Lab Manual CS6513-Computer Graphics Lab (V Semester) Prepared by Mrs.K.Alice, AP/CSE

GKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
Perungalathur,Chennai – 60063.
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Lab Manual
CS6513- Computer Graphics Lab
(V semester)
Prepared By
Mrs.K.Alice, AP/CSE.
Prepared By
Mrs.K.ALICE, AP/CSE. 2016 - 2017 CS6513 – Computer Graphics Lab
CS6513 COMPUTER GRAPHICS LABORATORY
OBJECTIVES:
The student should be made to:
Understand graphics programming
Be exposed to creation of 3D graphical scenes using open graphics library suits
Be familiar with image manipulation, enhancement
Learn to create animations
To create a multimedia presentation/Game/Project.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
IMPLEMENT THE EXERCISES USING C / OPENGL / JAVA
1. Implementation of Algorithms for drawing 2D Primitives – Line (DDA, Bresenham) – all
slopes Circle (Midpoint)
2. 2D Geometric transformations –
 Translation
 Rotation Scaling
 Reflection Shear
 Window-Viewport
3. Composite 2D Transformations
4. Line Clipping
5. 3D Transformations – Translation, Rotation, Scaling.
6. 3D Projections – Parallel, Perspective.
7. Creating 3D Scenes.
8. Image Editing and Manipulation – Basic Operations on image using any image
editing software, Creating gif animated images, Image optimization.
9. 2D Animation – To create Interactive animation using any authoring tool.
TOTAL: 45
PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, the student should be able to:
Create 3D graphical scenes using open graphics library suits
Implement image manipulation and enhancement
Create 2D animations using tools
LIST OF EQUIPMENT FOR A BATCH OF 30 STUDENTS:

SOFTWARE
C, C++, Java, OpenGL
HARDWARE:
Standalone desktops – 30 Nos.
(or)
Server supporting 30 terminals or more.
Prepared By
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
EX.NO NAME OF EXPERIMENT
1 DDA LINE DRAWING ALGORITHM
2 BRESENHAM LINE DRAWING ALGORITHM
3 BRESENHAM CIRCLE DRAWING ALGORITHM
4 IMPLEMENTATION OF 2D TRANSFORMATION
5 LINE CLIPING USING COHEN-SUTHERLAND ALGORITHM
6 POLYGON CLIPPING USING COHEN-SUTHERLAND ALGORITHM
7 IMPLEMENTATION OF 3D TRANSFORMATION
8 IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPOSITE 2D TRANSFORMATION
9 IMPLEMENTATION OF 3D PROJECTIONS
10 WINDOW TO VIEWPORT MAPPING
11 IMAGE EDITING AND MANIPULATION USING ADOBE

PHOTOSHOP
12 CREATION OF GIF ANIMATED IMAGES
13 IMAGE OPTIMIZATION USING ADOBE PHOTOSHOP
14 CREATING 3D SCENE USING OPENGL
Prepared By
Ex .No - 1 DDA LINE DRAWING ALGORITHM
AIM:
To write a C program to implement DDA line drawing algorithm.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1:Start the program.
Step 2:Initialize the graphics mode using init graph function.
Step 3:Accept the end points of the line to be drawn x1,,y1,x2,y2.
Step 4:To determine the slope along find dy=y2-y1 ,dx=x2-x1 and slope =dy/dx.
Step 5:calculate the step value.
Step 6:Find the new intermediate points using xᵢ=dx/step and yᵢ=dy/step.
Step 7:Plot pixel using (xᵢ,yᵢ) and repeat this process by incrementing the points (xᵢ,yᵢ) at equal
slope intervals until the end points of the line to be drawn is encountered.
Step 8:Stop the program.
PROGRAM
#include<graphics.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main( )
{
float x,y,x1,y1,x2,y2,dx,dy,pixel;
int i,gd,gm;
printf("Enter the value of x1 : ");
scanf("%f",&x1);
printf("Enter the value of y1 : ");
scanf("%f",&y1);
printf("Enter the value of x2 : ");
scanf("%f",&x2);
printf("Enter the value of y1 : ");
scanf("%f",&y2);
detectgraph(&gd,&gm);
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
dx=abs(x2-x1);
dy=abs(y2-y1);
if(dx>=dy)
pixel=dx;
else
pixel=dy;
dx=dx/pixel;
Prepared By
dy=dy/pixel;
x=x1;
y=y1;
i=1;
while(i<=pixel)
{
putpixel(x,y,4);
x=x+dx;
y=y+dy;
i=i+1;
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Prepared By
Ex No.2 BRESENHAM LINE DRAWING ALGORITHM
AIM:
To write a c program to create Bresenham line drawing algorithm.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1:Start the program.
Step 2:Initialize the graphics mode using init graph function.
Step 3:Accept the input at starting and endpoint of the line to be drawn.
Step 4: Load (xᵢ,yᵢ) into the frame buffer to be plotted as a first point.
Step 5:Calculate the constants ∆x,∆y,2∆y, 2∆y -2∆x and obtain the first decision parameter
P˳=2∆y -2∆x.
Step 6:At each xk along the line starting at k=0 perform the following test
If pk<0,the next point is (xk+1,yK) and pk+1=pk+2∆y,otherwise next point to the plotted
is(xk+1,yk+1),
Otherwise the next point to be plotted is (xk+1,yk+1), and pk+1=pk+2∆y-2∆x.
Step 7 :Repeat the process until the end point of the line to be drawn is encountered.
Step 8: Stop the program.
PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int gd = DETECT, gm;
int dx, dy, p, end;
float x1, x2, y1, y2, x, y;
initgraph(&gd, &gm, "c:\tc\bgi");
printf("Enter Value of X1: ");
scanf("%f", &x1);
printf("Enter Value of Y1: ");
scanf("%f", &y1);
printf("Enter Value of X2: ");
scanf("%f", &x2);
printf("Enter Value of Y2: ");
scanf("%f", &y2);
Prepared By
dx = abs(x1 - x2);
dy = abs(y1 - y2);
p = 2 * dy - dx;
if(x1 > x2)
{
x = x2;
y = y2;
end = x1;
}
else
{
x = x1;
y = y1;
end = x2;
}
putpixel(x, y, 1);
while(x < end)
{
if(p < 0)
{x=x+1;
y=y;
p = p + 2 * dy;
}
else
{ x=x+1;
y = y + 1;
p = p + 2 * (dy - dx);
}
putpixel(x, y, 1);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Prepared By
Ex No.3 BRESENHAM CIRCLE DRAWING ALGORITHM
AIM:
To write a c program to create bresenham circle drawing algorithm.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the program.
Step 2: Initialize the graphics mode using init graph function.
Step 3: Accept the input at radius and center of the circle.
Step 4: Obtain the first point to be plotted on th circumference of the circle centered on the
origin(o,r).
Step 5: Calculate the initial value of decision parameter P˳=5/4-r.
Step 6: At each xk along the line starting at k=0 perform the following test
If pk<0,the next point is (xk+1,yK) and pk+1=pk+2xk+1+1,otherwise next point to the plotted is
(xk+1,yk-1) and pk+1=pk+2xk+1+1-2yk-1.
Step 7 : Repeat the above steps until x>=y for this circle drawing one octant is generated and
copied for remaining octants.
PROGRAM
# include<stdio.h>
# include<conio.h>
# include<graphics.h>
# include<math.h>
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
int r,x,y,p,xc=320,yc=240;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"C:\\TC\\BGI");
cleardevice();
printf("Enter the radius ");
scanf("%d",&r);
x=0;
y=r;
putpixel(xc+x,yc-y,1);
p=3-(2*r);
for(x=0;x<=y;x++)
Prepared By
{
if (p<0)
{
y=y;
p=(p+(4*x)+6);
}
else
{
y=y-1;
p=p+((4*(x-y)+10));
}
putpixel(xc+x,yc-y,1);
putpixel(xc-x,yc-y,2);
putpixel(xc+x,yc+y,3);
putpixel(xc-x,yc+y,4);
putpixel(xc+y,yc-x,5);
putpixel(xc-y,yc-x,6);
putpixel(xc+y,yc+x,7);
putpixel(xc-y,yc+x,8);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Prepared By
Ex No.4 IMPLEMENTATION OF 2D TRANSFORMATION
AIM:
To create a C program to implement 2D transformations such as translation, rotation, scaling,

