MODULE VI

QUANTITY ANALYSIS OF BRINE

EXPERIMENT REPORT

Nama : I Putu Ari Putrawan (12217079)

Kelompok :7

Tanggal Praktikum : 9 November 2018

Tanggal Penyerahan : 15 November 2018

Dosen : Zuher Syihab, S.T., Ph.D.

Asisten Modul : 1. R. Aulia Muhammad Rizky 12215009

2. Muhammad Alwy Dahlan 12215052

3. Maria Indira Puspita Sari 12215091

RESERVOIR FLUIDS ANALYSIS LABORATORY

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING MAJOR

BANDUNG INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

2018/2019
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................... 2

LIST OF TABLES.........................................................................................................................................3

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ..................................................... ............................. 3

CHAPTER II DATA PROCESSING .................................................... ..............................6

CHAPTER III ANALYSIS......................................................... ............................... 14

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION................................... .............................. 18

CHAPTER V IMPRESSION AND SUGGESTION..................................................................19

REFERENCES............................................................ ......21

2
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Module Title

Quality Analysis of Brine

1.2 Practical Work Objectives

1. Determine specific gravity of brine

2. Determine amount of ions contained in brine

3. Predict how scale is formed

1.3 Fundamental Theory

The nature of water that is able to dissolve most organic substances is the reason why water
is called a universal solvent. As a result of this nature, water can dissolve substances that come
into contact with it, both metal and non-metal. The nature of water as a universal solvent is also a
common cause of various problems in the field. Water produced, whether or not with oil, contains
a number of substances produced by contact with water with soil and rock formations. Not
infrequently water also contains suspended solids and dissolved gases.
Changes in temperature and pressure cause some substances that were initially dissolved
in water to become insoluble and turn into solids which separate themselves from water. On oil
fields, the solids formed are called scales and can cause damage to equipment due to clogging by
the solids. The difficulties that arise because of the problem of water in the oil industry is quite a
lot. For example, the emergence of corrosion both on tools on the surface and below the surface,
as well as plugging (plugging) in the formation and pipelines.
To overcome these problems, it is necessary to know some of the properties of water as
below:
a. The constituent ions in water and their properties
b. Information regarding the constituents of the water

3
c. The analytical method used

Cations Anions
Natrium (Na+) Cloride (Cl-)
Calsium (Ca2+) Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Magnesium (Mg2+) Sulfate (SO42-)
Ferum (Fe2+) Carbonate (CO32-)
Tabel 1.1 Anions and Cations in Brine
 Specific gravity
Specific gravity of water can be determined using a Hydrometer, SG Balance, or
picnometer. The choice of tools for experiments depends on the accuracy desired. Although
the Hydrometer is not as thorough as SG Balance and picnometers, this tool is practical
and its accuracy is quite acceptable. While SG Balance is faster than picnometer but the
results need to be corrected for temperature. The hydrometer uses the Archimedes principle
so it needs to be immersed in the sample to be measured. Sometimes the hydrometer is
equipped with a thermometer, so that temperature correction can be done if needed. The
presence of oil in the sample influences the measurement of specific gravity of formation
water, so the sample that can be used is filtered or oil-free samples.

 Ion Sulfate (Galvanimetric Method)

Sulfate is deposited with BaI2 in an acid solution, filtered and weighed as BaSO4.
In practice the disturbing elements have little effect on the sulfate in formation water.
However, keep in mind that ferric silica ammonium ions and heavy metals can interfere
with this determination.

 Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)

This TDS determination is used as a check against SG and resistivity. Most
formation water is a higher amount of NaCl than CaCl2, MgCl2, SrCl2, and other salts.
There are four ways to determine TDS from formation water, namely:
1. Estimated determination of SG
2. Estimated determination of resistivity

4
 3. Evaporation of samples until constant residual weighing
4. Calculation of the number of concentrations of ions

The first and second ways are useful for certain things. While the third is done if a
study is needed. The fourth method is a source of error because all cations and anions are
not determined in formation water analysis. In this experiment the third method will be
carried out.

