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Impact of Information Technology on Lifestyle: A Literature

Review and Classiﬁcation
Article · May 2017

DOI: 10.4018/IJVCSN.2017040101
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International Journal of Virtual Communities and Social Networking
Volume 9 • Issue 2 • April-June 2017
Impact of Information
Technology on Lifestyle:
A Literature Review and Classification
Payam Hanafizadeh, Allameh Tabataba’i University, School of Management and Accounting, Tehran, Iran
Samira Ghandchi, Allameh Tabataba’i University, School of Management and Accounting, Tehran, Iran
Masoud Asgarimehr, Allameh Tabataba’i University, School of Management and Accounting, Tehran, Iran
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a review of 81 research articles published between 1996 and 2013 on the impact
of information technology on lifestyle. Our findings indicate that the number of investigations into the
impact of IT on various areas of everyday life, increased considerably during this period, given that 63
percent of the articles were published between 2010 and 2013. From these articles, eight dimensions
emerged which were classified by IT and lifestyle experts. Moreover, theme analysis was applied to
all contents extracted from the various articles, leading to an eight-sided lifestyle model. The domains
are: health, learning, social, work and environment, energy, art, spiritual life, and miscellaneous. A
comprehensive list of papers with classifications is presented.
Keywords
Information Technology, Life Dimensions, Lifestyle, Online Life, Virtual Lifestyle
INTRODUCTION
There is no doubt that Information Technology (IT) has tremendously changed everyday life. New
technologies such as computers, Internet, wireless devices, social networks, have become part of most
people’s lives regardless of age or gender. Consequently, these technologies have changed our lifestyle.
Lifestyle refers to the method and style of our lives including our clothing, habits, friendships, values
and so on (Ye et al., 2011). However, it is not limited to this definition. Some studies have taken
lifestyle to refer to one’s physical and mental health status, as well as adults’ quality of life (Wang
et al., 2012). According to Leung (1998), lifestyles are identified and classified in order to enhance
the development of social identity through people’s activities, interests and opinions. Lifestyle can
be identified by a wide range of activities, interests, and opinions (Ye et al., 2011). However, there
is a lack of comprehensive research in this area. In fact, while several researchers have investigated
the impact of IT on one dimension of lifestyle, but no comprehensive research has been undertaken
to determine the impact of Information Technology (IT) on many dimensions of lifestyle from a
holistic perspective.
Accordingly, one of the goals of this study is to establish the various lifestyle dimensions. Another
goal is to determine how IT impacts on lifestyle. Although the impact of IT on learning, health, energy,
DOI: 10.4018/IJVCSN.2017040101

Copyright © 2017, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited.

1
conditions of work, social life and so on, has been a topic of research for a long time, no researcher
has undertaken the task of determining the impact of information technology on people’s lifestyles
and on all areas of their lives. This review paper explores the literature relating to the impact of IT
on lifestyle and to analyze and classify these studies according to various lifestyle dimensions. The
dimensions of lifestyle that will be investigated here are: health, learning, social behavior, spiritual
life, energy, art, work and environment.
The paper is organized as follows: first, the roadmap of research is described; second, the criteria
used for classifying the literature relating to the impact of IT on lifestyle are presented; third, the
results and analysis of the classification are reported; and finally, conclusions are drawn and future
research directions are suggested.
RESEARCH ROADMAP
Considering the nature of the research, it would be difficult to classify it according to specific criteria.
The concept of lifestyle comprises many areas as evident in the fact that lifestyle articles appear in a
range of journals in domains such as health, behavioral science, education, energy, and information
technology, to name a few. Hence, various online databases including Science Direct, Emerald
Insight, Springer, and EBSCOhost, were searched to obtain a bibliography related to the impact of
IT on lifestyle. The Scopus search engine was also used to ensure the coverage of the articles in other
databases. The following selection criteria were applied:
• The keywords “technology + life”, “information + life”, “internet + life”, “web + life” and
“online + life”, were used to search the titles of the papers;
• Because the subject matter is very diverse, these keywords were used to search the abstracts of
several papers as well;
• Conference papers, master and doctoral dissertations, textbooks, and unpublished working papers
were excluded because academics and practitioners generally use journals to acquire information
and disseminate new findings; therefore, journals contain the highest level of research (Nord
and Nord, 1995). In this paper, only five conference papers were selected because they were
considered the most important.
This search resulted in 81 relevant articles published between 1996 and the latter half of 2013.
CLASSIFICATION OF IT IMPACTS ON LIFESTYLE
Following the review of the articles, the literature was classified according to eight dimensions:
health, learning, social, art, work and environment, energy, spiritual life, and miscellaneous.
These dimensions were extracted based on the topics of the reviewed articles; moreover, IT and
lifestyle experts were used to confirm the dimensions. Figure 1 shows the process of the eight-
sided lifestyle framework. Firstly, all the papers were studied thoroughly and their specific topics
were obtained by using theme analysis. Then the contents were grouped and categorized. For this
task, researchers used IT and lifestyle experts in focus groups to identify the key topics. Table 1
Figure 1. Process of the eight-sided lifestyle framework
2
Table 1. Results of the contents extraction process
Row Codes The Organizing Themes Global Theme

