CHEMISTRY

Std. X - Practical
Index
Experiment Page no. Submission Remark
Date
1) To study the properties of hydrogen gas.

2) To study the properties of oxygen gas.

3) To prepare a mixture of Iron and Sulphur and

study its properties.

4) To prepare a pure compound and study its

properties.

5) To study the effect of heat on Copper carbonate

and Zinc carbonate.

6) To study the effect of heat on a metallic nitrates.

7) To study the effect of heat on Blue vitriol.

8) To study the properties of hydrogen chloride gas.

9) To distinguish between acidic and basic

solutions.
10) To identify the cations present in a given salt
solution using NaOH and NH4OH solution.
Ca2+,
Cu2+,
Fe2+,
Fe3+,
Pb2+ ,
Zn2+,
NH4+.

11) To identify the anions present in a given salt

solution using chemical tests.
Carbonate ion (CO3 2- )
Sulphide ion (S-2)
Sulphite ion (SO3 2- )
Sulphate ion (SO42- )
Chloride ion (Cl-)
Nitrate ion (NO3 -)

12) To distinguish between CuO and MnO2 using

conc. HCl.

Page | 1
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
AIM :
To study the properties of hydrogen.

APPARATUS:
Test tube, lighted splinter, match box.

CHEMICALS:
Litmus paper, zinc granules and dilute hydrochloric acid.

OBSERVATION TABLE

Sr Test Observations Inference

no.
1) Colour Colourless The gas produced maybe H2, O2, N2, NH3 or
CO2.
2) Odour Odourless The gas may be H2 or O2.
3) Taste Tasteless The gas maybe H2 or O2.
4) Litmus Red or Blue litmus paper The gas may be H2 orO2.
remain unchanged
5) Burning splinter Explodes mildly Hydrogen is present and Confirmed.
with a pop sound

CONCLUSION:
The gas produced is hydrogen. It is colourless, odourless and tasteless gas. It is neutral to litmus,
does not support combustion but forms an explosive mixture with air.

REACTIONS: [to be written on the blank page]

Zn + 2HCl 
 ZnCl 2 + H2 
(Zinc Granules)

DIAGRAM [to be drawn on the blank page]

Page | 2
EXPERIMENT NO. 2

AIM :
To study the properties of Oxygen gas
APPARATUS and CHEMICALS:
A hard glass test tube, test tube holder, Bunsen burner and Mercuric oxide

THEORY:
Mercury(II) oxide, a red solid, decomposes when heated to produce mercury and oxygen gas. A
reaction is also considered to be a decomposition reaction even when one or more of the products are
still compounds.
OBSERVATION TABLE
Sr Test Observations Inference
no.
1. Colour Colourless The gas produced maybe H2, O2, N2, NH3 or
CO2.
2. Odour Odourless The gas may be H2 or O2.

3. Taste Tasteless The gas maybe H2 or O2.

4. Litmus Red or Blue litmus The gas may be H2 orO2.
paper remain unchanged
5. Burning splinter Rekindles the burning Oxygen is present and Confirmed.
splinter
6. Alkaline Pyrogallol Turns brown Oxygen is present and Confirmed
solution
CONCLUSION:
The gas produced is oxygen. It is colourless, odourless and tasteless gas. It is neutral to litmus,
support combustion and rekindles the burning splinter.

REACTIONS: [to be written on the blank page]


2HgO 
 2Hg + O2 

DIAGRAM [to be drawn on the blank page]

Page | 3
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
AIM:
To prepare a mixture of Iron and Sulphur and study it’s properties.

APPARATUS and CHEMICALS:

Mortar and Pestle, magnet, Iron filings and sulphur.

THEORY:
In a mixture, the constituents do not chemically combine in a
definite ratio by mass, they retain their original properties and can be represented by physical means.

PROCEDURE:
Mix the given quantity of sulphur and iron filings using mortar and pestle and study the properties of
the resultant substance.

OBSERVATION TABLE
Sr Test Observations Inference
no.
1. Colour Grayish yellow substance in which The product formed is a mixture and
grey and yellow particles can be does not have a fix composition.
seen separately.
2. Take a small Iron particles stick to the magnet The constituents of the mixture can be
quantity of leaving behind sulphur. separated by physical means.
mixture and (Magnetic separation)
move a magnet.

CONCLUSION:
When iron and sulphur are mixed by physical means the result is the mixture is the mixture in which
iron and sulphur retain their original properties and can be separated by physical means.

DIAGRAM [to be drawn on the blank page]

Page | 4
 EXPERIMENT NO. 4

AIM:
To prepare a pure compound and study it’s properties.

APPARATUS and CHEMICALS:

Test tube, test tube holder, Bunsen burner, iron filings and sulphur.