5
 CHAPTER II

DATA PROCESSING

2.1 Data Observation

A. °API for Brines :

Sample °API

Brines 9.2

Table 2.1 The °API of Brine

B. Determine SO42- ion :

Measured Quantity Measuring Result (mg)

msample 120

Table 2.2 Determine SO42- ion

C. Total Dissolved Solid (TDS):

mionsulfat (g)

0.1

Table 2.3 Total Dissolved Solid

D. Determination of Volume of Dissolved Ions

Ion Indicator Solution to titrate Titration’s Volume (ml)

𝑪𝑶𝟐𝟑− 2 drops of HCl 0.1% 1.3 ml

Phenolphtalein

5%

𝑯𝑪𝑶−𝟑 2 tetes Methyl orange HCl 0.1% 3 ml

0.1%

6
 𝑪𝒍− 2 ml Photassium AgNO3 0.1% 13.8 ml
chromate 5%

Total Hardness Buffers and EBT 0.1% Complexon III 0.2 N 7.5 ml (referensi)

(𝑪𝒂𝟐++𝑴𝒈𝟐+)

𝑪𝒂𝟐+ Murexid 8 N Complexon III 0,2 N 5 ml (referensi)

Table 2.4 Determine the ions that dissolved

2.2 Data Processing

2.2.1 Determining Specific Gravity (SG) of Brines

141,5
°𝐴𝑃𝐼 = − 131.5
𝑆𝐺
141.5 141.5
𝑆𝐺 = = = 1.00569
°𝐴𝑃𝐼 + 131.5 9.2 + 131.5

2.2.2 Determining Sulfate Ions (Galvanimetric Method)

Mol BaSO4:

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙 0.12
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 = = = 5.15 × 10−4 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑟𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 233

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑂42− = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4

Concentration of SO42- in mg/Liter :

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑂42− × 𝑀𝑟 𝑆𝑂42− × 1000 × 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

[𝑆𝑂42− ] =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙 × 𝑆𝐺

5.15 × 10−4 × 96 × 1000 × 2

[𝑆𝑂42− ] = = 893.82 𝑚𝑔/𝐿
0.11 × 1.00569

2.2.3 Total Dissolved Solid (TDS):

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙 × 1000 0.1 × 1000

𝑇𝐷𝑆 = = = 9943,42193 𝑚𝑔/𝐿
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙 × 𝑆𝐺 0.01 × 1.00569

7
2.2.4 Ions Analysis: Asumsi 0.1%=0.1N

a. CO₃2− Ion

2− 𝑉𝐻𝐶𝑙 × 𝑁𝐻𝐶𝑙 × 1000 × 𝑀𝑟 𝐶𝑂3 2− 1.3 × 0.1 × 1000 × 60

[𝐶𝑂3 ]= = = 387.79 𝑚𝑔/𝐿
𝑉 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙 × 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖 × 𝑆𝐺 10 × 2 × 1.00569

b. HCO3 − Ion

𝑉𝐻𝐶𝑙 × 𝑁𝐻𝐶𝑙 × 1000 × 𝑀𝑟 𝐻𝐶𝑂3 − 3 × 0.1 × 1000 × 61

[𝐻𝐶𝑂₃− ] = = = 1819.64 𝑚𝑔/𝐿
𝑉 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙 × 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖 × 𝑆𝐺 10 × 1 × 1.00569

c. Cl− Ion

𝑉𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 × 𝑁𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 × 1000 × 𝑀𝑟 𝐶𝑙 − 13.8 × 0.1 × 1000 × 35.5

