October - December' 15 Vol. XXI, No. IV

Vol. XXI, No.
IV October - December’ 15
Vol. XXI, No. IV
Contents
BES Review
October'15 - December’15
Editorial 2
From the President 3
BES Council 2014-2016 4
Private FM Broadcasting Phase-III and Beyond Augmentation of 6
Spectrum & Segmented Planning
- B P Srivastava
MakeDigital India in India using TV White Spaces 11
- Hemant Mallapur
Ham Radio, a lifeline during Disasters 18
- Ankur Puranik
Radio is alive and well in India and The World! 24
Editorial Board - Ruxandra Obreja
Chairman DTH - An innovative tool for Educational Evolution in India 27
Ashish Bhatnagar -Dr. Shivaraj Shastri Herur
Customization of Technology to Suit our Unique Nation : India 29
- Mitali Chatterjee
Morse to LTE - Evolution 34
Member - S. Venkataraman
A. Shanmugam-Advisor
M.S. Duhan
RF Spectrum & Network Plannning: Regulations, Planning 39
Meenakshi Singhvi Parameters and Coverages
O.P. Rajpurohit - M. S. Duhan
Pradeep Mehra CAN bus (Controller Area Networking) 47
Sunil Bhatia - Sangeeta Upadhye
Noobs way of Developing an ANDROID Application 53
- S Vadivazagan
Published by : Report : Jaipur Chapter 59
P. K. Singh, Hon. Secretary, - Seminar on “Role of ICT in Development of Smart City”
on behalf of Report : Mumbai Chapter 60
Broadcast Engineering Society (India) - Celebration of World Telecommunication &Information Society Day
912, Surya Kiran Building,
19, K.G. Marg, New Delhi-110001 Report : Ahmedabad Chapter 62
Tel. : + 91-11- 23316709 - Lecture on “E-Governance initiative in state government”
Fax : + 91-11- 23316710
E-mail : bes@besindia.com
Report : Thanjavur Chapter 63
- International Yoga Day Celebration
Report Mumbai Chapter 64
-Seminar on “ Digital Surround Sound and DTT DVB-T2 ....
Printed at :
Pragati Creations Report : Global Exhibition on Services 68
27/1B, Dilshad Garden Ind. Area, Report : “AIBD/RTM In-Country Workshop on DVB-T2 Transmission” 69
G.T. Road, Delhi-110095 at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
e-mail : pragatijp@yahoo.com
Ph.: 011-22596695, 9312438440 News from Broadcasting World 70
- By Meenakshi Singhvi
Views expressed by authors are their New Members 75
own and may not be that of BES(I) Corporate Members 76
Obituary 78
Editorial
Dear Friends,
I hope this copy of BES Review will be with you before BES Exo 2016 - The
nd
22 International Conference and Exhibition on Terrestrial and Satellite
Broadcasting being organised on 4, 5 and 6 February 2016 at the Leela
Ambience Convention Hotel, New Delhi. You all know, BES expo is not just
another commercial broadcast technology show, it is different as it is not
organised by a commercial entity but by a Not-for-profit Society, with a
primary aim to disseminate the knowledge of broadcast engineering amongst
a broad cross section of stake holders. The show assumes special significance
as the great Indian Public Broadcaster – Prasr Bharati is embracing the digital
technologies in a big way by rolling out DRM and DVB – T2 transmitters
across the country.
In this issue of BES Review, apart from various technical articles on different
subjects, we have included a glimpse of the journey encompassed by
Broadcast Engineering Society (India) since it's inception. BES(I) has been
led by senior broadcast professionals, who have been at the helm of affairs in
the broadcasting horizon of our country and I take this opportunity to express
our gratitude to these broadcast veterans for their outstanding contributions
for the society and in development and strengthening of broadcast
infrastructure in the country.
BES local chapters spread across the country are doing yeomen service in
spreading the knowledge of broadcast engineering by way of arranging
seminars and technical lectures in different towns and I feel happy in sharing
some of the activities undertaken at Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Madurai and
Chennai in this issue.
I look forward for your valuable feedbacks and active contribution in further
improving the Magazine which remains a collaborative effort of us all.
My choicest best wishes to you and your family members for a vibrant year
ahead.
Kind regards
Ashish Bhatnagar
abroadcaster0@gmail.com
2
October’15 -December’15
From the President
Dear Friends,
At the outset, I would like to extend my choicest greetings and well wishes to
all the council members, chapter chairmen, BES members and their families
for a progressive and successful new year. Broadcast Engineering Society
has maintained it's pace and has continued to fulfil it's objective of
disseminating the knowledge of broadcast engineering by arranging various
events at HQ and different chapters and through quality articles published in
it's quarterly technical journal – BES Review.
On popular demand from our members and various stake holders, we have
relocated our signature event – the BES Expo 2016 from Pragati Maidan to a
decent Hotel and will look forward for feedbacks to further improve the
facilities. Theme of this year's BES Expo is – 'Digital Broadcasting – Moving
towards Multiple platforms', which is extremely relevant in today's broadcast
scenario. I would like to thank Mr. II George and his team for roping in world
class speakers for the conference and to all the council members who are
working as a team for the success of the event.
In broadcasting, over-the-top content (OTT) refers to delivery of audio,
video, and other media over the Internet without the involvement of a
multiple-system operator in the control or distribution of the content. The
Internet provider may be aware of the contents of the Internet Protocol
packets but is not responsible for, nor able to control, the viewing abilities,
copyrights, and/or other redistribution of the content. IP and OTT services are
in nascent form and are available in limited areas because of non-availability
of required infrastructure and also due to affordability issues of end-users. IP
services are costlier compared to OTT but assure a minimum quality of
service with their customized hardware/software & dedicated links
I am sure our members will get benefited by attending BES Expo 2016, the
22nd International Conference and Exhibition on Terrestrial and Satellite
Broadcasting being organised on 4,5 and 6 February 2016 at in the Leela
Ambience Convention Hotel, New Delhi or by going through the details of
deliberations in future issues of BES Review.
With best wishes
OK Sharma
omajmer@gmail.com
3
BES (I) Council 2014-2016
Name Designation Mobile / E-mail
O.K. Sharma Addl. Director General (E) 8750451819 omajmer@gmail.com

President AIR & DD
A.K. Dixit Former Engineer-in-Chief 9958581560 1954dixit@gmail.com
Immediate Past President Doordarshan
R.K. Sinha Former Engineer-in-Chief 9868631895 rksi2906@gmail.com
Past President Doordarshan
I.I.George Addl. Director General (E) 9868233470 iigeorge@hotmail.com
Vice President AIR & DD
Om Prakash Rajpurohit Asstt. Engineer 9414251557 oprajpurohit@rediffmail.com
Vice President Doordarshan
Pravin Kumar Singh Director (Engg.) 9968993838 pkibs@rediffmail.com
Hon. Secretary All India Radio
R.C. Bhatnagar Former Addl. Director 9968296792 r_cb01@yahoo.co.in
Hon. Treasurer General (Engg.), DD
A.V Swaminathan Former Chief Engineer 9811470018 swami232@rediffmail.com
Council Member AIR & DD
Deepak Joshi Dy. Director General (E) 9911231256 dde.deepakjoshi@gmail.com
Council Member All India Radio
Meenakshi Singhvi Dy. Director (E) 9426302816 meenakshi_singhvi@hotmail.com
N. Thiyagrajan Addl. Director General (E) 9445562769 thiagu2k@rediffmail.com
Anila Shah Asstt. Engineer 9825956386 shahanila20@gmail.com
Council Member Doordarshan
V. Appakutty Former Chief Engineer 9444015580 appakuttyv@yahoo.com
S.S Bindra Former Chief Engineer 9899968022 sbindra_in@yahoo.com
K. Murugan Director (Engg.) 9971159629 murugan_dde@rediffmail.com
P.S. Shrivastava Director (Engg.) 9419171731 pss_18@yahoo.com
Dinesh Pratap Singh Director (Engg.) 9868103141 dpsddi@gmail.com
Neeraj Goel Dy. Director General (E) 9968326123 neeraj231@gmail.com
P.S. Sundram CMD, Technomedia 9811197746 pss@technomediaindia.com
Permanent Invitee
Animesh Chakraborty Engineer-in-Chief 9871178429 animesh37@rediffmail.com
Permanent Invitee All India Radio
CBS Maurya Engineer-in-Chief, 9650296668 cbsmaurya@gmail.com
Permanent Invitee Doordarshan
Rakesh Aggarwal Director 9810298552 rakesh@comcon.co.in
Co-opted Member M/s. Comcon
4
Local Chapters
Chapter Chairperson Hon. Secretary Hon. Treasurer Tel. No. /E-mail.
1) Ahmedabad A.K. Gupta Anil K. Gupta Ramesh Tele 9428825883
ab12anil@rediffmail.com
2) Bangalore Anil Mangalgi A. Hanumant Sanjeev K.P. 9448490241
amangalgi@yahoo.com
3) Bhubaneshwar L.K. Pradhan A.C. Subudhi N. Jethi 9437073498
4) Chennai S. Ramachadran K V Ramachandran P Bhoopathy kvr.air@gmail.com
5) Jaipur H. P. Meena O.P. Rajpurohit M.C. Bansal 9413331405

hpmeena70@rediffmail.com
6) Kolkatta Ved Prakash (Officiating) Ved Prakash Soumitra Kumar Deb -
7) Hyderabad M.B.S. Purushottam Er. Nuli Namassivaya R. Janardhan Rao +91-9869489551

beshyd@gmail.com
8) Mumbai S.C. Khasgiwal P.K. Sharma P.S. Khurana hitesh_shard@yahoo.com
9) Thanjavur Ms A. Chitra S. Periandavar G. Muthukrishnan besthanjavur@gmail.com
10)Thiruvananthapuram - - - -
11) Pune Ashish Bhatnagar Ashok Kale Ravindra Rajnekar +91-9421053428

ac_kale@rediffmail.com
12) Guwahati MS Ansari R.C. Boro - -
BES Committees
S. No. Name of Commitees Chairman Co- Chairman/Members
1. BES EXPO Event (Conference) I.I. George N Thiagarajan, M.S Duhan, J.K. Chandira,
Ms. Meenakshi Singhvi, Devesh Kumar, Rajender Kumar
2. BES EXPO Event (Exhibition) D. P. Singh A.V. Swaminathan
3. BES Review Ashish Bhatnagar M.S. Duhan, Ms. Meenakshi Singhvi, O.P. Rajpurohit,
Pradeep Mehra, Sunil Bhatia
4. Website Management K. Murugan Neeral Goel, V. R. Hari, P. Narayanan, Alpana Pande
5. BES Awards N. Thiagarajan V. Sitaram, V. Srinivasvardan
6. Constitution Committee V. Appakutty R. Vardadrajan, S.Ramesh
7. New Member Induction S.C. Khasgiwal A.V. Swaminathan
8. Seminar and Lectures Deepak Joshi Ms. Meenakshi Singhvi, Devesh, K.Murugan,
Rajesh Chandra, Anila Shah Chaudhry
9. Innovative Ideas P.S. Shrivastava Anil Khandelwal, B.G. Nair
10. Local Chapters O.P. Rajpurohit Ms. A. Chtra T. Rajendiran, Nuli Namassivayam,
Pradip K Sharma
5
Architecture of Power Amplifiers:
Leverage on carbon footprints
M. S Duhan
About 85 percent of the energy consumed in modern change on to other sites in the world. The evolution of
society comes from fossil fuels. Gargantuan money the concentration of CO2 is monitored at Mauna Loa
have been invested in the existing energy landscape – since 1958 (preliminary data for 2015). The
the petroleum refineries, petrol stations, natural gas concentration of CO 2 increased from 315 parts per
fields and pipelines, coal mines, thermal plants and million by volume(ppmv) in 1958 at 399 ppmv in 2014
electric grids that power modern societies. Solving the (+ 26%). The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty,
climate challenge will require major changes in this which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework
supply infrastructure, built environment that it feeds Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that
and design the efficient machines/devices which commits State Parties to reduce greenhouse gases
consumes lot of energy. The term 'carbon footprint' has emissions, based on the premise that (a) global warming
become tremendously popular over the last few years exists and (b) man-made CO2 emissions have caused it.
and is now in widespread use across the media and it is Negotiators at COP21, the U.N. climate change
pertinent to debate on responsibility and abatement conference held in Paris, have settled on a rough
action against the threat of global climate change. The blueprint for approaching the complex and contentious
carbon footprint includes carbon dioxide (CO2) task of reining in emissions and reducing global
emissions measured in area-based units. In broadcasting warming. World CO2 emission is 35,669,000 KT. India
the most energy is required in power amplifiers of a ranks 4th among World top countries in terms of CO2
transmitter. Reducing the energy requirement during emission. China (1054000KT)(29.54%),
operation of a transmitter is best approach to reduce USA(5334000 KT)(14.95%) , European Union
carbon footprint. So the architecture of Power (3415000 KT)(9.57%), India(2,341000KT)(6.56%).
amplifiers is critical as it clouts the carbon footprints. However per capita emission (T) is highest in USA
The efficiency of Transmitter is the ratio of useful RF (16.2t) followed by Russia (12.4t). In India the per
output Energy to the total input power. This article capita emission is 1.8t.
unravels the impact of design of efficient Power
Emission conversion Factors:
Amplifiers used in TV Transmitters to reduce carbon
footprint and reduce expenditure in their operations. Some of typical emission conversion factors of
Electricity, Petrol and diesel consumption in India are as
Word Scenario of Carbon footprint:
below:
Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (POST
i. Electricity : Input value (in KWh/Yr) X 0.85
2006) has defined 'carbon footprint' as the total amount
(Emission Factor) = Output value in (Kg of CO2)
of CO2 and other greenhouse gases, emitted over the
full life cycle of a process or product. It is expressed as ii. Petrol: Input Value(In Litres/Yr) X 2.296(Emission
grams of CO2 equivalent per kilowatt hour of Factor) = Output value in (Kg of CO2)
generation (gCO2eq/kWh), which accounts for the
iii. Diesel: Input Value(In Litres/Yr) X 2.653 (Emission
different global warming effects of other greenhouse
Factor) = Output value in (Kg of Co2
gases. Changes in atmospheric content of carbon
dioxide, measured from the volcano Mauna Loa, in the The energy consumption in TV Transmitters:
island of Hawaii. The curve of this evolution is known as
There are about 1412 TV transmitters in India. Power
the "Keeling curve" and is evidence of human
wise classifications of Transmitters is: 211 No. of High
production of greenhouse gases and their impact on
Power Transmitters (1 kW to 30kW), 811 No. of Low
global warming. This is Mauna Loa on the direct rates
Power Transmitters (100 W to 500W), 372 No. of Very
are measured for the longest time, but we find the same
Low Power Transmitters (10W to 50W) and 18 No. of
6
Transposers(10). has enhanced. 10:1 VSWR has increased upto 65:1,
higher Power LDMOS( laterally diffused metal oxide
The energy requirement of TV Transmitters is as below:
semicondutor): With 50 V LDMOS high power(upto
1kW per chasis) is feasible.
S.No. Type of Transmitter No. of TV *Input A/C LDMOS:
Transmitter RF Power Transmitters Power requirement
1 HPT 1kW 42 125 kW

