12 Chapter 1 Preliminaries

66. The points on or inside the circle centered

at (!ß !) with radius 2 and on or inside the
circle centered at (
2ß 0) with radius 2.

67. x#  y#  6y  0 Ê x#  (y  3)#  9.
The interior points of the circle centered at
(!ß
3) with radius 3, but above the line
y œ
3.

68. x#  y#
4x  2y  4 Ê (x
2)#  (y  1)#  9.

The points exterior to the circle centered at
(2ß
1) with radius 3 and to the right of the
line x œ 2.

69. (x  2)#  (y
1)#  6 70. (x  4)#  (y
2)#  16

71. x#  y# Ÿ 2, x   1 72. x#  y#  4, (x
1)#  (y
3)#  10

73. x#  y# œ 1 and y œ 2x Ê 1 œ x#  4x# œ 5x#

"
Ê Šx œ È5 and y œ È5 ‹
2
or Šx œ
È"5 and y œ
È25 ‹ .

Thus, A Š È"5 ß È25 ‹ , B Š
È"5 ß
È25 ‹ are the

points of intersection.
 Section 1.2 Lines, Circles, and Parabolas 13

74. x  y œ 1 and (x
1)#  y# œ 1

Ê 1 œ (
y)#  y# œ 2y#
" "
Ê Šy œ È2 and x œ "
È2 ‹ or

Šy œ
È"2 and x œ 1  "

È2 ‹ . Thus,
"
A Š"
È2 ß È"2 ‹ and B Š1  "
È2 ß
È"2 ‹
are intersection points.

75. y
x œ 1 and y œ x# Ê x#
x œ 1
1 „È 5
Ê x#
x
1 œ 0 Ê x œ # .
1
È 5 3
È 5
If x œ # , then y œ x  1 œ # .
È È
If x œ 1# 5 , then y œ x  1 œ 3# 5 .
È È È È
Thus, A Š 1
# 5 ß 3
# 5 ‹ and B Š 1# 5 ß 3# 5 ‹
are the intersection points.

76. y œ
x and C œ
(x
1)# Ê (x
1)# œ x

3 „È 5
Ê x#
3x  " œ 0 Ê x œ # . If
3 È 5 È 5 3
x œ # , then y œ
x œ # . If
È È
x œ 3
# 5 , then y œ
x œ
3
# 5 .
È È È È
Thus, A Š 3# 5 ß 5#3 ‹ and B Š 3
# 5 ß
3
# 5 ‹
are the intersection points.

77. y œ 2x#
1 œ
x# Ê 3x# œ 1

Ê x œ È"3 and y œ
3" or x œ
È"3 and y œ
3" .

Thus, A Š È"3 ß
3" ‹ and B Š
È"3 ß
3" ‹ are the

intersection points.
14 Chapter 1 Preliminaries
x# 3x#
78. y œ 4 œ (x
1)# Ê 0 œ 4
2x  1
#
Ê 0 œ 3x
8x  4 œ (3x
2)(x
2)
x#
Ê x œ 2 and y œ 4 œ 1, or x œ 2
3 and
#
yœ x
4 œ 9" . Thus, A(2ß 1) and B ˆ 3 ß 9" ‰
2

are the intersection points.

79. x#  y# œ 1 œ (x
1)#  y#
Ê x# œ (x
1)# œ x#
2x  1
Ê 0 œ
2x  1 Ê x œ "# . Hence
È3
y# œ "
x # œ 3
4 or y œ „ # . Thus,
È3 È
A Š "# ß # ‹ and B Š "# ß
#3 ‹ are the
intersection points.

80. x#  y# œ 1 œ x#  y Ê y# œ y
Ê y(y
1) œ 0 Ê y œ 0 or y œ 1.
If y œ 1, then x# œ "
y# œ 0 or x œ 0.
If y œ 0, then x# œ 1
y# œ 1 or x œ „ 1.
Thus, A(0ß 1), B("ß 0), and C(
1ß 0) are the
intersection points.