[𝐶𝑙 − ] = = = 4871.28 𝑚𝑔/𝑙
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙 × 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖 × 𝑆𝐺 10 × 1 × 1.00569

d. Total Hardness Analysis

𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑜𝑛𝐼𝐼𝐼 × 𝑁𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑜𝑛𝐼𝐼𝐼 × 1000 7.5 × 0.2 × 1000

[𝐶𝑎2+ + 𝑀𝑔2+ ] = = = 149.151 𝑁
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 × 𝑆𝐺 10 × 1.00569

e. Ca2+ Ion

𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑜𝑛𝐼𝐼𝐼 × 𝑁𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑜𝑛𝐼𝐼𝐼 × 1000 × 𝑀𝑟𝐶𝑎2+ 5 𝑥 0.2 𝑥 1000 𝑥 40

[𝐶𝑎2+ ] = = = 1988.7𝑚𝑔/𝐿
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 × 𝑆𝐺 × 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖 10 𝑥 2 𝑥 1.00569

f. Mg 2+ Ion

V1 = Volume of complexon III for [𝐶𝑎2+ + 𝑀𝑔2+ ]

V2 = Volume of complexon III for [𝐶𝑎2+ ]

(𝑉1 − 𝑉2) × 𝑁 × 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑜𝑛𝐼𝐼𝐼 × 1000 × 𝑀𝑟 𝑀𝑔2+

[𝑀𝑔2+ ] =
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 × 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 × 𝑆𝐺
(7.5 − 3) 𝑥 0.2 𝑥 1000 𝑥 24
= = 1073.817 𝑚𝑔/𝐿
10 𝑥 2 𝑥 1.00569

8
 g. Na+ Ion

[𝐼𝑜𝑛] × 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑁=
1000 × 𝑀𝑟

Anion [Ion] (mg/Liter) N Kation [Ion] (mg/Liter) N

𝑯𝑪𝑶𝟑 − 1819.64 0.0298 𝐶𝑎2+ 1988.7 0.099435

𝑪𝑶₃𝟐− 387.79 0.013 𝑀𝑔2+ 1073.817 0.0895

𝑪𝒍− 4871.28 0.1372

𝑺𝑶𝟐−
𝟒 893.82 0.0186

Total 0.1986 0.189

Table 2.5 The result of each ion contained in brine

N 𝑁𝑎+ = Σ N anion – Σ N kation = 0.1986– 0.149 = 0.01

𝑁 𝑁𝑎 𝑥 1000 𝑥 𝑀𝑟 𝑁𝑎 0.0496 ×1000 ×23

[𝑁𝑎+ ] = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖
= 1
= 222,646 𝑚𝑔/𝐿

2.2.5 Scaling Index

Assume ρw = 1 g/L

SI (Scaling Index) = pH – (Palkali + PCa2+ + K)

𝑃𝑎𝑙𝑘𝑎𝑙𝑖=4,8139−0,4375ln[𝐶𝑂32−+𝐻𝐶𝑂3−]=1,445

𝑃𝐶𝑎=4,5997−0,4327ln[𝐶𝑎2+]=1.313

Calculate for values :

a. K= 2,22 dan pH = 7

SI=7-(1,445+1.313+2,22)=2,0218

b. K= 2,22 dan pH = 8

SI=8-(1,445+1.313+2,22)=3,0218

9
2.2 Reference Data

A. °API for Brines :

Sample °API

Brines 9.1

Table 2.6 The °API of Brine

B. Determine SO42- ion :

Measured Quantity Measuring Result (mg)

msample 0.01

Table 2.7 Determine SO42- ion

C. Total Dissolved Solid (TDS):

mionsulfat (g)

0.08

Table 2.8 Total Dissolved Solid

D. Determination of Volume of Dissolved Ions

Ion Indicator Solution to titrate Titration’s Volume (ml)