1 Chronic & rare Disease
2 end of life
3 cardio vascular
4 Adolescent Health
5 Kidney Diseases
6 Fibromyalgia
7 Crohn’s Disease Health
8 Elderly
9 Women’s Diseases
10 Nutrition
11 Psychology
12 Disability Lifestyle
13 Sleep
14 Transport
Environment & work
16 Environmental Impact
17 Medicine and Nursery learners
18 Life long Learning
19 Foreign Language
20 Spiritual Life Spiritual Life
21 Entertainment
Social
22 Behavioral
23 Energy Energy
24 Art Art
indicates the results of the contents extraction process which involved theme analysis and focus
group sessions. For example, many articles describe the impacts of information technology on
adolescent health, therapeutic treatments, nutrition, nursing etc. The analysis indicated that these
articles are health-related and therefore they were classified under this dimension. Some articles
describe the impact of IT on education, learning, training etc. We classified these articles under
the learning dimension. The strategy used to categorize these dimensions was based on the general
areas of the articles; hence the strategy was content-centric. It should be noted that some articles
are multi-dimensional or general, and therefore could not be categorized under one dimension.
These articles were placed under the miscellaneous dimension. Figure 2 graphically depicts these
dimensions, called the eight-sided framework. The correlated areas have been placed on one side
of the framework (based on the results of focus group sessions) and a high-level topic was selected
for each side of the framework. Sub-fields of lifestyle were grouped under a general field (see Table
4). In order to extract sub-areas, the topics and the abstracts of articles were examined; these sub-
areas were then discussed during the focus group sessions. A distribution of the number of papers
for each of these groups is presented in Table 2.
3
Figure 2. Eight-sided lifestyle framework
Table 2. The distribution of the number of articles according to topic
Row Topics Number Percent