PROCEDURE:
a) Mix the given quantity of sulphur and iron filings thoroughly using mortar pestle.
b) Heat the mixture in a hard glass test tube till a blackish yellow substance is formed.
c)Study the properties of the resultant substance.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr Test Observation Conclusions

no.
1. Colour Grey homogenous substance formed The resultant mixture has
in test tube. homogenous composition.
2. Take a small quantity of Substance is not attracted to the The resultant mixture does
the grey substance in a magnet not have properties of iron
Petri dish and move a metal. Therefore, it is a
magnet over it compound.

CONCLUSION:
The two elements have chemically combined to form a new substance with new properties.

REACTIONS: [to be written on the blank page]


Fe + S 
 FeS
(Iron) (Sulphur) (Iron Sulphide)

DIAGRAM [to be drawn on the blank page]

Page | 5
EXPERIMENT NO. 5

AIM:
To study the effect of heat on Copper carbonate and Zinc carbonate.

APPARATUS:
Clean dry test tubes, test tube holder, a bent test tube, Bunsen burner and filter papers

CHEMICALS:
Metallic carbonates– Zinc carbonate and Copper carbonate, blue litmus paper, lime water, acidified
potassium dichromate solution.

PROCEDURE:
Take small amount of salt in clean dry hard test tube. Heat it gently and then strongly. Observe the
colour of residue and the gas evolved.

OBSERVATION TABLE

Sr.No. Tests Solid A – Observation Solid B - Observation

1) Colour of salt White Green
Nature Amorphous Amorphous

2) Take small amount of salt in Residue is yellow when hot and Black residue
clean dry hard test tube. Heat white when cold
it gently and then strongly

3) Hold a moist blue litmus paper The gas evolved turns moist The gas evolved turns moist
near the mouth of the test tube. blue litmus paper red. blue litmus paper red.
 Nature: Slightly acidic gas.  Nature: Slightly acidic gas.

4) Bubble the gas evolved into Lime water turns milky. Lime water turns milky.
clear lime water solution. Carbon dioxide gas or Sulphur Carbon dioxide gas or Sulphur
dioxide gas may be evolved dioxide gas may be evolved

5) Hold the filter paper dipped in Gas evolved shows no change Gas evolved shows no change
acidified potassium on the colour of the filter paper. on the colour of the filter paper.
dichromate solution near the -Carbon dioxide gas is present -Carbon dioxide gas is present
mouth of the test tube.

Deduction Residue: Zinc oxide Residue: Copper oxide

The given compound is Zinc The given compound is Copper
carbonate. carbonate.

CONCLUSION :
Compound A is Zinc carbonate and Compound B is Copper carbonate.

REACTIONS: [to be written on the blank page]


ZnCO3 
 ZnO + CO2 
White Hot : Yellow
Cold : White

Page | 6
 
CuCO3 
 CuO + CO 2 
Green Black

DIAGRAM :[to be drawn on the blank page]

Page | 7
EXPERIMENT NO. 6

AIM:
To study the effect of heat on a Metallic nitrates.

APPARATUS:
Clean dry test tubes, test tube holder, a bent test tube, Bunsen burner and filter papers

CHEMICALS:
Copper nitrate, blue litmus papers, starch iodide paper.

PROCEDURE:
Take small amount of salt in clean dry hard test tube. Heat it gently and then strongly. Observe the
colour of residue and the gas evolved.

Observation Table -1- Heating Effect on Salt A

Sr.No. Tests Observation Inference
1) Colour of salt Blue
Nature Crystalline
2) Take small amount of  Black residue formed Residue: Copper (II) oxide
salt in clean dry hard  Reddish brown colour gas Gas : Nitrogen dioxide
test tube. Heat it evolved
gently and then
strongly
3) Hold a moist blue The gas evolved turns moist blue  Nature: Slightly acidic gas.
litmus paper near the litmus paper red.  Nitrogen dioxide gas may be
mouth of the test tube. evolved.
4) Hold a moist starch Starch iodide paper turns blue  Nitrogen dioxide is present.
iodide paper near the black
mouth of the test tube.
5) A glowing splinter is It rekindles Oxygen gas is confirmed.
held near the gas

Observation Table 2- Heating Effect on Salt B

Sr.No. Tests Observation Inference
1) Colour of salt White
Nature Crystalline
2) Take small amount of  On gentle heating the salt Residue: Lead oxide
salt in clean dry hard decrepitates, melts and then Gas : Nitrogen dioxide
test tube. Heat it decomposes.
gently and then  Residue is buff yellow when
strongly hot and cold
 Reddish brown colour gas
evolved
3) Hold a moist blue The gas evolved turns moist blue  Nature: Slightly acidic gas.
litmus paper near the litmus paper red.  Nitrogen dioxide gas may be
mouth of the test tube. evolved.
4) Hold a moist starch Starch iodide paper turns blue  Nitrogen dioxide is present.
iodide paper near the black
mouth of the test tube.
5) A glowing splinter is It rekindles Oxygen gas is confirmed.
held near the gas