It is the dominant technology used in high-power
Digital TV transmitters. Future generations of LDMOS
2 HPT 5kW 6 89kW
promise still higher power densities and efficiencies. As
3 HPT 10kW 140 4165kW
GaN comes on line, there's an opportunity to radically
4 HPT 20kW 21 1250kW
increase power density. A comparison of intrinsic
5 HPT 30kW 2 78kW
material properties shows that HEMTs (high electron
6 VLPT 10 W 254 7.556kW
mobility transistors) which utilize AlGaN/GaN hetero
7 VLPT 50 W 118 17.552kW
structures clearly stand out as the most promising of
8 LPT 100 W 356 105.91kW emerging technologies. The energy gap of GaN is three
9 LPT 300 W 85 75.862kW times that of silicon (Si), resulting in reduced
10 LPT 500 W 370 550.375kW performance degradation at high temperatures.
11 Transposer 10 W 18 0.535kW Similarly, breakdown at a six-fold electric field and two-
*Total input A/C Power requirement= No. of Transmitters x Peak and-a-half-fold carrier saturation velocity enable much
Power rating of Transmitter x 0.595/ 0.20. greater power densities, resulting in the same output
Total energy consumption per hour = 6565 kWh.
power capability at a much higher impedance level.
Considering 18 Hrs of daily operation in 365 days, the Compared to the structure of the basic MOSFET,
annual consumption =239629070 kWh LDMOS has an additional lightly doped (nP - P ) region
between the oxide and the drain. Because most of the
Total carbon emission= 239629070x0.85= 203684709
voltage applied on the drain is supported by the nP - P
Kg = 203684 Tonnes or 203 kT.
drift region, the LDMOS can withstand high voltage
Architecture of Power Amplifier in a TV with thinner gate oxide and shorter channel length.
Transmitter: However, like the basic MOSFET, the current of the
LDMOS still flows on the surface of the silicon, the
Tube technology was employed in first high power
utility of the silicon is low, and the specific resistance
amplifiers. The
(resistance per area) is relatively high. In vertical power
Triodes / Tetrodes
MOSFETs, the n- drift region is located inside the
and Inductive
silicon. VMOSFET name is derived from the V-shaped
Output Tubes (IOT)
groove along which current flows. Although the
(upto 80kW)
VMOSFET was the first commercialized structure of
dominated in High
the power MOSFET, it was replaced by the Double-
Power Amplifiers.
diffusion MOSFET (DMOSFET) because of the high
Main advantages of
electrical field at the tip of the V-groove. Power
I O Ts – H i g h e r
DMOSFET , when Vg is higher than the threshold
efficiency – Less
voltage and Vds is positive, the electron current of the
A/P sensitivity to
MOSFET travels horizontally through the channel and
HV ripples – More economical. Solid-state power
then vertically to the drain. A more direct, shorter
amplifiers (SSA) for use at high frequencies employ
current path can be achieved if the channel is orientated
transistor with wide band-gap semiconductor materials,
vertically instead of along the silicon surface. This idea
Si, GaAs, GaN, Sic, and diamond. SSA are more
is realized by the structure of the UMOSFET, the name
reliable than their vacuum-tube counterparts by a factor
UMOSFET is also derived from the U-shaped groove
of about 2.5. Because many transistors are operated in
formed in the gate region. Compared to the DMOSFET,
parallel, the failure of on has negligible effect on output
the UMOSFET has no JFET region and has higher
power. Other advantages: high stability, low
channel density to significantly reduce the on-resistance
maintenance, absence of warm-up time. Ruggedness
of the device. Moreover, the UMOSFET has no sharp
7
oxide tip, because the (PWM) to constantly switch the signal between “fully-
corners of the gate ON” and “fully-OFF” driving the output hard into the
oxide located in the n- transistors saturation and cut-off regions. Significantly,
drift region can be in the entire amplifier classifications used, the primary
rounded by isotropic amplifier characteristics defined by the “Class” are
etching. In order to linearity and efficiency. The Class-E mode can be
p r e v e n t t h e supported by a transistor with slower switching
catastrophic characteristics and is better suited to high frequency
destruction of the gate operation. As with Class-D mode, high peak voltage is a
oxide due to the drawback. The idea of a class-F amplifier is to have a
electrical crowding at zero current voltage product at any given time resulting
the corner of the in zero power dissipation. This is achieved by using
trench, the P-body is harmonics traps (filters) which provide the suitable
usually designed to be terminations for the harmonics required generated.
deep enough and the Class-F power amplifiers use multiple resonators to
doping concentration control the harmonic contents of the drain voltage and
at the bottom of the P- current. In a Class G amplifier, two or more different
body is high enough to ensure that the voltage power supply voltages are used per side, and the output
breakdown occurs first at the junction of the Pbody and devices are switched to the rail appropriate for the
in the N- drift region. Therefore, the voltage can be current signal level. The increased efficiency of this
clamped to save the gate oxide. Use of good heat sink design provides size and weight advantages for a given
and Liquid cooling typically doubles power density power output, at the cost of a more complex power
supply design. In the Class-H amplifier, the power
Efficiency Parameters:
supply rails track the input signal and maintain just
Power efficiency of a transmitter reflects its carbon enough voltage for proper operation. Increased
footprint. The main parameters are: efficiency is again the result. Class-S amplifiers use the
current method of a low-pass filtering the output to
i. Bandwidth: Broadband, Narrowband.The
remove the fundamental and it's harmonics. In a Class-T
narrowband can have higher efficiency. Even with
amplifier the switching frequency is modulated in real
jumpers the amplifier can be made operational on
time by the input amplitude. Class-T output stages
wideband with higher efficiency.
integrate a pulse train to derive the output waveform,
ii. RF Power of Transmitter: Low Power, Medium Class-T employs a totally unique approach to reduce
Power , High Power. High power amplifiers are noise and improve high frequency linearity. The
more efficient. differences include modulation of the switching
frequency, dithering of the switching frequency,
iii. Power Amplifier Technology: Class of Amplifiers
adjustment of the dead time, and other proprietary
like AB,C, D,E, F, G,S, T type; Doherty Power
techniques. In the digital predictive pre-distortion
Amplifier, Envelope Tracking, Switch mode Power
system, digital pre-distortion linearization is carried out
Amplifier etc.
at baseband by adaptively forcing the PA to behave as a
Amplifier classes are mainly divided into two basic linear device. The functioning of the digital PD is quite
groups. The first group are controlled conduction angle simple and intuitive.
amplifiers forming the amplifier classes of A, B, AB and
New Technology like Doherty and Drain Modulation
C, which are defined by the length of their conduction
(Envelope Tracking) etc. have been highly efficient and
state over some portion of the output waveform, such
are being used in TV Transmitters particularly in digital
that the output stage transistor operation lies between
transmitters (using COFDM) where crest factor is high.
being “fully-ON” and “fully-OFF”.
Modern modulated signals often have high peak-to-
The second group of amplifiers is the generally called average power ratios (PAPR). Use of such high PAPR
“switching” amplifier classes of D, E, F, G, S, T etc, signals results in power amplifiers (PAs) having to
which use digital circuits and pulse width modulation operate at a large back-off when stringent linearity
8
DVB- T2 : Future Digital Terrestrial Transmitters
In future new Digital Terrestrial TV Transmitters( DVB-T2 standard ), are planned of 10 kW rms power
rating. DVB-T2 is a remarkable standard and its efficiency is unsurpassable. Digital Terrestrial TV has no
periodic peak power to use as reference, so average power is used to rate amplifiers. DVB-T2 is a flexible
technology through which operators can save on spectrum, improve operational efficiency, and provide
more services. The performance of DVB-T2 is as close to Shannon Limit, the theoretical maximum
frequency efficiency as one can get; it is almost at its peak, making DVB-T3 or any other DVB standard
highly unlikely. These transmitters with efficient encoding system like HEVC(H.265) provides excellent
overall Transmitter efficiency for delivery platform. While analog transmitter provide single TV
Programme channel, the DTT Transmitters with DVB T2 using HEVC coding may provide about 20 TV
Programme channels for fixed TV reception or 36 Radio channels in robust mode. Crest Factor
Reduction can make a useful contribution to improving PA efficiency by allowing controlled
compression of peak signals, effectively allowing the PA to operate nearer peak power and hence at a
higher efficiency. A significant proportion of the overall power (perhaps 55 - 60%) is used by the PAs, and
a further 30 - 35% in providing cooling and AC-DC power conversion – where the power used is also
largely driven by the power consumed by the PAs (i.e. the greater the power used by the PAs, the greater
the cooling power required and the higher the ACDC conversion losses). The High Efficiency Switch-
Mode Power Supply with Power Factor Control for cooling system, latest efficient PA efficiency, Adaptive
Digital Pre-corrector, a powerful digital linear and non-linear precorrector, combined with a very
selective output band-pass filter, allows obtaining a perfectly clean spectrum in the adjacent channels
and excellent modulation performances. The precorrector performance is widely increased thanks to
the Auto-Adaptive version. High performance (MER>35 dB, Shoulders >38 dB) can be available due to
powerful pre-correctors, high linearity amplifiers and low noise oscillators. The recent advent of new 50
volt LDMOS RF devices and special amplifier techniques significantly improved the RF amplifier
efficiency. The power efficiency of the RF power amplifiers within the transmitters is the critical issue in
reducing this energy usage and the associated environmental impact. The electrical power efficiency of
the transmitter plays an important part in the overall cost of ownership equation. Early digital TV
transmitters had a power efficiency in the 15% to 20% range. This means that a 10kW transmitter
consumed about 66kW of electrical energy, converting only 10kW of that energy to useful RF and 56kW
as waste heat. High Efficiency Transmitter Designs Newer technology has paved the way to more
efficient and “green” transmitters. For digital television, several power amplifier techniques have been
developed that dramatically improve the efficiency. Not only was the cost of the electricity consumed a
big expense, the cost of cooling the transmitter facility to rid it of the waste heat was also high. Today,
advanced PA technology along with more efficient power supplies, optimized cooling systems and other
techniques are combined for optimized solutions. In the near future, ongoing development will lead to
even higher efficiency transmission systems. Envelope Tracking provides Efficiencies of 40 - 45%.
Adaptive equalization can compensate for the effects of aging, warm-up and environmental changes. As
digital TV networks (both terrestrial and mobile) grow to support the digital switchover and bring new
services to customers worldwide, the energy required to run these networks will substantially increase.
The overall efficiency will be thus >35% for electrical efficiency and 20 times TV content capacity over
analog TV technology.
9
requirements must be satisfied. Operating a PA at
relatively high output power back-off ensures the signal
is not greatly distorted when its envelope excursion is
near its peak. However, the greater the amount of back-
off, the lower the PA's efficiency.
Doherty Power Amplifier (DPA):
closer to its optimal efficiency point. Thus it require
Invented in 1936 by W.H. Doherty of Bell Telephone dynamic adjustment of the drain bias to lower values
Laboratories . The DPA operating principle is based on when the input signal is lower and so the power
the idea to modulate the load of the active device, amplifier can be operated at a higher level of efficiency.
namely Main (or Carrier) typically biased in Class AB, Biggest advantage is broadband operation with
exploiting the active load pull concept , by using a excellent efficiency. But it requires complex design and
second active device, namely Auxiliary (or Peaking), is prone to failure.
usually biased in Class C. Amplification for main and
peak signals is separated. The DPA is one of the most Switched Mode Amplifier (SMPA)
popular power amplifier architectures for obtaining The main idea behind switch-mode PA technology is to
operate the transistor in saturation, so that either voltage
or current, depending on amplifier class, is switched on
and off. In the switch-mode power amplifier, an output
resonator helps shape the waveform by blocking
harmonic components of the voltage and current – that
is, it keeps these components from reaching the load.
Consequently, only fundamental current is passed to the
load and only fundamental voltage is generated over the
resonator.Transistors work in switched mode: 100 %
ON or 100 % OFF. Amplitude modulated signal is
transferred to pulse width modulation.
high average efficiency for modern digital broadcasting It has highest Efficiency (Typically 70-80%) but
signals with high peak-to-average power ratios
(PAPR).The significant features are summarised as
below:-
• Main amplifier amplifies average signals (class
A/B)
• Peak amplifier amplifies peak signals (class C)
modifications in nearly all components is necessary and
• lower headroom in main amplifier required GaN technology is also necessary.
• No energy required in peak amplifier as long no Economics of efficiency:
peaks are in the signal
Case study of 10kW TV Transmitters in India. Let us
• Efficiency including cooling system up to 38% for evaluate the economics of efficiency for 10kW TV
COFDM Transmitter. The R.M.S power of 10kW TV Transmitter
Envelope Tracking/Drain Tracking: is about 5.95 kW.
It is a technique that allows the amplifier's drain bias to I. Considering 20% efficiency, the energy
track the magnitude of the input signal envelope. That is, requirement and carbon emission of 10kW Peak
Modulate supply voltage of transistors with signal sync power and 5.95 kW r.m.s power for operation
envelope. When the input signal envelope is low, the of 18 hours on 365 days will be as follows:-
drain bias can be reduced so the amplifier operates a. Energy consumption per year per
10
Tx]5.95x18x365/0.20=206167.5 kWh The carbon footprint is a measure of the exclusive total
In 15 Years(Avg. Life) per Tx]206167 x15 = amount of carbon dioxide emissions that is directly and
3092512.5 kWh indirectly caused by an activity or is accumulated over
the life stages of a product. Higher the efficiency of
b. CO2 emission per year per Tx]206167.5 Power Amplifiers in the Transmitters, lower will be the
x0.85= 175242.37 kg. carbon footprint. World need to put a price on carbon
ii. Considering 35% efficiency, the energy emissions as nine of the hottest 10 years on record has
requirement and carbon emission of 10kW Peak happened since 2000. The transmitters having rating up
sync power and 5.95 kW r.m.s power for operation to 500 W Power needs to be fed from solar power instead
of 18 hours on 365 days will be as follows:- of power generated by fossil fuels. The power amplifiers
a. Energy consumption per year per Tx have new options for using newer efficient Transistors
]5.95x18x365/0.35=111690 kWh and technologies. The distinctions made between
amplifiers of different classes are primarily efficiency
In 15 Years(Avg. Life) per Tx]111690 x15 = and linearity (or both). Future generations of LDMOS
1675350 kWh promise still higher power densities and efficiencies.
b. CO2 emission per year per Tx]111690 x 0.85 The efficient heat sinks and liquid cooling are other
=94936.5kg. areas which may be used. Thus the saving in power
For Diesel/Petrol generators, CO2 emission will be consumption and reduction of carbon footprint is
much more. possible with enhancement of efficiency of the power
amplifiers in the transmitters. By providing power more
The saving in energy consumption and CO2 emission efficiently improvements can be obtained in thermal
per Transmitter (10kW) per year is summarized as management, reliability, reduction in CO2 emission and
below:- cost. The above inputs provide an imperative to
broadcasters working on next generation infrastructure
Event Efficiency 20% Efficiency 35% Saving
and energy efficiency to develop new technologies or
select efficient designs that will reduce the energy
Energy requirement 206167.5 kWh 111690 kWh 94477.5 kWh consumption and the corresponding CO2 emissions of
CO2 emission 175242.37kg 94936.5kg 80305.87 kg the growing broadcasting industry.
Conclusion:
About The Author