1 Social 17 20
2 Health 33 38.8
3 Miscellaneous 7 8.2
4 Energy 2 2.4
5 Education 20 23.5
6 Spiritual life 1 1.2
7 Work and Environment life 4 4.7
8 Art 1 1.2
Health
Due to the importance of health, this is the most significant part of our review because thirty-three of
the selected articles focused on this topic. The articles investigate different areas of health: end of life,
chronic and rare disease, adolescence disease, cardio vascular disease, kidney diseases, fibromyalgia,
elderly women’s disease, Crohn’s disease, nutrition, sleep, disability and psychology. Several articles
cover the “psychology” field of health and the positive impact of information technology on this field
(Yuen et al., 2013; Streffing et al., 2011; Matlabi et al., 2011; Orpwood et al., 2007; CHANG, et al.,
2009; Coventry et al., 2011). We grouped topics such as depression, anxiety, dementia, psychological
well-being, mental illness and aspiration, under the topic of health. “End of life” articles include
those that discuss the caring for people during their last days. All articles proposed that information
4
technology had a positive impact on end-of-life care (Smith and Rust, 2013; Demiris et al., 2011;
Aalbers, 2011; Pangbourne et al., 2010). Smith and Rust (2013) investigated the positive role of video
teleconferencing on end-of-life people in Alaska Regarding cardiovascular disease, Nolan et al. (2012)
found that preventive electronic counseling reduces the risk factors for cardiovascular problems.
Bastani and Hashemi (2012) in their article on women’s health proposed that web-based training
can lead to post-intervention improvements in general health and relief of premenstrual syndrome in
female university students. Duricova (2011) assessed the impact of a web-based treatment solution on
the quality of life of Crohn’s disease patients, and found that the impact was positive. Many articles
investigated the issues related to “chronic and rare diseases” (Armayones et al., 2010; Stone et al.,
2007; Rosenbaum et al., 2001; Ahmed et al., 2011; Pilotto et al., 2010; Pulman, 2010). Alzheimer,
asthma and Parkinson’s were placed under this disease category. (Ahmed et al., 2011) indicated the
positive acceptance and efficacy of using a web-based self-management system, My Asthma Portal
(MAP), on asthma control, and asthma health-related quality of life. The articles by (Brandt et al., 2010;
Smailagic, 2009; Annicchiarico, 2012) focused on “disability” and found that assistive technologies and
intelligent systems had a positive impact on the quality of life of people with disabilities. “Adolescent
health” is a very important issue, although the attraction of information technology may have positive
or even negative impacts on the adolescent lifestyle. (Leena et al., 2005) concluded that at the current
developmental level of communication technologies, intensive use of mobile phones may lead to
negative impacts on adolescent behaviors such as smoking and alcohol. Regarding “Nutrition”,
several articles discussed the impacts of information and communication technologies on nutrition
habits (Dahlan, 1996; Stein, 2000). For instance, (Stein, 2000) demonstrated that the Internet can be
used for consultation purposes and can give clients better access to professional dieticians. Several
articles dealt with the “elderly” issue (Barnes et al., 1998; Smailagic, 2009; Annicchiarico, 2012;
Matlabi, 2011). Barnes et al. (1998) discuss the positive aspects of telecare for elderly. They indicate
that new information technologies such as computers, sensors and voice messaging may be able to
extend the current range of care services while also increasing efficiency and reducing the operating
costs. (Al-Jaberi et al., 2011), in their article on kidney disease, describe their testing of an Internet
program, a diet-meter that gives lifestyle advice to people who are prone to the recurrent formation
of urinary stones. The results indicate a positive impact on kidney patients. Another health issue is
“Fibromyalgia (FM)”. (Friedberg et al., 2012) state that the increasing availability of convenient
home-based mobile technologies to deliver non-pharmacological treatments, may mitigate the pain
suffered by FM patients. One of the reviewed articles investigated the impact of information technology
on “sleep”. (Calamaro et al., 2009) showed the negative impacts of new media technologies such as
TV, computer, iPod, mp3 player, and cell phones on adolescents’ sleeping patterns. Many articles
investigated the overall impacts of information technology on health or related fields (Din et al., 2012;
Restuccia et al., 2012; Muncert et al., 2011; Nothwehr, 2012). For example, (Din et al., 2012) studied
the benefits of social networking in terms of quality of life in the health industry.
Learning
Twenty articles were found that related to another important aspect of lifestyle: learning. The articles
investigated various areas of learning including medicine, lifelong learning, and foreign language
learning. Several articles covered learning issues in the field of medicine (Cook et al., 2012; Hanberg
and madden, 2011; Taylor et al., 2011; Lareau et al., 2010; Karshmer, 2008; AzizulHaq and Abdullah,
2012; Salameh et al., 2012; Perkins et al., 2010). (Karshmer, 2008) investigated the relationship
between PC technologies and lifelong learning for dental students. He indicates the positive impact of
using PC, web and DVD technologies on lifelong learning. (AzizulHaq and Abdullah, 2012) assessed
the positive impact of the Internet on the Quality of Life (QOL) and Well-Being (WB) of secondary
school children. They indicate that online education can benefit children’s health, personal safety
and well-being. Another important field related to the learning topic is “lifelong learning”, a term
that refers to all learning activities that occur at all stages of life from pre-school to post-retirement
5
and covers all formal, non-formal and informal learning (laal, 2011). Several of the reviewed articles
discussed lifelong learning issues (Pamfilie et al., 2012; Messias et al., 2012; Talug, 2012; Pineida,
2011; Laal, 2011; Mazaheri and Fadavi, 2011; Opreanet al., 2011; Tosun and Fatih Baris, 2011; Guo
et al., 2012). (laal, 2011) described the positive impacts of interactive technology on lifelong learning.
(Guo et al., 2012) indicated that the integration of Information Technology (IT) and conventional
education methodology can lead improve the lifelong learning capacity of college students. One of
the articles discussed the impact of IT on “foreign language learning” (Uzun, 2012). He discussed the
potential of the Internet and computer-mediated artifacts such as modular object-oriented dynamic
learning environment (MOODLE), the online virtual reality chatting game Second Life, and several
others that facilitate foreign language learning and practice, and intercultural communication. (Burgess
et al., 2010) utilized the Community of Inquiry’s (CoI) Multi-User Virtual Environment Education
Evaluation Tool (MUVEEET), to evaluate observational and conceptual data in the multi-user virtual
environment (MUVE), Second Life (SL), among educational technology graduate students. The results
indicate the positive impact of the second life environment on the learning of graduate students.
(McMahon and Pospisil, 2005) investigated the using of laptop and wireless mobile technologies with
a small group of millennial students in a university setting. They indicated that these technologies
enable students to learn in a digital environment.
Social Issues
One of the lifestyle topics in this review concerns social issues. Articles related to social aspects of
lifestyle were grouped under the categories of social behavior and entertainment. Unlike its effect
on other aspects of lifestyle, information technology may have both positive and negative impacts on
social lifestyle. Many articles discussed the impact of information technology on “social behavioral”
issues (Çelik and Odacı, 2013; Din et al., 2012; Amichai-Hamburger and Hayat, 2011; Ye et al., 2011;
Stepanikova et al., 2010; Røpke, 2001; Contarello and Sarrica, 2007; Funk et al., 2004, Çelik and
Odacı, 2013; Mintz, 2013; Mintz et al., 2012; Stepanikova et al., 2012; Li et al., 2010; Heuvel et al.,
2012). We found that information technology may have a negative impact on social behavior. For
example, (Funk et al., 2004) indicated that violence depicted in the media (video games, television,
movies, and the internet) is correlated with desensitization to violence. As another example, (Li et
al., 2010) indicated a relationship between stressful life events and problematic Internet use. This
research provided a good example of the negative impacts of information technology on the lifestyle
of adolescents. In addition to the negative impact of information technology on social behavior, the
positive impacts are also discussed. For example, (Mintz, 2013) evaluated the second prototype of the
mobile application called HAND project, and its positive impacts on children with Autism Spectrum
Disorders (ASD). This application enhanced the social and life skills of ASD children. Another issue
related to this topic is “entertainment”. The articles by (Leung and Lee, 2005; Leung, 1998; Tosun
and Baris, 2011) indicate that new media entertainment may enhance the quality of life. (Leung and
Lee, 2005) examined the positive effects of Internet activities and the use of new media such as CD,
MD, MP3 on perceived quality of life. Finally, (Carbone and Nauth, 2012) investigated the smart
house issue and its positive impact on family life. They investigated how information technologies
such as wireless devices, cloud intelligence, data analytics tools, etc. can change family life by
creating smart homes.
Work and Environment