reflection and shearing.
ALGORITHM:
Step 2: Initialization the graphics mode using init graph().
Step 3: Declare all variables and draw the 2D .
Step 4: Translation
a) Accept the translation vector(tx,ty).
b) Add the translation vector to corresponding co-ordinates of the 2D object to obtain the
transaltion co-ordinates.
c) Draw the 2D object using translated co-ordinates x’=x+tx, y’=y+ty.
Step 5: Scaling
a) Accept the scaling factor(sx,sy).
b) Multiply the scaling factor to the corresponding co-ordinates of the 2D object to obtain
the scaling co ordinates.
c) Draw the 2D object using scaling co-ordinates x’=x*sx, y’=y*sy.
Step 6: Rotation to rotate the object using the formula
a) Θ=(float)(3.14xra)/180.
b) X1=x2+abs(x1-x2)cosθ-abs(y1-y2)sinθ
c) Y1=y2+abs(x1-x2)sinθ+abs(y1-y2)cosθ
d) X3=x2+abs(x3-x1)cosθ-abs(y3-y1)sinθ
e) Y3=y2+abs(x3-x1)sinθ+abs(y3-y1)cosθ
Step 7 : Shearing
To shear the object using the formula

Prepared By
a) Along x-direction
x=x1+sx*y1, y=y1
b) Along y-direction
x=x1, y=y1+sy*x1
Step 8: Reflection
To reflect a object using formula
a) Along x-axis
theta=(90*ra)/180
b) Along y-axis
theta=(270*ra)/180
c) Along z-axis
theta=(180*ra)/180
Step 9: Generate the output.
PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
int ch,x,y,az,i,w,ch1,p,q,ch2,xa,ya,ra,a[10],b[10],da,db;
float x1,y1,az1,aw1,w1,dx,dy,theta,xls,yls,sx,sy,p1,q1,a1[10],b1[10];
void main()
{
int gm,gr;
clrscr();
detectgraph(&gm,&gr);
initgraph(&gm,&gr,"d:\\tc\\BGI");
printf("Enter the values 1:\n");
scanf("%d%d",&x,&y);
scanf("%d%d",&az,&w);
printf("Enter the value 3:\n");
scanf("%d%d",&p,&q);
cleardevice();
line(x,y,az,w);
Prepared By
line(x,y,p,q);
line(az,w,p,q);
printf("*****2D COMPOSITE TRANSFORMATION *****\n");
printf("1.Translation\n2.scaling\n3.shearing\n4.Rotation\n5.Reflection\n6.exit\n");
printf("Enter your choice:\n");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
cleardevice();
printf("*** Translation ***\n");
line(x,y,az,w);
line(x,y,p,q);
line(az,w,p,q);
printf("Enter the translation coordinates:\n");
scanf("%f%f",&dx,&dy);
x1=x+dx;y1=y+dy;az1=az+dx;w1=w+dy;p1=p+dx;q1=q+dy;
line(x,y,az,w);
line(x,y,p,q);
line(az,w,p,q);
break;
case 2:
cleardevice();
line(x,y,az,w);
line(x,y,p,q);
line(az,w,p,q);
printf("Enter the scaling value\n");
scanf("%f%f",&sx,&sy);
x1=x*sx;y1=y*sy;az1=az*sx;w1=w*sy;p1=p*sx;q1=q*sy;
line(x1,y1,az1,w1);
line(x1,y1,p1,q1);
line(az1,w1,p1,q1);
break;
case 3:
cleardevice();
line(x,y,az,w);
line(x,y,p,q);
line(az,w,p,q);
printf("**** shearing****\n");
printf("1. X-direction shearing\n 2. Y-direction shearing\n");
scanf("%d",&ch2);
switch(ch2)
{
case 1:
cleardevice();
printf("Enter the value of shearing x:\n");
scanf("%f",&xls);
x1=x+(xls*y);
y1=y;
Prepared By
az1=az+(xls*w);
w1=w;
p1=p+(xls*q);
q=q;
line(x1,y1,az1,w1);
line(x1,y1,p1,q1);
line(az1,w1,p1,q1);
break;
case 2:
cleardevice();
printf("Enter the value of shearing y:\n");
scanf("%f",&yls);
x1=x;
y1=y+(yls*x);
az1=az;
w1=w+(yls*az);
p1=p;
q1=q+(yls*p);
line(x1,y1,az1,w1);
line(x1,y1,p1,q1);
line(az1,w1,p1,q1);
break;
}
case 4:
cleardevice();
line(x,y,az,w);
line(az,w,p,q);
line(x,y,p,q);
printf("***** Rotation *****\n");
printf("Enter the ra value:\n");
scanf("%d",&ra);
theta=(float)(ra*3.14/180);
x1=az+abs(x-az)*cos(theta)-abs(y-w)*sin(theta);
y1=w+abs(x-az)*sin(theta)+abs(y-w)*cos(theta);
p1=az+abs(p-az)*cos(theta)-abs(q-w)*sin(theta);
q1=w+abs(p-az)*sin(theta)+abs(q-w)*cos(theta);
line(x1,y1,az1,w1);
line(az1,w1,p1,q1);
line(x1,y1,p1,q1);
break;
case 5:
cleardevice();
line(x,y,az,w);
line(az,w,p,q);
line(x,y,p,q);
printf("***** Reflection *****\n");
printf("1.ABOUT X-AXES\n2.ABOUT Y-AXES\n3.BOTH AXES\n");
scanf("%d",&ch1);
switch(ch1)
Prepared By
{
case 1:
cleardevice();
theta=(float)(90*(3.14/180));
x1=az+abs(x-az)*cos(theta)-abs(-y-w)*sin(theta);
y1=w+abs(x-az)*sin(theta)+abs(-y-w)*cos(theta);
p1=az+abs(p-az)*cos(theta)-abs(-q-w)*sin(theta);
q1=w+abs(p-az)*sin(theta)+abs(-q-w)*cos(theta);
line(x1,y1,az1,w1);
line(az1,w1,p1,q1);
line(x1,y1,p1,q1);
break;
case 2:
cleardevice();
theta=(float)(270*(3.14/180));
x1=az+abs(-x-az)*cos(theta)-abs(y-w)*sin(theta);