Sh. M. S. Duhan is an officer of 1988 batch of IB(E)S and has a rich experience of Studios and
Transmitters of AIR and Doordarshan. He possesses degree in Electrical Engineering, MBA and
Master of Mass Communication. He has received the DD Awards four times, for the best
maintained High Power Transmitters & DMCs.
He is keen student of RF Waves and has widely traveled in quest for study of RF waves - AM, FM
and COFDM. He has given many presentations on Digital Terrestrial TV in various conferences
and seminar as well as participated in TV Talk shows. He has contributed significantly in the
implementation of DVB T2 Transmitters in India and finalization of BIS Standard for DVB T2-
HDTV STB and iDTV.
He is currently posted at DG:DD New Delhi and is responsible for planning and implementation of TV Transmitters
and spectrum planning for Doordarshan.
Email: msduhan.de@gmail.com Phone: +9123383840 Mobile: +919013462293
11
World Radio Communication
Conference (WRC)-2015
-Broadcasting Perspective
Rajeev Kumar
1. Introduction
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
Radio Regulations and the Table of Frequency
Allocations are revised at the World Radio-
communication Conference (WRC) held once in 3-4
years at Geneva, Switzerland. WRC performs a
complete and detailed review of the Radio Regulations
(RR), and its Rules of Procedure (RoP) based on pre-
decided Agenda Items.
It decides Spectrum and Satellite orbital requirements
for various telecommunication services (including
broadcasting). The decisions of the WRC are reflected 5850-6450 MHz bands (C-band).
in the Radio Regulations of ITU and are applicable to all
the three regions of the World. [1] Agenda item 1.1 : to consider additional spectrum
allocations to the mobile service on a primary basis and
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is identification of additional frequency bands for
specialized organ of United Nation (UN) for International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) and
Information & Communication technologies (ICT) related regulatory provisions, to facilitate the
having 193 Countries/States/Administrations. Indian development of terrestrial mobile broadband
administration in ITU is represented by Department of applications, in accordance with Resolution 233
Telecommunication (WPC Wing), Ministry of [COM6/8] (WRC-12).
Communication & IT.
The following candidate bands had been identified for
2. WRC-15 Agenda Items: ITU studies:
Agenda Items of any WRC is decided at the previous 470-694/698 MHz, 1300-1350 MHz, 1350-1375 MHz,
WRC and AIs of WRC-15 were decided by WRC-12. 1375-1400 MHz, 1427-1452 MHz, 1452-1492 MHz,
During the intervening period between two WRCs, the 1492-1518 MHz, 1518-1525/1527 MHz, 1695-1700
proposals on various AIs are developed in various MHz, 2025-2110 MHz, 2200-2290 MHz, 2700-2900
Working Parties and finally at Conference Preparatory MHz, 2900-3100 MHz, 3300-3400 MHz, 3400-3600
meeting (CPM). MHz, 3600-3800 MHz, 3800-4200 MHz, 4400-4900
MHz, 4800-5000 MHz, 5350-5470 MHz, 5725-5850
Among various Agenda Items, Agenda Item(AI) 1.1 of
MHz, and 5925-6425 MHz. [2]
WRC-15 was most vital for broadcasting sector as it has
mandate to identify additional spectrum for IMT Sharing and Compatibility Studies between various
(mobile & broadband) services and many broadcasting services (including Broadcasting) & Mobile (IMT)
bands had been identified as probable candidate bands, services were compiled in CPM (Conference
viz., 470 – 698 MHz (UHF Band) and 3700-4200 MHz/ Preparatory Meeting) Report.
12
3. Broadcasting Perspective Due to the present intensive use by TV broadcasting
services and future growing demand of spectrum for
3.1. 470 – 698 MHz (UHF Band)
new enhanced DTTB applications and conclusions
This band is being used for terrestrial TV Broadcasting drawn by ITU studies indicating high incompatibility
across the globe. Terrestrial TV broadcasting is between Broadcasting & Mobile (IMT), broadcasters
undergoing transition phase of digitalization. Much across the globe were of the view that the UHF band
more spectrum would be required during the transition 470- 694 MHz, should not be identified for IMT.
phase as both Analog & Digital transmitter will operate
3.2. 3700-4200 MHz/ 5925-6450 MHz bands (C-
simultaneously. The 470-698 MHz frequency band is
band)
ideally suited for DTT and is the only UHF (below 1
GHz) spectrum available and allocated worldwide to the The band 3700-4200 MHz (C-band downlink) together
broadcasting service. Maintaining a worldwide with its feeder link 5925-6425 MHz band (C-band
harmonized band for television broadcasting will uplink) are allocated and being used for Fixed-Satellite-
continue to allow for economies of scale in bringing Service. C-band FSS is being used for various
affordable consumer equipment to market. applications including contribution and distribution link
for broadcasting services, DSNGs, DTH service etc.
TV Broadcasting Technologies are ever evolving
WRC-07 concluded that co-frequency, co-coverage
creating new products and services all over the world
sharing between FSS and IMT is not feasible.
such as 3D-TV, Ultra-HDTV, 4K TV, 8K TV etc. India
(Doordarshan) would also like to do some experiment As all the service providers receive their programmes
and implementation using these technologies needing using C-band downlink, allocation of any part of the
more spectrum.[2] spectrum in this band for IMT will completely stop the
broadcasting services being provided through terrestrial
It will not be out of place to mention that band 698-806
transmitters, cable, DTH, IPTV etc.
MHz has already been identified for IMT services which
has limited the scope of rolling out new/additional 3.2.1. Inferences from ITU studies
broadcasting services. Taking away any part of 470-698
Following inferences are drawn in the ITU studies [2]:
MHz spectrum from Broadcasting would have far
reaching consequences. This may severely impact i) The sharing between IMT-Advanced and FSS is
digitalization plan of terrestrial TV in India. feasible only when FSS earth stations are at known,
specific locations, and deployment of IMT-
3.1.1. Inferences from ITU studies
Advanced is limited to the areas outside of the
Following inferences were drawn by ITU studies [2]: minimum required separation distances for each
i) the co-channel studies show that separation azimuth to protect these specific FSS earth stations.
distances between MS (IMT) base-stations and ii) When FSS earth stations are deployed in a typical
DTTB receivers/transmitters are several tens of ubiquitous manner or with no individual licensing,
kms, which makes sharing difficult. sharing between IMT-Advanced and FSS is not
ii) if one country wants to use the band for feasible in the same geographical area since no
broadcasting and the other neighbouring country minimum separation distance can be guaranteed.
wants to deploy IMT networks, sharing will be very
difficult. iii) Deployment of IMT-Advanced would constrain
future FSS earth stations from being deployed in the
iii) results of the sharing studies show that a co-channel
same area in the bands 3400-4 200 MHz as shown by
and co-location operation between SAB/SAP and
the studies.
IMT is not feasible.
iv) the need for broadcasting in the 470-694 MHz is As the frequency band 3700-4200 MHz together with
critical, in particular with regard to those countries 5925-6425 MHz provide backbone to the many
which intend to implement MS (IMT) in the 700 Telecommunication services including Broadcasting
MHz and conclusions drawn by ITU studies indicating high
13
incompatibility between FSS & Mobile (IMT), the
broadcasters and satellite service providers were of the
view that this band should not be identified for IMT.
4. Outcome of WRC-15
Around 3300 participants, representing 162 countries
(out of ITU's 193 Member States) attended the four-
week conference (WRC-15) from 2 to 27 November,
2015. Further, about 500 participants representing 130
other entities, including industry, also attended the
conference as observers.
As regards India proposals, due to pressing demand countries. Nos. 5.43 and 5.43A apply. (WRC-15).
from telecom industry, DoT decided in favor of IMT. (NB: name of India is not included)
MIB had conveyed the concurrence to the proposal of
DoT for identifying the band 470-698 MHz for IMT Region wise decision of WRC-15 on UHF band 470-
services, provided that present and future requirements 694 MHz is reflected in the Fig.1. [7]
of Doordarshan and terrestrial broadcasting be met and MoS (I&B) in reply to a parliament question interalia
given priority. DoT submitted India proposal for stated that “Ministry of Communication & IT has
identification of frequency band 470-698 MHz for IMT informed that as per the outcome of the WRC-15, the
services to WRC-15. frequency band 470-698 MHz has not been identified
During WRC-15 the issue was deliberated at length. The for IMT services for India.” [4]
identification for IMT in 470 MHz has international All the broadcasting Unions and organizations
implications and as such need to be used considering welcomed the WRC-15 decision.
harmonization of various technologies in the same band
without affecting the services in the neighboring WBU in its press release stated that “In Europe
broadcasters now have the required certainty to invest in
countries. The above mentioned proposal of India was
releasing the 700MHz band and repacking the lower
not agreed by WRC-15. UHF band in order to accommodate the existing TV
The WRC-15 approved text of footnote 5.idR3 for services. In Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa,
Region-3 (Asia & Pacific countries) is reproduced the Middle-East and Asia broadcasters will now be able
below [3]: to invest in the rollout of DTT and completing the digital
switchover, taking advantage of the latest
5.idR3 In Micronesia, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu and technologies.” [5]
Vanuatu, the frequency band 470-698 MHz, or portions
thereof, and in Bangladesh, Maldives and New Zealand, ABU stated that “The Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union
the frequency band 610-698 MHz, or portions thereof, (ABU) welcomes the landmark decision by the ITU's
are identified for use by these administrations wishing World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-15) on
the use of the UHF band.The ABU appreciates the
to implement International Mobile Telecommunica-
strong support to broadcasting shown by the national
tions (IMT) – see Resolution 224(Rev.WRC-15). This administrations and highlights the fact that such
identification does not preclude the use of these decision will provide regulatory certainty, and act as an
frequency bands by any application of the services to incentive for further investment in DTT.” [6]
which they are allocated and does not establish priority
in the Radio Regulations. The mobile allocation in this EBU analysis states “The EBU is pleased to report that
frequency band shall not be used for IMT systems unless Region 1, most of Region 3 and South American
subject to agreement obtained under No. 9.21 and shall countries in Region 2 have secured spectrum to
not cause harmful interference to, or claim protection facilitate investments that will stabilize Digital
from, the broadcasting service of neighbouring Terrestrial Television (DTT) well into the 2020s.” [7]
14
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE [5]
World Broadcasting Unions' Reaffirms Joint Support to
DTT after WRC-15
December 11, 2015 / Toronto, Canada – The outcome of the last ITU World
Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-15) has been welcomed by regional broadcasting
unions worldwide. The decision for a global No Change in the 470-694/698MHz band
(with a few exceptions in Regions 2 and 3)1 ensures a harmonized use of the band for
terrestrial broadcasting and creates favourable conditions for the continuous
development of digital terrestrial television (DTT).
In Europe broadcasters now have the required certainty to invest in releasing the 700MHz
band and repacking the lower UHF band in order to accommodate the existing TV
services. Furthermore, this will facilitate the transition to new technologies like DVB-T2
and the introduction of a wider range of High Definition programs and innovative services
(like interactive HbbTV services).
In Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, the Middle-East and Asia broadcasters will
now be able to invest in the rollout of DTT and completing the digital switchover, taking
advantage of the latest technologies.
“Common action concerted between all broadcasting unions at WRC was aimed to
preserve the fundamental interests and universal values of the public and national
broadcasters based on what make the distinctiveness of the public service: accessibility,
inclusion, respect and tolerance” said Tewfik Khelladi, President of the AUB at the opening
of that union's General Assembly. Mr. Khelladi furthered that “what we have achieved
together at WRC will allow us to protect broadcasting services until at least 2023, making
it finally possible to deploy the DTT services all around Africa within these coming years.”
In North America, with the decision to maintain the globally harmonized primary
allocation to broadcasting only, broadcasters can return their focus to the unprecedented
incentive auction proceeding, currently scheduled to begin in the spring of 2016. At this
point in time, no one knows if the incentive auction will fail or succeed in repurposing
spectrum for mobile services. Either way, the result will be driven by economics, not by
speculation. With the successful outcome of WRC-15, broadcasters now have confidence
to continue to invest in their future by developing, implementing, and transitioning to
advanced DTT technologies.
Broadcasters' cooperation and coordination before and during WRC-15 was essential for
securing continued access to the UHF spectrum for DTT. They have successfully
demonstrated the universal importance of terrestrial broadcasting and supported the
national administrations throughout the WRC-15 negotiations.
With the regulatory certainty in the use of the UHF spectrum resulting from this WRC-15,
the continuing cooperation will enable broadcasters from all over the world to share their
knowledge and best practices to establish and further develop DTT as an essential
broadcasting platform for the foreseeable future.
15
As regards C-band, WRC-15 has decided for NO References:
CHANGE for frequency band 3.6 – 4.2 MHz that is this 1. ITU website www.itu.int.
band has not been identified for IMT and will continue 2. CPM Report on technical, operational and
to be used for FSS (Fixed Satellite Service). The band regulatory/procedural matters to be considered by
3.4 - 3.6 GHz will be allocated to mobile services and the World Radiocommunication Conference 2015.
identified for IMT, but with appropriate protection for 3. WRC-15 Plenary document no 501-E.
satellite services. Decisions are reflected in the Fig.2. 4. Parliament website http://loksabha.nic.in/
5. WBU website
Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 http://www.worldbroadcastingunions.org/wbuarea/l
C- band, 3.4 – 3.6 GHz Mobile Mobile No change with footnotes ibrary/Docs/Public/WBUs%20Reaffirm%20Joint%
20Support%20to%20DTT%20after%20WRC15.pdf
C- band, 3.6 – 4.2 GHz No change No change No change
6. ABU website http://www.abu.org.my/Latest_News-
Fig.2: WRC-15 decision on C- band @-Broadcasters_applaud_WRC
15_decision_securing_future_of_free-to-
“Final Acts of WRC-15” compiles all the decisions
air_broadcasting_.aspx
taken during WRC-15 and acts like an international
treaty. The signatory countries are bound to follow it. 7. EBU Tech Fact Sheet - WRC-15 results dated 08
Dec 2015
https://tech.ebu.ch/publications/wrc-15-results
About The Author

Mr. Rajeev Kumar is a Deputy Director (Engg), Spectrum Management Division at
Directorate General of Doordarshan. A 1994 batch Indian Engineering Services (IES) officer,
he has experience of working in the areas of Satellite Systems Design, Installation and
Maintenance of TV Transmitters, Studios, OB Vans and Earth Stations etc.
Mr Rajeev kumar is currently responsible for Spectrum Management, Frequency Planning of
DD networks, ITU-R Studies and associated matters.
He is having a Master of Engineering degree from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT),
Roorkee (India). He was also deputed to China for one year (2003-04) to carry out research on
Satellite Broadcasting under UNESCO fellowship. He has represented India (Doordarshan) in
various international forums such as Study Group-6 of ITU-R, WRC-12 & ABU.
Editorial Guidelines for BES Review

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16
AIR's Experience on 'DRM Dual Channel
Transmission on Single Frequency'
through Short Wave Transmitter
T. Rajendiran & Sunil Bhatia
Abstract Experiment on DRM Dual Channel Transmission on

