and
axon which have a direct connection with nuclei .
Fig. 19-10 The development of cerebellum. Also shown is the
fusion of the rhombic lips in the midline to form the
dumbbell-shaped cerebellum
Fig. 19-11 Sagittal sections of the developing cerebellum
STRUCTURE OF MYLENCEPHALON (MEDULA OBLONGATA)

Fig. 19-8 The developed of medulla Oblongata

(myelencephalon)
STRUCTURE OF MYLENCEPHALON (MEDULA OBLONGATA)
DEVELOPMENT OF MEDULA OBLONGATA
 Spinal Cord and medula oblongata

• The Segment of spinal cord

The cross section of spinal cord
with alar nerve fiber
(sensory) and basal nerve
fiber (motory)
Sagittal section of a fully developed brain
Neurulation in the human embryo. (A) Dorsal and transverse sections of a 22-day
human embryo initiating neurulation. Both anterior and posterior neuropores are
open to the amniotic fluid. (B) Dorsal view of a neurulating human embryo a day
later. The anterior neuropore region is closing while the posterior neuropore
remains open. (C) Regions of neural tube closure postulated by genetic evidence
(superimposed on newborn body). (D) Anencephaly is caused by the failure of
neural plate fusion in region 2. (E) Spina bifida is caused by the failure of region 5
to fuse (or of the posterior neuropore to close). (C-E after Van Allen et al. 1993.)
The derivative structures of Brain Vesicles