Information technology has changed the way we work. IT also has many impacts on our environment.
In this review, we found four articles that cover “work” and “environment” issues. Related articles
discussed issues such as transport, designers’ work environment, and environmental impacts (Monaco
and Bellman, 2004; Røpke, 2001; Joshi and Lauer, 1998; Pangbourne et al., 2010). (Monaco and
Bellman, 2004) investigated the relationship between information technology and drivers’ work. They
concluded that information technologies such as satellite, CB radio, dispatcher, E-mail, on-board
6
computer maps etc. can improve the productivity and earnings of truck drivers. (Joshi and Lauer,
1998) investigated the positive impact of computer-aided design (CAD) systems on the automotive
parts manufacturing industry. The paper used an equity-implementation (E-I) model as a framework to
help analyze the impacts of implementation of CAD technology on parts designers’ work environment.
Energy
One of our lifestyle dimensions is “energy”. In this review, we found two articles that investigated the
impact of information technology on energy (Røpke and Christensen, 2012; Aboudi and Talevski,
2010). (Aboudi and Talevski, 2010) indicated that in a smart mining camp, by using a wireless
sensor network system, we can remotely control amenity functions and reduce energy consumption/
emissions. (Røpke and Christensen, 2012) proposed a framework whereby ICT can change the
energy-demanding features of everyday life. They concluded that the changes may decrease energy
consumption considerably. They also maintain that ICTs have a great potential for reducing energy
consumption, although this may depend on the economic and political environment.
Spiritual Life
Another dimension in this review is “spiritual life”. Only one reviewed article examined this topic.
(McKenna and West, 2007) showed that virtual religious forums, have many of the individual and
social benefits of the local religious institutions. They found that both those people who are actively
engaged in their local religious organizations and those who are unaffiliated with any organization
are attracted to these interactive online forums.
Art
Information technology has also had an impact on “art”. Like the spiritual life dimension of lifestyle,
we have found only one article on this topic. (Larkin, 2001) described the positive effect of using
computer and Internet technologies to view different online exhibitions and museums instead of
physically going there. She posited that these technologies save people time and money, and allow
users to move forward, back, around, and click wherever they want.
Miscellaneous
Several articles examined the impacts of information technology on miscellaneous dimensions of our
lives. Some of these articles are not limited to only the specific dimensions of health, learning, social
life, etc., but examined the impacts of IT on various other dimensions of lifestyle. These articles could
not be categorized under a specific area and therefore they were grouped under the miscellaneous
dimension. In this review, we found seven articles that covered the impacts of IT on miscellaneous
areas of lifestyle (Wang et al., 2012; Hossain, 2010; James, 2009; Colley and Maltby, 2008; Kim et
al., 2006; Duval and Hashizume, 2006; Park et al., 2008). For example (Colley and Maltby, 2008),
provided an analysis of the impact of the Internet on men’s and women’s lives. They found that the
Internet has positive and negative impacts on many areas such as travel booking, online education,
banking, and shopping, trading, job hunting and so on. (Hossain, 2010) found that information
technologies such as television, radio, DVD player, and mobile phone, are very convenient for many
aspects of daily life. In his research, these aspects include agricultural activities, domestic activities,
transport, religious activities, and drawbacks or disturbances.
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
The articles were analyzed by year of publication, journal, positive or negative type of impact, research
method, and country of authors. This analysis will provide guidance for extend research on IT impacts
on lifestyle and will identify key trends that provide future research opportunities.
7
Distribution by Year of Publication

Figure 3 illustrates the number of articles which were published from 1996 to May 2012. Evidently,
there has been an increase in the number of published papers, with the most notable increase being
in 2010 2011 and 2012 which saw 12, 18 and 21 papers respectively. Four papers were published in
2013. We searched and reviewed the articles that were published only during the first five months
of 2013, so it is possible that more papers were published later that year. Another reason for the low
number of articles published in this year is the limitation to download because the t. Figure 3 also
illustrates that the increase in the number of articles is related to the global increase in the number of
Internet users. This would suggest that the topic of IT impacts on lifestyle will remain an important
research topic in future years.
Distribution by Journal
Table 3 presents the names of journals and the number of published articles related to IT and lifestyle.
Between 1996 and 2013 maximum published papers in one journal were 12 articles in Journal of
Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences and then in Journal of Computers in Human Behavior with
eight published articles. The breadth of the lifestyle topic has led to expansion of the journals that
cover this topic.
Distribution According to Type of Impact (Positive or Negative)

Figure 4 depicts the three types of impact of IT on lifestyle according to the authors of the reviewed
articles. Eighty-three percent of articles reported the positive impact of IT on lifestyle, 12% reported
both positive and negative effects of IT on lifestyle, and only 5% considered the negative effects.
Distribution by Research Method

All of the articles were classified according to the particular research method used by the researcher:
correlation, descriptive, case study and experimental. Figure 5 shows the classification of review
articles according to research method. It is clear that the most popular approach (50%) was the
descriptive method, followed by the case study method at close to 23%. Nevertheless, the need for
experimental and correlational research is crucial because of the nature of the lifestyle research topic.
Distribution by Country of Authors