𝑪𝑶𝟐𝟑− 2 drops of HCl 0.1% 0.4 ml

Phenolphtalein

5%

𝑯𝑪𝑶−𝟑 2 tetes Methyl orange HCl 0.1% 4.9 ml

0.1%

𝑪𝒍− 2 ml Photassium AgNO3 0.1% 15.3 ml

chromate 5%

10
 Total Hardness Buffers and EBT 0.1% Complexon III 0.2 N 7.5 ml (referensi)

(𝑪𝒂𝟐++𝑴𝒈𝟐+)

𝑪𝒂𝟐+ Murexid 8 N Complexon III 0,2 N 5 ml (referensi)

Tabel 2.9 Determine the ions that dissolved

2.2 Data Processing

2.2.1 Determining Specific Gravity (SG) of Brines

141,5
°𝐴𝑃𝐼 = − 131.5
𝑆𝐺
141.5 141.5
𝑆𝐺 = = = 1.0064
°𝐴𝑃𝐼 + 131.5 9.1 + 131.5

2.2.2 Determining Sulfate Ions (Galvanimetric Method)

Mol BaSO4:

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙 0.01
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 = = = 4.29 × 10−5 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑟𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 233

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑂42− = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4

Concentration of SO42- in mg/Liter :

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑂42− × 𝑀𝑟 𝑆𝑂42− × 1000 × 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

[𝑆𝑂42− ] =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙 × 𝑆𝐺

4.29 × 10−5 × 96 × 1000 × 2

[𝑆𝑂42− ] = = 74.436 𝑚𝑔/𝐿
0.11 × 1.0064

2.2.3 Total Dissolved Solid (TDS):

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙 × 1000 0.08 × 1000

𝑇𝐷𝑆 = = = 7949 𝑚𝑔/𝐿
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙 × 𝑆𝐺 0.01 × 1.0064

2.2.4 Ions Analysis:

a. CO₃2− Ion

11
 2− 𝑉𝐻𝐶𝑙 × 𝑁𝐻𝐶𝑙 × 1000 × 𝑀𝑟 𝐶𝑂3 2− 0.4 × 0.1 × 1000 × 60
[𝐶𝑂3 ]= = = 119.24 𝑚𝑔/𝐿
𝑉 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙 × 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖 × 𝑆𝐺 10 × 2 × 1.0064

b. HCO3 − Ion

𝑉𝐻𝐶𝑙 × 𝑁𝐻𝐶𝑙 × 1000 × 𝑀𝑟 𝐻𝐶𝑂3 − 4.9 × 0.1 × 1000 × 61

[𝐻𝐶𝑂₃− ] = = = 2970.05 𝑚𝑔/𝐿
𝑉 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙 × 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖 × 𝑆𝐺 10 × 1 × 1.0064

c. Cl− Ion

𝑉𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 × 𝑁𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 × 1000 × 𝑀𝑟 𝐶𝑙 − 15.3 × 0.1 × 1000 × 35.5

[𝐶𝑙 − ] = = = 5396.96 𝑚𝑔/𝐿
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙 × 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖 × 𝑆𝐺 10 × 1 × 1.0064

d. Total Hardness Analysis

𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑜𝑛𝐼𝐼𝐼 × 𝑁𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑜𝑛𝐼𝐼𝐼 × 1000 7.5 × 0.2 × 1000

[𝐶𝑎2+ + 𝑀𝑔2+ ] = = = 149.046 𝑁
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 × 𝑆𝐺 10 × 1.0064

e. Ca2+ Ion

𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑜𝑛𝐼𝐼𝐼 × 𝑁𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑜𝑛𝐼𝐼𝐼 × 1000 × 𝑀𝑟𝐶𝑎2+ 5 𝑥 0.2 𝑥 1000 𝑥 40

[𝐶𝑎2+ ] = = = 1987.3𝑚𝑔/𝐿
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 × 𝑆𝐺 × 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖 10 𝑥 2 𝑥 1.0064

f. Mg 2+ Ion

V1 = Volume of complexon III for [𝐶𝑎2+ + 𝑀𝑔2+ ]