Page | 8
Observation Table 3 - Heating Effect on Salt C
Sr.No. Tests Observation Inference
1) Colour of salt White
Nature Crystalline
2) Take small amount of  Residue is yellow when Residue: Zinc oxide
salt in clean dry hard when hot and white Gas : Nitrogen dioxide
test tube. Heat it when cold
gently and then  Reddish brown colour
strongly gas evolved
3) Hold a moist blue The gas evolved turns  Nature: Slightly acidic
litmus paper near the moist blue litmus paper gas.
mouth of the test tube. red.  Nitrogen dioxide gas
may be evolved.
4) Hold a moist starch Starch iodide paper turns  Nitrogen dioxide is
iodide paper near the blue black present.
mouth of the test tube.
5) A glowing splinter is It rekindles Oxygen gas is confirmed.
held near the gas
CONCLUSION : Compound A is Copper (II) nitrate .
Compound B is lead nitrate .
Compound C is Zinc nitrate .

REACTIONS [ to be written on the blank page]


2Zn(NO3)2 
 2ZnO +4 NO2  + O2 
White Hot : Yellow
Cold : White


2Pb(NO3)2 
 2PbO + 4NO2  + O2 
White Yellow


2 Cu(NO3)2 
 2CuO + 4NO2  + O2 
Blue Black

DIAGRAM [to be drawn on the blank page]

Page | 9
EXPERIMENT NO. 7
AIM:
To study the effect of heat on Blue vitriol.
APPARATUS:
Clean dry test tubes, test tube holder, a bent test tube, Bunsen burner, filter papers
CHEMICALS:
Hydrated copper sulphate, blue cobalt chloride paper and washing soda.
THEORY:
Hydrated Copper sulphate:
Hydrated Copper sulphate is blue crystalline solid. It is also known as Blue vitriol. It is an efflorescent
salt. It contains fixed number of water molecules (as water of crystallization) in loose chemical
combination. On heating it lose its water of crystallization and turns into white amorphous powder.

CuSO4 .5H2O  CuSO4 + 5 H2O
Blue White
If the dehydrated copper sulphate is allowed to cool in air, then it regains blue colour after gaining water
molecules from the atmosphere.
PROCEDURE:
Take small amount of salt in clean dry hard test tube. Heat it gently. Observe the colour of residue and
the gas evolved.

Observation Table
Experiment Observation Inference
Small quantity of blue  White amorphous residue is left behind Residue : White [ anhydrous
crystalline solid is in the test tube. copper sulphate]
heated gently in a  A colourless odourless vapours is
clean dry hard test evolved which condense on the cooler
tube. part of the test tube
Hold a blue cobalt  Blue cobalt chloride paper turns pink. Water vapours are confirmed.
chloride paper near
the mouth of test
tube.
CONCLUSION :
The given compound is Hydrated Copper sulphate. (CuSO4 .5H2O)
REACTIONS [ to be written on the blank page]

CuSO4 .5H2O 
 CuSO4 + 5H2O
Blue White
Crystalline Amorphous

DIAGRAM [to be drawn on the blank page ]

Page | 10
EXPERIMENT NO. 8

AIM :
To study the properties of hydrogen chloride gas.

APPARATUS and CHEMICALS:

Clean dry test tubes, test tube holder, a bent test tube, Bunsen burner, filter papers and Litmus paper,

OBSERVATION TABLE

Sr Test Observations Conclusions

no.
1) Colour Colourless The gas produced maybe H2, O2,
N2, NH3 , HCl or CO2.
2) Odour Pungent The gas may be NH3 or HCl
3) Taste Sour The gas maybe HCl or CO2.
4) Litmus Blue paper changes to Red The gas may be HCl or CO2.
5) Silver nitrate Curdy white ppt. formed which is soluble Hydrogen chloride is present
solution in ammonium hydroxide but insoluble in and Confirmed.
dil. Nitric acid
6) Rod dipped Dense White fumes of ammonium Hydrogen chloride is present
in ammonia chloride and Confirmed
solution

CONCLUSION:
The gas produced is hydrogen chloride It is colourless, pungent and sour gas. It is acidic to
litmus and forms dense white fumes of ammonium chloride with ammonia solution.

REACTIONS: [to be written on the blank page]

HCl + AgNO3 
 NaNO3 + AgCl↓
white ppt

AgCl + 2 NH4OH 
 Ag(NH3)2Cl + 2H2
colourless solution

NH3 + HCl NH4Cl

DIAGRAM [to be drawn on the blank page]

Page | 11
EXPERIMENT NO. 9
AIM:
To distinguish between the acidic and basic solutions.

APPARATUS:
Clean test tube, glass rod, test tube holder, dropper, Bunsen burner and filter paper.