Among the 29 countries which authors belong to and are depicted in the Figure 6, USA has the first
rank with 26.09% of published papers in the field of IT and lifestyle; UK stands in second position
Figure 3. Distribution of the articles and Internet users by year
8
Table 3. Distribution of articles by journals
No. of No. of
Row Name of Journal Row Name of Journal
Articles Articles
Advanced Information Networking
1 and Applications (AINA) (IEEE 1 30 IERI Procedia 1
Conference)
2 Assisted Living (IEEE Conference) 1 31 IET Intell. Transp. Syst 1
Management of Engineering &
3 1 32 Information & Management 1
Technology, (IEEE Conference)
International Journal of Medical Informatics
4 Ageing Research Reviews 1 33 Official Journal of the European Federation 1
of Medical Informatics (EFMI)
Armayones et al. Orphanet Journal International Journal of Psychology and
5 1 34 1
of Rare Diseases Behavioral Sciences
6 Asia Pacific J Clin Nutr 1 35 Internet and Higher Education 1
7 Australian Critical Care 1 36 Journal of Adolescence 2
8 Behavior Therapy 1 37 Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 1
9 BMC Geriatrics 1 38 Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 1
BMC Medical Informatics and
10 1 39 Journal of Pain Research 1
Decision Making
11 Canadian Journal of Cardiology 1 40 Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1
Children and Youth Services
12 1 41 Nurse Education Today 1
Review
13 Clinical Simulation in Nursing 1 42 Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 1
14 CLINICAL THERAPEUTICS 1 43 Pediatrics 1
PICMET 2006 Proceedings, 9-13 July,
15 Clinical Trials 1 44 1
Istanbul, Turkey, pp. 1585-1593
16 Computers & Education 3 45 Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 12
Proceeding of ASCILITE 2005 Conference
17 Computers in Human Behavior 8 46 (Australasian Society for Computers in 1
Learning in Tertiary Education)
COMPUTING & CONTROL
18 1 47 Research on transportation Economics 1
ENGINEERING JOURNAL
19 Dental Abstracts 1 48 Resuscitation 1
Disability and Rehabilitation:
20 1 49 Seminars in Oncology Nursing 1
Assistive Technology
21 Ecological Economics 1 50 Soc Indic Res 1
Electronic Commerce Research and
22 1 51 Technology and Disability 2
Applications
23 European Psychiatry 1 52 Technology in Society 1
24 European urology supplements 1 53 Telecommunications Policy 1
25 Evid Based Nurse 1 54 Telematics and Informatics 2
26 Gastroenterology 1 55 TELEMEDICINE and e-HEALTH 1
27 Health Informatics Journal 1 56 The Futurists 1
28 Hybrid Information Technology 1 57 The Lancet 1
WILDERNESS & ENVIRONMENTAL
29 IEEE Wireless Communications 1 58 1
MEDICINE
9
Table 4. Classification of the reviewed lifestyle literature
Research Tools of Filed of Subfield of Components

Row Authors Year Country IF
Method Research Lifestyle Lifestyle (of IT)
Designers’
Descriptive, Document, Work & Computer Aided
1 Joshi & Lauer 1998 USA work 1.663
Case study Observation Environment Design (CAD)
environment
Internet
(web-based
Questionnaire, Chronic and
2 Ahmed et al. 2011 Canada Case study Health chronic disease 2.363
Observation rare Disease
management
system)
Amichai-
Israel,
3 Hamburger, & 2011 Correlation Questionnaire Social Behavioral Internet 2.067
Canada
Hayat
Bastani & Women’s Internet (web-

4 2012 Iran Experimental Questionnaires Health _
Hashemi Health based education)
Instructional
5 Burgess et al. 2010 USA Descriptive Observational learning Second Life 1.015
technology
Cook,
Web (web-based
McAloon, Descriptive, Documents,
6 2012 UK Learning Medicine interactive 1.241
O’Neill, experimental Questionnaire
simulation game)
Beggs
Internet (Website),
End-Of- Life videoconferencing
7 Demiris et al. 2011 USA Descriptive Documents Health 3.5
care and videophone,
Mobile
Colley &
8 2008 UK Descriptive Questionnaire Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Internet 2.29
Maltby
Media (video
games, television,
9 Funk et al. 2004 USA Correlation Questionnaires Social Behavioral 1.882
movies, and the
internet)
home-based
technology
(personal
computers
Iran, UK, Social and
10 Matlabi et al. 2011 Correlation Interview Health connected to the 2.34
Sweden Behavioral
Internet, assistive
technology
and telehealth
monitors)
Lifelong Educational 2013 Still

11 Laal 2011 Iran Descriptive Documents Learning
Learning technology Computing
Lifelong Internet (Web 2.0

12 Loureiro et al. 2012 Portugal Descriptive Documents Learning _
Learning & 3.0 tools)
Information
technology
Social, Social,
(Internet, TV,
13 Røpke 2001 Denmark Descriptive Documents work & work and 2.713
Video recorder,
Environment environment
Computer, Mobile
phone, CD, etc.)
Experimental,
14 Nothwehr 2012 USA Observation Health _ mobile technology 1.349
Correlation
Internet (online
shoppers: using
Case study, Documents, web site for
15 Ye et al. 2011 China, USA Social Behavioral 1.472
Descriptive Questionnaire purchasing; online
non-shoppers:
using email)
Lifelong Educational 2013 Still

16 Oprean et al. 2011 Romania Descriptive Documents Learning
Learning technology Computing
continued on following page
10
Table 4. Continued

Internet (website,
17 Stein 2000 USA Descriptive Document Health Nutrition email, virtual 3.59
appointment)
Tosun & Fatih Learning, Lifelong and 2013 Still

18 2011 TURKEY Descriptive Questionnaires Internet, computer
Baris, Social Entertainment Computing
Berber Çelik
19 2013 Turkey Correlation Questionnaire Social Behavioral Internet 1.27
& Odacı
All technologies
which affect
the quality of
case study, Documents,
20 Park et al. 2008 Korea Miscellaneous Miscellaneous life (wearable, 0.967
Descriptive Questionnaire
intelligent robot,
game, 3d display,
TV, etc.)
Assistive
Technology
(sensor
21 Streffing et al. 2011 Germany Descriptive Interviews Health Psychology Technology 2.766
(Motion Sensor,
Video Sensor),
PDA)
Internet
Interview, (Online Virtual
22 Yuen et al. 2013 USA Correlation Health Psychology 2.432
Questionnaire Environments in
Second Life)
Assistive device
and technology 2012
Denmark,
(environmental impact
23 Brandt et al. 2010 Sweden, Descriptive Documents Health Disabilities
control systems factor
Finland
and smart home 1.541
technology)
24 Aalbers et al. 2011 Netherlands Descriptive Documents Health End of life Internet 5.953
Netherlands, case study, Observation, kidney’s