SW from Bengaluru
Short Wave transmissions, which are the only way to
provide radio signals to the listeners all across the world During May-June 2015, AIR carried out trial of DRM
free of charge, face problems of fading, Interference and Dual Channel Transmission on 7550 kHz using 190 kW
distortion. However with digital radio, there is no such Short Wave Transmitter from Bengaluru, India towards
problem. As a result, most of International broadcasters Europe as the target area. Availability of DRM
all over the world are moving to DRM digital system in receivers in good nos. was the main reason for selecting
Short Wave. Europe as target area for the trial.
Apart from audio quality, digital radio has numerous
other advantages too. The biggest advantage is that the
transmitters in analog can broadcast only one
programme at one frequency, while in the digital format
we can broadcast three to four programmes (channels)
on a single frequency and ensure excellent quality of all
the channels. The paper gives the brief account of the
experiment conducted by All India Radio on Dual
Channel transmission on single frequency through
DRM Short Wave transmitter.
Introduction
Traditional Analog Shortwave Broadcasting suffers
from fading, atmospheric Noise and interference from
other Shortwave Stations. We all know that Digital Fig 1: Transmitter Hall of Super Power Transmitter Complex,
signal of DRM Shortwave Transmission allows direct Bengaluru
access to millions of listeners across international
boundaries and continents with an excellent quality Transmission was carried out during 1745-2230 hrs.
signal. DRM has also provided spectrum efficient (UTC) with two channels: one regular service having
alternative which can provide solution to problem of mixed contents of spoken word & music and the other
lack of spectrum space which causes shortwave stations popular music based channel (Vividh Bharati).
to be frequently packed close together resulting in
interference from another station on an adjacent
frequency, or even on the same frequency beamed to a
different part of the world. DRM SW is capable of
transmitting Dual Channels (two mono Audio
programmes) on a single frequency for a particular
target area. All India Radio conducted experimental
DRM Dual Channel transmission on Short Wave and is
now doing it as a regular service.
Fig 2: View of newly installed AM-DRM Transmitter
17
190 kW DRM Short Wave Transmitter was operated Europe and giving their regular feedback on the quality
with the following technical parameters were set in of Dual Channel on single frequency transmission to
the content server: stabilize the technical settings of the transmitter. Later
AIR received feedback from RMS of IBB also in this
1. Robustness Mode : B regard.
2. Bandwidth : 10 KHz
3. Bit rate : 8640 bps
4. Coding : AAC
5. SDC : 16 QAM
6. MSC : 64 QAM, NO HIERACHIAL
7.Protection Level : 0.6(A)/0.5(B)=1/0
8.Interleaver depth : 2 sec.
Fig 4: DRM dual channel configuration in the content server
Results & Outcome:

• AIR received wonderful responses from its listeners
who provided audio files along with the log plot to
verify the reception quality. The maximum bit rate
that could be achieved was 8.72 kbps.
• Listeners were able to decode 98-99% signal thus
receiving excellent audio.
Fig 3: Monitoring of composite DRM parameters using
• Average SNR was reported to be more than 22 dB.
Professional DRM Receiver at SPT, Bengaluru.
• Audio files from listeners confirm near FM quality
Methodology for the feedback on the outcome of reception of DRM SW signal and that too more than
Trial 5000 kms away.
Though the research department of AIR provided • A listener from Stockholm, Sweden has provided the
feedback on the reception quality of trial on DRM Dual following log plot of both the channels, i.e. Main
Channel Transmission on 7550 kHz, it was important to Channel (mix of spoken words and music) & Second
have it from the target area itself. Accordingly, AIR Channel (Test Music) :
approached various distant listeners directly and
indirectly with a request to provide their feedback on the
technical quality of both the channels.
Listeners from various parts of the Europe participated
in this trial with a lot of enthusiasm. Listeners provided
their feedback in the form of emails, recorded audio
samples & plots through receiver etc. AIR issued special
QSL card for this occasion. Technically it was found to
be an excellent & great learning experience. The most
interesting aspect of the trial was to obtain desired
results through great coordination among transmitting
staff at Super Power Transmitters (SPT), Bengaluru, &
above all wonderful listeners sitting in various places of Fig 5: Log plot of Main Channel broadcast during the trial
18
th
16 August 2015, AIR has begun broadcasting its
external services from Bengaluru on DRM with dual
channel. These transmissions are targeted towards
countries like Australia, New Zealand, West Asia & East
Africa, China & Tibet, and Europe.
Acknowledgment :
We are thankful to IBB, USA for providing inputs from
its RMS. We are extremely grateful to our various
listeners, who participated in this trial on DRM Dual
Fig 6: Log plot of Second Channel broadcast during the trial Channel on single frequency Transmission on SW by
providing their valuable feedback on the reception
Conclusion: quality. No amount of gratitude is enough to Mr. Terje
Isberg, our esteemed listener from Sweden, who is just
Results from trial were very encouraging. Seeing that amazing and made fantastic efforts in helping us to
listeners were able to decode more than 97% DRM achieve the desired results. At last, we shall be failing in
signal, it was observed that both channels can be our duties, if we do not express our heartfelt thanks to
received without any significant breaks. colleagues in SMS Division, Senior Officers for their
guidance & support, Research Department & SPT
Accordingly, it was decided to utilize DRM SW Bengaluru, who made stupendous efforts in making this
transmitter for the broadcast of Dual Channels on single trial a great success.
frequency for a particular target area. With effect from
About The Authors

Mr. T. Rajendiran, who is possessing BE (Electronics & Telecommunication ) from Bharathiyar
University, had started his professional career with the Broadcast Engineering service in 1989 at
the Chief Engineer(SZ) office, Chennai after working 2 years as Scientist “B” in CEERI Lab,
CSIR, Chennai. Since then, he has worked across multiple offices of All India Radio
encompassing core functions like installation of Radio Studio's & Transmitter's, Research
department of AIR & TV and operation & Maintenance in various capacities. At present, he is
working as Dy.Director General (E) at SPT, AIR, Bangalore, which is the prestigious installation
of AIR network, consisting of 6 x 500 KW SW Transmitters, 36 Nos.of Multiband Curtain Aerials,
20MVA, 66/11 KVA Substation capacity & other auxiliary systems. He is recipients of Akashvani
Awards for several times for his outstanding contribution in the field of best installation, best import substitution, best
innovative works & best maintenance of the stations. He is life fellow & an active member of the BES (I), Bangalore
chapter.
Mr. Sunil Bhatia received his Bachelors degree in Electrical Engg. from NIT Allahabad &
Masters degree from IT-BHU, Varanasi. He joined Frequency Assignment (later rechristened as
Spectrum Management & Synergy) division of AIR headquarters in New Delhi in Jan'1994 and
continued till 2007. During the period, he was associated with various aspects of Frequency
Planning & also with technical liaison activities of AIR with ABU, ITU, AIBD etc. He attended
ABU Preparatory Seminar on WRC-03 in KL and also ABU-HFC Coordination Meeting in KL.
He worked very closely with ABU technical department during “ABU-AIR Symposium on
Digital Broadcasting” in New Delhi (November 2003) & “DRM-ABU-AIR field trial &
Measurements” in New Delhi (May 2007). Since 2007 till Feb 2014, he headed AIR stations at
Jhansi & Shimla. Since March 2014, He has joined back AIR Headquarters in New Delhi as Director (Spectrum
Management & Synergy). He represented AIR in the 5th APT Conference Preparatory Group Meeting held in Seoul,
South Korea in 2015. He is also ABU Technical Liaison Officer for AIR.
19
Ambisonics Unravelled
A. Shanmugam
The concept of Ambisonics was introduced in the late ‘periphonic’ recreation of the Ambisonic sound stage is
1960s as a recording and reproduction system capable possible
of recreating accurate three-dimensional sound from
original recordings. The format used complex The Ambisonic microphone from M/s Soundfield, uses
mathematics and psychoacoustics,Ambisonics has not four sub-cardioid capsules mounted in such a way that
been commercially successful, and it was mainly used they effectively form the faces of a regular tetrahedron .
in niche applications and by a few recording Their outputs are known as A-format signals, which are
enthusiasts.With the advent of powerful digital signal further processed to derive B-format signals. This
processing and the successful market introduction of physical arrangement of capsules was chosen as to
home theatre surround sound systems in obtain a spherical pickup with the minimum number of
1990s,Ambisonics has kindled the interest of recording capsules. The signal processing is performed to the A-
engineers, sound designers,media companies, format signals to implement inter-capsule time
broadcasters and researchers. correction to compensate for the physical separation
between the four capsules, thereby replicating the signal
The fundamental idea behind Ambisonicsis to which would be obtained at a point at the centre of the
represent a sound-field at a single point in space. The array. This electronic correction ensures the B-format
Ambisonic concept is based on the idea of capturing the signals are accurately time-coincident for all
sound impinging on a single point in space from any and frequencies , improving the spatial accuracy of the
every direction which can be achieved only through — a system.
multi-directional microphone but that cannot be made
that small. However, if incident sound can be measured Another aspect of the Soundfield design is that the B-
across the surface of a sphere, it is possible to calculate format signals produced are corrected to provide
what would be detected at an infinitely small point at the nearly-flat frequency responses for sounds arriving
centre of the sphere. The incident sound can be from all directions.. It provides flat responses both on
measured by a combination of microphone capsules and off axis, with none of the off-axis coloration . It has a
mounted in coincidence or near coincidence. very good imaging accuracy with the polar responses
remaining uniform with frequency, and the two-channel
Ambisonic microphone use a combination of outputs are very accurately time-aligned.
orthogonal bi-polar patterns with an omnidirectional,
pressure sensitive capsule. The output of the omni Ambisonic Encoding
capsule is known as the ‘W’ signal, which provides An Ambisonic encoder takes a source signal S with two
information about the overall amplitude of sound parameters, the horizontal angle q and the elevation
impinging on the microphone array. The directional angle f. It positions the source at the desired angle by
information is provided by the bi-polar or figure-of- distributing the signal over the Ambisonic components
eight capsules. Their outputs can be used to determine with different gains:
the direction from which each element of sound arrives.
One of these capsules points front-back (‘X’ signal),
another left-right (‘Ysignal’) and the third up-down (‘Z
signal’). These four signals provide information about
the amplitude and direction of signals arriving at the
microphone These four signals together are known as B-
format signals, and if recorded on four discrete tracks
can provide a record of the original sound, captured with Being omnidirectional, the channel always gets the
total three-dimensional accuracy. By replaying this B- same constant input signal, regardless of the angles. So
format material through a suitable decoder, a full that is has more-or-less the same average energy as the
20
other channels, W is attenuated by about 3 dB. The terms UHJ is a hierarchical system of encoding and decoding
for actually produce the polar patterns of figure-of-eight directional sound information using Ambisonics
microphones. We take their value at q and f, and technology. In its basic form, 2-channel UHJ,
multiply the result with the input signal. The result is horizontal surround information can be carried by
that the input ends up in all components exactly as loud normal stereo signal channels of CD, FM or digital radio
as the corresponding microphone would have picked it – which may be recovered by using a UHJ decoder at the
up. listening end. The two channels can be summed up to
provide a mono signal . The third channel (T) improves
Moreover the B-format components can be combined to localisation accuracy to the planar surround effect when
derive virtual microphones with any first-order polar a 3-channel UHJ decoder is used . The third channel
pattern like omnidirectional, cardioid, hyper cardioid, need not have full audio bandwidth for this purpose,
figure-of-eight pointing in any direction. Several such leading to 2½-channel systems, limiting the third
microphones with different parameters can be derived at channel bandwidth to 5 kHz.. 2½ or 3-channel UHJ
the same time, to create coincident stereo pair or delivers the same accuracy as 3-channel (WXY) B-
surround arrays. Format. The fourth channel (Q) to the UHJ system
Virtual microphones can be emulated in post- allows the encoding of full surround sound with height,
production: desired sounds can be selected, unwanted known as Periphony, with a level of accuracy identical
ones suppressed, and the balance between direct and to 4-channel B-Format.
reverberant sound can be fine-tuned during mixing. Despite limitations in the accuracy of localisation in the
Decoding 2-channel UHJ system, 2-channel UHJ is the format
commonly used for distribution of Ambisonic
A basic Ambisonic decoder is very similar to a set of recordings. 2-channel UHJ recordings can be
virtual microphones. For perfectly regular layouts, a transmitted through normal stereo channels and any of
simplified decoder can be generated by pointing a the normal 2-channel media can be used.It is stereo
virtual cardioid microphone in the direction of each compatible in that, without decoding, the listener
speaker. perceives a stereo image, but one that is significantly
In a four speaker configuration wider than conventional stereo . The left and right
channels can also be summed to provide a very good
mono signal. However when replayed through a UHJ
decoder, the surround capability is realised.
UHJ Hierarchy
Number of Capabilities Typical Channels B Format
channels applications equivalent
4 Full-sphere surround DVD, HD disc LRTQ WXYZ
The signs of the X and components are the important 3 Full horizontal DVD, HD disc LRT WXY
surround
part, the rest are gain factors. The Z component is
“2½” surround FM Radio LRband-limited T WXY
discarded, because it is not possible to reproduce height
2 Horizontal surround CD, Stereo Radio LR -
cues with just four loudspeakers in one plane General 2-channel
media
UHJ Encoding 2 Stereo CD, Stereo Radio LR -
General 2-channel
UHJ( U from Universal (UD-4); H from Matrix H; and J media
from System 45J)was developed by the Ambisonic 1 Mono Radio LR (summed) -

team, incorporating work done by the BBC system,
Matrix H and Duane Cooper (on Nippon Columbia’s UHF Decoding
UD-4/UMX quadraphonic system) and others, and In a UHJ decoder, the signals pass through a phase
building on the then-current version of Ambisonics, amplitude matrix which recovers a set of B format
System 45J. signals .
21
Soundfield designed to decode to four loudspeakers in a rectangle.
mic 4th channel
Four speakers is the minimum required for horizontal
UHJ Encoder
Ambisonic surround decoding and is suitable for a typical
Mastering 3rd channel
System consumer environment.But larger spaces need more
speakers to give full surround localisation.
2-ch UHJ
Mixer
Higher-order Ambisonics
The spatial resolution of first-order Ambisonics is quite
DVD DVD CD low limiting small usable listening area or sweet spot.
HOAD 2.5/3-ch FM streo
FM AM streo The resolution can be increased and the sweet spot
Cassette enlarged by higher order ambisonics which does not
DAB correspond to conventional microphone polar patterns,
multitrack/ Full sphere
X
multimic W
Full planar Full planar planar but rather look like clover leaves.
surround surround surround
sources Y
stereo
Z stereo stereo For a given order l, full-sphere systems require (l+1)
2
mono mono mono
B-Format
recorde signal components, and 2l+1components are needed for
(4-track) horizontal-only reproduction
Basic outline structure of a UHJ encoder
The information is then passed to an amplitude matrix

that generates the speaker feeds, through a set of shelf
filters, which improve the accuracy and performance of
the decoder in smaller listening environments and they
‘W’
2 or more UHJ channels
Shelf filter 1
Phase ‘X’ Amplitude