CHEMICALS:
Dil. Sulphuric acid, dil. sodium hydroxide solution, ammonium chloride, sodium carbonate, red litmus
paper and blue litmus paper

THEORY
 An acidic solution turns blue litmus red, gives red colour with methyl orange indicator but does
not affect phenolphthalein indicator.
 A basic solution turns red litmus blue, gives pink colour with phenolphthalein indicator.
 An acidic solution liberates carbon dioxide from carbonates. In basic solution no change is
observed with sodium carbonate.
 When ammonium chloride is heated with basic solution ammonia gas is evolved. When solid
ammonium chloride is heated with an acid, hydrogen chloride gas is evolved.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr. Test Observation Inference
No.
1) Test with blue litmus paper:
(i) Put two drops of solution A
on strip of blue litmus paper Blue litmus paper turns red. Solution A has acidic nature
(ii) Put two drops of solution B No Change Solution B may be basic or neutral.
on strip of blue litmus paper

2) Test with red litmus paper:

(i) Put two drops of solution A
on strip of red litmus paper No Change Solution A is acidic.
(ii) Put two drops of solution B Red litmus paper turns blue Solution B is basic.
on strip of red litmus paper

3) Test with methyl orange

Add few drops of methyl Turns Red Solution A is acidic.
orange in solution A
Add few drops of methyl Turns yellow. Solution B is basic.
orange in solution B

4) Test with phenolphthalein

Add few drops of Remains colourless Solution A is acidic.
phenolphthalein in solution A
Add few drops of Turns pink Solution B is basic.
phenolphthalein in solution A

5) Test with sodium carbonate:

(i) Sodium carbonate + few Brisk effervesces with the Solution A is acidic.
drops of Solution A evolution of CO2 which turns lime
water milky.

Page | 12
 (ii) Sodium carbonate + few
drops of Solution B
6) Test with solid ammonium
chloride
(i) Ammonium chloride +
Solution A + Heat
(ii) Ammonium chloride +
Solution B + Heat
No Change Solution B may be basic or neutral.
Colourless gas with chocking Gas is Hydrogen chloride and the
smell is evolved which turns blue solution A is an Acid.
litmus red and gives a white ppt.
when passed through a solution of
silver nitrate.
A colourless gas with pungent Gas is Ammonia and the solution B is
odour is evolved which turns red a Base.
litmus blue and produces white
dense fumes with conc. HCl

CONCLUSION:
 Solution A is acidic because it turns blue litmus red, liberates carbon dioxide from carbonates and
produces hydrogen chloride gas form solid ammonium chloride
 Solution B is basic because it turns red litmus blue, liberates ammonia form solid ammonium
chloride.

REACTIONS: [ to be written on the blank page]

H2SO4 + Na2CO3  Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2
H2SO4 + 2NH4Cl  (NH4)2SO4 + 2HCl
NaOH + NH4Cl   NaCl + H2O + NH3

Page | 13
 Qualitative analysis for identification of Cations and Anions:

Qualitative analysis is a method of Analytical chemistry that deals

with the determination of elemental composition of inorganic salts. It
is mainly concerned with the detection of ions in an aqueous solution
of the salt.
The common procedure for testing any unknown sample is to make
its solution and test this solution with various reagents for the ions
present in it. Testing with various reagents gives characteristic
reaction of certain ions, which may be a colour change, a solid
formation or any other visible changes. There are separate
procedures for detecting cations and anions, called the Cation
Analysis and Anion Analysis.

Page | 14
EXPERIMENT NO. 10
Qualitative analysis for identification of cations:

AIM:
To identify the cations present in a given salt solution using NaOH and NH4OH solution.

APPARATUS:
Clean test tube, glass rod, test tube holder, dropper, Bunsen burner.

CHEMICALS:
NaOH solution, NH4OH solution, (NH4)2CO3 solution, Nessler’s reagent, red and blue litmus.

THEORY :
Cations/positive ions in a salt solution are identified using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ammonium
hydroxide (NH4OH) solutions.
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution or aqueous ammonia solution can be added to the solutions
containing metal ions in order to discern their identity. The colour of the precipitate formed by the
reaction can be used to determine the metal identity. In some cases, the precipitate dissolves in excess
NaOH solution / Ammonia solution.

Salt solution + NH4OH / NaOH solution 

 ppt. of metal hydroxide + Soluble salt

The following cations are to be identified:

Ca2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Pb2+ , Zn2+, NH4+.
Cation Colour of the ppt. Formula of the Solubility in excess of
present in formed ppt. formed
the salt
NaOH NH4OH
2+
Cu Pale blue Cu(OH)2 Insoluble Soluble forming inky blue
solution of [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2
2+
Fe Dirty green Fe(OH)2 Insoluble Insoluble
3+
Fe Reddish Fe(OH)3 Insoluble Insoluble
brown
2+
Zn Gelatinous white Zn(OH)2 Soluble forming Soluble forming Colourless
Colourless solution solution of [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2
of Na2ZnO2
2+
Pb Chalky white Pb(OH)2 Soluble forming Insoluble
Colourless solution
Na2PbO2
2+
Ca Curdy white (with Ca(OH)2 Insoluble No ppt
NH4OH- no ppt.
formed)