68°  69°
81. (a) A ¸ (69°ß 0 in), B ¸ (68°ß .4 in) Ê m œ .4  0 ¸
2.5°/in.
10°  68°
(b) A ¸ (68°ß .4 in), B ¸ (10°ß 4 in) Ê m œ 4  .4 ¸
16.1°/in.
5°  10°
(c) A ¸ (10°ß 4 in), B ¸ (5°ß 4.6 in) Ê m œ 4.6  4 ¸
8.3°/in.

?U
82. The time rate of heat transfer across a material, ?> , is directly proportional to the cross-sectional area, A, of the material,
?X
to the temperature gradient across the material, ?B (the slopes from the previous problem), and to a constant characteristic
?U ÎA
?U ?U
of the material. ?> œ -kA ?
?B
X
Ê k =
??> X . Note that ?> and ?X
?B are of opposite sign because heat flow is toward lower
?B
temperature. So a small value of k corresponds to low heat flow through the material and thus the material is a good
insulator.Since all three materials have the same cross section and the heat flow across each is the same (temperatures are
not changing), we may define another constant, K, characteristics of the material: K œ
?"X Þ Using the values of ? X
?B from
?B
the prevous problem, fiberglass has the smallest K at 0.06 and thus is the best insulator. Likewise, the wallboard is the
poorest insulator, with K œ 0.4.

10.94"
83. p œ kd  1 and p œ 10.94 at d œ 100 Ê k œ 100 œ 0.0994. Then p œ 0.0994d  1 is the diver's
pressure equation so that d œ 50 Ê p œ (0.0994)(50)  1 œ 5.97 atmospheres.

84. The line of incidence passes through (!ß 1) and ("ß 0) Ê The line of reflection passes through ("ß 0) and (#ß ")
0
Ê m œ 1# 1 œ 1 Ê y
0 œ 1(x
1) Ê y œ x
1 is the line of reflection.
 Section 1.2 Lines, Circles, and Parabolas 15

85. C œ 5
9 (F
32) and C œ F Ê F œ 5
9 F
160
9 Ê 4
9 F œ
160
9 or F œ
40° gives the same numerical reading.

#
86. m œ 37.1
100 œ 14
?x Ê ?x œ 14
.371 . Therefore, distance between first and last rows is É(14)#  ˆ .371
14 ‰
¸ 40.25 ft.

87. length AB œ È(5
1)#  (5
2)# œ È16  9 œ 5

length AC œ È(4
1)#  (
#
#)# œ È9  16 œ 5
length BC œ È(4
5)#  (
#
5)# œ È1  49 œ È50 œ 5È2 Á 5

#
88. length AB œ Ê(1
0)#  ŠÈ3
0‹ œ È1  3 œ 2

length AC œ È(2
0)#  (0
0)# œ È4  0 œ 2

#
length BC œ Ê(2
1)#  Š0
È3‹ œ È1  3 œ 2

89. Length AB œ È(?x)#  (?y)# œ È1#  4# œ È17 and length BC œ È(?x)#  (?y)# œ È4#  1# œ È17.
Also, slope AB œ 41 and slope BC œ "4 , so AB ¼ BC. Thus, the points are vertices of a square. The coordinate
increments from the fourth vertex D(xß y) to A must equal the increments from C to B Ê 2
x œ ?x œ 4 and

1
y œ ?y œ " Ê x œ
2 and y œ
2. Thus D(
#ß
2) is the fourth vertex.

90. Let A œ (xß 2) and C œ (9ß y) Ê B œ (xß y). Then 9
x œ kADk and 2
y œ kDCk Ê 2(9
x)  2(2
y) œ 56
and 9
x œ 3(2
y) Ê 2(3(2
y))  2(2
y) œ 56 Ê y œ
5 Ê 9
x œ 3(2
(
5)) Ê x œ
12.
Therefore, A œ (
12ß 2), C œ (9ß
5), and B œ (
12ß
5).