Amplitude Shelf filter 2 Matrix
Matrix
‘Y’ The above figure gives a visual representation of the
Shelf filter 3 Ambisonic B-format components up to third order. Dark
portions represent regions where the polarity is inverted.
The first two rows correspond to omnidirectional and
Layout control figure-of-eight microphone polar patterns.
Higher order microphones
Above first-order, it is not possible to obtain Ambisonic
4 or more components directly with single microphone capsules.
Speaker array speaker feeds Instead, higher-order difference signals have to be
derived from several spatially distributed capsules
using very sophisticated digital signal processing
Basic outline structure of a UHJ decoder The timbral and noise performance of higher-order
arrays is not currently comparable to traditional high-
can be dispensed with in larger-scale applications. quality recording microphone due to the need for
Ambisonics was designed to suit actual living rooms extensive equalisation and the resulting B-format is
and practical speaker positions: most living rooms are increasingly band-limited towards higher orders.
rectangular and as a result the basic system was
22
Ambisonic processing feeding a particular array of speakers, this signal set is
known as D-format.
First order B-format signal components can be
processed in various ways to modify the contents of an E-format
auditory scene. Processing like “rotation” and In a C format signal if the T signal is absent, or not of full
“dominance” i.e.moving sources towards or away from bandwidth, the recovery is imperfect. The recovered
a particular direction can be implemented signal set is known as E-format.
Linear time-invariant signal processing such as G-format
equalization can be applied to B-format keeping sound Geoffrey Barton proposed that efforts should be
directions same, as long as it applied to all component concentrated for distributing speaker feeds, decoded
channels equally. for the currently popular 5.1 speaker layout. The term
Recent developments in Higher Order Ambisonics G-format (Geoffrey’s format ) is now used in place of
enable processing like rotation, reflection, movement, D-format for any set of speaker feeds.
3D reverb, upmixing from legacy formats such as 5.1 or Conclusion
first order, visualization and directionally-dependent
masking and equalization. There are a number of advantages in using the B format
for the production of surround material since
Other Channel Formats Ambisonics system requires just four full-bandwidth
C-format channels, not five. Down mixing multi-channel mixing
C format is the consumer distribution format. At the to stereo and mono is much easier than with surround
inception of ambisonics, it was not practical to consider signals from spaced microphone arrangements, because
distributing the 4-channel B-format signals. Hence a B-format signals’ inherent time-coincidence means that
system ,called UHJ, which provided two channels (L, R) there are no phase problems when the signals are
which were stereo compatible, and whose sum was a combined. B format is output-independent . A B-format
mono signal was conceived. The system allows full master can be decoded to suit any present or future
horizontal surround to be generated from L and R, loudspeaker configuration. The format only stores
though at reduced resolution. A third signal, T, when information about the original sound localisation, not its
combined with L and R reproduce the original W, X reproduction.
and Y signals and a fourth signal Q, carried height MPEG –H specification has incorporated Higher Order
information from the Z signal. Ambisonics for object based audio delivery which will
D-format go a long way in realizing immersive audio and virtual
reality applications making 3D audio a reality.
When an ambisonic signal set has been decoded for
About The Author

Shri A. Shanmugam, (Rtd) Director Engineering from AIR&TV, apart from having a stint as
station engineer DDK Murshidabad, carried out a number of broadcast hardware and computer
software related projects during his tenure of more than two decades in Research department
AIR&TV New Delhi. His contributions in digialilsation of air archives, digitalization of AIR
studios schemes and computerization of AIR stations Webmail, Pilot endeavor for virual private
network for programme distribution between studios, marked his tenure in planning and
development unit and IT division in DGAIR New Delhi.
He was in a number of new technology committees like DRM, DAB, MobileTV and Digitalisation
of cable and IPTV. He was a member of task group for making specification for setop boxes for
DTH and Cable TV He was trained in U.K. and Sweden and he imparted training to broadcast
professionals from Radio Maledives Vioce Of Vietnam and conducted a workshop in AIBD Kualalumpur on Digital
audio workstation. His fields of specialization are digital audio, digital signal processing, digital radio and TV
broadcasting and Data broadcasting. His technical papers have been published in ABU Technical Review, BES and IETE
technical Journals. He is a recipient of a number of awards from ABU, BES and Akashvani
23
Community Radio Stations –
Road Map
N E Kumaraswamy
The provision of information and skills has gained radio, as a third tier, can provide content focused on a
popularity in the quest to empower communities with more local or particular community than a larger
Community Radio as a unique and effective tool. It is operation. Sometimes, though, providing syndicated
reported that the growth of rural radio stations reflects content not already available within the station's service
both the improvements in information technologies and area is viewed as public service.
the shifting of development paradigm towards a more
In the access (or participatory) model, the participation
participatory style of information and knowledge
of community members in producing content is viewed
transfer. identified radio as an avenue for participatory
as a good in itself. While this model does not necessarily
communication and as a tool relevant in both economic
exclude a service approach, there is some disagreement
and social development.
between the two.
Community radio is a type of radio service that offers a
A very successful model of both Service Model and a
model of radio broadcasting beyond commercial and
Participative Model can be found in Jana Dhwani a CRS
public service. Community radio broadcasting serves
operating in the tribal belt of HD Kote near Mysore
geographic communities and communities' interest. The
since 2012 a initiative of Mysore based NGO Swami
content of broadcasting is largely popular and relevant
Vivekananda Youth Movement .
to a local/specific audience but which may often be
overlooked by commercial or mass-media broadcasters. Case Study - Janadhwani 90.8 MHz
Community radio stations are operated, owned, and
Voice of the People a community Radio Service set up as
driven by the communities they serve. Community radio
a part of Swami Vivekananda Youth Movement in
is not-for profit and provides a mechanism for
the year 2012 with primary focus on developmental
facilitating individuals, groups, and communities to tell
issues – now broadcasting 12 hours of programs a
their own diverse stories, to share experiences, and in a
day.
media rich world to become active creators and
contributors of media. In many parts of the world today, v Reaches over 188 villages – a population of over 1
community radio acts as a vehicle for the community lakh
and voluntary sector, civil society, agencies, NGOs and
v Programs for varied target groups – women, youth,
citizens to work in partnership to promote community
children, senior citizens
development. By the core aims and objectives of this
model of broadcasting, community radio stations often v Program design and production done by the
serve their listeners by offering a variety of content that community – all the staff and over 85% of the
is not necessarily provided by the larger commercial participants are the from the community – truly
radio stations. 'community' radio station
Models v Use of local art forms and success stories – programs
on women panchayath members, phone-in with
Two philosophical approaches to community radio
government officials, educational dramas are very
exist, although the models are not mutually exclusive.
popular
One emphasizes service and community-mindedness,
focusing on what the station can do for the community. The Programs of Janadhwani are broadly
The other stresses involvement and participation by the
. Health Related - Mental health/Psycho-social health,
listener
Physical health , Seasonal health issues, Chronic illness
In the service model locality is valued; community , Acute illness , De addiction
24
Education & Students Related Programs - Way Forward
• Developments and Achievements in Modern community radio stations serve their listeners
Schools/collages - Lekkada katte, Spoken English , by offering a variety of content that is not necessarily
Experience sharing by students, Teachers and provided by the larger commercial radio stations.
action plan for the year
Community Radio Stations must be encouraged to be a
• Cultural and sports in students - Kalarava, part of Corporate Social Responsibility –CSR initiative
Sangeetha, motivations program to include phrases such as "social benefit", "social
objectives" and "social gain" as part of the definition.
• General education in community - Jnanasudha ,
These should be made SELF SUSTAINABLE by CSR
Karunalu Ba Belake
initiatives to operate in the long run .
Agriculture Related Programs - Seeds / Crop,
Focus of Community radio should be 10 percent radio
Raithdhwani , Different agriculture products, Seasonal
and 90 percent community.
products, Horticulture , Bhoo chethana, Other Govt.
facilities for Agriculture Janadhwani has been very instrumental in participative
engagement of the communities thereby empowering
Live Programs - Every Wednesday they conduct live
them to build a strong socio – political – economic
phone program with expert from deferent department
platform in their geographies . This means that
including Government official. - Agriculture ,
community radio stations should focus on getting the
Horticulture , Welfare department, Taluka office , Police
community talking and not solely on radio (which is a
department, Taluka Panchaythi, etc…
technological process); the social concerns of
Awards & Recognitions - community radio are stressed over radio per se. There is
also a distinction drawn in contrast to mainstream
v Janadhwani got 2nd prize for HIV/AIDS awareness
stations, which are viewed as pandering to commercial
– National award
concerns or the personalities of presenters.
v The TB program select for training module in
Internet's availability and popularity has encouraged
AXSHYA project in REACH organization
many stations to podcast and/or stream audio and make
v Finalist for eNGO Award 2014-15 it available globally.
About The Author

Mr. N. E. Kumaraswamy has served in the corporate sector in organizations like
Alcatel, BPL, Wipro, Hughes, Tulip telecom for over 26 years in various capacities .
He is a BTech from MANIT – Bhopal in Electronics and Communication and an
alumni of IIM – Kolkatta. He has served BES as a council member during the year
2006-2008. Currently he is associated with an NGO as a Director, Strategy,
Partnerships and Premavidya in Swami Vivekananda Youth Movement. SVYM has
been awarded as the best NGO for the year 2014-15 and has also bagged the AWARD
FOR EXCELLENCE IN Financial Reporting by ICFAI for the year 2014-15
25
Rapport of Social Media and
National Broadcast Ms. Shruti Singh
Ms. Sky Thakur
Social media is the most integral part of today's human

society. The social media is the most popular broadcast
of present day, it is also known as online broadcast as it
is making a particular content open for the public at
large to perceive. The broadcast media is quite knotted
with social media. The emergence of virtual society has
overpowered the temporal society to such an extent that
now the broadcast industry which once was the biggest
source of entertainment is now taking pathway of social
media. People are more interested on TV, radio, phones
and laptops etc. in comparison of meeting personally or with educating masses. The nature of broadcasting
public gatherings. The mass media like radio and focuses more on educating people instead of only
television hold great importance as one of the leading entertaining them whereas the social media is actually
source of entertainment for the masses since many entertaining people by opening a window into other's
decades. lives and activities. As everything has a black and white
side same is for the social media where on one side it is
The impact of social media is so deep that it has affected
providing a borderless platform for communication, on
the psychology of the international community at a very
the other side social media is also becoming a gateway
vast level and at the same time social media is also
for cybercrimes. The lack of proper security measures
causing changes in the nature of broadcasting as now the
and no check on the authenticity of news and post
broadcasting industry has to update its programme
published on social media. The recent hokum is created
according to the audience of social media. India is said
under the title of free basics where social media creating
to be the state of very vulnerable masses, little sensation
a false opinion among masses. There is no proper
over social media ignites great debates and unrest. One
information in regard of free basics still people are made
of the strongest examples is Delhi rape case where social
to believe that they are voting in favor of net neutrality.
media and national broadcast brought whole nation on
So the social media is a curse as well as boon to the
one footing against crime of rape. That incident not only
society.
brought changes in law but also showed the impact of
social media and national broadcast on our country. Some of the bothering issues related to the social media
networks are, such as the status of user's right on the post
There are number of similarities between the
he is making on social media sites is ambiguous. There
broadcasting and the social networking such as
are millions of updates and posts from the users across
audience, reason for publication etc. The nature of
the globe and it is not feasible to protect the rights of
audience for social media and the broadcast industry is
each and every post broadcasted on social media. These
similar as both of them are addressing the masses. In
sites are so tempting and because it connects to masses
case of social media even if one is having his personal
directly users are quite encouraged to reveal their
profile or his personal space his details are open to other
creative ideas on these sites, it also encourages the
people so it is open for the masses. Similarly in case of
infringement of other's copyrights. Even in the basic
broadcasting industry masses are being addressed so the
use of SNS i.e. socialization, there have been major
nature of publication is similar and so are the limitation
conflicts. There are many other crimes those have their
for both social media and broadcasting. The reason for
origin or medium in SNS such as hacking, stalking, Data
publication behind social media is similar to that of
mining etc. one of the most burning issue against social
broadcasting as both are entertaining the masses along
networking are the intrusion of social networking sites
26
fame through youtube. psychologist have suggested that
on the one hand where social media is detaching people
from society but it is also acting as a help for the
introvert and depressed people as it enables them to
communicate while remaining in their comfort zone. In
2013 the Prasar Bharti launched its mobile application
and youtube as social media is the best way of global
broadcast. The main reason for such association was to
reach maximum number of young people because these
days the youth of our nation is more active on social
media in comparison to radio or other such broadcasting
into the privacy of the users. These networks allow users sources. The broadcasting industry has now taken up a
to publish details about themselves and their lives and battle against the menace of social media. There are
also connect to their friends and colleagues. However number of programs aired on All India Radio in order to
some of the information revealed on these networks educate the masses regarding the safe use and operation
should remain private and not published at all. There are of social media sites. The programmes of Prasar Bharti
number of cases where crimes like stalking, have been updated according to the taste of modern
pornography and indecent representation have been youth so that they will remain associated to
committed by the wicked minds through the aid of social broadcasting industry.
media. The greatest threat emerging through social
media is cyber terrorism where the malevolence minds We can see that the relation between social media and
are putting a wrong influence on the vulnerable masses. broadcasting industry is mainly of checks and balances
where on one side the broadcasting industry is mingling
On the positive note the social media is helping in with social media for its better functioning, on the other
connecting people and acting as a best communication side it is also acting as a check against the crimes lurking
medium. Social media made it very easy for one person through social media by educating masses. If we see on
to talk to another person across the borders, which was the wider perspective ,social media is an offshoot of
not so easy earlier. During many emergencies like broadcast industry where both act complimentary to
earthquake and war people are able to know the well- each other. But the use of social media is sensitive and
being of their dear ones through social media. In we need more participation of the broadcasting industry
addition to this social media like youtube has emerged for educating people and creating a safe cyberspace for
as most popular source of entertainment and talent all.
display. There are many talented celebrities who gained
About The Authors

