Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 2  

CHAPTER

2 Quadratic Equations

1. (b), (c) and (d) are quadratic equations. 4. (a) (x + 5) = 0

x = –5
2. (a) 3x – 4 = x2 Hence, x = –5 is a root.
x2 – 3x + 4 = 0
(b) 2x – 1 = 0
(b) x(4 – x) = 5 1
x =
4x – x2 = 5 2
x2 – 4x + 5 = 0 1
Hence, x = is a root.
2
(c) (x – 1)(5 + x) = 2x
5x + x2 – 5 – x = 2x (c) When (1 – 3x) = 0
x2 + 4x – 5 – 2x = 0 1
x =
x2 + 2x – 5 = 0 3
4x When (x + 3) = 0
(d) x – 2 = x = –3
x+1
(x – 2)(x + 1) = 4x Hence, x = 3 is not a root.
x2 + x – 2x – 2 = 4x
x2 – 5x – 2 = 0
5. (a) x2 – 9 = 0
(e) 5(x + 3)(2x – 1) = (x + 3)(4 – x) Try using the factors of 9, that is, 1, 9, –1, –9,
5(2x2 – x + 6x – 3) = 4x – x2 + 12 – 3x 3, –3.
10x2 – 5x + 30x – 15 = 4x – x2 + 12 – 3x
When x = 3 or x = –3,
10x2 + 25x – 15 = x – x2 + 12
x2 – 9 = 0
10x + 25x – 15 – x + x2 – 12 = 0
2

11x2 + 24x – 27 = 0 Therefore, x = 3 and x = –3 are the roots.

Alternative Method
3. (a) Substitute x = 1 into the expression, Using improvement method,
x2 – 2x + 1 = 12 – 2(1) + 1
=0 x x2 – 9
Thus, x = 1 is a root. –1 –8
(b) Substitute x = –2 into the expression, –2 –5
5x2 – 3x = 5(–2)2 – 3(–2) –3 0
= 20 + 6
1 –8
= 26 (≠6)
Thus, x = –2 is not a root. 2 –5

(c) Substitute x = 2 into 3x2 and 4x + 4 respectively, 3 0

3x2 = 3(2)2 Therefore, x = –3 and x = 3 are the roots.
= 12
4x + 4 = 4(2) + 4
= 12
Since LHS = RHS, therefore x = 2 is a root.

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   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 2

(b) x2 – 3x – 4 = 0 (f) (x – 1)(x + 2) = 2x

Try using the factor of 4, x2 + 2x – x – 2 = 2x
that is, 1, –1, 2, –2, 4, – 4. x2 – x – 2 = 0
When x = 1, x2 – 3x – 4 = 1 – 3 – 4 (x – 2)(x + 1) = 0
= – 6 ≠ 0 x – 2 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 2 or x = –1
When x = –1, x2 – 3x – 4 = 1 + 3 – 4
=0 x+3
(g) –––––– = x + 3
2x – 1
When x = 4, x2 – 3x – 4 = 42 – 3(4) – 4 x + 3 = (x + 3)(2x – 1)
=0 = 2x2 – x + 6x – 3
Therefore, x = –1 and x = 4 are the roots. 2x2 + 5x – 3 – x – 3 = 0
2x2 + 4x – 6 = 0
(c) 3x2 – 3x – 6 = 0 x2 + 2x – 3 = 0
x2 – x – 2 = 0 (x + 3)(x – 1) = 0
Try using the factors of 2, that is, 1, –1, 2, –2.
x + 3 = 0 or x – 1 = 0
When x = 1, x2 – x – 2 = 1 – 1 – 2 x = –3 or x = 1
= –2 ≠ 0
When x = –1, x2 – x – 2 = 1 + 1 – 2 7. (a) x2 + 4x = 1
=0 x2 + 4x + 22 = 1 + 22
(x + 2)2 = 5
When x = 2, x2 – x – 2 = 4 – 2 – 2
=0 x + 2 = ±AB 5

