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1093/humrep/dei368
Advance Access publication October 27, 2005.
Introduction fibres into the endometriotic foci and thus provide a mecha-
Endometriosis, defined by the presence of focal endometrium- nism for lesion-specific pain. We therefore studied the pres-
like tissue in sites outside the uterus (Binkovitz et al., 1991), ence of nerve fibres by immunohistochemistry in the basal and
is a gynaecological condition which is being increasingly rec- functional layers of the endometrium from women with and
ognized in most societies, especially in developed countries. without visually and biopsy-proven endometriosis using highly
Frequently it is associated with recurrent and disabling symp- specific markers polyclonal rabbit anti-protein gene product
toms, primarily pelvic pain, yet little is understood about the 9.5 (PGP9.5) (Lundberg et al., 1988) and NF (Schlaepfer,
mechanisms by which symptoms are generated (Anaf et al., 1987) for both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres.
2000). Investigators have studied the presence of nerve fibres PGP9.5 is a highly specific pan-neuronal marker and it stains
in endometriotic plaques and, although there is some evidence both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres (Aα, Aβ, Aγ,
for the ingrowth of small nerve fibres into endometriotic Aδ, B and C fibres). NF is a highly specific marker for myeli-
plaques (Tamburro et al., 2003; Berkley et al., 2004), no neu- nated nerve fibres and it stains Aα, Aβ, Aγ, Aδ and B fibres.
rofilament protein (NF)-immunoreactive nerve fibres could be Aδ fibres are small myelinated fibres and transmit sharp, prick-
identified in the capsule of ovarian endometriomas (Al-Frozan ing localized pain to the central nervous system. C fibres are
et al., 2004). small unmyelinated fibres and transmit dull, aching, burning
The multiplicity of molecular and cellular abnormalities poorly localized pain.
demonstrated in the eutopic endometrium of women with
endometriosis (Lessey et al., 1994; Ota and Tanaka, 1997; Materials and methods
Healy et al., 1998) suggests that primary abnormalities in this
tissue may have a role in the genesis of endometriosis and per- Collection of tissue
haps even in the genesis of symptoms. We speculated that this This study was approved by the Human Ethics Committees of the
might include local growth factors or cytokines for nerve fibres Central Sydney Area Health Service and the University of Sydney,
and all women gave their informed consent for participation.
which, if also present in the ectopic endometrial-type tissue of
Endometrial tissue (uterine curettage) was collected from 25
patients with endometriosis, could induce the growth of nerve
women with endometriosis (mean age, 27.5 years; range, 20–35) and
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Endometrial nerve fibres in women with endometriosis
47 women without endometriosis (mean age 32.7 years; range, 28–38) Japan). We used normal skin as a positive control as it reliably
who underwent laparoscopy combined with hysteroscopy and contains myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres expressing both
diagnostic curettage. The endometriosis patients all complained of PGP9.5 and NF. Rabbit immunoglobulin fraction was used as a nega-
dysmenorrhoea and a range of related pain symptoms. The 47 tive control, the concentration being matched with the concentration
endometrial curettage tissue samples collected from women without of the PGP9.5 and NF antibodies.
laparoscopic evidence of endometriosis were from patients undergo-
ing tubal sterilization, assessment prior to tubal reanastomosis or Statistical analysis
investigation of infertility. Full-thickness uterine blocks, which The images were captured by using an Olympus BX51 digital camera,
included the endometrium and myometrium, were selected from 10 and an assessment of nerve fibre density was performed by Image Pro
women with endometriosis (mean age 44.0 years; range, 42–46) and Plus Discovery (MediaCybernetics, Silver Springs, MD). Once the fea-
35 women without endometriosis (mean age 46.0 years; range, 38–54) tures of the images were controlled, an orthogonal grid mask was
who had undergone hysterectomy. The indications for hysterectomy sketched above the original images. The sections of the grid were
in the 35 women without endometriosis included multiple small uter- 250μm a side. Once the grid was in position, nerve fibres in the
ine fibroids, uterine prolapse, abdominal adhesions or abnormally endometrium and myometrium, and the total number of squares cover-
heavy menstrual bleeding. ing the sections of endometrium and myometrium were counted. The
n Mean±SD Range
Table II. Small unmyelinated and large myelinated nerve fibre densities in the basal layer of endometrium (per mm2, mean±SD) in women with and without
endometriosis
Endometriosis No endometriosis
n PGP9.5 NF n PGP9.5 NF
Unmyelinated and myelinated nerve fibres were stained with PGP9.5; myelinated nerve fibres were stained with NF.
P<0.001 for endometriosis versus no endometriosis.
Endometriosis No endometriosis
n PGP9.5 NF n PGP9.5 NF
Unmyelinated and myelinated nerve fibres were stained with PGP9.5; myelinated nerve fibres were stained with NF.
P<0.001 for PGP9.5; P>0.097 for NF.
