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Fig. 2 Multi user Reception System Using three Nodes – A,B and C;
A and C are Transmitting Nodes while B is Receiving Node [1].
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Smart Transmitters and Receivers for Underwater Free-Space Optical Communication – A Review
receivers lie on the same line, the CDMA code still Beam attenuation coefficient can be defined as the
permits for dividing the two transmit streams at the ratio of energy absorbed or scattered from an incident
receiver on the first smart receiver. power per unit distance. Absorption coefficient a(Ȝ) and
In a mesh network scenario, as illustrated in Fig. 2, scattering coefficient b(Ȝ) add up to give the value of
node A and node C are not in the range of each other. beam attenuation coefficient. It has units of m-1 and can
Supposing localization data from angle of arrival is kept be given by the relation:
at each node, node B can broadcast messages between
c (Ȝ) = a(Ȝ) + b(Ȝ) (1)
the node A and the node C through a hop network. If B
is a mobile node, it can be placed to adequately expand Beer’s law defines the attenuation of an optical
the optical communication range between A and C signal as a function of attenuation coefficient and
when needed [1]. distance d as [1]:
5) Optical Backscatter Estimation and Evaluation to I = I0 + e – c (Ȝ) d (2)
Assess Water Quality Single-scattering albedo is defined as the ratio of
The bidirectional system delivers a way for a scattering coefficient to beam attenuation coefficient
receiver to observe optical backscattering while its and indicates the possibility that a photon will be
co-located transmitter is active. Background noise and scattered rather than imbibed [1]. It is a unit less term
un-modulated light are isolated based on the modulated and is represented by Ȧ0. It is defined as
schemes used. Using volume scattering information, an Ȧ0 = b(Ȝ) / c(Ȝ) (3)
estimation of the attenuation coefficient can be made
found on the measured amount of backscatter. Also, Highly scattering environments yield albedo near 1,
SNR measurements can be obtained from the tx/rx and highly absorbing environments yield albedo near 0.
signals [1]. Single scattering albedo is also known as the likelihood
of photon survival because scattered photons are not
6) Electronic Switched Pointing & Tracking changed to other forms of energy.
The transmitter receives the information about Another term known as Volume scattering function
angle of arrival from its co located receiver. The (VSF) is defined as the fraction of scattered power (ĭs)
transmitter can hence switch to a light beam which to incident power (ĭi) as a function of direction ȥ
points its output in the direction of to be received beam scattered into a solid angle ǻȍ. It has units of mí1srí1
to optimize the link [1]. and is denoted by ȕ(ȥ, Ȝ) [1].
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International Conference on Communication, Computing & Systems (ICCCS–2014)
improvement in range by a diminution in path demonstration of their location. This increases the
loss, multipath distortion, and background noise number of applications and includes applications such
can be made possible by optimally combining the as localization, navigation assistance, and mesh
photodiode outputs [20].
networking.
d. In RF communication: Terrestrial RF
Using multi input multi output (MIMO) techniques,
communications have gained from recent growth
in spatial diversity and smart antennas. Mobile this optical approach possibly also imparts angle and
communications also give an idea about some of spatial diversity for enhancing the representation of
the implementations workable with an antenna. point-to-point links [1].
However, in optical systems, we do not have the The smart receiver has the following
RF implementation of being able to use cogent characteristics:
beam-forming or phased arrays [1]. x Increased field of view
C. Smart Transmitter x Angle of arrival estimation
The smart transmitter has the following There are many design considerations that have to
characteristics [1]: be kept in mind due to their significance to underwater
free-space optical communication. First of all, unlike
x Electronic switched beam-steering. the optical front-end arrays in terrestrial free-space
x Increased directionality. optics and indoor optical wireless use either photodiode
arrays with no lenses, the smart receivers that are used
The LED (Light Emitting Diode) is a
in the underwater communication need to be mounted
semiconductor device that produces a relatively narrow
with an array of lens [1]. This is done to estimate the
spectrum light, dependent on the material used with a
angle of arrival of signals being focused on the receiver.
particular brightness dependent on the forward bias
current applied. The speed at which an LED can be It is always been the requirement of free space
modulated is usually limited by the die size for high optical communication underwater to have an improved
brightness LEDs. This implies a trade off between FOV and is considered one of the primary issues to
power and speed, since larger die size provides higher work upon. A significant improvement in the FOV can
brightness [21], [22]. be made by using quasi omni-directional lenses at the
The smart transmitter is composed of a shortened receiver side.
hexagonal pyramid with a large number of LEDs. Each A smart transmitter can perform evaluation of the
LED in the transmitter is coupled with its own lens that water quality by utilizing its backscattered return light
converge the extensive FOV of the LED to a limited and a co-located receiver to estimate the attenuation
beam in a particular direction. Each LED is uniquely
coefficient (channel state) of the channel at the
addressed and driven, which allows the modulator to
select an output direction. This constructs the procedure transmitter. This expertise has the benefit of knowing
for a basic switched beam-steering at the transmitter the water quality without counting on a back-channel
side [1]. for back-telemetry or even a different instrumentation
For a multi-user environment it is mandatory to sensor [1]. Knowing this information allows the
provide a multiple access to the medium. LEDs at transmitter to, for example, adaptively change its
different wavelengths can be used, but receivers would transmitting power, data rate, code rate, or other
require multiple filters. Time parameters. The question to this expertise is that the
Division Multiple Access would thus need
return beam from backscatter, depending on the
synchronous clocks [1].
attenuation coefficient of the channel, can be as low as
D. Smart Receiver roughly six orders of magnitude below the output power
Like smart transmitter, the goal of the smart of the transmitter [1]. To some degree, this can be
receiver is to develop a quasi omni-directional system elucidated by a few methods including: sending a
to reduce pointing and tracking requirements generally higher power training sequence for the cause of
associated with free-space optical systems. enlarging the amount of backscattered light used for
Further, to potentially reduce pointing and tracking estimation and evaluation, the receiver associated the
requirements, this design also potentially allows one to captured light to the genuine information being
estimate and evaluate angle of arrival. This can be used transmitted, or even temporarily increasing the receiver
in combination with a CDMA type multiple access gain. Expertises such as the use of a lock-in amplifier
system. Thus, the signals from distinct platforms can be can be used and are aided by the fact that the transmitter
differentiated from their coded signals and have a and the backscatter-receiver are co-located [1], [23].