y1=w+abs(-x-az)*sin(theta)+abs(y-w)*cos(theta);
p1=az+abs(-p-az)*cos(theta)-abs(q-w)*sin(theta);
q1=w+abs(-p-az)*sin(theta)+abs(q-w)*cos(theta);
line(x1,y1,az1,w1);
line(az1,w1,p1,q1);
line(x1,y1,p1,q1);
break;
case 3:
cleardevice();
theta=(float)(180*(3.14/180));
x1=az+abs(-x-az)*cos(theta)-abs(-y-w)*sin(theta);
y1=w+abs(-x-az)*sin(theta)+abs(-y-w)*cos(theta);
p1=az+abs(-p-az)*cos(theta)-abs(-q-w)*sin(theta);
q1=w+abs(-p-az)*sin(theta)+abs(-q-w)*cos(theta);
line(x1,y1,az1,w1);
line(az1,w1,p1,q1);
line(x1,y1,p1,q1);
break;
}
}
}
getch();
closegraph();}
Prepared By
Ex No.5 LINE CLIPING USING COHEN-SUTHERLAND ALGORITHM
AIM:
To write a c program to clip a line using the line clipping algorithm.
ALGORITHM:
Step 2: Initialize the graphic mode using initgraph.
Step 3: Declare the variables and draw a window and a line using rectangle an line function.
Step 4: Using the values of x1,y1,x2,y2.Check whether the line is within the rectangle
coordinates xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax and clip it.
Step 5: Draw the clipped line in the window.
PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
float m,xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax,x1,y1,x2,y2;
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tc\\BGI");
printf(“Enter the xmin ,ymin:\n”);
scanf(“%f%f”,&xmax,&ymax);
printf(“Enter x1,y1:\n”);
scanf(%f%f,&x1,y1);
scanf(%f%f,&x2,y2);
cleardevice();
printf(“Before clipping”);
rectangle(xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax);
Prepared By
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
getch();
m=(y2-y1)/(x2-x1);
if(x1<xmin)
{
y1=y1+m*(xmin-x1);
x1=xmin;
}
if(y1<ymin)
{
x1=x1+(ymin-y1)/m;
y1=ymin;
}
if(x1>xmax){
y1=y1-m*(x1-xmax);
x1=xmax;
}
if(y1>ymax)
{
x1=x1-(y1-ymax)/m;
y1=ymax;
}
if(x2<xmin)
{
y2=y2+m*(xmin-x2);
x2=xmin;
}
if(y2<ymin)
{
x2=x2+(ymin-y2)/m;
y2=ymin;
}
If(x2>xmax)
{
y2=y2-m*(x2-xmax);
x2=xmax;
}
if(y2>ymax)
{
x2=x2-(y2-ymax)/m;
y2=ymax;
}
printf(“After clipping:\n);
printf(“%f%f%f%f”,x1,y1,x2,y2);
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
getch();
}
Prepared By
Ex No. 6 POLYGON CLIPPING USING COHEN-SUTHERLAND ALGORITHM
AIM:
To write a c program to clip a polygon using the line clipping algorithm.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Initialize the graphic mode using initgraph.
Step 3: Declare the variables and draw a window and a polygon shape of based on five lines
using window and line function.
Step 4: Using the clipping function,the values of the lines are checked whether the line is within
the rectangle coordinates xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax and clip it.
Step 5: Draw the clipped line in the window.
PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
float m,xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax,x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3,x4,y4,x5,y5;
void polc(float x1,float y1,float x2,float y2);
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
printf(“Enter the xmin ,ymin:\n”);
scanf(“%f%f”,&xmax,&ymax);
scanf(%f%f,&x1,y1);
Prepared By
scanf(%f%f,&x2,y2);
scanf(%f%f,&x3,y3);
scanf(%f%f,&x4,y4);
scanf(%f%f,&x5,y5);
cleardevice();
printf(“Before clipping”);
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
line(x2,y2,x3,y3);
line(x3,y3,x4,y4);
line(x4,y4,x5,y5);
line(x5,y5,x1,y1);
getch();
cleardevice();
printf(“after clipping”);
polc(x1,y1,x2,y2);
polc(x2,y2,x3,y3);
polc(x3,y3,x4,y4);
polc(x4,y4,x5,y5);
polc(x5,y5,x1,y1);
getch();
}
void polc(float x1,float y1,float x2,float y2)
{
m=(y2-y1)/(x2-x1);
if(x1<xmin)
{
y1=y1+m*(xmin-x1);
x1=xmin;
}
if(y1<ymin)
{
x1=x1+(ymin-y1)/m;
y1=ymin;
}
if(x1>xmax){
y1=y1-m*(x1-xmax);
x1=xmax;
}
if(y1>ymax)
{
x1=x1-(y1-ymax)/m;
y1=ymax;
}
Prepared By
if(x2<xmin)
{
y2=y2+m*(xmin-x2);
x2=xmin;
}
if(y2<ymin)
{
x2=x2+(ymin-y2)/m;
y2=ymin;
}
If(x2>xmax)
{
y2=y2-m*(x2-xmax);
x2=xmax;
}
if(y2>ymax)
{
x2=x2-(y2-ymax)/m;
y2=ymax;
}
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
getch();
}
Prepared By
Ex No. 7 3D TRANSFORMATION
AIM:
To write a c program for the implementation of 3D transformation such as translation, scaling,