Therefore, x = –1 and x = 2 are the roots. x = ±AB

5   
–2
= AB
5   – 2 or –AB
5   
–2
6. (a) 3x = x 2 = 0.2361 or – 4.236
3x2 – x = 0 (b) 2x2 + 4x – 3 = 0
x(3x – 1) = 0
x = 0 or 3x – 1 = 0 3
1
3
2 x2 + 2x – — = 0
2 4
x = — 3
3 x2 + 2x = —
2
(b)
x2 – 4 = 0
3
x2 = 4 x + 2x + 1 = — + 12
2 2
2
x = ±AB 4 5
(x + 1) = — 2
= ±2 2
(c)

x2 + 3x + 2 =
(x + 1)(x + 2) =
0
0

5
x + 1 = ± —
2 ABB
x + 1 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x = –1 or x = –2
5
2 ABB
x = ± — – 1

(d)

4x2 – 2x – 6 =
2x2 – x – 3 =
0
0
=
5
—
2
5
 – 1 or – — – 1
2 ABB ABB
(2x – 3)(x + 1) = 0 = 0.5811 or –2.581
2x – 3 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
3 (c) (x – 1)(x – 2) = 1
x = — or x = –1 x2 – 3x + 2 = 1
2
x2 – 3x = 1 – 2
(e) 3x2 – 8 = 2x –3 2 –3 2
3x2 – 2x – 8 = 0 x2 – 3x + 1 2
2
= –1 + 1 2
2
(3x + 4)(x – 2) = 0
3 2
5
3x + 4 = 0
4
or x – 2 = 0 1
x – — = —
22 4
x = – — or x = 2
3

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 Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 2  

3
x – — = ± —
2
5
4 ABB 42 – 4(2)(–3)
– 4 ± ABBBBBBBBB
= ––––––––––––––––––
2(2)

5
x = ± — + —
4
3
2 ABB = ––––––––
4
40
– 4 ±ABB

5 3
= — + — or – — + —
4 2 ABB
5
4
3
2 ABB 4
40
– 4 + ABB 40
– 4 – ABB
= ––––––––– or ––––––––
4
= 2.618 or 0.3820 = 0.581 or –2.581
2x – 1 –2 (c) (x – 1)(x – 2) = 1
(d) –––––––– = ––––––
11 1 – 3x x2 – 3x + 2 = 1
1 + –––x
2 x2 – 3x + 1 = 0
(2x – 1)(1 – 3x) = –2 – 11x So, a = 1, b = –3 and c = 1
2x – 6x2 – 1 + 3x = –2 – 11x
6x2 – 5x + 1 – 2 – 11x = 0 b2 – 4ac
–b ± ABBBBBB
x = –––––––––––––
6x2 – 16x – 1 = 0 2a
6x2 – 16x = 1 (–3)2 – 4(1)(1)
–(–3) ± ABBBBBBBBBB
= –––––––––––––––––––––
16 1 2(1)
x2 – ––– x = —
6 6 3 ± AB5
8 1 = –––––––
x – —x = —
2 2
3 6
3 + AB5 3 – AB5
8 –4 2 1 –4 2 = ––––––– or ––––––
x2 – x+ 1 2 = + 1 2 2 2
3 3 6 3 = 2.618 or 0.382
16
1
1x – 43 2 =
2
+ 2x – 1 –2
6 9 (d) ––––––––– = ––––––
35 11 1 – 3x
= ––– 1 + –––x
18 2
(2x – 1)(1 – 3x) = –2 – 11x

