Chapter# 3

Mechanical stress:-

Distribution of force within a body quantified as force divided by the area over which the force acts.

Compression:-

Pressing or squeezing force directed axially through a body.

Tension:-

Pulling or stretching force directed axially through a body.

Shear:-

Force directed parallel to a surface.

Bending:-

Asymmetric loading that produce tension on one side of o body’s longitudinal axis and compression on
the other side.

Axial:-

Directed along the longitudinal axis of a body.

Torsion:-

Load-producing twisting of a body around its longitudinal axis.

Combined loading:-

Simultaneous action of more than one of the pure forms of loading.

Deformation:-

Change in shape.

Vector Composition:-

When vectors are added together, the operation is called vector composition.

The single vector resulting from a composition of two or more vectors is known as the resultant vector,
or the resultant.

Chapter# 12
Linear momentum.

Quantity of motion, measured as the linear momentum product of a body’s mass and its velocity.

Newton’s law
Law of inertia:-

A body will remain in the state of rest or constant velocity, unless an external force act upon that
changes its state.

Law of acceleration

A force applied to a body causes an acceleration of that body of a magnitude proportional to the force,
in the direction of the force, and inversely proportional to the body's mass.

Law of reaction:-

Action and reaction are same but opposite in direction.

Law of gravitation

F is directly proportional to m1m2

F is inversely proportional to 1/d2

F = G m1m2/ d2

Every body in the universe attract other body with force which is directly proportional to the masses and
inversely proportional to the square of distance between their center.

Types of forces

Applied force

Gravitational force

Friction force

Tension force

Normal force

Air resistance force

Spring force

Centripetal force

Centrifugal force

Bayonet force