rotation.
ALGORITHM:
Step 2: Initialize the graphic mode and declare the variables.
Step 3: Translation
a) Accept the translation vector(x,y).

b) Add the translation vector to the corresponding coordinates of the 3d object to obtain the
translation coordinates
c) Draw the 3d object.
Step 4: Scaling
a) Accept the scaling factor (x,y,z).

b) Multiply the scaling factor with the corresponding coordinates of the 3d object to obtain
scaling coordinates.
c) Draw the 3d objects.
Step 5: Rotation
a) Accept the rotation angle()

b) Using the angle calculate x1,y1,x2,y2,
c) Using that to draw 3d object x,y,z axis rotation.
Step 6: Stop the program

Prepared By
PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
int maxx,maxy,midx,midy;
void axis()
{
line(midx,0,midx,maxy);
line(0,midy,maxx,midy);
}
void main()
{
int x,y,z,x1,x2,t,y1,ch,y2,choice;
int gd=DETECT,gm;
maxx=getmaxx();
maxy=getmaxy();
midx=maxx/2;
midy=maxy/2;
printf("3D Transformation\n");
printf(" 1.Translation\n 2.Scaling\n 3.Rotation\n 4.exit\n");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
{
cleardevice();
axis();
bar3d(midx+50,midy-100,midx+60,midy-90,10,1);
printf("Enter the translation factor:\n");
cleardevice();
axis();
printf("After translation\n");
bar3d(midx+x+50,midy-(y+100),midx+x+60,midy-(y+90),10,1);
break;
}
case 2:
{
axis();
printf("Enter the scaling factor:\n");
scanf("%d%d%d",&x,&y,&z);
cleardevice();
axis();
Prepared By
printf("After scaling\n");
bar3d(midx+(x*50),midy-(y*100),midx+(x*60),midy-(y*90),5*z,1);
break;
}
case 3:
{
printf("Enter the rotation angle:\n");
scanf("%d",&t);
x1=50*cos(t*(3.14/180))-100*sin(t*(3.14/180));
y1=50*sin(t*(3.14/180))+100*cos(t*(3.14/180));
x2=60*cos(t*(3.14/180))-90*sin(t*(3.14/180));
y2=60*sin(t*(3.14/180))+90*cos(t*(3.14/180));
printf(" 1.z-axis\n 2.x-axis\n 3.y-axis\n");
scanf("%d",&choice);
switch(choice)
{
case 1:
{
cleardevice();
axis();
printf("After rotation about z-axis\n");
bar3d(midx+x1,midy-y1,midx+x2,midy-y2,5,1);
break;
}
case 2:
{
cleardevice();
axis();
printf("After rotation about x-axis\n");
bar3d(midx+50,midy-x1,midx+60,midy-x2,5,1);
break;
}
case 3:
{
cleardevice();
axis();
printf("After rotation about y-axis\n");
bar3d(midx+x1,midy-100,midx+x2,midy-90,5,1);
break;
}
}
}
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Prepared By
Ex No. 8 COMPOSITE 2D TRANSFORMATION
AIM:
To write a c program to implement composite 2D transformation
ALGORITHM:
Step 2: Input the object coordinates.
Step 3: Translation
a) Enter the translation factors tx and ty

b) Move the original coordinate position (x,y,az,w) ,(x,y,p,q) and (az,w,p,q).
Step 6: Rotation
a) Enter the radian value ra.