4
x – — = ± –––
3
35
18 ABBB 2x – 6x2 – 1 + 3x = –2 – 11x
6x2 – 16x – 1 = 0

35
x = ± ––– + —
18
4
3 ABBB So, a = 6, b = –16 and c = –1

= ––– + —
35
18
4
3 ABBB b2 – 4ac
–b ± ABBBBBB
x = –––––––––––––
2a
or – ––– + —
35
18
4
3 ABBB (–16)2 – 4(6)(–1)
–(–16) ± ABBBBBBBBBBBB
= ––––––––––––––––––––––––
2(6)
= 2.728 or –0.06110
280
16 ± ABBB
= ––––––––––
8. (a) x + 4x = 1
2 12
x2 + 4x – 1 = 0 280
16 + ABBB 280
16 – ABBB
= –––––––––– or ––––––––––
So, a = 1, b = 4 and c = –1 12 12
= 2.728 or –0.061
b2 – 4ac
–b ± ABBBBBB
x = –––––––––––––
2a 9. (a) Sum of roots = 1 + 3
42 – 4(1)(–1)
– 4 ± ABBBBBBBBB =4
= –––––––––––––––––
2(1)
Product of roots = 1 × 3
– 4 ±ABB20
= –––––––– =3
2 Hence, the quadratic equation is x2 – 4x + 3 = 0.
– 4 + ABB20 20
– 4 – ABB
= ––––––––– or ––––––––– (b) Sum of roots = –2 + 5
2 2
= 0.236 or –4.236 =3

(b) 2x2 + 4x – 3 = 0 Product of roots = (–2)(5)

So, a = 2, b = 4 and c = –3 = –10

b2 – 4ac
–b ± ABBBBBB
x = –––––––––––––
2a

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   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 2

Hence, the quadratic equation is 2x2 – 4x + 10 = 0

x2 – 3x + (–10) = 0 x2 – 2x + 5 = 0
x2 – 3x – 10 = 0 Therefore, sum of roots = 2
(c) Sum of roots = (– 6) + (–1) product of roots = 5
= –7
Product of roots = (–6)(–1) 11. (a) 4x2 – 5x + 1 = 0
=6 So, a = 4, b = –5 and c = 1
Hence, the quadratic equation is b2 – 4ac = (–5)2 – 4(4)(1)
x2 – (–7)x + 6 = 0 = 25 – 16
x2 + 7x + 6 = 0 =9.0
1 Hence, the two roots are distinct.
(d) Sum of roots = — + 7
2 (b) 3x2 + 2x + 6 = 0
15 So, a = 3, b = 2 and c = 6
= –––
2
b2 – 4ac = 22 – 4(3)(6)
1 = 4 – 72
Product of roots = — (7)
2 1 2 = – 68 , 0
7
=— Hence, there is no real roots.
2
Hence, the quadratic equation is (c) x2 + 4x + 4 = 0
15 7 So, a = 1, b = 4 and c = 4
x2 – ––– x + — = 0
2 2
b2 – 4ac = 42 – 4(1)(4)
2x2 – 15x + 7 = 0
=0
(e) Sum of roots = 4 + 4
Hence, the two roots are equal.
=8
(d) 5x – 8 = x2
Product of roots = 4 × 4
x2 – 5x + 8 = 0
= 16
So, a = 1, b = –5 and c = 8
Hence, the quadratic equation is x2 – 8x + 16 = 0.
b2 – 4ac = (–5)2 – 4(1)(8)
= 25 – 32
10. (a) x2 – 3x – 4 = 0 = –7 , 0
Therefore, sum of roots = 3 Hence, there is no real roots.
product of roots = – 4
(e) (x – 3)(2x + 1) = 6x
(b) x2 + 8x + 1 = 0 2x2 – 5x – 3 – 6x = 0
Therefore, sum of roots = –8 2x2 – 11x – 3 = 0
product of roots = 1 So, a = 2, b = –11 and c = –3

(c) 2x2 – 6x – 7 = 0 b2 – 4ac = (–11)2 – 4(2)(–3)

7 = 121 + 24
x2 – 3x – — = 0 = 145 . 0
2
Therefore, sum of roots = 3 Hence, there are two different roots.
7
product of roots = – —
2 4x
(f) 2x – 1 = ––––––
(d) (x – 1)(x + 3) = 8 3x + 5
x2 + 2x – 3 – 8 = 0 (2x – 1)(3x + 5) = 4x
x2 + 2x – 11 = 0 6x2 + 10x – 3x – 5 – 4x = 0
6x2 + 3x – 5 = 0
Therefore, sum of roots = –2 So, a = 6, b = 3 and c = –5
product of roots = –11
b2 – 4ac = 32 – 4(6)(–5)
x–2
–––––– —x = 9 + 120
(e) =
2x + 1 5 = 129 . 0
5(x – 2) = x(2x + 1)
5x – 10 = 2x2 + x Hence, there are two different roots.