Ms. Sky Thakur and Ms. Shruti Singh
Assistant Professor (Law), FIMT
Authors have done their masters from Rajiv Gandhi National University of
law, Punjab and National University of Law, Jodhpur respectively. Sky
Thakur holds her specialization in media laws and Shruti Singh holds her
specialization in Cyber Laws and Cyber Security. Presently both of them
are working as Assistant Professor in Law in FIMT college, New Delhi.
This article is a result of their joint efforts and research in media Laws and
cyber laws.
27
Virtual Private Network-An insight
Ms. R. Padmini
Introduction digitized information, suitable digital switches are
designed. Digital Switches are classified as
Computer invention has led to the need of Interchange
of Data and therefore interconnection of computers (1) Circuit switch
globally. A traditional point-to-point data link is a (2) Packet switch
communications medium with two computers but no
data or packet formatting. The host computers at either Apart from the above modes of switching, Multi
end had to format the data transmitted between them. Protocol Label Switching mode is configured in
Computers may be connected by wires or through a Packet Switch Area. Multi protocol label switching
modem to convert analog telecom signals into a digital (MPLS) is a Technology and a versatile solution to
data and were called a dedicated, leased, or private line. address the problems faced by present day networks –
Speed, Scalability, Quality of service (QoS)
Networks are interconnected with various medium and management, and Traffic Engineering.
technologies and become a cloud of network. Internet is
a very huge global Network and is generally called as 1. Circuit Switches:
Network of Networks. Circuit switch mainly supports the Voice Path
Now the questions before are switching. Digital spectrum is divided into equal parts
(64 kbps) and is used for voice switching. Voice samples
How the various network works and what are all the of a particular conversation should reach the destination
technology used for connecting the networks?. How an sequentially through the 64 kbps digital and switched
organization can form a Network within the path should be permanently held until the end of the
organization and outside. conversation. Thus the routing becomes connection
With this Introduction, the MPLS Technology is oriented.
explained in Detail with the assumption that the basic Example: -PSTN (Public Switched Telephone
types of Networks such as Star, Ring, Mesh, LAN, Network).
WAN, OSI Data Communication Layers and Protocols
(Set of rules and Regulations) are already well 2. Packet Switches:
understood. Instead of dividing the digital spectrum, entire message
Multi Protocol Label Switching Contents: is divided into packets, addressed and numbered and
Overview. Packet switch sends the packets one by one to the
destination, in different routes, by using the entire
• Circuit/Packet Switching. spectrum available. At destination, packets arriving
• Label Switching. randomly at different time are rearranged sequentially
• MPLS Architecture. and then converted as message. The packets are routed
• MPLS protocols. through different routes, this routing becomes
connection less. No dedicated path is used between
• Traffic Engineering. source and destination. Ex. Packet switches are
• Virtual Private Network. presently used in ISP Network.
Overview In conventional packet forwarding, every router opens
Switching is the process by which, two circuits are the IP datagram and looks at IP header to find out
interconnected for exchanging information. destination IP address and then with the help of its
Information is in the form of either analog or digital. In routing table takes independent decision to forward the
electro mechanical era, information was in the form of packet. Handling a bulky IP header and then
analog. Presently, information is in the form of digital. reconstructing it before forwarding to next router
In order to interconnect the circuits, supporting the compromises with the speed of the entire operation.
This operation is at layer 3.
28
3. Label Switching A. Customer Edge Router- CE: It structures the
customer message into IP Packets and sends to the entry
MPLS works at layer 2. Unlike conventional
node of MPLS domain. While receiving the IP Packets
forwarding of IP packets, MPLS classifies each packet
from the egress node of the MPLS domain, CE sends
and attaches a small label with IP datagrams based on
packets to Network layer of its own, after removing the
FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Class) of that packet at
IP address.
the ingress point of MPLS network.
B. Label Edge Router -LER Label Edge Routers are
Subsequent routers only look at the label and route the
working as the gateways of MPLS Domain. Ingress
packet after swapping the label with a new one. MPLS
LER receives the IP Packet from CE, assigns the
frame uses the various Data Link frames like ATM,
appropriate Label. After wrapping label, it sends labeled
Frame Relay PPP/Ethernet etc. Since MPLS uses label
packet towards the next hop through the Label Switched
switching and supports the multiple protocols, it is
Path, which is assigned for the specific Forward
called Multi Protocol. Important concepts of MPLS
Equivalence Class. Assigning the Label is known as
are Forwarding Switching and Routing.
Label Binding. LER also acts as the egress Router. It
1. Forwarding: The process of receiving a packet on an receives the labeled IP Packets from the previous transit
input port and sending it out an output port. router, pops up the label and routes the IP packets
towards the destined CE. LER receives the multiplexed
2. Switching: The knowledge of directing the
input from CE, and extends the switched output towards
forwarding process to choose the correct output
the transit routers.
port. A switch is a device that operates on layer 2
header information to direct the forwarding process. C. Label Switching Router –LSR Label Switched
Routers are basically working as transit switches in
3. Routing: The process of setting up routes to
MPLS cloud. It receives Labeled IP packets through the
understand the next hop a packet should take
appropriate LSP. It analyses the Label bound over the
towards its destination between networks and sets
packet, consults the forwarding information table (LIB)
up the table that understands the network to
and routes the packet through the appropriately mapped
accomplish this. The router operates on layer 3 and
out going LSP. When the LSR is routing the packets
chooses the best path for the packet to travel
from incoming LSP to outgoing LSP, it strips out the
forward.
Incoming Label and assigns a new label to same packet
4. Components of MPLS IP Network and MPLS to ensure the security from the intruders. This process is
Architecture: known as Label Swapping or Label Changing. MPLS
Network architecture is as shown in the diagram. Lines,
shown between CE and LER carry the IP Packets bi-
directionally.
D. Label Switched Paths–LSP Within an MPLS
domain, a path is set up for a given packet to travel based
on an FEC. The LSP is set up prior to data transmission.
Lines, shown in the MPLS domain, are the Label
Switched Paths that carry labeled IP Packets between
the routers. There are two types of Label Switched Path.
One is Static LSP and the other is Signaled LSP. Static
LSPs are configured manually on each LSR in the LSP.
No signaling protocol is used Signalled LSPs are
configured only at the ingress LER. When the LSP is
enabled, RSVP signaling messages travel to each LSR
in the LSP, reserving resources and causing labels to be
dynamically associated with interfaces. It follows a pre-
established path from the LSP's ingress LER to its
egress LER.
29
How MPLS Works? services deserve the separate FEC.
Based on the prefixes of the IP addresses: FEC is
assigned on the basis of the prefixes of the IP address of
the destination.
6. Label:
A label in MPLS is used as the routing code like STD
LER receives destined IP packet 61.2.1.1 from the code in circuit switch. It identifies the path a packet
Customer Edge and selects the correct label (5) from its should traverse in the MPLS domain. Label is
LIB. It binds the selected label (5) according to the FEC encapsulated in a Data Link Layer 2 header. So, new
over the IP packet and sends it through the pre layer is formed in between Network Layer and Data
programmed LSP (2) towards the LSR 1. On receipt of Link Layer in OSI Layer concept. The name of the new
labeled IP Packet, LSR1 analyses label only and it will layer is MPLS SHIM Layer. Function of this layer is to
ignore the IP address. It will consult its LIB for further bind the MPLS Label over the IP packet received from
routing. As the result it removes the incoming label (5), the customer edge. Label contains the information
winds the newly assigned label (3) over the IP Packet about next hop address. Value of the label is having local
and sends it towards the LSR2 over the assigned LSP significance. So same label number can be reused in
(7). LSR2 consults its LIB and transmits the IP Packet some other area.
after swapping the incoming Label (3) with outgoing Generic MPLS Label Format:
Label (10) towards the egress LER over the pre assigned
LSP (4). Egress LER stripes the label (10), goes through
the destined IP address (61.1.2.1) and hands over it to
the correct CE.
5. Forward Equivalence Class:
Forward equivalence class (FEC) is a representation of
a group of packets that share the same requirements for
their transport. All packets in such a group are provided
the same treatment en route to the destination. As
opposed to conventional IP forwarding, in MPLS, the MPLS Layer works between Network layer and Data
assignment of a particular packet to a particular FEC is Link Layer as shown in the Diagram. Label binding and
done just once, as the packet enters the network Forward popping is done by the ingress and egress LERs
Equivalence Class is created in the LER based on respectively while LSR does the Label Swapping.
• Class of service requirement. • VPI/VPC of ATM, DLCI of Frame Relay are used as
• Quality of Service requirement. Labels, while they are supported by MPLS.
• Prefixes of the IP addresses. • MPLS also supports the PPP. Shim Layer is created
in between L3 header and L2 header in all LERs for
Based on Class of service requirement: IP packets the insertion of label to the IP packets received from
from different users are categorized on the basis of class Customer Edge.
of services they are entitled and allotted with one FEC
number. Ex. One FEC represents all the VOIP packets Label Creation:
received from different users and MPLS Domain a Label is created during the following events:-
treats them equally.
• The construction of MPLS architecture.
Based on Quality of Service requirement: Some
online services like video conferencing requires • The creation of new LER and LSR.
constant and high-speed data transmission. If delay • Introduction of new user with eminent service like
exceeds, there could be a loss of intelligence. Such IP VPN.
packets could not be made to wait in the queue. Such
30
Label Bindings:
Once a packet has been classified as a new or existing
FEC, a label is assigned to the packet. The label values
are derived from the underlying data link layer.
ATM, Frame Relay, Point-to-Point Protocol/ Ethernet,
and MPLS are having following common
characteristics:
• Connection oriented protocols.
• Associated with the frame level functioning. 7. Types of Protocols Used in MPLS Networks:
• Transfer the IP packets between the adjacent nodes 1. Open Short Path first (OSPF) is the routing
only. protocol, that multicasts the change in routing table of a
These are the obvious reasons for MPLS supporting host to all other hosts with in the boundary of Network.
these protocols. So data link layers (such as FR or In MPLS Network, this protocol is used as Label
ATM), Layer-2 identifiers, such as data link connection Distribution Protocol between peers. This protocol is
identifiers (DLCIs) in the case of FR networks or virtual one among the Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP)
path identifiers.(VPIs)/virtual channel identifiers 2. Border Gateway Protocol is also one among the
(VCIs) in case of ATM networks, can be used directly as routing protocol, which provides loop-free inter domain
labels. The packets are then forwarded based on their routing between autonomous systems. An autonomous
label value. system is a set of routers that operate under the same
Labels are bound to an FEC as a result of some event or administration. Here MPLS Domain becomes
policy that indicates a need for such binding. These autonomous system. BGP is often run among the VPN
events can be either data-driven bindings or control- networks and MPLS Network.
driven bindings. The latter is preferable because of its 3. Protocol-independent multicast (PIM), which is
advanced scaling properties that can be used in MPLS. used for multicast states label mapping.
Policy of label binding is based on
4. Resource Reservation Protocol is not the routing
• Destination unicast routing protocol and works in conjunction with other routing
• Traffic engineering protocols to keep the Quality of Service with in the
• Multicast MPLS cloud. It uses exchanging of labels pertaining to
the services require time management (on line services
• Virtual private network (VPN) like Video Conferencing, IP Telephony etc. RSVP
• Quality of Service. provides the creation of Tunnels in MPLS Domain.
Label Merging 8. Routing in the MPLS Cloud:
The incoming streams of traffic from different Hop-by-hop routing—Each LSR independently
interfaces can be merged together and switched using a selects the next hop for a given FEC and uses any
common label if they are traversing the network toward available routing protocols.
the same final destination.
• Explicit routing—Explicit routing is similar to source
Label Stack routing, that contains all the route information. It uses
In MPLS architecture different labeled IP packets the RSVP-TE signaling protocol. The ingress LSR
bound to a common destination can be assigned with a specifies the list of nodes through which the Traffic
common label. Thereafter that common label can be Engineered LSP traverses. Along the path, the
used up to the destination as shown in the diagram. It resources may be reserved to ensure QoS to the data
achieved by stacking the label at LSR based on the traffic. This eases traffic engineering throughout the
instant of arrival packets through the incoming LSPs. It network, and differentiated services can be provided
is organized as a last-in, first-out stack. using flows based on policies or network management
methods.
31
• Constraint-Based Routing- to maintain the QOS, above problem. Virtual Private Network is Private Data
while routing the IP packets in the MPLS network Network, carved out from the Public Data Network. In
characteristics of the Path and Link to be selected. this concept only switched paths(virtual paths) are
assigned between the hosts. VPN can be constructed by
Traffic engineering is essential to optimize utilization of
using conventional IP network. Since MPLS adopts the
network. Network resources should not be wasted. At
connection oriented routing, VPN can be overlaid on
the same time QOS is to be maintained for the users. In
MPLS architecture, by constructing Tunnels. Other
MPLS Layer3 is overlaid with connection oriented
users according to their FECs can share tunnels.VP
switching function of Layer2. By using this property,
Networks are created in the cloud of IP Network.
we can define Traffic Engineered dedicated paths for
different category of IP packets to maintain the QOS. In this case Provider Edge performs Layer 2 Services
Thus MPLS network is converted into homogeneous to only, since Customer Edge performs Layer3 functions.
handle the heterogeneous type of traffic. PE and P network is used to only provide the routing and
forwarding that supports the tunnel endpoints on
10. Inferences
between CE devices.
1. LER and LSR are not analyzing the entire IP address
If a corporate customer wants Layer3 VPN, Service
to select best matching. Only they analyze the Label
Provider has to configure the IP addresses of the all
and LSP details to reduce the delay in routing the
Branch Offices and Corporate Office. Serving
packets. Construction of Routing Table becomes
Customer Edge will be configured and maintained by
simple, similar to circuit switch analyses the Route
the Service Provider. Every VPN user is allotted with
Code only for routing the call.
unique VPN address or tag or header, which is
2. LSPs and Labels are selected for routing according represented by 8 bytes. While transmitting the IP packet
to the Forward Equivalence Class of that IP Packet from one of the VPN member, Customer edge adds
(category and priority) which is followed in the VPN header with designated IP address and sends to
Circuit Switch by the LSRs. LER of service provider. LER affixes appropriate Label
3. Since it is a connection oriented transmission according to the FEC and sends those packets through
protocol, loss of Packet is avoided. the designated LSP (Tunnel) by LER. At last the packet
4. Security is ensured, because of Label Swapping. will reach the egress LER that will send that VPN IP
packet to C.E after removing the label. Then the CE
11. MPLS Supports The Following Services checks the VPN tag and routes the IP Packet to the
Efficiently With Full Integrity: destined terminal. VPN works as shown in the figure.
• Virtual Private Network Customer Edge supports more than one IP Terminals.
• Intranet Path between CE can be a shared one. VPN Forwarding
• Voice over Internet Protocol.
• Extranet.
12. Virtual Private Network:
Function and features of VPN.
Branches of Corporate giants are normally distributed
geographically over the entire nation at least. Since it is
the competitive world, they may require their own
private, secured, faster and economic data network
between Corporate Office and all branch offices.
Construction of their data network is not economical
and unwise, because it involves provision of individual
paths in between their offices to ensure the safety and
authentication.
Virtual Private Network comes as the solution of the
32
information (VFI) is available with the PE(LER). In and unique service provider
such a way, a corporate can create his private data • Universal reach infrastructure in India covering all
network by using public MPLS network. cities & geographically difficult areas.
13. BSNL'S IP Backbone using MPLS Technology • Expertise in bandwidth services and talent pool of
Keeping pace with the technological trend to provide human resources
latest and varied value added services to its customers, • 24*7 support team having alliances with World's
BSNL harnesses IP Infrastructure based on MPLS fortune companies.
Technology called NIB (National Internet Backbone) • Almost a decade of expertise on providing co-
to offer world class IP VPN services. location services to the customers at about 450
BSNL's primary objectives in setting up the locations
BGP/MPLS VPN network are: • N+1 Redundancy, Highly resilient
• Provide a diversified range of services (Layer 2, • Longest Optical Fiber Cable reach across India
Layer 3 and Dial up VPNs, VPN over Broad Band) • Services offered based on world class underlying
to meet the requirements of the entire spectrum of product/technologies from CISCO, Microsoft,
customers from Small and Medium to Large EMC, VmWare etc.
business enterprises and financial institutions. • Datacenter management through Proven
• Make the service very simple for customers to use Technocrafts
even if they lack experience in IP routing. • Fast connectivity with gigabit backbone
• Make the service very scalable and flexible to • Upto 99.982 uptime SLA
facilitate large-scale deployment.
• Security: Physical, Application level, Network
• Provide a reliable and amenable service, offering level and surveillance cameras with 24x7 recording
SLA to customers
• World class Cooling, Fire detection & suppression,
• Capable of meeting a wide range of customer Water leakage protection and Power management
requirements, including security, quality of Service
(QOS) and any-to-any connectivity. • 24x7x365 days support through Global Command
Center located at Bangalore.
• Capable of offering fully managed services to
customers. Conclusion:
• Allow BSNL to introduce additional services such The key thing to remember about MPLS is that it's a
as bandwidth on demand. technique, not a service — so it can be used to deliver
14. Strength of BSNL: anything from IP VPNs to metro Ethernet services, or
even to provision optical services. So although carriers
• Ranked 3 rd Most Trusted Brand in Service sector build MPLS backbones, the services that users buy may
as survey done by Brand Equity (Economics not be called “MPLS”. They could be called anything
Times) for 2010-2011 from “IP VPN” to “metro Ethernet”—or whatever.
• State owned organization which is most reliable
About The Author