V2 = Volume of complexon III for [𝐶𝑎2+ ]

(𝑉1 − 𝑉2) × 𝑁 × 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑜𝑛𝐼𝐼𝐼 × 1000 × 𝑀𝑟 𝑀𝑔2+

[𝑀𝑔2+ ] =
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 × 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 × 𝑆𝐺
(7.5 − 3) 𝑥 0.2 𝑥 1000 𝑥 24
= = 1073,132 𝑚𝑔/𝐿
10 𝑥 2 𝑥 1.0064

12
 g. Na+ Ion

[𝐼𝑜𝑛] × 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑁=
1000 × 𝑀𝑟

Anion [Ion] (mg/Liter) N Kation [Ion] (mg/Liter) N

𝑯𝑪𝑶𝟑 − 2970.05 0.0487 𝐶𝑎2+ 1987.3 0.099365

𝑪𝑶₃𝟐− 119.24 0.004 𝑀𝑔2+ 1073.132 0.0894

𝑪𝒍− 5396.96 0.152

𝑺𝑶𝟐−
𝟒 74.436 0.00155

Total 0.20625 0.1888

Table 2.10 The result of each ion contained in brine

N 𝑁𝑎+ = Σ N anion – Σ N kation = 0.20625 – 0.149 = 0.0175

𝑁 𝑁𝑎 𝑥 1000 𝑥 𝑀𝑟 𝑁𝑎 0.05725 ×1000 ×23

[𝑁𝑎+ ] = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖
= 1
= 401,52 𝑚𝑔/𝐿

2.2.5 Scaling Index

Assume ρw = 1 g/L

SI (Scaling Index) = pH – (Palkali + PCa2+ + K)

𝑃𝑎𝑙𝑘𝑎𝑙𝑖=4,8139−0,4375ln[𝐶𝑂32−+𝐻𝐶𝑂3−]=1,2983

𝑃𝐶𝑎=4,5997−0,4327ln[𝐶𝑎2+]=1,313

Calculate for values :

a. K= 2,22 dan pH = 7

SI=7-(1,2983+1,313+2,22)=2,168

b. K= 2,22 dan pH = 8

SI=8-(1,2983+1,313+2,22)=3,168

13
 CHAPTER III

ANALYSIS

3.1 Assumption

In this practical work, we assume several things :

1. The temperature and pressure during observation is constant.

2. Tools and materials that have been used is not containing another materials.
3. The brine is not mixed with crude oil.
4. No parallax during observation.
5. Weighing the mass of sample deposits is done when the sediment is completely dry.
6. Heating plates are at a temperature of 105 °C.
7. The hydrometer didn’t touch the wall of the glass.
8. The concentration of the materials is same according the label.
9. The density of water is 1 gr/cc.
10. The titration result is right when the end point of the titration is reached.

3.2 Tools Analysis

The tools used in this module have several principles and uses of their respective tools,
including:
 Hydrometer
Hydrometer is a tool to determine the specific gravity of a liquid fluid. This tools use
Archimedes principal. In this experiment, using a hydrometer with an API scale. Must be
immersed into the sample, do not touch the wall because it creates friction and inaccuracies.
This tool works well.
 Burette and Standard

Burette is a device used for titration. A cylindrical burette has a measuring line and a tap
plug at the bottom. Burette measurement is very accurate compared to a measuring cup and

14
 drop pipette. This tool works poorly when practicing because there are still leaks in the top of
the orifice.
 Measuring Cup
Measuring cup is a tool used to measure a solution. To measure the volume of the sample,
the concave meniscus boundary must be observed as parallel to the eye. This tool works well.
 Beaker
Beaker is a tool used to dissolve substances, both in the form of solids and liquid. There
are several functions of the beaker in addition to accommodating temporary substances, such
as for dissolving, diluting and mixing various substances. This tool works well.
 Pipette
Pipette is a tool used to extract fluids on small droplets. Pipettes are small in size and
are usually made of plastic or glass with a tapered bottom and a top with rubber. This tool
works well.