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 Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 2  

12. 2x2 – kx + 2 = 0 18. (x – 4)(2x + 3) = k

So, a = 2, b = –k and c = 2 2x2 + 3x – 8x – 12 – k = 0
Since the roots are equal, 2x2 – 5x – 12 – k = 0
then b2 – 4ac = 0 So, a = 2, b = –5 and c = –12 – k
(–k)2 – 4(2)(2) = 0 Since the roots are real,
k2 = 16 then b2 – 4ac > 0
k = ±4 (–5) – 4(2)(–12 – k) > 0
2

25 + 96 + 8k > 0
13. x2 – 3x – k = 0 121 + 8k > 0
So, a = 1, b = –3 and c = –k 8k > –121
121
k > – ––––
Since the roots are different,
8
then b2 – 4ac . 0
(–3)2 – 4(1)(–k) . 0
19. Given y = 4x – 1................................. 1
9 + 4k . 0
and y = kx2 + 3x – 2........................ 2
4k . –9
9 Substitute 1 into 2,
k . – —
4 4x – 1 = kx2 + 3x – 2
kx2 + 3x – 4x – 2 + 1 = 0
14. kx2 + hx – 4 = 0 kx2 – x – 1 = 0
So, a = k, b = h and c = –4 So, a = k, b = –1 and c = –1
Since the roots are equal, Since the straight line intersects the curve at two
then b2 – 4ac = 0 different points,
h2 – 4k(– 4) = 0 then b2 – 4ac . 0
h2 + 16k = 0 (–1)2 – 4(k)(–1) . 0
1 + 4k . 0
15. 2x2 + px = k 4k . –1
2x2 + px – k = 0 1
So, a = 2, b = p and c = –k k . – —
4
Since the roots are not real,
then b2 – 4ac , 0 20. Given y = hx – k.................................. 1
p2 – 4(2)(–k) , 0 and y = 4x2 – 5x + 6........................ 2
p2 + 8k , 0 Substitute 1 into 2,
hx – k = 4x2 – 5x + 6
16. px2 – qx = 4 4x2 – 5x – hx + 6 + k = 0
px2 – qx – 4 = 0 4x2 – (5 + h)x + 6 + k = 0
So, a = p, b = –q and c = – 4 So, a = 4, b = – (5 + h) and c = 6 + k
Since the roots are different, Since the straight line does not intersect the curve,
then b2 – 4ac . 0 then b2 – 4ac , 0
(–q)2 – 4(p)(– 4) . 0 [–(5 + h)]2 – 4(4)(6 + k) , 0
q2 + 16p . 0 (5 + h)2 – 96 – 16k , 0
25 + 10h + h2 – 96 – 16k , 0
h2 + 10h – 16k , 96 – 25
17. x2 – kx + 9 = 6x
h2 + 10h – 16k , 71
x2 – kx – 6x + 9 = 0
x2 – (k + 6)x + 9 = 0
So, a = 1, b = – (k + 6) and c = 9
Since the roots are equal,
then b2 – 4ac = 0 1
[–(k + 6)] – 4(1)(9) = 0
2 1. (2 – x)(x + 1) = —x(x – 5)
4
(k + 6)2 – 36 = 0 1 5
2x + 2 – x – x = —x2 – —x
2
(k + 6)2 = 36 4 4
k + 6 = ±6 1 5
x – x + 2 = —x – —x
2 2
k = ±6 – 6 4 4
= 6 – 6 or –6 – 6
= 0 or –12

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   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 2