PROCEDURE:
Take about 10 ml to 20 ml of the salt solution and add about 100 ml of distilled water and shake well to
obtain an aqueous salt solution. Then add sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or Ammonium hydroxide
(NH4OH) solutions first drop wise and then in excess. Record the observations

Page | 15
EXPERIMENT NO. 10 (A)
Sr. Test
No
1. a) Aqueous salt solution +
Conc. NaOH solution
b) Add excess of NaOH
solution.
2. a) Aqueous salt solution +
Conc. NH4OH solution.
Calcium ion (Ca+2)
Observation Inference
White precipitate is Ca2+, Zn2+, Pb2+ may be present.
obtained.
Precipitate is insoluble Ca2+ is present.
in excess. Zn2+ and Pb2+ are absent as their
hydroxides are soluble in excess NaOH
solution.
No precipitate obtained. Calcium hydroxide is fairly soluble in
NH4OH.

b) Add excess of NH4OH. No precipitate Calcium hydroxide is fairly soluble in

obtained. NH4OH.
3. a) Aqueous salt solution + White precipitate is Ca+2 ions confirmed.
alkaline (NH4)2CO3 obtained.
solution.
4. Filter the precipitate Precipitate turns white Ca+2 ions confirmed.
obtained above and heat it on heating and remains
strongly. white on cooling.

CONCLUSION: Calcium ions (Ca+2 ions) are present in the given salt solution.

REACTION : ( on blank side )

Ca(NO3)2 + 2NH4OH 
 2 NH4NO3 + Ca(OH)2 ↓
white ppt

Ca(OH)2 
 CaO + H O 2
white

Page | 16
EXPERIMENT NO. 10 (B)
Zinc ion (Zn2+)
Sr. Test Observation Inference
No.
1. a) Aqueous salt solution + Gelatinous white precipitate Zn2+ or Pb2+ may be
Conc. NaOH solution. obtained. present.
b) Add excess of NaOH Precipitate dissolves in excess. Zn2+ or Pb2+ may be
solution. present.
2. a) Aqueous salt solution + Gelatinous white precipitate Zn2+ or Pb2+ may be
Conc. NH4OH solution slowly. obtained. present.
b) Add excess of NH4OH Precipitate dissolves in excess. Zn2+ is present.
solution.
3. Filter the precipitate obtained Precipitate turns yellow on Zn2+ ions confirmed.
above and heat it strongly. heating and white on cooling.

CONCLUSION: Zinc ions (Zn2+ ) are present in the solution.

REACTION : ( on blank side )

ZnSO4 + 2NaOH 
 Na2SO4 + Zn(OH)2↓
white ppt

Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH 
 Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O
Soluble salt

ZnSO4 + 2NH4OH 
 (NH4)2SO4 + Zn(OH)2↓
white ppt

(NH4)2SO4 + Zn(OH)2 + 2NH4OH 

 4 H2O + [Zn(NH3)4]SO4
soluble salt
(colourless solution)

Zn(OH)2 
 ZnO + H2O
Hot –Yellow
Cold - White

Page | 17
EXPERIMENT NO. 10 (C)
Lead ion (Pb2+)
Sr. Test Observation Inference
No.
1. a) Aqueous salt solution + Chalky white precipitate obtained. Pb2+ or Zn2+ may be present.
Conc. NaOH solution.
b) Add excess of Precipitate dissolves in excess. Pb2+ or Zn2+ may be present.
NaOH solution.
2. a) Aqueous salt solution + Chalky white precipitate obtained. Pb2+ or Zn2+ may be present.
Conc. NH4OH solution
slowly.
b) Add excess of NH4OH Precipitate is insoluble in excess. Pb2+ is present.
solution.
3. Filter the precipitate Precipitate turns yellow on Pb2+ is confirmed.
obtained above and heat it heating strongly and fuses with
strongly. the glass.

CONCLUSION: Lead ions (Pb2+ )are present in the solution.

REACTION : ( on blank side )

Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaOH 
 2NaNO3 + Pb(OH)2↓
white ppt

Pb(OH)2 + 2NaOH 
 Na2PbO2 + 2H2O
soluble salt
(colourless solution)

Pb(NO3)2 + 2NH4OH 
 2NH4NO3 + Pb(OH)2↓
white ppt

Pb(OH)2 
 PbO + H2O
Hot –Red
Cold - Yellow

Page | 18
EXPERIMENT NO. 10 (D)
Ferrous ion / Iron (II) ions (Fe2+)

Sr. Test Observation Inference

No.
1. a) Aqueous salt solution + Dirty green precipitate Fe2+ is present.
Conc. NaOH solution slowly. obtained.

b) Add excess of NaOH solution. Precipitate is insoluble in Fe2+ is present.

excess.
2. a) Aqueous salt solution + Dirty green precipitate Fe2+ is present.
Conc. NH4OH solution slowly. obtained.

b) Add excess of NH4OH solution. Precipitate is insoluble in Fe2+ is present.

excess.
3. Filter the precipitate obtained above Precipitate turns brownish Fe2+ is present.
and heat it strongly. black on heating.