b) Using the ra calculate theta value Θ=(float)(3.14xra)/180.
c) From the theta value calculate the x,y,p,q values.
d) Rotate the original coordinate position (x,y,az,w),( x,y,p,q) and (az,w,p,q).
Step 5: Scaling
a) Input the scaled factors sx and sy.
b) Transform the coordinates by x’=x*sx, y’=y*sy,az=az*sx, w=w*sy,p=p*sx,q=q*sy.
Step 6: Reflection
a) Along x-axis
theta=(float)(90*(3.14/180));
b) Along y-axis
theta=(float)(270*(3.14/180));
c) Along both-axis
theta=(float)(180*(3.14/180));
Prepared By
Using the theta value accordingly find the x,y,p,q values
Step 7 : Shearing
To shear the object using the formula
a) Along x-direction
y=y, x=x+(xls*y),
w=w; az=az+(xls*w),
q=q,p=p+(xls*q).
b) Along y-direction
x=x, y=y+(yls*x),
az=az,w=w+(yls*az),
p=p,q=q+(yls*p)
Step 8: Generate the output.
PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
int ch,x,y,az,i,w,ch1,p,q,ch2,xa,ya,ra,a[10],b[10],da,db;
float x1,y1,az1,aw1,w1,dx,dy,theta,xls,yls,sx,sy,p1,q1,a1[10],b1[10];
void main()
{
int gm,gr;
clrscr();
detectgraph(&gm,&gr);
initgraph(&gm,&gr,"d:\\tc\\BGI");
scanf("%d%d",&az,&w);
printf("Enter the value 3:\n");
scanf("%d%d",&p,&q);
cleardevice();
line(x,y,az,w);
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line(x,y,p,q);
line(az,w,p,q);
printf("*****2D COMPOSITE TRANSFORMATION *****\n");
do
{
printf("1.Translation\n2.scaling\n3.shearing\n4.Rotation\n5.Reflection\n6.exit\n");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
cleardevice();
printf("*** Translation ***\n");
line(x,y,az,w);
line(x,y,p,q);
line(az,w,p,q);
printf("Enter the translation coordinates:\n");
scanf("%f%f",&dx,&dy);
x=x+dx;y=y+dy;az=az+dx;w=w+dy;p=p+dx;q=q+dy;
line(x,y,az,w);
line(x,y,p,q);
line(az,w,p,q);
break;
case 2:
cleardevice();
line(x,y,az,w);
line(x,y,p,q);
line(az,w,p,q);
printf("Enter the scaling value\n");
scanf("%f%f",&sx,&sy);
x=x*sx;y=y*sy;az=az*sx;w=w*sy;p=p*sx;q=q*sy;
line(x,y,az,w);
line(x,y,p,q);
line(az,w,p,q);
break;
case 3:
cleardevice();
line(x,y,az,w);
line(x,y,p,q);
line(az,w,p,q);
printf("**** shearing****\n");
printf("1. X-direction shearing\n 2. Y-direction shearing\n");
scanf("%d",&ch2);
switch(ch2)
{
case 1:
cleardevice();
printf("Enter the value of shearing x:\n");
scanf("%f",&xls);
Prepared By
x=x+(xls*y);
y=y;
az=az+(xls*w);
w=w;
p=p+(xls*q);
q=q;
line(x,y,az,w);
line(x,y,p,q);
line(az,w,p,q);
break;
case 2:
cleardevice();
printf("Enter the value of shearing y:\n");
scanf("%f",&yls);
x=x;
y=y+(yls*x);
az=az;
w=w+(yls*az);
p=p;
q=q+(yls*p);
line(x,y,az,w);
line(x,y,p,q);
line(az,w,p,q);
break;
}
case 4:
cleardevice();
line(x,y,az,w);
line(az,w,p,q);
line(x,y,p,q);
printf("***** Rotation *****\n");
printf("Enter the ra value:\n");
scanf("%d",&ra);
theta=(float)(ra*3.14/180);
x=az+abs(x-az)*cos(theta)-abs(y-w)*sin(theta);
y=w+abs(x-az)*sin(theta)+abs(y-w)*cos(theta);
p=az+abs(p-az)*cos(theta)-abs(q-w)*sin(theta);
q=w+abs(p-az)*sin(theta)+abs(q-w)*cos(theta);
line(x,y,az,w);
line(az,w,p,q);
line(x,y,p,q);
break;
case 5:
cleardevice();
line(x,y,az,w);
line(az,w,p,q);
line(x,y,p,q);
printf("***** Reflection *****\n");
printf("1.ABOUT X-AXES\n2.ABOUT Y-AXES\n3.BOTH AXES\n");
Prepared By
scanf("%d",&ch1);
switch(ch1)
{
case 1:
cleardevice();
theta=(float)(90*(3.14/180));
x=az+abs(x-az)*cos(theta)-abs(-y-w)*sin(theta);
y=w+abs(x-az)*sin(theta)+abs(-y-w)*cos(theta);
p=az+abs(p-az)*cos(theta)-abs(-q-w)*sin(theta);
q=w+abs(p-az)*sin(theta)+abs(-q-w)*cos(theta);
line(x,y,az,w);
line(az,w,p,q);
line(x,y,p,q);
break;
case 2:
cleardevice();
theta=(float)(270*(3.14/180));
x=az+abs(-x-az)*cos(theta)-abs(y-w)*sin(theta);
y=w+abs(-x-az)*sin(theta)+abs(y-w)*cos(theta);
p=az+abs(-p-az)*cos(theta)-abs(q-w)*sin(theta);
q=w+abs(-p-az)*sin(theta)+abs(q-w)*cos(theta);
line(x,y,az,w);
line(az,w,p,q);
line(x,y,p,q);
break;
case 3:
cleardevice();
theta=(float)(180*(3.14/180));
x=az+abs(-x-az)*cos(theta)-abs(-y-w)*sin(theta);
y=w+abs(-x-az)*sin(theta)+abs(-y-w)*cos(theta);
p=az+abs(-p-az)*cos(theta)-abs(-q-w)*sin(theta);
q=w+abs(-p-az)*sin(theta)+abs(-q-w)*cos(theta);
line(x,y,az,w);
line(az,w,p,q);
line(x,y,p,q);
break;
}
}
}while(ch!=6);
getch();
closegraph();
}
Prepared By
Ex No.9 3D PROJECTIONS
AIM:
To write a program to implement 3D projection
ALGORITHM:
Step 2: Initialize the variables.
Step 3: Get the number of sides ‘s’ using the calculate the coordinate points.
Step 4: Get the depth value ‘d’ uing the print the 3d object by draw3d function.
Step 5: Print the top view,side view and bottom view of the 3d object.
Step 6: Stop the program
PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void draw3d(int s,int x[20],int y[20],int d);