91. Let A(
"ß "), B(#ß $), and C(2ß !) denote the points.
Since BC is vertical and has length kBCk œ 3, let
D" (
"ß 4) be located vertically upward from A and
D# (
"ß
2) be located vertically downward from A so
that kBCk œ kAD" k œ kAD# k œ 3. Denote the point
D$ (xß y). Since the slope of AB equals the slope of
CD$ we have yx "
2 œ
3 Ê 3y
9 œ
x  2 or
3

x  3y œ 11. Likewise, the slope of AC equals the slope

of BD$ so that yx 
 2 œ 3 Ê 3y œ 2x
4 or 2x
3y œ 4.
0 2

x  3y œ ""
we find x œ 5 and y œ 2 yielding the vertex D$ (5ß #).
2x
3y œ 4

Solving the system of equations

92. Let ax, yb, x Á ! and/or y Á ! be a point on the coordinate plane. The slope, m, of the segment a!ß !b to ax, yb is yx . A 90‰
rotation gives a segment with slope mw œ
m" œ
xy . If this segment has length equal to the original segment, its endpoint
will be a
y, xb or ay,
xb, the first of these corresponds to a counter-clockwise rotation, the latter to a clockwise
rotation.
(a) (
"ß 4); (b) (3ß
2); (c) (5ß 2); (d) (0ß x);
16 Chapter 1 Preliminaries

(e) (
yß 0); (f) (
yß x); (g) (3ß
10)

93. 2x  ky œ 3 has slope
2k and 4x  y œ 1 has slope
4. The lines are perpendicular when
2k (
4) œ
1 or
k œ
8 and parallel when
2k œ
4 or k œ "# .

94. At the point of intersection, 2x  4y œ 6 and 2x
3y œ
1. Subtracting these equations we find 7y œ 7 or
y œ 1. Substitution into either equation gives x œ 1 Ê (1ß 1) is the intersection point. The line through (1ß 1)
and ("ß #) is vertical with equation x œ 1.

95. Let M(aß b) be the midpoint. Since the two triangles

shown in the figure are congruent, the value a must
lie midway between x" and x# , so a œ x"
#x# .

y "
y #
Similarly, b œ # .

96. (a) L has slope 1 so M is the line through P(2ß 1) with slope
1; or the line y œ
x  3. At the intersection
point, Q, we have equal y-values, y œ x  2 œ
x  3. Thus, 2x œ 1 or x œ "# . Hence Q has coordinates
ˆ "# ß 5# ‰ . The distance from P to L œ the distance from P to Q œ Ɉ #3 ‰#  ˆ
3# ‰# œ É 18 3È 2
4 œ # .

(b) L has slope
43 so M has slope 3

4 and M has the equation 4y
3x œ 12. We can rewrite the equations of
the lines as L: x  y œ 3 and M:
B  43 y œ 4. Adding these we get 25
3
4 12 y œ 7 so y œ 25 . Substitution
84

into either equation gives x œ 43 ˆ 84 ‰ ˆ 12 84 ‰

25
4 œ 25 so that Q 25 ß 25 is the point of intersection. The distance
12

12 ‰# 84 ‰#
from P to L œ Ɉ4
25  ˆ6
25 œ 22
5 .
(c) M is a horizontal line with equation y œ b. The intersection point of L and M is Q(
"ß b). Thus, the
distance from P to L is È(a  1)#  0# œ ka  1k .
(d) If B œ 0 and A Á 0, then the distance from P to L is ¸ AC
x! ¸ as in (c). Similarly, if A œ 0 and B Á 0, the
distance is ¸ CB
y! ¸ . If both A and B are Á 0 then L has slope
AB so M has slope AB . Thus,
L: Ax  By œ C and M:
Bx  Ay œ
Bx!  Ay! . Solving these equations simultaneously we find the
ACB aAy! Bx! b BC
A aAy! Bx! b
point of intersection Q(xß y) with x œ A#
B# and y œ A#
B# . The distance from
# # # #
P to Q equals È(?x)#  (?y)# , where (?x)# œ Š x! aA
B bAAC
ABy! B x!
#
B# ‹
#
A# aAx!
By!
Cb# # # #
B# aAx!
By!
Cb#
œ aA#
B# b#
, and (?y)# œ Š y! aA
B bABC A y!
ABx!
#
B# ‹ œ aA#
B# b#
.
#
kAx!
By!
Ck
Thus, È(?x)#  (?y)# œ É aAx!A
#By

B#
!
Cb
œ ÈA#
B# .