CONCLUSION: ferrous / Iron (II) ions (Fe2+ )are present in the solution.

REACTION : ( on blank side )

FeSO4 + 2NaOH 
 Na2SO4 + Fe(OH)2↓
Dirty green ppt.

FeSO4 + 2NH4OH 
 (NH4)2SO4 + Fe(OH)2↓
Dirty green ppt.

Fe(OH)2 
 FeO + H2O
Brownish black

Page | 19
EXPERIMENT NO. 10 (E)
Ferric ion / Iron (III) ions (Fe3+)
Sr. Test Observation Inference
No.
1. a) Aqueous salt solution + Conc. Reddish brown Fe3+ is present.
NaOH solution slowly. precipitate obtained.

b) Add excess of NaOH solution. Precipitate is insoluble in Fe3+ is present.

excess.
2. a) Aqueous salt solution + Reddish brown Fe3+ is present.
Conc. NH4OH solution precipitate obtained.
slowly.
b) Add excess of NH4OH solution. Precipitate is insoluble in Fe3+ is present.
excess.
3. Filter the precipitate obtained Precipitate turns Fe3+ is present.
above and heat it strongly. reddish black on
heating.

CONCLUSION: Ferric / Iron (III) ions (Fe3+ )are present in the solution.

REACTIONS : ( on blank side )

FeCl3 + 3NaOH 
 3NaCl + Fe(OH)3↓
Reddish brown ppt.

FeCl3 + 3NH4OH 
 3NH4Cl + Fe(OH)3↓
Reddish brown ppt.

2Fe(OH)3 
 Fe2O3 + 3H2O
Reddish black

Page | 20
EXPERIMENT NO. 10 (F)
Copper ion (Cu2+)
Sr. Test Observation Inference
No.
1. a) Aqueous salt solution + Pale blue precipitate Cu2+ is present.
Conc. NaOH solution slowly. obtained.
b) Add excess of NaOH solution. Precipitate is insoluble in Cu2+ is present.
excess.
2. a) Aqueous salt solution + Pale blue precipitate Cu2+ is present.
Conc. NH4OH solution obtained.
slowly.
b) Add excess of NH4OH solution. Precipitate is soluble in Cu2+ is present.
excess.
3. Filter the precipitate obtained Precipitate turns black Cu2+ is present.
above and heat it strongly. and settles down.

CONCLUSION: Copper (II) ions (Cu2+)are present in the solution.

REACTIONS : ( on blank side )

CuSO4 + 2NaOH 
 Na2SO4 + Cu(OH)2↓
Pale blue ppt.

CuSO4 + 2NH4OH 
 (NH4)2SO4 + Cu(OH)2↓
Pale blue ppt.

(NH4)2SO4 + Cu(OH)2 + 2NH4OH 

 4H2O + [Cu(NH3)4]SO4
Soluble salt
(inky blue solution)

Cu(OH)2 
 CuO + H2O
Blue Black

Page | 21
EXPERIMENT NO. 10 (G)
Ammonium ion (NH4+ )
Sr. Test Observation Conclusion
No.
Add conc. Calcium hydroxide solution to the
salt solution and heat the mixture. Perform the
test with gas evolved.
1) Litmus test: Hold moist red litmus paper near the Moist red litmus Nature: Basic gas
mouth of the test tube where the gas is evolved. turns blue. evolved.
NH4+ may be present.
2) Glass rod test: Hold a glass rod dipped in conc. Dense white fumes
HCl near the mouth of the test tube. are seen. NH4+ is present.
3) Nessler’s reagent: Bubble the gas evolved into Brown precipitate
about 2 ml of the reagent (K2HgI4) obtained. NH4+ is confirmed.

CONCLUSION: Ammonium ions (NH4+)are present in the solution.

REACTIONS : ( on blank side )

2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 
 CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NH3↑

NH3 + HCl NH4Cl

K2HgI4 + NH3 
 Complex salt

Page | 22
EXPERIMENT NO. 11
Identification of anions:

Qualitative analysis for identification of anions:

Anions, that is, negative ions in a salt are identified using various chemical tests. The following
anions are identified:
carbonate, sulphate, sulphate, sulphide, nitrate, chloride

AIM:
To identify the anions present in a given salt solution using chemical tests.

APPARATUS:
Clean test tube, glass rod, test tube holder, dropper, bent delivery tube.

CHEMICALS:
Blue litmus paper, lime water solution, K2Cr2O7 solution, BaCl2 solution, dil. HCl, dil.
HNO3, lead acetate solution, lead nitrate solution, zinc nitrate solution, NH4OH solution, copper
turnings, dil. H2SO4, starch iodide paper, FeSO4 solution.