Ms. R. Padmini, Bsc. MCA is currently working as AGM Currently she is working as
Assistant General Manager (Commercial and Administration) in BSNL, Chennai
Telephones
She has got vast knowledge in Data Networks and worked in all Data Exchanges of
BSNL viz. Telex, Point to Point Leased Lines, X.25 Network - Inet, Internet, NIB-
National Internet Backbone with MPLS Technology and Broadband.
33
Broadcast Engineering Society (India)
Serving the Broadcast Fraternity of the country - A dip in the past
st
The 1 BES(I) Council had Padamshree Mr. HS Jolly as it's President,
Mr. NK Trivedi, former Engineer-in-Chief, AIR as it's Hon. Secretary and
Mr. SC Dublish as Hon. Treasurer.
34
BES(I) organised it's 1st International conference on

Broadcasting, cable and satellite in the year 1993, with
Mr. SP Bhatikar as Its President, Mr. PS Sundaram as it's Hon. Secretary and
Mr. VK Mehra as Hon. Treasurer.
35
Broadcast Engineering Society (India) promotes technical innovations and

excellence, by conferring prestigious BES Awards to individuals for their
outstanding contributions in the field of Broadcast engineering every year.
36
BES(I) organised International conference on Broadcasting, cable and satellite in

October 1995 , with Mr. HM Joshi as It's President, Mr. PS Sundaram as it's Hon.
Secretary and Mr. VK Mehra as Hon. Treasurer. The show was inaugurated by Shri
PA Sangma, the then Minister of Information and Broadcasting, Government of
37
To effectively address it's responsibility towards Public Service Broadcasting BES(I) arranges
events at Delhi and it's chapters on 12th November every year, which is celebrated as National
Public Service Broadcasting Day in India to mark the first and only visit of Mahatma Gandhi,
father of the Nation to it's broadcasting station at Delhi, where while addressing the refugees
over radio, Mahtma said about radio waves - " I see Shakti in it....The Power of God...”
38
Even as it has moved on, The society has not forgotten it's senior members, who
have contributed tremendously for the society and the field of broadcasting in
earlier years. BES(I) has honoured selected broadcast veterans with Life time
achievement awards at appropriate platforms.
39
To meet it's objectives - To promote the advancement and dissemination of

knowledge & practices of broadcasting in the field of Radio, Television and other
media and to enhance the knowledge of broadcast engineering professionals,
the Society conducts conferences, seminars, tutorials and exhibitions regularly.
40
The signature event of the society, BES Expo, an International conference and exhibition, is conducted
every year in New Delhi. Major Exhibitors, delegates and visitors from India and abroad participate in this
event. Every EXPO has a theme on the current broadcast situation. BES EXPOs have been approved by
Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Govt. of India and endorsed by prominent International bodies.
These events have been supported by Prasar Bharati, ABU, UNESCO, Society of Broadcast Engineers, USA,
Ministry of Communications & IT, Govt of India and IGNOU (Open University).
41
Broadcast Engineering Society(I) has got the honour of bringing speakers of National and International repute on
it's stage. Some of them are - Prof. Yashpal, the then Chairman, UGC, Dr. Raja Ramanna, Eminent Scientist, Prof.
U.R. Rao, former Chairman, ISRO, Dr. A.P. Mitra, Eminent Scientist, Dr. K. Kasturirangan, The than Director National
Institute of Advance Studies, Bangalore, Mr. Michael C. Rau, Senior V.P., National Association of Broadcasters (NAB),
USA, Mr. David Wood, Head of New Technology, European Broadcasting Union, Geneva, Switzerland, Mr. Mohamad
Ibrahim, President, Commonwealth Broadcasting, Association and DG, TV, Nigeria , Shri Om P. Khushu, DG ABU,
Malaysia, Shri N. Vittal, the then Chairman, PSEB, and CVC, India, Mr. Philip Laven, EBU, Switzerland, Mr. Arthur
Mason, Tandberg, UK, Mr. Peter Bury, BBC, UK, Shri Kiran Karnik, The than President, NASSCOM, Mr. Wayne Heads,
Secretary General ABU, Malaysia, Justice P.V. Reddi, Former Judge, Supreme Court of India, Mr. Pradip Baijal, The
than Chairman TRAI, Mr. Kailash Satyarthi, Nobel Peace Prize winner
42
BES Review is a quarterly publication containing articles on latest development in the field of
broadcasting and related science, which is circulated amongst Senior broadcasters, Ministry officials,
key Media Institutes and BES members. BES(I) has also brought out special publications like Book on
Broadcast Service Planning : A book containing selective and important topics in the field of Radio
frequency planning for broadcasting, Glossary of TV Broadcasting : This has compression of words,
phrases, acronyms and other abbreviations that comprise the technical vocabultary used in all spheres
of broadcasting, Hand book of Digital Video Compression, BES(I) Learning tool series : (a) Hard Disk
Based Audio Delivery Systems (b) FM Broadcasting (c) Digital Measurements etc..
43
REPORT Mumbai Chapter
S. C. Khasgiwal
Seminar on “ Real World Broadcast Storage Challenges &
Seamlessly Extending Workflow Operations”
us to provide a platform for interaction between
broadcast professionals and broadcast industries.
Mr. Satyajeet Das, DDG(E), DDK, Mumbai gave an
overview of Storage Systems adopted by
Doordarshan and brief details of Digital Transmitter
installed interalia at DDK, Mumbai.
Among the Dignitories
who graced the Seminar
were M r. S . R .
Aggarwal Formerly E-
Broadcast Engineering Society (India) Mumbai in-C of A.I.R. &
Chapter organized a Seminar on “ Real World Formerly Secretary
Broadcast Storage Challenges & Seamlessly General of IETE. He
Extending Workflow Operations” on 26-11-2015 at spoke on the seminar topic and appreciated the efforts
Doordarshan Conference Hall in Mumbai The made by BES Mumbai Chapter for arranging the
Seminar was inaugurated by the Chief Guest Mr. seminar on topical subject. The seminar was attended
Shyamlal, ADG (E-WZ), AIR & Doordarshan, by Broadcast Professionals from Doordarshan,
Mumbai. The main speakers on the topic was Mr. Private TV & FM Channels, and media
Sajal Mandal of Quantum Corporation. representatives and Corporate members from
The Chairman of BES(I) Mumbai Chapter and Broadcast Industries.
National Chairman of New Member Induction He also spoke on integrated ecosystem benefiting
Committee at BES(I), New Delhi Mr. S.C.Khasgiwal from seamless connections with third-party solutions.
Rtd. ADG(E-WZ) welcomed the invited Guests and This includes how Storage System integrates with
BES Members attending the Seminar and gave the media asset management systems, non-linear editing
details of activities of BES(I).. He expressed that the systems and other critical tools to address new
trend for all the Broadcasters is to go Digital and challenges facing today's producers including higher
keeping with this Doordarshan has drawn up an resolutions and a greater volume of content.
ambitious plan for going in for Digital Transmission.
So we thought it will be apt for the BES to arrange a Sh. Mandal spoke on the high-performance shared
seminar on this topic. storage architecture of, the next-generation
workflow storage platform. It supports content
M/S Quantum production, distribution and archive with high-
Corporation agreed performance and reliability. Online storage, extended
to our requests to online tape and cloud archives and the industry's
participate in the fastest collaborative streaming file system.
seminar. This is in
keeping with the Vote of thanks was given by Sh. P K Sharma, Hon.
aims & objectives Secreatry, BES Mumbai Chapter.
of BES. It also helps
44
Seminar on “Media Asset Management — Digitization &
Archival System”
platform for interaction between broadcast
professionals and broadcast industries.
Mr. Satyajeet Das, DDG(E), DDK, Mumbai gave an
overview of thei future strtagy fir Storage & Archival
Systems being integrated by them. Among the
Dignitories who graced the Seminar were Shri S K
Arora ADGE(WZ) and Shyamlal, ADGE(WZ) and
Mr. S.R. Aggarwal Formerly E-in-C of A.I.R. &
Formerly Secretary General of IETE. They spoke on
the seminar topic and appreciated the efforts made by
BES Mumbai Chapter for arranging the seminar on
Broadcast Engineering Society (India) Mumbai topical subject. The seminar was attended by
Chapter organized a Seminar on “ Media Asset Broadcast Professionals from Doordarshan, Private
Management – Digitization & Archival Systems” on TV & FM Channels, and media representatives and
02-12-2015 at Doordarshan Conference Hall in Corporate members from Broadcast Industries.
Mumbai. The Seminar was inaugurated by the Chief
Guest Mr. Ajay Gupta, ADG (E-WZ), AIR &
Doordarshan, Mumbai. The main speakers on the
topic were Shri David Ian Abel of M/S Technologias
Digitales (Tedial), Spain and Shri Sushil Khanna,
CEO of Mediaguru, Consultants, Noida.
The Chairman of BES(I) Mumbai Chapter and
National Chairman of New Member Induction
Committee at BES(I), New Delhi Mr. S.C.Khasgiwal
Rtd. ADG(E-WZ) welcomed the invited Guests and
BES Members attending the Seminar and gave the
details of activities of BES(I).. He expressed that the
trend for all the Broadcasters is to go Digital and
keeping with this Doordarsha's plan to induct MAM They spoke on Metdata Management, Content
in their network will be very useful for going in for Monetisation, End – to – End Capabilty, Managing
Archival Systems.. So we thought it will be apt for the Legacy and ongoing Content, Workflow based Asset
BES to arrange a seminar on this topic. Management. They also spoke on Metadata Creation,
Contnt Migration,and restoration & preservation,
M/S Technologias Digitales, Spain in association Content retrievalSystem.
with CEO Mediaguru Consultants, Noida agreed to
our requests to Vote of thanks was given by Sh. P K Sharma, Hon.
participate in the Secreatry, BES Mumbai Chapter.
seminar. This is in
keeping with the
aims & objectives of
BES. It also helps us
to provide a
45
REPORT Chennai Chapter
K.V. Ramachandaran
National Public Service Day Celebration

In his keynote address, the Principal Secretary,
Department of Economics and Statistics,
Government of Tamilnadu Dr. V. IraiAnbu expressed
his gratitude to public service broadcasters and
instilled a deep sense of pride in their work. He said
broadcasting is all about ethical, credible and
authentic communication and its essential to love our
people to be able to speak in their language. He
recalled his fond memories of participating in AIR,
the medium which helped shape his career as a
distinguished bureaucrat. A SWOT analysis for
introspection is the need of the hour, he pointed out.
As usual on 12-11-2015 BES Chennai chapter Reiterating Bapuji's reference to the power of radio,
celebrated National Public service broadcast day at 'Shakthi', he inspired all broadcasters to strive
MTR auditorium, AIR, Chennai. Justice P R relentlessly to uphold the rich traditions that public
Gokulakrishnan, Former Chief justice of Gujarat service broadcasting stands for.
High Court Inaugurated by lighting the lamp. Shri. S.
In his special address former Chief Justice of Gujarat
Ramachandran, Chairman of BES Chennai chapter
Justice P R Gokulakrishnan expressed his deep
delivered welcome address& Dr. V. IraiAnbu, IAS,
appreciation for the rich contributions made by AIR
Principal Secretary, Government of Tamilnadu
and DD in the service of the nation. Endorsing AIR
delivered Key note Address. Veteran broadcasters
and DD as the most credible media, he emphasized
Shri. K.P.Ramaswamy, Former E-In –C, AIR & Shri.
their importance in development of youth and
S. Ramaswamy Former DDG , AIR were felicitated
elevating the living standards of our people. His
for their contribution to public service broadcasting
concerns about the ignorance of our youth with
In his welcome address the Chairman, Chennai respect to awareness of our country's legendary
chapter of the Broadcast Engineering Society of personalities and its rich varied cultural heritage calls
IndiaSh. S.Ramachandran for an even more deep
appealed to all public commitment from public
service broadcasters to service broadcasters to
reaffirm and renew our instill and reaffirm a
commitment and elevate it patriotic fervor.
to greater heights in the
The event concluded by
service of our people. He
Vote of Thanks by Shr. K
added that more than just a
V. R a m a c h a n d r a n ,
celebration this day marks
Secretary BES Chennai
the beginning of an even
Chapter.
more creative and
responsible approach to
broadcasting.
46
REPORT Ahmadabad Chapter
A. K . Gupta
Lecture on “Internet of Things”
A lecture was organised on “ Internet of things” on 30
th September 2015. The lecture was delivered by Shri
Chintan Bhatt, Lecturer, Charusat University, Nadiad.
Shri A K Gupta, Hon. Secretary introduced speaker to
the audience and Shri Ramesh Tale, Hon. Treasurer,
welcomed the gathering.
through network and he also given live demonstration