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Smart Transmitters and Receivers for Underwater Free-Space Optical Communication – A Review
237
F
Fuzzy System
ms using GPGPU
U – A Surveey
Satvir Singgh1 and Shivaani Kakkar2
1,2
Departmment of Electroonics & Commmunication Enngineering,
S
Shaheed Bhaggat Singh Statte Technical Campus
C Mogaa Road, Ferozeepur–152004, Punjab, India
a
E-mail: 1drsatvir.in@gm
d mail.com, 2kakkkarshivani477@yahoo.in
Abstract—This pap per presents a survey on n use n GL, etc. for exploiting GP
open PGPU. In CUDDA, to start
GPGPU (General
( Purrpose computting on Graaphics appliication data is
i copied from
m CPU to GP PU memory
Processing Unit) to im mplement Fuzzzy Logic Syystems overr a PCI Expreess bus follow
wed by load and
a execute
(FLSs). Feaatures such as massively parallel, multithreeaded prog
gram. Then prrogram resultts are copied back from
operations, many-core processor make Graaphics
Processing Unit (GPU) su uitable for reaal-time applicaations.
GPUU memory to CPUC memory..
Inherent paarallel nature of Type-1 and Type-2 FLS Ss has
been explooited for parallelization on o GPU. Vaarious
applicationns, like fuzzy cllustering, imagge processing, robot
navigation, and fuzzy arrithmetic libraary, etc. have been
studied forr better perfoormances on GPU using CUDA C
(Compute Unified Desiign Architectu ure) program mming
model. In n present sccenario of High H Performmance
Computingg (HPC), GPG GPU is most significant
s low
w cost
solution forr many engineeering problems.
Keywords: GPU, GP PGPU, CUDA, Type-1 and Type-2 T
FLSs
I. INTTRODUCTION
Graphhic Processing Unit (GP PU) developeed in
1970s is traditionally used for teexture and video v
rendering. GPU is exceptionally suited for HPC C just
because off its large nummber of compuutational coress. The
high speedd processors innside GPU haave 100s of ALUs A
running 10000s of identiccal threads in parallel to exxecute Fig. 1 CUDA
C processinng Model Design
instructionns simultaneouusly. Tasks peerforming idenntical As FLSs posssess inherent parallel natuure [1], it is
operations which are inddependent of each other exxecute easy
y to exploit thhem on paralllel architecturre of GPUs
on many data
d elements in parallel. CP PU spends a lot of for implementatio
i on. This paperr presents varrious Fuzzy
time on computations as compared to GPU. Soo, the Logiic engineerinng problems where GPU U has been
GPU is faaster as comppared to CPU U owing to larger
l investigated for increased speeedups. Orgaanization of
number of computationss being perforrmed on proceessing rest of this paper as: Section I presents an overview
o of
cores of GPU
G simultanneously. GPU U being classiically Typee-1 and Typee-2 FLSs. Section II discu usses about
used for texture and graphics appplications is now basiccs of Type-11 and Type-22 FLS and Section III
playing a vital rolee in speedd up of many m reports various GPGPU impplementationss for FLS
computatioonally intensiive algorithm ms. This genneral- conccepts and applications.
a Finally, Section
S IV
purpose paarallel computtational functiionality of GP PU is summ marizes the paper and presents motivational
m
supported by the scalabble CUDA prrogramming model m offsh
hoots for the HPC
H researcheers working on FLSs.
[16][18]. In
I 2007, first release of CU UDA exploreed the
parallel arcchitecture of GPUs
G for paraallel computinng for II. FUZZY LOGIC SYSTEMS
various appplications otheer then graphiics. It enables GPU
to execute programs wrritten in C. Itt is a small set s of The term Fuzzzy Logic waas introduced by Lotfi A.
extensions to C/C++ and enable heterogenneous Zadeeh in 1965 [2]][3]. In 1970s, research grooups formed
programmiing including provisions foor both host (C CPU) in around
a the world
w investiggated fuzzy lo ogic where
and device (GPU) thrrough PCI express e bus. Data convventional matthematical toools face diffficulties in
parallel poortions of an algorithm are executed on the handdling engineeering (especiaally, control)) problems.
device as kernels.
k One kernel is executed at a tim me by Fuzzzy sets providee provision foor dealing with
h vagueness
many threaads in a blockk. CUDA threeads on a GPU U can and ambiguity. Inn fuzzy sets, each elementt is mapped
be executed independenttly and each thhread perform ms the hin [0, 1] by an analog m
with membership fu unction [4].
same operration and exeecute same kernel
k as showwn in Ruleebase is exxtracted froom experien ntial fuzzy
Fig. 1, from
m architecturaal point of vieww. knowwledge of expperts to controol the output variable. A
CUDA A uses software and harddware required for fuzzyy rule is a simple IF-THE EN rule with a condition
making GPU hardw ware easilyy accessiblee to and a conclusion. For examplle, if tempera ature (input
programmeers. Not onlyy CUDA, therre are many other variaable) is cold (fuzzy set) tthen output command
c is
programmiing platformss, like Shadder, OpenCL,, and heat (fuzzy set).. Aggregatedd fired fuzzy y rules are