1 2 5 (b) Product of roots = –5

— x + x2 – —x – x – 2 = 0
4 4
5 9 (c) a = 1, b = 1, c = –5
—x – —
2
x – 2 = 0 b2 – 4ac = 12 – 4(1)(–5)
4 4
= 21 > 0
Multiply both sides by 4,
5x2 – 9x – 8 = 0 \ There are 2 different real roots.
So, a = 5, b = –9 and c = –8
b2 – 4ac
–b ± ABBBBBB 5.   4nx2 + x + 4nx + n – 2 = 0
x =
2a 4nx2 + (1 + 4n)x + n – 2 = 0
(–9)2 – 4(5)(–8)
–(–9) ± ABBBBBBBBBBB a = 4n,   b = 1 + 4n,   c = n – 2
= For two equal roots,
2(5)
241 b2 – 4ac = 0
9 ± ABBB
= (1 + 4n)2 – 4(4n)(n – 2) = 0
10
1 + 8n + 16n2 – 16n2 + 32n = 0
241
9 + ABBB 241
9 – ABBB 40n + 1 = 0
= or
10 10
n = – 1
= 2.452 or – 0.6524 40

2. 2x2 + AB
px = q – 1 6. 3x2 – 4x + p – 1 = 0
a = 3,   b = –4,   c = p – 1
2x + AB
2
px + 1 – q = 0
b2 – 4ac , 0
p and c = 1 – q
So, a = 2, b = AB (–4) – 4(3)(p – 1) , 0
2

Since the equation has two equal roots, 16 – 12p + 12 , 0

then b2 – 4ac = 0 28 – 12p , 0
p) – 4(2)(1 – q) = 0
(AB 2 28 , 12p
p – 8(1 – q) = 0 28 , p
p – 8 + 8q = 0 12
7
8q = 8 – p p .
3
8–p
q =
8 7. kx2 + 4x – 1 = 0
2 So, a = k, b = 4 and c = –1
3. Sum of roots = –5 +
3 Since the roots are not real,
–15 + 2
= then b2 – 4ac , 0
3
42 – 4k(–1) , 0
13
=– 42 + 4k , 0
3
4k , –16
2 k , –4
Product of roots = (–5) —
3 1 2
10 8. Substitute x = 5 into 3x2 – px + 6 = 0,
= – –––
3
3(5)2 – p(5) + 6 = 0
Hence, the quadratic equation is 75 – 5p + 6 = 0
13 10 5p = 81
1 3 2 1
x2 – – ––– x + – ––– = 0
3 2 p =
81
13 10 5
x + –––x – ––– = 0
2
3 3
9. 2x2 + 4x – 7 = 0
Multiply both sides by 3,
7
3x2 + 13x – 10 = 0 x2 + 2x – — = 0
2
7
a + b = –2 and ab = – —
2
4. (a) (x – 1)(x + 2) = 3
x2 + 2x – x – 2 – 3 = 0 Sum of the roots 2a and 2b = 2a + 2b
x2 + x – 5 = 0 = 2(a + b)
= 2(–2)
= – 4

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 Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 2  

Product of the roots 2a and 2b = (2a)(2b) 3. (x – 1)(x + 2) = 3(x – 1)