Page | 23
EXPERIMENT NO. 11 (A)
Carbonate ion (CO3 2- )
Sr. Test Observation Conclusion
No.
Take about 1 gram of salt in a hand Colourless and odourless gas
glass test tube. Add about 2-3 ml of evolved
dil. H2SO4 to it and warm it
1. Hold a moist blue litmus paper near Moist blue litmus turns pink. Nature: slightly acidic.
the mouth of the test tube where the Gas may be CO2 or
gas is evolved. SO2.

2. Bubble the gas evolved into clear Lime water turns milky. Gas may be CO2 or
lime water solution. SO2.

3. Hold a filter paper dipped in acidified
K2Cr2O7 near the mouth of the test
tube.
4. Take an aqueous solution of salt and
add it to 2-3 ml of BaCl2 solution.
Gas evolved has no effect on Gas evolved is CO2.
acidified K2Cr2O7 paper.
White precipitate formed CO3 2- confirmed.
which is soluble in dil. HCl
and HNO3.

CONCLUSION: Carbonate ions (CO3 2- ) are present in the solution.

REACTIONS : ( on blank side )

Na2SO3 + H2SO4 
 Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2↑
Na2CO3 + H2SO4 
 Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2↑

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 
 CaCO3 + H2O
Ca(OH)2 + SO2 
 CaSO3 + H2O

BaCl2 + Na2CO3 
 BaCO3 ↓ + 2NaCl
white ppt.

BaCO3 + 2HCl 
 BaCl2 + H2O + CO2
soluble salt
(colourless solution)

BaCO3 + 2HNO3 
 Ba(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2
soluble salt
(colourless solution)

Page | 24
EXPERIMENT NO. 11 (B)
Sulphite ion (SO3 2- )
Sr. Test Observation Conclusion
No.
Take about 1 gram of salt in a hand Colourless gas with
glass test tube. Add about 2-3 ml of suffocating odour evolved
dil. H2SO4 to it and warm it
1. Hold a moist blue litmus paper near Moist blue litmus turns red Nature: slightly acidic.
the mouth of the test tube where the and then gets bleached. Gas may be CO2 or SO2.
gas is evolved.

2. Bubble the gas evolved into clear Lime water turns milky. Gas may be CO2 or SO2.
lime water solution.

3. Hold a filter paper dipped in Gas evolved turns K2Cr2O7 Gas evolved is SO2.
acidified K2Cr2O7 near the mouth of paper from orange to clear
the test green.
tube.
4. Take an aqueous solution of salt and White precipitate formed SO3 2-confirmed.
add it to 2-3 ml of BaCl2 solution. which is soluble in dil. HCl
and HNO3.

CONCLUSION: Sulphite ion (SO3 2- ) are present in the solution.

REACTIONS : ( on blank side )

Na2SO3 + H2SO4 
 Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2↑
Na2CO3 + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2↑
Ca(OH)2 + CO2  CaCO3 + H2O
Ca(OH)2 + SO2  CaSO3 + H2O
BaCl2 + Na2SO3 
 BaSO3 ↓+ 2NaCl
white ppt.

BaSO3 + 2HCl 
 BaCl2 + H2O + SO2
soluble salt
(colourless solution)

BaSO3 + 2HNO3 
 Ba(NO3)2 + H2O + SO2
soluble salt
(colourless solution)

Page | 25
EXPERIMENT NO. 11 (C)
Sulphide ion (S-2)
Sr. Test Observation Conclusion
No.
Take about 1 gram of salt in a hand Gas evolved is colorless It may be H2S.
glass test tube. Add about 2-3 ml of dil. and has a rotten egg smell.
H2SO4 to it and warm it
1. Hold a moist blue litmus paper near the It turns red. Nature: Acidic gas. It
mouth of the test tube where the gas is may be H2S.
evolved.

2. Hold a filter paper dipped in lead Gas evolved turns the Gas evolved may be
acetate solution near the mouth of the filter paper silvery black. H2S.
test tube.
3. Hold a filter paper dipped in Pb(NO3) The filter paper turns Gas evolved may be
solution near the mouth of the test tube. black. H2S.

4. Hold a filter paper dipped in Zn(NO3) Gas evolved turns the Gas evolved may be
solution near the mouth of the test tube. filter paper white. H2S.

Hold a filter paper dipped in acidified Gas evolved turns S2-confirmed.

K2Cr2O7 near the mouth of the test K2Cr2O7 paper from
tube. orange to green with
yellow particles
suspended.

CONCLUSION: Sulphide ion (S-2) are present in the solution.

REACTIONS : ( on blank side )

FeS + H2SO4 
 FeSO4 + H2S

(CH3COO)2Pb + H2S 
 2CH3COOH + PbS↓
silvery black ppt.

Pb(NO3)2 + H2S 
 PbS↓ + 2HNO3
silvery black ppt.

Zn(NO3)2 + H2S 
 ZnS↓ + 2HNO3
white ppt.