25 Al-Jaberi et al. 2011 Health Internet program 2.162
UK Descriptive Interview disease
Social media and

online games Such
Lifelong
26 Yesim Talug 2012 Turkey Descriptive Documents Learning as: Facebook, _
learning
Twitter, YouTube
and Wikipedia
Assistive
Experimental, elderly and
27 Aninicchiarico 2012 Italy Observation Health technology 2.061
case study disability
(robotic)
Armayones Descriptive, Chronic and Internet web site

28 2010 Spain Observation Health 4.32
et al. Case study Rare Diseases (social network)
Lifelong Educational
29 Guo et al. 2012 China Descriptive Documents Learning _
Learning technology
Computer,
case study, Tele care for
30 Barnes et al. 1998 UK Observation Health sensors, voice 1.669
Descriptive elderly
messaging
TV, computer,
Calamaro Descriptive, Documents,
31 2009 USA Health Behavioral ipod, mp3 player, 4.035
et al. Correlation Questionnaire
cell phone,
Information
Carbone & technology as
32 2012 USA Descriptive - Social - 0.04
Nauth, K. a whole (Smart
House)
11
Table 4. Continued

Røpke &
33 Haunstrup 2012 Denmark Descriptive Document Energy Energy ICT -
Christensen
Contarello &
34 2007 Italy Correlation Questionnaire Social Behavioral Internet 2.067
Sarrica
New media
technologies
(pagers, cellular
Descriptive- Interviews,
35 Leung 1998 Hong Kong Social Entertainment phones, VCR, 1.539
Case study Questionnaire
video Stores,
Karaoke Bars,
Cable TV and PC)
Computer, mobile
36 James 2009 Netherland Descriptive Documents Miscellaneous Social Capital 1.13
phone, Internet
community
Life, Self-life,
Japan, Descriptive, Financial life, Mobile data
37 Kim et al. 2006 Interviews Miscellaneous _
Korea Case study Leisure life, services (MDS)
Cultural life,
family life
Assistive
technology (AT)
38 Coventry et al. 2011 UK Descriptive Observation Health psychology _
(Internet, mobile
phone, TV, etc.)
Internet, New
39 Leung & Lee 2005 Hong Kong Correlation Interview Social Entertainment media (CD/MD/ _
MP3)
Correlation,
40 Li et al. 2010 China, USA Questionnaire Social Behavioral Internet 2.29
Experimental
Interview,
Experimental,
41 Mintz Questionnaire, Social Behavioral Mobile technology
case study
2013 UK Observation 2.621
ICT (satellite
entertainment,
Descriptive, cellular radios,
42 Dahlan 1996 Indonesia Documents Health nutritional 1.13
Case Study entertainment
media, mobile,
etc.)
Health and Online Social 2013 Still

43 Din et al. 2012 Malaysia Descriptive Documents Health
Behavioral Network Computing
Internet (online
McKenna & Correlation,
44 2007 USA Questionnaire Spiritual life Spiritual life group and online 2.29
West Comparative
forum)
Internet (web-
based Treatment
Observation, Crohn’s
45 Duricova et al. 2011 - Descriptive Health optimization 11.675
Questionnaire disease
Solution (traffic
light))
Satellite, CB
radio, dispatcher,
Monaco & Work &
46 2004 USA Descriptive Documents Transport E-mail, on-board _
Belman Environment
computer
maps,….
Instructional
Hanberg & Descriptive, Self-Report,
47 2011 USA Learning Medicine technology _
Madden Case Study Observation
(simulation)
Friedberg Mobile (online

48 2012 USA Descriptive Documents Health Fibromyalgia 3.24
et al. program)
12
Table 4. Continued

Colorado, Computer (PC),

49 Karshmer 2008 Descriptive Documents Learning Medicine -
USA Web, DVD
Entertainment
Descriptive,
50 Wang et al. 2012 China Document Miscellaneous and Internet 2.29
Correlation
Behavioral
Descriptive
Adolescent
51 Leena et al. 2005 Finland and Questionnaire Health Mobile phone 2.05
Health
Comparative
Interview,
Experimental, Mobile technology
52 Mintz et al. 2012 UK Questionnaire, Social Behavioral 2.621
Case study (Smart Phone)
Observation
Interview,
Experimental, Mobile technology
53 Mintz et al. 2012 UK Questionnaire, Social Behavioral 2.621
case study (Smart Phone)
Observation
Assistive
Documents,
54 Muncert et al. 2011 USA Descriptive Health Health technology (Video 1.42
Questionnaires
Gaming, PC, etc.)
Internet 2011
(preventive Impact
55 Nolan et al. 2012 Canada Experimental Observation Health Cardiovascular
electronic (e) Factor:
Counseling) 3.358
Online
56 Larkin 2001 - Descriptive Observation Art Internet (web) 38.278
Exhibits
High-technology
57 Lareau et al. 2010 USA Descriptive Questionnaire Learning Medicine 0.939
patient simulation
Laptop and
McMahon & Millennial
58 2005 Australia Descriptive Interview Learning wireless mobile _
Pospisil Students
technologies
Educational
technology
(overhead
Mazaheri Lifelong
59 2011 Iran Descriptive Documents Learning projectors, laptop _
et al. learning
computers, and
calculators,
smartphones, etc.)
Semi- Agriculture
Television, radio,
Helsinki, Descriptive, structured and
60 Hossain 2010 Miscellaneous DVD player, -
finland Case study interviews, Transport and
mobile phone
Observations Behavioral
Wireless sensor
network system
(Internet,
Aboudi &
61 2010 Australia Descriptive Documents Energy Energy Wireless and _
Talevski
wired telephones,
computing
devices, etc.)
ICT (Internet,
Oyarzo lifelong 2013 Still
62 2011 Chile Descriptive Documents Learning projector, cell
Pineida learning Computing
phone, etc.)
Assistive
Interview,
technology (music
63 Orpwood et al. 2007 UK Descriptive Questionnaire, Health Psychology -
player, camera,
Observation
TV with webcam)
AzizulHaq
Questionnaire,
64 & Ahmed 2012 India Descriptive Learning Medicine Internet _
Observation
Abdullah
13
Table 4. Continued

