1.

ONTOGENY OF NERVOUS TISSUE

If small blocks of perspective neural ectoderm and epidermal ectoderm of an early
amphibian gastrula are interchanged, it is found that each transplanted blocks differentiate
in receiving its environment rather than in accordance with its normal prospects. Neural
ectoderm acquires the quantities of the epidermis and a bit of epidermal ectoderm
differentiates as neural tissue. Epidermal ectoderm pursues its normal change and appears
as a path of epidermis within the embryonic nervous system. Likewise, neural ectoderm
forms an island of neural tissues within the expanse of epidermis.

Before gastrulation, prospective neural ectoderm and epidermal ectoderm can form
tissues unlike those for which they are normally destined. At the end of gastrulation, their
abilities are restricted to their normal prospects. The entire surface of the completed
gastrula becomes covered by ectoderm, with the neural ectoderm particularly being
disposed of. like the neural ectoderm at the surface, the mesoderm is destined to provide
the notochord, somites, and pericardial plate and move to a dorsal portion and stretch
lengthwise.

If a blastula is freed of its protective membranes and placed in a weak salt solution,
the result is the production of an Exogastrula consisting of an endodermal-mesodermal mass
connected by a narrow neck to an ectodermal mass. The former undergoes normal
histogenesis, except that the mesodermal tissues. It follows that neural differentiation is
somehow dependent on an association with axial mesoderm. That is the Chordamesoderm
exerts morphogenetic effect on the prospective neural ectoderm known as Induction.
2. ONTOGENY OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

The CNS is formed by the enfolding of the ectoderm in the median dorsal line of the
embryo. Thus, a tube extending the length of the embryo is produced. The portion of the
tube situated within the head becomes the brain while the posterior portion becomes the
spinal cord. The originally single layer of ectoderm cells proliferates to form a thick zone
of cells around the central cavity. Most of these become nerve cells, while the remaining
give rise to supporting cells. In the spinal cord of all vertebrates and in the brain of lower
ones, the zones of nerve cells retain their primitive position around the central cavity, but
in higher vertebrates, there is a migration of nerve cells by outgrowth; part of these remain
in the central nervous system forming a peripheral zone of fibers, called white matter. Part
of the processes of the nerve cells grow out from the central nervous system or grow into
it from sense organs, forming the nerves or the peripheral nervous system. The ganglia of
the peripheral nervous system arise chiefly from the neural tube. The sympathetic ganglia
arise by the migration of cells from the neural tube or from the ganglia of the peripheral
nervous system. In the development of the brain, the original simple tube is first marked
off into three vesicles, the primary brain vesicles, by two constrictions. These vesicles are
named the forebrain or prosencephalon, the midbrain or mesencephalon, and the hindbrain
or rhombencephalon. The prosencephalon is subdivided into melencephalon or cerebellum
and myelencephalon or medulla oblongata. They are the five principal lobes of the brain,
arranged in longitudinal series. Each of these five divisions becomes further complicated by
additional evaginations, foldings, thickening, etc. but nevertheless remains as a clearly
marked region of the adult brain. The cavity of the lateral walls of the lateral of the neural
tube. The central cavity is reduced to a small canal, the central canal. The cord consists of
an internal zone or gray matter and an external zone or white matter. The dorsal portions
of the gray matter are named the dorsal columns, the ventral portions are the ventral
columns, and the in the same region of the cord there are distinct lateral columns.
3. ONTOGENY OF BRAIN
The forepart of the neural plate is considerably wider and thus, as the neural folds
rise and meet, the diameter of the brain is far greater than that of the cord. Moreover,
even before the neural folds come together. It is possible to distinguish the subdivisions in
the forming brain. The primordial brain tube is initially divided into an anterior
Deutereoncephalon. The neural tubes come into being via the influence of specific induction
mechanisms. The prosencephalon is the region of the brain being induced in prechordal
mesoderm, whereas the Deuteroencephalon is induced by the portion of the notochordal
mesoderm.
One of the earliest modifications is subdivision of two primary brain regions. The
mesencephalon remains intact, but the prosencephalon becomes marked off into an anterior
telencephalon and posterior diencephalon. We adhere to the convention of consisting of the
basic organization of the vertebrate brain, from fish human, as me consisting of the basic
organization of the vertebrate brain, from fish to human, as one consisting of five parts:
telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon, in order
from front to rear.

Rhombencephalon
4. Phylogeny of external form of the brain

5. Diagram of the cross section of the spinal cord

6. Tabulate the 10 cranial nerves

0 Mouth
I Nose
II Eyes
III Eye Muscle
IV Superior Oblique Muscles Of Eyeball
V Mandible And Maxilla And Ophthalmic Regions
VI Eye Muscle, Lateral Rectus Muscle Of The Eyeball
VII Face, Submaxillary And Submandibular Gland
VIII Ears
IX Pharynx And Parotid Salivary Gland
X Visceral Oragn
XI Head, Neck, Shoulders
XII Tongue Msucles