Circulatory system

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What are we going to learn ?
 Heart
 Blood circulation
 Blood vessels
 Blood
 Blood groups

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 Heart
 Acts like a pump of the
circulatory system supplying
blood to the whole body
 Located between the lungs a little
to the left; size roughly equal to a
fist
 Made up of muscle with a dual
protective layer
 Two internal sections
unconnected to each other
 Left section contains Oxygen-rich
blood received from the lungs
 Right section contains Oxygen-poor
blood to be sent to lungs
 Each section has two chambers
 Upper chamber called Atrium;
Lower chamber called as Ventricle
 Atrium and ventricle connected to
each other by a one-way valve
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 Heart
Internal structure

Superior vena cava Aorta (carries blood to

body)
(carries blood to heart)
Left pulmonary
Right pulmonary veins arteries (carry blood to lung)
(carry blood from lungs)
Left atrium
Pulmonary artery valve
Aorta valve
Right atrium Mitral valve
Tricuspid valve Left ventricle

Right ventricle

Inferior vena cava Pericardium

(carries blood to heart)

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 How does the heart function?
Oxygen-poor blood Oxygen-rich blood
from all over the from the lungs
body

Both valves close so that blood

Both atria expand and the
blood enters right atrium
through vena cava and left
atrium through pulmonary
veins
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Atria contract, cannot go back to atria.
both valves open Ventricles contract and blood
and blood enters goes out to lungs through
ventricles pulmonary arteries and to the rest
of the body through the aorta.
Atria then expand and the cycle
starts again.
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 Heart beats
 Heart beats occur due to the
rhythmic expansion-contraction of
the heart muscles.
 Normally they range between 60
to 80 per minute.

In other words the heart

expands and contracts almost
one hundred thousand times
day !

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 Blood circulation
 This is the process of supply of Lungs
blood to all the limbs of the
body and its return to the heart.
 Two types
 Pulmonary circulation: Oxygen-
poor blood travels from the heart
to the lungs and Oxygen-rich
blood travels back
 Systemic circulation: Oxygen-rich
blood travels from the heart to the
all the limbs of the body and
Oxygen-poor blood travels back
Cells in the body

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Blood circulation video

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Blood vessels
 Blood circulates through
blood vessels
 Network of vessels spread
throughout the body
 Circulation only in one
direction
 Three types
 Arteries
 Veins
 Capillaries

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 Arteries
 Carry blood from the heart to
various limbs
 No valves
 Blood flows under pressure
(100mm of Hg)
 Other than pulmonary arteries all
arteries carry Oxygen-rich blood

Walls of arteries are made of three

layers of muscle. These thick
walls contract and push blood
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 Veins
 Except for pulmonary veins all
other veins carry Oxygen-poor
blood from various limbs to the
heart
 Walls are thin
 Valves stop blood from flowing
in reverse direction
Valves permit flow
 Blood flows under low pressure only in one
(2 mm of Hg) direction

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 Capillaries
 Consist of a network of microscopic vessels joining
arteries with veins
 Extremely thin walls
 Capillaries permit exchange of nutrients, gases etc.
in the blood with the cells
Capillary
network
Artery Veins

Cells
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Constituents of blood - 1
Plasma
Red blood cells White blood cells

Platelets
Oxygen
Blood
Carbon dioxide Unwanted items
Ammonia, Urea
Nutrients Hormones
(Glucose, Amino acids)

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 Constituents of blood - 2
 Plasma
 Light yellow colour
 Alkaline
 90% water, 7% proteins, 3% non-
organic matter
 Blood cells
Plasma 54.3%
 Red blood cells
 White blood cells White blood cells
 Platelets and platelets 0.7%
Red blood cells White blood cells
Red blood cells
45%

Platelets Plasma 14
 Red blood cells

 Circular shape, No nucleus,

concave on both sides
 Function: Supply Oxygen to
body cells
 Hemoglobin in the red blood
cells acts as the transport of
Oxygen
 1 cubic mm contains 500 to
600 thousand red blood cells

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White blood cells
 Colourless, amoeba-like
cells with nucleus
 Function: Protect body
from bacteria
 1 cubic mm contains 5000
to 10000 white blood cells

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 Platelets
 Small, irregular shape
 Function: Help in coagulation
of blood
 After a wound platelets create a
network of fibrin strings
 Red blood cells are trapped in
the network and form a scab on
the wound
 1 cubic mm = 150 to 400
thousand platelets

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 Blood groups
 Blood is grouped into 4 categories based on proteins in it
 A, B, O, AB
 Sub-groups Rh+ and Rh- in each group
 Before donating blood the blood groups have to be matched as under

Blood group of Blood can be donated to Blood can be received

a person from
A A, AB A, O

B B, AB B, O
AB AB A, B, AB, O
O A, B, AB, O O

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The end

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