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
int x[20],y[20],i,s,d;
printf("enter the no of sides");
scanf("%d",&s);
for(i=0;i<s;i++)
{
printf("x%d,y%d:",i,i);
scanf("%d %d",&x[i],&y[i]);
}
printf("depth:");
scanf("%d",&d);
draw3d(s,x,y,d);
getch();
setcolor(14);
for(i=0;i<s-1;i++)
{
line(x[i]+200,y[i],x[i+1]+200,y[i+1]);
Prepared By
}
line(x[i]+200,y[i],x[0]+200,y[0]);
getch();
for(i=0;i<s-1;i++)
{
line(x[i],300,x[i+1],300);
line(x[i],300+d*2,x[i+1],300+d*2);
line(x[i],300,x[i],300+d*2);
line(x[i+1],300,x[i+1],300+d*2);
}getch();
for(i=0;i<s-1;i++)
{
line(10,y[i],10,y[i+1]);
line(10+d*2,y[i],10+d*2,y[i+1]);
line(10,y[i],10+d*2,y[i]);
line(10,y[i+1],10+d*2,y[i+1]);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
void draw3d(int s,int x[20],int y[20],int d)
{
int i,j,k=0;
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
{
for(i=0;i<s-1;i++)
line(x[i]+k,y[i]-k,x[i+1]+k,y[i+1]-k);
line(x[i]+k,y[i]-k,x[0]+k,y[0]-k);
k=d;
}
for(i=0;i<s;i++)
line(x[i],y[i],x[i]+d,y[i]-d);
}
Prepared By
Ex No.10 WINDOW TO VIEWPORT MAPPING
AIM:
To write a c program to clip a window to viewport mapping.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the program
Step 2: Get the maximum and minimum coordinates of the window.
Step 3: Get the maximum and minimum coordinates of the viewport.
Step 4: Get the vertices of the triangles.
Step 5: Display the output by fiiting window in viewport.
PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void main()
{
float xwmin,xwmax,ywmax,ywmin;
float xvmin,xvmax,yvmax,yvmin;
float x[10],y[10],yv,xv,sx,sy;
int gd=DETECT,gm; int i;
clrscr();
printf("\n ENTER THE WINDOW PORT COORDINATES:\nxwmin,ywmin,xwmax,ywmax);");
scanf("%f%f%f%f",&xwmin,&ywmin,&xwmax,&ywmax);
printf("\n ENTER THE VIEW PORT COORDINATES:\n(xvmin,yvmin,xvmax,yvmax);");
scanf("%f%f%f%f",&xvmin,&yvmin,&xvmax,&yvmax);
printf("\n enter vertices for triangle:");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
printf("enter (x%d,y%d);",i,i);
Prepared By
scanf("%f%f",&x[i],&y[i]);
}
sx=((xvmax-xvmin)/(xwmax-xwmin));
sy=((yvmax-yvmin)/(ywmax-ywmin));
outtextxy(80,30,"WINDOW PORT");
rectangle(xwmin,ywmin,xwmax,ywmax);
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
line(x[i],y[i],x[i+1],y[i+1]);
}
line(x[2],y[2],x[0],y[0]);
getch();
cleardevice();
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
x[i]=xvmin+((x[i]-ywmin)*sx);
y[i]=yvmin+((y[i]-ywmin)*sy);
}
outtextxy(150,10,"view port");
rectangle(xvmin,yvmin,xvmax,yvmax);
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
line(x[i],y[i],x[i+1],y[i+1]);
}
line(x[2],y[2],x[0],y[0]);
getch();
}
Prepared By
Ex . No 11 - IMAGE EDITING AND MANIPULATION USING ADOBE PHOTOSHOP
PROCEDURE:
Simple image editing
1. Start ->Photoshop and open the image from the drive and try out the different tools.
i. Rotate
Image – Image Rotation – try out the different options.
ii. Resize
Choose in the menu Image – Image Size – e.g. under Pixel Dimensions (e.g.
percentage-wise alteration) or Document Size (cm). You can change the resolution of the
image in the Resolution field.
iii. Crop
Select the Crop Tool from the Tool-palette.
Click and drag diagonally with the mouse over the image, and double-click in the marked area,
when you have the segment you wish to keep.
iv. Zoom
Select the Zoom Tool from the Tool-palette. Zoom doesn’t change the actual size.
Hold down the ALT-key to zoom out again (- in the magnifying glass).
v. Brightness/Contrast
If the image is a little too dark, you can adjust the brightness and contrast under, Adjustments in
the menu Image, Brightness and Contrast or Shadow/Highlight.
vi. Right the scene
If a scene is oblique you can right it by selecting the entire image Select - All. Next
choose Edit – Free Transform and right the scene by moving the mouse out of the selection
square, till the mouse changes it’s appearance to a bended arrow:
vii. Filter
There are many different ways to transform pictures into artworks in Photoshop. Try
one of the many filters on the image such as Liquify, Noise, Texture, Render Difference
clouds etc.
Colour change, image extraction and merging of images
i. Change colour
a. Select in the menu Image – Adjustments – Replace Colour.
b. Mark the button Image under the motif.
c. With the pipette (Eyedropper Tool) collect the most dominant colour of the image.
d. Under the headline Replace, select a substitute colour, by dragging the sliding bar in Hue,
Saturation and Lightness.
e. Then select (pipette with a +) and select the additional colour shades and click OK.
ii. Extracting image from background