 Scales
Scales are tools used to measure the mass of a sample. In this experiment, a balance
sheet is used which displays the measured mass digitally and with a gram scale. This tool
works well.
 Ash Free Filter Paper
Ash free filter paper is a tool used to filter solids formed in a solution. Ash-free filter
paper is used because when it is burned, it hardly leaves ash. Used so that no remnants of
ash are left behind.

3.3 Practical Work Analysis

This practical work consist of several parts that should be done parallelly. We are divided
into several group to do SG measurement, total dissolved solid measurement, and ion analysis. We
do all the procedure based on module but we couldn’t finish all the parts because of time constrain.

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3.4 Result Analysis

By this practical work, the specific gravity that is measured is 9.2⁰ API and the results of
specific gravity is 1.00569 through experimental data and 1.0064 through reference data. This
specific gravity is slightly greater than the specific gravity of pure water, namely 1. This is due to
the presence of the content of ions in the sample which can increase the density of brine and have
a direct effect on the addition of SG values. API Gravity and SG have an inverse relationship: the
greater the Gravity API value, the smaller the SG value, and the inverse applies. Because of this
relationship, one more statement is obtained that the Gravity API value of brine should be smaller
than the API Gravity value of distilled water.
Next, the second experiment is the determination of sulfate ions, which is related to the fourth
experiment, namely the analysis of ions. In the experiment to determine sulfate ions, the filter
paper used was completely burned, meaning that the H₂O content in the filter paper was gone (very
little so that the wet effect was ignored) and burned completely. Through experiment,
concentration of sulfate ions is 893.82 mg/L and based on reference is 74.436 mg/L. A big
difference is caused by there are a lots of impurities deposit in ash free filter paper so the weigh
that is measured is not pure of sulfate ions.
Through the data from Table 2.1d and Table 2.2d, we obtain data of the concentration of ions
in brine. The amount of ions in brine samples is basically related to Total Dissolve Solid (TDS)
present in formation water. The relationship between the two can be explained using the principle
of hard water and hardness. There is one type of hard water which is classified based on its
hardness, namely "temporary hard water" whose mineral content can be removed by heating water
where the ions in it will settle. Based on this fact, a statement can be drawn that TDS is actually
also the result of deposition of ions in the formation water.
The statement will be used to observe whether the content of ions in the experimental brine
samples is completely precipitated due to heating, by comparing the total value of the contents of
all ions analyzed in the experiment and the TDS values obtained from the experiments as well.
And if we observe the results of the experiments of the contents of ions and from the reference
data, the results obtained from the sum of the contents of ions with TDS are different. The total
amount of total ion concentration obtained from this experiment is 11.257.693 mg / Liter and from
the reference data it is 12022.638 mg / Liter; while the TDS value obtained from the experiment
was 9943,49132 mg / Liter and from the reference data amounted to 7949 mg / Liter. This is due

16
to the parallax factor calculation of each ion. In addition, the addition of phenoptalein, methyl
orange, murexide, and EBT in titration experiments is needed quite a lot because there is
contamination from other substances that cause their levels to be impure so that it requires more
those subtances than usual so that the color changed.
From processing the Scaling Index, we got a positive Scaling Index value for the two types of pH
that we observed in the experiment and through reference data. If the Scaling Index is positive, it
means that the scale is not dissolved in the brine samples. The more negative the SI value, the
higher the solubility level. If the more positive the SI value, the lower the solubility level.