1.3 FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS

1. domain œ (
_ß _); range œ [1ß _) 2. domain œ [0ß _); range œ (
_ß 1]

" "
3. domain œ (!ß _); y in range Ê y œ Èt , t  0 Ê y# œ t and y  ! Ê y can be any positive real number
Ê range œ (!ß _).
 Section 1.3 Functions and Their Graphs 17
"
4. domain œ [0ß _); y in range Ê y œ 1
È t
, t  0. If t œ 0, then y œ 1 and as t increases, y becomes a smaller
and smaller positive real number Ê range œ (0ß 1].

5. 4
z# œ (2
z)(2  z)   0 Í z − [
2ß 2] œ domain. Largest value is g(0) œ È4 œ 2 and smallest value is

g(
2) œ g(2) œ È0 œ 0 Ê range œ [0ß 2].

6. domain œ (
2ß 2) from Exercise 5; smallest value is g(0) œ "# and as 0  z increases to 2, g(z) gets larger and
larger (also true as z  0 decreases to
2) Ê range œ  "# ß _‰ .

7. (a) Not the graph of a function of x since it fails the vertical line test.
(b) Is the graph of a function of x since any vertical line intersects the graph at most once.

8. (a) Not the graph of a function of x since it fails the vertical line test.
(b) Not the graph of a function of x since it fails the vertical line test.

9. y œ Ɉ "x ‰
" Ê "

x
"   ! Ê x Ÿ 1 and x  !. So,
(a) No (x  !Ñ; (b) No; division by ! undefined;
" "
(c) No; if x   ", x "Ê x
"  !; (d) Ð!ß "Ó

10. y œ É#
Èx Ê #
Èx   ! Ê Èx   ! and Èx Ÿ #. Èx   ! Ê x   ! and Èx Ÿ # Ê x Ÿ %Þ So, ! Ÿ x Ÿ %.

(a) No; (b) No; (c) Ò!ß %Ó

# È3 È3 È3
11. base œ x; (height)#  ˆ #x ‰ œ x# Ê height œ # x; area is a(x) œ "
# (base)(height) œ "
# (x) Š # x‹ œ 4 x# ;
perimeter is p(x) œ x  x  x œ 3x.

"
12. s œ side length Ê s#  s# œ d# Ê s œ d
È2 ; and area is a œ s# Ê a œ # d#

13. Let D œ diagonal of a face of the cube and j œ the length of an edge. Then j#  D# œ d# and (by Exercise 10)
$Î#
6d# #
d$
D# œ 2j# Ê 3j# œ d# Ê j œ d
È3 . The surface area is 6j# œ 3 œ 2d# and the volume is j$ œ Š d3 ‹ œ 3È 3
.

Èx
14. The coordinates of P are ˆxß Èx‰ so the slope of the line joining P to the origin is m œ x œ "
Èx (x  0). Thus,
ˆx, Èx‰ œ ˆ m"# , "‰
m .

15. The domain is a
_ß _b. 16. The domain is a
_ß _b.
18 Chapter 1 Preliminaries

17. The domain is a
_ß _b. 18. The domain is Ð
_ß !Ó.

19. The domain is a
_ß !b  a!ß _b. 20. The domain is a
_ß !b  a!ß _b.

21. Neither graph passes the vertical line test

(a) (b)

22. Neither graph passes the vertical line test

(a) (b)

Ú xyœ" Þ Ú yœ1
x Þ
kx  yk œ 1 Í Û or ß Í Û or ß
Ü x  y œ
" à Ü y œ
"
x à