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a. Select the Magic Wand Tool from the Tool-palette and set the Tolerance to 30 – a higher
value, will select a larger colour area.
b. Click in the white area. Adjoining areas can be included in the marking by holding down
the SHIFT-key and simultaneously clicking with the Magic Wand in the area. If a too
large area has been marked, you can exclude an area by holding down the ALT-key.
c. Select the Background Eraser Tool and adjust the thickness and shape of the eraser. Erase
the background – pay attention to missed spots in the check pattern that appears. (An
alternative could be to select the Quick Selection Tool or the Magic Eraser Tool)
iii. Reduce the size of the image

Image – Image Size – use the adjustments of the width in % of the original. If the size is
not as wanted, select Undo from the Edit menu and try again.
iv. Copy one image to another image

a. Select the Rectangular Marquee Tool from the Tool-palette.
b. Draw a square around the motif.
c. Select in the menu Edit – Copy.
d. Click the other image and select Edit – Paste. The first image is now placed in a new
layer.
e. Select the Move Tool in the Tool-palette and move the image to a required position.
Text on images
1. Open the desired image.
2. Select the Horizontal Type Tool from the Tool-palette and try the different text attributes
on the Properties-palette.
3. Click (or drag to create a textbox) where you want the text to be placed, and type the
desired text.
Save all the images as when the images are edited and manipulated.
Prepared By
ORIGINAL IMAGE:
ROTATION
1.180 DEGREE
Prepared By
RESIZE IMAGE:
CROP:
Prepared By
ZOOM:
BRIGHTNESS AND CONTRAST:
Prepared By
RIGHT THE SCENE:
FILTER- LIQUIFY
Prepared By
FILTER-CLOUD
COLOUR CHANGE,IMAGE EXTRACTION AND MERGING OF IMAGES:
CHANGE COLOUR:
Prepared By
EXTRACTING IMAGE FROM BACKGROUND:
TEXT ON IMAGES:
Prepared By
Prepared By
Ex.No - 12 CREATION OF GIF ANIMATED IMAGES
PROCEDURE:
1. Import images into Photoshop. (Open the image with Adobe Photoshop)
2. Create new layer and copy each images to the layer.
3. Adjustments can be made if necessary.
4. Save the file.
5. File->Jump To ->Adobe Image Ready 7.0 or by clicking the icon from Tools.
6. Open Animation pane from Window option.
7. Choose Make Frames from Layers option by clicking on the double right arrow on the
top right corner of the animation pane.
8. The layers created in Photoshop are converted to frames in ImageReady.
9. Next go to File->Save optimized As and save the file in gif format.
10. Open the file in browser.
Ex.No – 13 IMAGE OPTIMIZATION USING ADOBE PHOTOSHOP