It has been known for some time that the myometrium, the Nerve fibres were present in human peritoneal endometriotic
endometrial–myometrial interface and the deeper portion of the plaques, and transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) was
basal endometrium can be innervated by nerve fibres, but that expressed in the nerve fibres only in red and white lesions
nerve fibres are absent from the superficial two-thirds of the (Tamburro et al., 2003). Rectovaginal endometriotic nodules
endometrium (the functional layer) in the normal human uterus from women with severe dysmenorrhoea and deep dyspareunia
(Coupland, 1969). The function of these nerve fibres in normal showed the presence of nerve fibres staining with the non-
basal endometrium is not well understood. However, some ace- specific antibody, S-100 protein (Anaf et al., 2000). Human
tylcholinesterase (AChE)-immunoreactive nerve fibres were peritoneal adhesions contained synaptophysin- CGRP-, SP-,
detected in the basal layer of normal human endometrium vasoactive intestinal peptide- (VIP)- and tyrosine hydroxylase
(Coupland, 1969). Neuropeptide - (NPY), substance P- (SP), (TH)-immunoreactive nerve fibres (Sulaiman et al., 2001) and
vasoactive intestinal peptide- (VIP) and neurotensin (NT)- 78% of endometriosis-related adhesions showed NF-immuno-
immunoreactive nerve fibres were also present in normal human reactive nerve fibres (Tulandi et al., 1998).
endometrium (Heinrich et al., 1986). Yet little is known about SP- and CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibres were present in
the functions of these nerve fibres in human endometrium. human myometrium (Samuelson et al., 1985) and SP-induced
Some researchers have studied nerve fibres in normal contractions were inhibited by CGRP. It has been reported that
endometrium in animals. Calcitonin gene-related peptide- women with endometriosis had uterine contractions with
(CGRP) (Shew et al., 1990), AChE- and NPY-immunoreactive higher frequency, amplitude and basal pressure tone during
nerve fibres were detected in rat endometrium (Papka et al., 1985) menses (Bulletti et al., 2002); therefore, SP- and CGRP-immu-
and many CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibres were near the sur- noreactive nerve fibres may play a role in the pain of women
face epithelium (Shew et al., 1990). SP and CGRP were also with endometriosis.
localized in myometrial nerves in a rat model (Shew et al., 1990). The pathogenesis of endometriosis is not well understood,
A variety of clinical conditions including endometriosis, pelvic but there are numerous theories, including implantation of
inflammatory disease, uterine fibroids, adhesions and uterine endometrial fragments transported via the Fallopian tubes by
contractions can cause pelvic pain. Various investigators have retrograde menstruation (Sampson, 1927, 1940), mechanical
demonstrated nerve fibres in endometriotic plaques, abdominal transplantation (Allen et al., 1954; Levander and Normann,
adhesions and myometrium (Tulandi et al., 1998; Anaf et al., 1955), lymphatic and vascular metastasis (Halban, 1924;
2000; Sulaiman et al., 2001; Tamburro et al., 2003; Berkley Jubanyik and Comite, 1997), direct extension or invasion (Cullen,
et al., 2004). Endometriotic plaques in a rat model were inner- 1908), coelomic metaplasia (Ridley, 1968, Vasquez, 1984),
vated by SP, CGRP (sensory C and Aδ fibres) and vesicular embryonic rests (Von Recklinghausen, 1896; Russell, 1899)
monoamine transporter (VMAT) fibres (Berkley et al., 2004). and a composite theory (Javert, 1949; Nisolle and Donnez,
785
N.Tokushige et al.
1997). Most researchers support variations of the implantation in deep adenomyotic nodules, peritoneal and ovarian endometriosis. Hum
Reprod 17,1895–1900.
theory, which postulates that peritoneal endometriotic lesions
Bergqvist A, Bruse C, Carlberg M and Carlstrom K (2001) Interleukin 1beta,
result from the reflux of viable endometrial tissue fragments or interleukin-6, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha in endometriotic tissue and
cells through the Fallopian tubes which then implant and grow in endometrium. Fertil Steril 75,489–495.
on the peritoneal surface and pelvic organs. Berkley KJ, Dmitrieva N, CurtisK and Papka RE (2004) Innervation of ectopic
endometrium in a rat model of endometriosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
If the implantation theory is true, the nerve fibres in 101,11094–11098.
endometriotic plaques may originate from nerve fibre progeni- Binkovitz LA, King BF and Ehman RL (1991) Sciatic endometriosis: MR
tors in the functional layer of the endometrium or, more prob- appearance. J Comput Assist Tomogr 15,508–510.
ably, from ingrowth of local nerve fibres due to the secretion of Bulletti C, De Ziegler D, Polli V, Del Ferro E, Palini S and Flamigni C (2002)
Characteristics of uterine contractility during menses in women with mild to
nerve growth factors (NGFs) and increased expression of two moderate endometriosis. Fertil Steril 77,1156–1161.
NGF receptors, namely Trk-A and p75, by the implanting Coupland RE (1969) The distribution of cholinergic and other nerve fibres in
endometrium. It is not yet clear what neural stimuli may initi- the human uterus. Postgrad Med J 45,78–79.
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ate the severe pain sensations which some women experience pp. 222–227.
with endometriosis. However, a number of molecules that are
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Endometrial nerve fibres in women with endometriosis
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Fertil Steril 42,696–703. on September 29, 2005
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