Lifelong E-learning as 2013 Still

65 Pamfilie et al. 2012 Romania Descriptive Questionnaire Learning
learning Miscellaneous Computing
Simulation
programme
(Microsimis a
Experimental,
66 Perkins et al. 2010 UK Questionnaires Learning Medicine multi-media 4.104
case study
computer
simulation
programme)
ICT (Mobility,
Health and
Pangbourne Documents, Health - Phones, PC,
67 2010 UK Descriptive Work & 0.512
et al. Questionnaire Transport Digital TV,
Environment
Broadband)
Stepanikova
68 2010 USA Descriptive Documents Social Behavioral Internet 2.29
et al.
The ICT systems

(Video systems,
Italy, Movement
Interview, chronic and
69 Pilotto et al. 2010 Greece, Descriptive Health sensors, Sound 14.483
Questionnaire rare disease
Spain systems,
Time-schedule
reminders,…)
Chronic and Web 2.0

70 Pulman 2010 UK Descriptive Documents Health 1
rare disease technology
health information
technology
(electronic
medical records
(EMRs),
computerized
provider order
entry (CPOE)
systems,
Restuccia Health care medication
71 2012 USA Correlation Questionnaire Health 1.6
et al. quality management
systems
(MMS), picture
archival and
communications
systems (PACS),
bar coding and
radio frequency
identification
(RFID))
Palestine, E-learning (web

72 Salameh et al. 2012 Experimental Interview Learning Medicine -
Egypt site)
Internet (website,
Rosenbaum Descriptive, Chronic and
73 2001 USA Questionnaires Health Supportive care 2.321
et al. Case Study rare disease
programs)
Internet (Online
74 Taylor et al. 2011 Australia case study Observation Learning Medicine Advanced life 0.973
support program)
Elderly and Intelligent

75 Smailagic 2009 USA Descriptive Documents Health _
Disabled Systems
Physiological
needs, Safety ISI Impact
Documents,
Duval & needs, wearable Factor
76 2006 Japan Descriptive Interview, Miscellaneous
Hashizume Belonging computing (2010):
Questionnaire,
needs, Esteem 2.216
needs
14
Table 4. Continued

Internet and
computer-
mediated (modular
object-oriented
Foreign dynamic learning
77 Uzun 2012 Turkey Descriptive Documents Learning _
Language environment
(MOODLE),
online virtual
reality chatting
game Second Life)
Video
78 Smith & Rust 2013 AK Descriptive Observation Health End-of-Life 2.503
teleconferencing
Van den Internet (Online

79 2012 Netherlands Descriptive Questionnaire Social Behavioral 2.067
Heuvel et al. Contact)
Chronic and Internet (website)

80 Stone et al. 2007 USA Case study Observation Health 3.795
Rare Diseases (PDCreativity.org)
mobile social
Documents,
81 Yao-Jen et al. 2009 Taiwan Descriptive Health psychology network services 2.586
Observation
(MSNSs)
Figure 4. Distribution according to type of impact (positive or negative)
with 13.04%. China, Iran, Netherland, and Turkey are jointly in third place. Two Middle Eastern
countries are ranked among the highest, indicating their interest in this topic.
Distribution According to Components of IT