Page | 26
EXPERIMENT NO. 11 (D)
Sulphate ion (SO42- )
Sr. Test Observation Conclusion
No.
1. Add 2-3 ml of BaCl2 solution. White precipitate May be SO42- , SO3 2- or CO3 2-
obtained.

2. Take the above precipitate and add The precipitate remains SO42- ion present.
dil. HCl or dil. HNO3. insoluble.

3. Add 2-3 ml of lead nitrate solution White precipitate is SO42- ion present.
to the salt solution. formed.

4. Add dil. HCl or HNO3 to the above Precipitate is insoluble. SO42- ion present.
white precipitate

CONCLUSION: Sulphate ions (SO42- )are present in the solution.

REACTIONS : ( on blank side )

BaCl2 + Na2CO3 
 BaCO3↓ +2NaCl
white ppt.

BaCl2 + Na2SO3 
 BaSO3↓ +2NaCl
white ppt.

BaCl2 + Na2SO4 
 BaSO4 ↓ +2NaCl
white ppt.

Na2SO4 + Pb(NO3)2 
 PbSO4 ↓+ 2NaNO3
white ppt.

BaSO4 + HCl 
 Insoluble precipitate

Page | 27
EXPERIMENT NO. 11 (E)
Chloride ion (Cl-)
Sr. Test Observation Conclusion
No
.
Take about 1 gram of salt in a hand glass Gas evolved is colorless
test tube. Add about 2-3 ml of Conc. H2SO4 having a pungent smell.
to it and warm it
1. Hold a moist blue litmus paper near the The litmus turns red. Nature: Acidic gas. It may be
mouth of the test tube. HCl.

2. Hold a glass rod dipped in NH4OH Dense white fumes are Cl- is present.
solution. seen.
3. Add 2-3 ml of AgNO3 solution to the salt Curdy white precipitate Cl- is present.
solution. obtained.
4. Add NH4OH to the above precipitate and Precipitate is soluble in Cl- is confirmed.
shake the test tube. NH4OH.

5. Hold a moist Starch iodide paper near the Turns blue black Cl- is confirmed.
mouth of the test tube.

CONCLUSION: Chloride ions (Cl-) are present in the solution.

REACTIONS : ( on blank side )

 200 0 C
NaCl + conc. H2SO4  HCl + NaHSO 4

NH3 + HCl NH4Cl

NaCl + AgNO3 
 NaNO3 + AgCl↓
white ppt.

AgCl + 2 NH4OH 
 Ag(NH3)2Cl + 2H2
soluble salt
(colourless solution)

2KI + Cl2 
 2KCl + I2

Page | 28
EXPERIMENT NO. 11 (F)
Sr. Test
No.
1. Add a few pieces of copper
turnings and conc. H2SO4 to
the salt and heat slowly.
2. Hold a filter paper dipped in
potassium iodide solution near
the mouth of the test tube .
3. Add freshly prepared FeSO4 to
the salt solution and H2SO4
carefully from the sides of the
test tube.
Nitrate ion (NO3 -)
Observation Conclusion
Reddish brown gas is released Nature: Acidic gas. It may be
which has a pungent odour NO2.
and turns blue litmus red.
Reddish brown gas is released NO2 is present.
which turns potassium iodide
brown.
Brown ring is formed at the Brown ring: FeSO4.NO
junction of the two liquids. [Nitrosoferrous sulphate]

CONCLUSION: Nitrate ions (NO3 -)are present in the solution.

REACTIONS : ( on blank side )

 200 0 C
NaNO3 + conc. H2SO4  NaHSO4 + 4HNO3

Cu + conc. 2HNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO2

2KI + 2NO2 
 2KNO2 + I2

Page | 29
EXPERIMENT NO. 12

AIM:
To distinguish between CuO and MnO2 using conc. HCl.

APPARATUS:
Test tubes, holder, Bunsen burner, filter paper.

CHEMICALS:
CuO, MnO2, conc. HCl, NH4OH, starch iodide paper.

PROCEDURE:
Add conc. HCl to CuO and MnO2 salts and make observations. Identify the product formed to make the
deduction.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr. Test CuO: Observation MnO2: Observation
No.
1. Color Black Black
2. a)Add conc. HCl. Dissolves Dissolves
b)Heat the salt solution. No gas evolved. Gas evolved.
Color: Greenish yellow Odour:
Pungent
Test: Starch iodide paper turns blue
black
Moist blue litmus turns red.
Conclusion: Gas is Cl2.

3. a)Filter the above solution. Blue Light brown

b)Add NH4OH solution to Blue precipitate formed. No precipitate
the filtrate. Precipitate is soluble in excess
NH4OH.

4. Deduction The substance is CuO. The substance is MnO2.

REACTIONS : ( on blank side )

CuO + 2HCl  CuCl2 + H2O

CuCl2 + 2NH4OH  Cu(OH)2 ↓+ 2NH4Cl
MnO2 + 2HCl   MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2

Page | 30