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 CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION

Based on data processing and analysis, there are some conclusions :

1. The specific gravity of brine sample through experiment is 1.00569 and through reference
is 1.0064.
2. The amount of ions in brine are in the following table :

Ion Experiment Reference

2-
CO3 387.79 mg/Liter 119.24 mg/Liter
HCO32- 1819.64 mg/Liter 2970.05 mg/Liter
Cl- 4871.28 mg/Liter 5396.96 mg/Liter
Total Hardness 149.151 N 149.046 N
Ca2+ 1988.7 mg/Liter 1987.3 mg/Liter
Mg2+ 1073.817 mg/Liter 1073.132 mg/Liter
Na+ 222.646 mg/Liter 401.52 mg/Liter
SO42- 893.82 mg/Liter 74.436 mg/Liter

3. Scale is formed in brine because scaling index result positive value by value of ph 7 and
8; and K=2.22.

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 CHAPTER V

IMPRESSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Kesan dan Pesan

5.1.1 Asisten

Pada praktikum modul 6 ini berlangsung dengan sangat khidmat dan lancar. Asisten
entah kenapa sangat baik ketika tes alat, sangat berbeda seperti praktikum-praktikum
sebelumnya. Untuk bang Raul yang isunya sangat nyentrik ketika tes alat dan banyak
melakukan intimidasi ketika tes alat, nyatanya sekarang tidak seperti yang orang katakana.
Tidak terlalu banyak intimidasi dan praktikan merasa nyaman ketika tes alat meskipun
tetap beberapa kali intimidasi kecil dilakukan untuk menguji pengetahuan, kompetensi dan
keterampilan praktikum untuk melakukan praktikum. Pesan untuk bang Raul, tetaplah
menjadi bang Raul yang mungkin perkataannya tidak mengenakan tetapi sangatlah baik di
dalam hatinya.

Untuk bang Alwy, saya merasa sangat diuji kemampuan dan pengetahuan dasar
mengenai praktikum ini berdasarkan hal-hal fundamental yang ia tanyakan. Tetapi
kembali, isu beredar bang Alwy suka ngekick orang tetapi kenyataannya saat ini tidak dan
saya mengucapkan terimakasih atas hal itu. Pesan untuk bang Alwy semoga dapat menjadi
asisten yang baik kedepannya.

Untuk kak Indira, saya merasa kak indira adalah asisten terbaik selama praktikum
karena tes alat yang begitu santai dan memberikan kesempatan kepada praktikan untuk
bertanya mengenai hal yang tidak dimengerti bukannya malah menanyakan hal tersebut
kepada praktikan. Pesan untuk kak Indira tetaplah menjadi pribadi yang easy going dan
murah senyum.

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5.2.2 Praktikum

Praktikum modul 6 ini berlangsung dengan lancar. Meskipun terdapat beberapa

kendala selama praktikum terutama saat tes alat, hal itu menjadi pembelajaran untuk
menjadi lebih siap dan lebih baik pada praktikum berikutnya. Asisten juga sangat sabar
dan baik menghadapi praktikan yang mungkin belum siap 100% dan saya berterimakasih
atas hal itu. Dari keseluruhan tes, saya merasa asisten sangatlah consider terhadap
pemahaman konsep praktikan pada modul ini. Saya mengharapkan agar berikutnya
mungkin praktikan dapat dilibatkan lebih aktif dalam prosedur percobaan agar dapat lebih
mengerti proses untuk mendapatkan data percobaan dan juga waktu praktikum
ditambahkan dengan pengurangan waktu tes alat agar dapat melakukan semua prosedur
yang seharusnya praktikan lakukan.

20
 REFERENCES

McCain, William D. Jr. 1990. The Properties of Petroleum Fluids, 2nd Edition. Oklahoma:
PennWell Publishing Co.

Laboratorium Analisa Fluida Reservoir. 2018. “Modul Praktikum Analisis Fluida Reservoir”.
Bandung : Institut Teknologi Bandung.

Siagian, Ucok. 2002. “Diktat Kuliah Fluida Reservoir”. Bandung : Penerbit ITB.

Patton, Charles C., “Oilfield Water System”, 2nd Edition, Cambell Petroleum. 1977

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