The chart shown in Figure 7 compares the information technology variables used in studies. As
mentioned in the review of the related literature, Internet and Web have dedicated more than 40
citations and references to themselves. Portable devices (those that can be carried) are ranked as
the second. Without a doubt, with the increasing availability and use of portable devices, they may
soon be considered as the first rank in citation. Other variables like educational technology, assistive
15
Figure 5. Distribution by research method
Figure 6. Distribution by country of authors
technology, social media, and home-based technology have been used in moderation. Wearable
technologies occupy the lowest rank in the chart. Since these technologies are more complex, they
are still in the early stages in terms of studies and investigations, and their proper place in the ranking
is yet to be identified. However, due to substantial development in this regard, future decades may
become known as the age of wearable-technologies. Meanwhile, intelligent systems and social media
have received the least citations and references. Undoubtedly, because of recent development in the
field of intelligent system and social media, in the near future we will see more usage of these means.
A variable which we named IT&ICT is included in this chart. The reason that this variable is
named IT&ICT is that in some articles, different means of citations were used and consequently,
16
Figure 7. Distribution according to IT components
classifying them under a particular group was not possible. In some articles, the term information
technology was used “macro component” instead, and because of that the researcher was to use this
term for the title of this article.
CONCLUSION
This study reviewed 81 papers published from 1996 to 2013 which discussed the impact of IT on
lifestyle. After a comprehensive review of the articles, and using theme analysis and the input from
IT & lifestyle experts, we classified these articles under eight dimensions which we called the eight-
sided framework. These dimensions include: health, learning, social, work and environment, energy,
spiritual life, art, and miscellaneous. Table 3 shows the classification of the reviewed lifestyle literature.
After examining these dimensions, the articles were subsequently analyzed according to year of
publication, source journal, positive or negative impacts, research method and country of interest.
The key findings from the analysis, and suggestions for future research are as follows:
• There is no doubt that research on the impacts of IT on lifestyle will increase in the future. The
fact that 55 of the 81 articles were published during 2010 to 2013 indicates an increased academic
interest in this area;
• The most important topics in this research area are: health, learning, and social. However, researchers
have also paid close attention to other issues such as those associated with energy and work life;
• The key journals publishing IT impacts on lifestyle were Procedia Social, Behavioral Sciences
and Computers in Human Behavior;
• In addition to the positive impacts of information technology on lifestyle, several articles discussed
the negative impacts of information technology;
• Most of the research on the impacts of IT on lifestyle has been conducted in two countries: USA
and UK. China, Iran, Netherland, and Turkey are jointly in third place;
In addition to these implications, we suggest the following areas for further studies:
• Although many dimensions of lifestyle have attracted the attention of academia in terms of the
impact of IT, there are several important lifestyle dimensions that have not yet been researched
17
comprehensively. For example, one of our lifestyle dimensions is financial activities. We did not
find appropriate articles that analyze the impacts of IT on finance-related activities. Many life
domains attracted little research attention that focused on the impact of information technology
on them;
• The most important topics in this review are health, learning and social impacts of IT on lifestyle.
But other topics such as energy, spiritual life, art etc. are also very important and the need for
conducting more research on these dimensions is crucial;
• Most of the articles investigated the positive impact of IT on lifestyle. Hence, there is a need for
more investigation into the negative impacts of IT;
• Considering the nature of the research, correlation and experimental research are very important
and future research should involve these methods.
In this paper, we presented a classification framework for examining various lifestyles on which
technology has an impact. To the best of our knowledge, this review research is one of the first in
this area. Obviously, this field of research is relatively new with the strong possibility of attracting
future academic research. Future work could examine other types of lifestyle and conduct a more
comprehensive examination of lifestyle domains.
18
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doi:10.1016/j.beth.2012.06.001 PMID:23312426
Payam Hanafizadeh academic career started since Jan, 2001 at the School of Management and Accounting
(formerly Tehran College of Commerce, 1958) at Allameh Tabataba’i University in Tehran, Iran. He is also a member
of the Design Optimization under Uncertainty Group at the University of Waterloo, Canada. He was a visiting
research fellow at the Faculty of Business and Government, the University of Canberra, Australia in 2010 and a
visiting scholar at the Department of Systems Design Engineering, the University of Waterloo, Canada in 2004. His
academic career is focused on the broad area of Information Systems and Decision Science particularly decision
making under uncertainty problems. He has written over 70 peer-reviewed research manuscripts, including 50+
journal articles, 6 books, 6 book chapters, and 9 conference papers. The results of his research have appeared
in top tier academic journals such as: Internet Research, The Information Society, Journal of Global Information
Management, Telecommunications Policy, Expert Systems with Applications, International Journal of Information
Management, Systemic Practice and Action Research, Electronic Commerce Research, Mathematical and
Computer Modelling, Energy Policy, Management Decisions, Telematics and Informatics, Information Resource
Management Journal to name only a few. He is the co-author of Online Advertising and Promotion: Modern
Technologies for Marketing published in 2012 by IGI Global, USA. He received both M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Industrial
Engineering from Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic University) which is one of the best
technological universities in the Middle East and is ranked 357 in the world by CWTS Leiden Ranking 2013. He
has also been serving on the Editorial Review Board for JITR, JECO, IJITSA, IJEIS, and IJDSST. He was recently
the editor of International Conference on Electronic Health (www.iceh.irimc.org) which was held on November
29-30, 2012 in Tehran.
23
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Impact of Information Technology on Lifestyle: A Literature

Article · May 2017

Payam Hanafizadeh Samira Ghandchi

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CLASSIFICATION OF IT IMPACTS ON LIFESTYLE

Figure 1. Process of the eight-sided lifestyle framework

Table 1. Results of the contents extraction process

Row Codes The Organizing Themes Global Theme

Figure 2. Eight-sided lifestyle framework

Table 2. The distribution of the number of articles according to topic

Row Topics Number Percent

Work and Environment

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

Distribution by Year of Publication

Distribution According to Type of Impact (Positive or Negative)

Distribution by Research Method

Distribution by Country of Authors

Figure 3. Distribution of the articles and Internet users by year

Table 3. Distribution of articles by journals

Table 4. Classification of the reviewed lifestyle literature

Research Tools of Filed of Subfield of Components

Bastani & Women’s Internet (web-

Lifelong Educational 2013 Still

Lifelong Internet (Web 2.0

Lifelong Educational 2013 Still

continued on following page

Research Tools of Filed of Subfield of Components

Tosun & Fatih Learning, Lifelong and 2013 Still

Netherlands, case study, Observation, kidney’s

Social media and

Armayones Descriptive, Chronic and Internet web site

continued on following page

Research Tools of Filed of Subfield of Components

Health and Online Social 2013 Still

Friedberg Mobile (online

continued on following page

Research Tools of Filed of Subfield of Components

Colorado, Computer (PC),

continued on following page

Research Tools of Filed of Subfield of Components

Lifelong E-learning as 2013 Still

The ICT systems

Chronic and Web 2.0

Palestine, E-learning (web

Elderly and Intelligent

continued on following page

Research Tools of Filed of Subfield of Components

Van den Internet (Online

Chronic and Internet (website)

Figure 4. Distribution according to type of impact (positive or negative)

Distribution According to Components of IT

Figure 5. Distribution by research method

Figure 6. Distribution by country of authors

Figure 7. Distribution according to IT components

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