how the sensors are controlling various devices.
Before the start of lecture Sh. A K Gupta, Hon.
Secretary introduced the speaker to the audience. At
the end Sh. Ramesh Tale, Hon. Treasurer, presented the
vote of thanks..All BES members & Doordarshan
Ahmedabad staff enjoyed the session
Lecture on “Media Asset Management”
The lecture was very elaborative. In lecture, speaker
explained the latest development in computer field and
how automation is possible in everything by internet.
The speaker also explained the development in
interactivity of man, machine & objects. The session
was very interactive and all members and employees of
AIR and Doordarshan enjoyed the session.
Lecture on “Presentation of internet of Things
(IOT) sensors and smart framework”
BES, Ahmedabad chapter, organised lecture on "
Presentation of internet of Things (IOT) sensors and
smart framework" on 5th November 2015.The lecture On dated 12/01/2016, BES, Ahmedabad chapter,
was delivered by Shri Madhukant Patel, organised lecture on "Media Asset Management" The
Director,Former Scientist SAC,ISRO Ahmadabad. The lecture was delivered by Sh. Anand Dua, Empress-
lecture was very elaborative. Shri Madhukant Patel Media Asset Management. The lecture was very
explained IOT is the network of physical objects, elaborative. She Dual explained various aspects of
devices, vehicles, buildings and other items which are MAM, like interoperability issues etc...After
embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and inauguration, She. A K Gupta, Hon. Secretary
network connectivity, which enables these objects to introduced the speaker to the audience. At the end Sh.
collect and exchange data. Etc.. After inauguration, he Ramesh Tale, Hon. Treasurer, presented the vote of
also focused on various aspects of sensors and smart thanks..All BES members & Doordarshan Ahmedabad
framework and its issues. Shri Madhukant Patel staff enjoyed the session.
also presented demo on various sensors connected
47
REPORT Thanjavur Chapter
A. Chitra
Seminar on Satellite Communication
BES (I) Thanjavur Chapter has organized a seminar The guest lecture was delivered by Miss. S. Ajitha,
on Satellite Communication on 29.12.2015 at All Director, AIR, Madurai on the topic-Satellite
India Radio, Madurai. The function started with a Communication. She explained in detail about the
prayer song followed by lighting the traditional lamp. history of satellite technology around the world and
Shri. V. Arul, AIR, Madurai, welcomed the gathering. development happened in the field of broadcasting
especially in India. She very well elaborated about
Smt. A. Chitra, Chairperson, Broadcast Engineering the Indian satellites which is being used for
Society, Thanjavur Chapter in her key note address broadcasting and also about polar satellites.
briefed about the activities and importance of
Broadcast Engineering Society and its services to the The function ended with a vote of thanks by Shri. S.
students and Engineering community. She also Periandavar, Secretory, BES(I), Thanjavur Chapter
invited staff and students to become as a member of followed by National Anthem.
BES (I) to enrich their knowledge in the field of
Broadcast Engineering.
The special invitee Kalaimamani Smt. Andal
Priyadarshini, HOO, Doordarshan, Coimbatore &
Madurai, said that Doordarshan and All India Radio
has never compromised its standard and quality. Shri.
Navaneetha Perumal in his address informed, in the
coming years digital terrestrial television
broadcasting will play a important roll and praised the
efforts of BES(I) Thanjavur chapter members in
organizing seminar at frequent intervals. Shri.
Ashoke, ASD(P) AIR, Madurai also spoke in the
occasion.
48
News from
Broadcasting World By Meenakshi Singhvi
DD Freedish set to carry 250 TV channels The Guinness World Records recently certified Channel
NewsAsia's project, Story of Our City 3D, as the world's
Prasar Bharati's free direct-to-home
Longest anamorphic pavement art, breaking the two
(DTH) platform ‘Freedish’ will get
year record held by the current installation in Lelystad in
additional transponder capacity on
the Netherlands. Story of Our City 3D, painted onto a
GSAT-15 to enhance its capacity to 250
walkway at the Resorts World Sentosa, measures 183.50
channels under the 12th Plan, Minister
metres. This is 43.209 metres longer than the current
of Finance, Corporate Affairs, and Information &
world record.
Broadcasting Arun Jaitley said in the Lok Sabha.
The project was the part of the channel's year-long
Freedish, which at present has 64 slots for TV channels,
programmes to celebrate Singapore's 50th year of
is planning to expand its capacity to 112 channels by
independence before the end of the Golden Jubilee year
providing MPEG4 set-top boxes (STBs). Mr Jaitley said
in 2015.
that the hardware installation of the DTH platform up to
112 TV channels has been completed. The capacity Two world-renowned master street artists, Manfred
would be further increased to 250 channels, as part of the Stader and Edg Mueller from Germany, and a team of 45
12th Plan. He also stated that Prasar Bharati had faced local artists, teachers and students from Social
issues in implementing conditional access system Creatives, Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts, Orchid Park
(CAS), which is a part of the upgraded system. Prasar Secondary School and Sigla Secondary School took 11
Bharati has decided to adopt the Indian CAS, which is days, starting from 30 November, to complete the
being finalised by the Department of Electronics & masterpiece. The 3D artwork immortalises Singapore's
Information Technology (DeitY). In addition, the achievements with an impression of the breath-taking
Department of Space (DoS) has agreed in principle to city skyline. It tells the story of the nation's dramatic
provide additional transponders on new GSAT 15 transformation into an urban and smart city featuring
satellite required for upgrading to 250 TV channels, he many of the iconic landmarks in Singapore.
stated. With more than 20 million customers, Freedish is
Majority of online video users prefer VOD services
by far the biggest DTH platform in India. With the
rollout of all-India ratings including rural by the
Broadcasters Audience Research Council (BARC), the
platform has become even more critical for TV channels
who want to reach that audience.
Longest anamorphic pavement art: Channel
NewsAsia breaks Guinness World Records record
Consumers are increasingly watching online video

content on their own terms, with on-demand service
usage almost diffuse says Limelight's latest State of
Online Video report.
More than four-fifths of the online video users take
VOD services. The report is based on a survey that
49
collected data from 1,271 consumers aged 18-69 chosen fundamental human rights for women worldwide.
at random located in the United States, United
The 2015 Global Media Monitoring Project (GMMP)
Kingdom, Canada and Australia, and found
found that women constitute 24% of news sources - the
fundamentally that the shift in consumer online video
same as five years ago. "Women remain invisible or
viewing habits is changing rapidly.
underrepresented on traditional media based on almost
It found that more than 83% of consumers watched on- every indicator we measure," Macharia warned. "And
demand video, an increase of 4% since April 2015. The this trend has replicated itself in digital media as well."
percentage of consumers watching four or more hours
At GAMAG's inaugural General Assembly,
of on-demand video a week increased to more than 36%
stakeholders committed to making 2016 a year of
as compared with 30% in April 2015.
unprecedented action on key priority areas which
A growing number of people were watching on-demand include digital media, youth, advocacy and gender and
video are doing so on their TV, either through apps on media research. In addition, four regional GAMAG
smart TVs or connected devices such as Roku, Apple chapters were launched in order to operationalise the
TV, Xbox One or Sony PS4. This, argued Limelight, was "Geneva Framework" reached at the International Co-
creating a challenge for content providers – ensuring operating Partners meeting that preceded the General
broadcast quality to many devices – as consumers were Assembly.
likely to abandon an on-demand video if the quality was
Bangladesh ready to launch HD Radio Broadcasting
poor.
HD Radio broadcasts will cover
Media Equality Critical for Women's Rights
shortly the capital city of Dhaka
In Geneva, the first and surrounding regions with
general assembly of high-quality audio for news and
the Global Alliance entertainment. Bangladesh's
on Media and government broadcaster, Betar
Gender (GAMAG) Engineering, will be the first to
has rounded out a launch HD Radio across the South
week of meetings at the UN with a call for gender Asia region, covering 18 million listeners with a turnkey
equality in and through the media by 2030 in line with system from GatesAir.
the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
GatesAir is a provider of wireless, over-the-air content
"On International Human Rights Day (10 December), delivery solutions for radio and TV broadcasters.
we call for inclusive societies that give equal voice to
The HD Radio broadcasts, supported by two GatesAir
all," said Colleen Lowe Morna, CEO of Gender Links
Flexiva 10kW transmitters, will cover the capital city of
and GAMAG Chairperson. "This cannot be achieved as
Dhaka and surrounding regions. Upon evaluating
long as half the world's population is effectively
digital radio standards, Betar chose HD Radio for to its
silenced."
audio quality and multichannel opportunities. For this
"We have come together to forge a global movement on application, signal coverage will be strengthened
gender and media," said Alton Grizzle of UNESCO, through a higher-than-usual FM tower for Betar (250
which has facilitated GAMAG and organised the feet as opposed to 200) and a panel antenna—the first of
Geneva meeting with the Greek Secretariat General for its kind deployed in Bangladesh.
Media and Communication. "Better access, leadership
GatesAir worked closely with Betar across site planning
and portrayal of girls and women in media is a critical
and system design, including all transmission, antenna,
stepping stone for equal rights," he added.
monitoring and peripheral equipment. Along with the
Launched in Bangkok two years ago, GAMAG brings Flexiva transmitters, they also provided the Exgine4 HD
together some 700 media houses, training institutions, Radio system, which includes a FlexStar HDI-200
journalism unions, gender and media activists to Importer and HDE-200 Exporter at the studio. In this
promote gender equality within the media and ICTs, and fashion, Betar can deliver program-associated data
in the content they produce, as essential for achieving services (logos, station ID information, artist/song title
50
details) over a single IP stream to the transmitter. continue to adapt, so look forward to more innovations
from us, to take radio beyond 80 years.”
PrasarBharati launches classical music channel -
'Ragam' Phase III cable switchover in India is successful
Indian Public Broadcaster Prasar The switchover to digital cable TV
Bharati launched a 24×7 niche in urban areas, due by 31
channel – 'Ragam', which is December 2015, has been a
exclusively devoted to classical success as per Government
music. officials.
The channel was launched by Prasar Bharati chairman Progress in the nationwide
Dr A Surya Prakash, and is live streamed through DTH digitisation programme was
and AIR website allindiaradio.gov.in. It is also available described by officials as “very
through the All India Radio Mobile App for Windows, positive”, although some areas of
Android and iPhone(iOS) users. the notified urban areas are yet to
receive set-top boxes (STBs).
The launch was made from Bengaluru and is an
indigenous effort by the country's oldest broadcaster to The seeding of more than 75% of STBs had been
get connected with Digital India living within and accomplished. Out of more than 6,000 urban areas, just
outside the country and has strong embedded love for 400 are yet to receive STBs. Many of these have a
Hindustani and Carnatic Music. population of under 1,000 and others less than 5,000.
Over the years, All India Radio has acquired an The deadline for the implementation of the digital
immensely rich repository of recordings of the old addressable system (DAS) has been extended by the
masters as well as contemporary celebrities, which will Hyderabad High Court for two months in Andhra
be aired on this channel. Pradesh and Telengana, due to a lack of available STBs.
Mediacorp celebrates Radio 80 with year-long
The digitisation of India's cable TV sector has been split
initiative
into four phases. The first, which covered the four
Mediacorp Singapore is marking 80 metros of Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai, was
years of radio broadcasting in 2016 completed on 31 October 2012. The second, covering
with its year-long initiative – Radio 80. the 38 cities with a population of more than a million,
Back in June 1936, Radio transmission was completed on 31 March 2013.
began in Singapore with one radio
Phase III was originally scheduled for completion at the
station operating from a government
end of September 2014, but was moved at that time to 31
building in Empress Place.
December 2015. The final switchover phase, which
Mediacorp today has a network of 13 FM stations that covers the rest of India, will take place by 31 December
broadcast mainly in the four national languages. 2016.
Mediacorp's radio stations play an integral role in the
Broadcasters applaud WRC-15 decision securing
lives of Singaporeans reaching out to more than 80% of
future of free-to-air broadcasting
the population.
The Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union
To celebrate the occasion, Mediacorp has planned a
(ABU) welcomes the landmark
series of activities to engage its listeners, advertisers and
decision by the ITU's World
the community.
Radiocommunication Conference
Debra Soon, Head, Family (English) and Premier (WRC-15) on the use of the UHF band.
Segments and Chair of Mediacorp's Radio 80
Representatives of over 150
Committee said: “People love radio for its personal and
governments took the decision that UHF spectrum will
portable nature. Our radio stations have thrived by
remain broadly allocated to terrestrial TV services in
focusing on listeners, and remaining informative and
ITU “Region 3". Delegates reached this conclusion after
entertaining. In a disruptive media landscape, we will
51
deliberations over whether the lower UHF frequency Founded in 1998, Périactes has provided design,
band (470-698 MHz) should be retained mainly for integration, implementation, and support services for
broadcasting or also identify IMT. audio and video projects in Europe, Africa, and the
Middle East.
Representatives reached a consensus that this spectrum,
currently mainly used by broadcast services such as AES Announces New Standard
digital terrestrial TV [DTT] and radio microphones, is
The Audio Engineering Society has
too important to be identified to IMT. They agreed that
published the new AES70 audio over
there would be no regional wide IMT identification in
IP standard. Additionally, a report on
the 470-698 MHz band (excluding a few southern island
the recently conducted AES67
countries). This added security will enable many
interoperability Plugfest has been
countries in ITU Region 3 to continue with their digital
released. These developments were
switchover programmes without the risk of an
announced in a blog on the
impending change in use of the spectrum.
organization's website.
The ABU appreciates the strong support to broadcasting
AES Standards Manager Mark Yonge explained AES70
shown by the national administrations and highlights
“follows on to complement the AES67 audio over IP
the fact that such decision will provide regulatory
networking standard we published in 2013. It covers
certainty, and act as an incentive for further
quite comprehensively the control and monitoring of
8K Live Public Viewings in Japan audio devices over a network.”
To mark the end of the year Wi-Fi Alliance Developing LTE-U Tests
2015, NHK has hosted live 8K
Consensus is developing
(Super Hi-Vision) public
around Wi-Fi coexistence with
viewings of the 66th NHK
LTE-U (LTE over unlicensed
Kohaku Utagassen – showcased
spectrum). A test procedure
year's best music in Japan at four
for ensuring that the two
venues.
technologies interact fairly is
The 16 times higher picture definition of Hi-Vision and in the works, according to Wi-
three-dimensional 22.2-multichannel has enabled to Fi Alliance. The Alliance has taken the lead as the
appreciate the singers' stirring performances as if primary place for members to express skepticism and
viewers were in NHK Hall themselves. In addition to the concerns over how well the LTE-U Forum's LTE-U
live broadcast, there was also the screenings of other 8K specifications will work when deployed with Wi-Fi
contents. nearby, according torcrwireless.com.
Périactes Signs Reseller Agreement WithNetia LTE-U relies on Qualcomm's carrier-adaptive-sensing
technology, as well as duty cycling, in order to avoid
Netia has signed a reseller agreement with Périactes
interference with Wi-Fi. The LAA version of LTE-U
Broadcast Solutions, which will represent Netia's
implements a listen-before-talk mechanism. The Wi-Fi
software solutions in Africa and the Middle East.
Alliance's work will not determine what mechanisms
According to Netia, might need to be added to LTE-U to ensure fair sharing –
through this nonexclusive the testing will simply focus on whether the technology
arrangement, Périactes does share fairly.
will provide sales and
support for the Netia
Media Assist software
suite, including radio automation and broadcast/playout
systems, as well as media asset management tailored to
the demands of modern broadcasting corporations.
52

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O.K. Sharma Addl. Director General (E) 8750451819 omajmer@gmail.com

3) Bhubaneshwar L.K. Pradhan A.C. Subudhi N. Jethi 9437073498

4) Chennai S. Ramachadran K V Ramachandran P Bhoopathy kvr.air@gmail.com

5) Jaipur H. P. Meena O.P. Rajpurohit M.C. Bansal 9413331405

6) Kolkatta Ved Prakash (Officiating) Ved Prakash Soumitra Kumar Deb -

7) Hyderabad M.B.S. Purushottam Er. Nuli Namassivaya R. Janardhan Rao +91-9869489551

8) Mumbai S.C. Khasgiwal P.K. Sharma P.S. Khurana hitesh_shard@yahoo.com

9) Thanjavur Ms A. Chitra S. Periandavar G. Muthukrishnan besthanjavur@gmail.com

11) Pune Ashish Bhatnagar Ashok Kale Ravindra Rajnekar +91-9421053428

2. BES EXPO Event (Exhibition) D. P. Singh A.V. Swaminathan

4. Website Management K. Murugan Neeral Goel, V. R. Hari, P. Narayanan, Alpana Pande

5. BES Awards N. Thiagarajan V. Sitaram, V. Srinivasvardan

6. Constitution Committee V. Appakutty R. Vardadrajan, S.Ramesh

7. New Member Induction S.C. Khasgiwal A.V. Swaminathan

9. Innovative Ideas P.S. Shrivastava Anil Khandelwal, B.G. Nair

1 HPT 1kW 42 125 kW

About The Author

About The Author

Editorial Guidelines for BES Review

Abstract Experiment on DRM Dual Channel Transmission on

Fig 4: DRM dual channel configuration in the content server

Results & Outcome:

About The Authors

from System 45J)was developed by the Ambisonic 1 Mono Radio LR (summed) -

The information is then passed to an amplitude matrix

Phase ‘X’ Amplitude

About The Author

About The Author

Social media is the most integral part of today's human

About The Authors

About The Author

BES(I) organised it's 1st International conference on

Broadcast Engineering Society (India) promotes technical innovations and

BES(I) organised International conference on Broadcasting, cable and satellite in

To meet it's objectives - To promote the advancement and dissemination of

National Public Service Day Celebration

through network and he also given live demonstration

Seminar on Satellite Communication

Consumers are increasingly watching online video

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