Prepared By
1. Open Adobe Photoshop7.0 .
2. Go to File->Open and select any image from your computer.
3. Now go to File->Save for web option
4. Click the original tab to view the size,downloadspeed,quality of the original image
5. Click optimized tab to enter custom values for width and height on the right pane of the
window
6. Go to 4-up and pick any optimized image ,its download option and click save button.
7. A save optimized dialog box will open, enter a new name and click save.
Ex .No -14 CREATING 3D SCENE USING OPENGL
Prepared By
AIM:
To implement and create 3D scene using opengl.
STEPS TO RUN OPENGL FILE
1. C:\OPEN-GL\GL Files\include\GL
Copy all the files to C:\Program Files\Microsoft SDKs\Windows\v6.0A\Include\gl
2. C:\OPEN-GL\GL Files\lib
Copy all files to C:\Program Files\Microsoft SDKs\Windows\v6.0A\Lib
3. C:\OPEN-GL\GL Files\dll
Copy all to C:\WINDOWS\system32
4. Start-visual studio-file-new-project-visual c++-win32-console application –enter name-
save
5. Remove all content except header file and start typing the coding
6. Solution explorer-filename-right click-properties
c/c++-preprocessor-change to all configurations
enter the path C:\Program Files\Microsoft SDKs\Windows\v6.0A\Include
7. Solution explorer-filename-right click-properties
Linker-input- change to all configurations
Type the path-opengl32.lib glut32.lib glu32.lib
8. Build-project name
9. Debug-start without debugging
PROGRAM
#include <glut.h>
GLfloat light_diffuse[] = {7.0, 1.0, 2.0, 6.0};
GLfloat light_position[] = {1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0};
GLfloat n[6][3] = {
{-1.0, 0.0, 0.0}, {0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, {1.0, 0.0, 0.0},
{0.0, -1.0, 0.0}, {0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, {0.0, 0.0, -1.0} };
GLint faces[6][4] = {
{0, 1, 2, 3}, {3, 2, 6, 7}, {7, 6, 5, 4},
{4, 5, 1, 0}, {5, 6, 2, 1}, {7, 4, 0, 3} };
GLfloat v[8][3];
void
drawBox(void)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
glBegin(GL_QUADS);
glNormal3fv(&n[i][0]);
glVertex3fv(&v[faces[i][0]][0]);
Prepared By
glEnd();
}
}
void display(void)
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
drawBox();
glutSwapBuffers();
}
void init(void)
{
v[0][0] = v[1][0] = v[2][0] = v[3][0] = -1;
v[4][0] = v[5][0] = v[6][0] = v[7][0] = 1;
v[0][1] = v[1][1] = v[4][1] = v[5][1] = -1;
v[2][1] = v[3][1] = v[6][1] = v[7][1] = 1;
v[0][2] = v[3][2] = v[4][2] = v[7][2] = 1;
v[1][2] = v[2][2] = v[5][2] = v[6][2] = -1;
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, light_diffuse);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, light_position);
glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);
glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
gluPerspective(40.0,1.0,1.0, 10.0);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
gluLookAt(0.0, 0.0, 5.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.);
glTranslatef(0.0, 0.0, -1.0);
glRotatef(60, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
glRotatef(-20, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
}
int main(int argc, char **argv)

{
glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGB | GLUT_DEPTH);
Prepared By
glutCreateWindow("red 3D lighted cube");
glutDisplayFunc(display);
init();
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}
Prepared By

Lab Manual CS6513-Computer Graphics Lab (V Semester) Prepared by Mrs.K.Alice, AP/CSE

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Lab Manual CS6513-Computer Graphics Lab (V Semester) Prepared by Mrs.K.Alice, AP/CSE

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GKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

CS6513- Computer Graphics Lab

LIST OF EQUIPMENT FOR A BATCH OF 30 STUDENTS:

EX.NO NAME OF EXPERIMENT

1 DDA LINE DRAWING ALGORITHM

2 BRESENHAM LINE DRAWING ALGORITHM

3 BRESENHAM CIRCLE DRAWING ALGORITHM

5 LINE CLIPING USING COHEN-SUTHERLAND ALGORITHM

6 POLYGON CLIPPING USING COHEN-SUTHERLAND ALGORITHM

8 IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPOSITE 2D TRANSFORMATION

10 WINDOW TO VIEWPORT MAPPING

11 IMAGE EDITING AND MANIPULATION USING ADOBE

12 CREATION OF GIF ANIMATED IMAGES

13 IMAGE OPTIMIZATION USING ADOBE PHOTOSHOP

14 CREATING 3D SCENE USING OPENGL

To write a C program to implement DDA line drawing algorithm.

Step 1:Start the program.

Step 2:Initialize the graphics mode using init graph function.

Step 3:Accept the end points of the line to be drawn x1,,y1,x2,y2.

Step 5:calculate the step value.

Step 8:Stop the program.

To write a c program to create Bresenham line drawing algorithm.

Step 1:Start the program.

Step 2:Initialize the graphics mode using init graph function.

Otherwise the next point to be plotted is (xk+1,yk+1), and pk+1=pk+2∆y-2∆x.

Step 8: Stop the program.

To write a c program to create bresenham circle drawing algorithm.

Step 1: Start the program.

Step 2: Initialize the graphics mode using init graph function.

Step 3: Accept the input at radius and center of the circle.

Step 5: Calculate the initial value of decision parameter P˳=5/4-r.

(xk+1,yk-1) and pk+1=pk+2xk+1+1-2yk-1.

To create a C program to implement 2D transformations such as translation, rotation, scaling,

Step 1: Start the program.

Step 2: Initialization the graphics mode using init graph().

Step 3: Declare all variables and draw the 2D .

a) Accept the translation vector(tx,ty).

c) Draw the 2D object using translated co-ordinates x’=x+tx, y’=y+ty.

a) Accept the scaling factor(sx,sy).

c) Draw the 2D object using scaling co-ordinates x’=x*sx, y’=y*sy.

Step 6: Rotation to rotate the object using the formula

To shear the object using the formula

To reflect a object using formula

Step 9: Generate the output.

Step 10: Stop the program.

To write a c program to clip a line using the line clipping algorithm.

Step 1: Start the program.

Step 2: Initialize the graphic mode using initgraph.

Step 5: Draw the clipped line in the window.

Step 6: Stop the program.

To write a c program to clip a polygon using the line clipping algorithm.

Step 1: Start the program

Step 2: Initialize the graphic mode using initgraph.

Step 5: Draw the clipped line in the window.

Step 6: Stop the program.

To write a c program for the implementation of 3D transformation such as translation, scaling,

Step 1: Start the program.

Step 2: Initialize the graphic mode and declare the variables.

a) Accept the translation vector(x,y).

a) Accept the scaling factor (x,y,z).

a) Accept the rotation angle()

Step 6: Stop the program

c) Draw the 2D object using scaling co-ordinates x’=xsx, y’=ysy.

b) Transform the coordinates by x’=xsx, y’=ysy,az=azsx, w=wsy,p=psx,q=qsy.