= 4ab x2 + 2x – x – 2 = 3x – 3
7 x2 + x – 2 – 3x + 3 = 0
=4–—
21 2 x2 – 2x + 1 = 0
= –14 (x – 1)2 = 0
x = 1
Hence, the quadratic equation is
x2 – (– 4)x + (–14) = 0
x2 + 4x – 14 = 0 x
4. x – 4 =
x+2
(x – 4)(x + 2) = x
x2 + 2x – 4x – 8 = x
x2 – 3x – 8 = 0
So, a = 1, b = –3 and c = –8
1. 2x2 + px + q = 0
p q b2 – 4ac
–b ± ABBBBBB
x2 + —x + — = 0 x =
2 2 2a
p (–3)2 – 4(1)(–8)
–(–3) ± ABBBBBBBBBBB
Sum of roots = – — =
2 2(1)
p 41
3 ± ABB
2 + (–3) = – — =
2 2
p
–1 = – — 41
3 + ABB 41
3 – ABB
2 = or
2 2
p = 2
= 4.702 or –1.702
q
Product of roots = —
2
6
q 5. —y = y2 – 1
2(–3) = — 5
2
q = –12 Multiply both sides by 5,
6y = 5y2 – 5
5y2 – 6y – 5 = 0
2. px2 + 2x = –px + q – 1
So, a = 5, b = –6 and c = –5
px2 + 2x + px + 1 – q = 0
px2 + (2 + p)x + 1 – q = 0 b2 – 4ac
–b ± ABBBBBB
2+p 1–q x =
x2 +1 2 1 2 2a
p x+ p = 0
(– 6)2 – 4(5)(–5)
–(– 6) ± ABBBBBBBBBBB
2+p =
2(5)
Sum of roots = – 1 p 2 36 + 100
6 ± ABBBBBBB
1 2 =
— + (– 4) = – —p –1 10
2
2 — 5 136
6 ± ABBB
— =
p = 2 10
4 136
6 + ABBB 136
6 – ABBB
p = — = or
5 10 10
1–q = 1.766 or – 0.5662
Product of roots =
p
1 1–q 6. x2 – 6x + 1 = x2 – 6x + (–3)2 – (–3)2 + 1
—(– 4) =
2 4 = (x – 3)2 – 8
5 Completing
Compare (x – 3)2 – 8 with (x + m)2 + n, the square
–2 = (1 – q) 1 54 2 therefore m = –3 and n = –8.
5 5
= –  q
4 4 7. x2 – 4x + 2 = 0
5 13 x – 4x + (–2) – (–2)2 + 2 = 0
2 2
 q =
4 4 (x – 2)2 – 2 = 0
13
q = Hence, a = 1, b = –2 and c = –2.
5

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   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 2

8. 3x2 – 6x – 1 = 0 h
12. 2x2 – kx + — = 0
1 2
3 x2 – 2x – — = 01 3 2 k h
x – —x + — = 0
2
1 2 4
3
3 x – 2x + (–1) – (–1) – — = 0
2 2 2
3 4 k
1 Sum of roots = —
3 (x – 1) – 1 –3 2
—
3
= 0 4 2
k
4 4 + (–5) = —
3
3 (x – 1)2 – — = 0
3 4 2
k
3(x – 1)2 – 4 = 0 –1 = —
2
Hence, a = 3, b = –1 and c = – 4. k = –2

h
Product of roots = —
9. 2x2 + 4x + 1 = 0 4
h
1 4(–5) = —
3
2 x2 + 2x + — = 0
2 4 4
h = –80
1
3
2 x2 + 2x + 12 – 12 + — = 0
2 4
13. Let a and 3a are the roots of quadratic equation
1 2x2 – 2 = 8x – 4k
3
2 (x + 1) – — = 0
2
2 4 2x2 – 8x + 4k – 2 = 0
2(x + 1) – 1 = 0 2
x2 – 4x + 2k – 1 = 0

2x2 + 4x + 1 = 8 Sum of roots = 4

2(x + 1)2 – 1 = 8 a + 3a = 4
9 4a = 4
(x + 1)2 = a = 1
2
Product of roots = 2k – 1
(x + 1) = ± 9
2 ABB a(3a) = 2k – 1
3a2 = 2k – 1
x = –1 + 9 or –1 –
2 ABB ABB
9
2
3(1)2 = 2k – 1
2k = 4
= 1.121 or –3.121 k = 2

1 14. 3x2 – 5x – 2 = 0
10. Sum of roots = — + (–5)
3
(3x + 1)(x – 2) = 0
1 1
= — – 5 x = – — or 2
3 3
14 1
= – ––– Since a . 0 and b , 0, then a = 2 and b = – —
3 3
1 3
Product of roots = — (–5)
3 1 2 1
Sum of roots = (a – 1) + b + —
4 2
5 1 3
=–—
3

3 1
= (2 – 1) + – — + —
4 2
Therefore, the quadratic equation is 1 3
=1–—+—
3 4
14 5
1
x2 – –
3 2 1
x + – — = 0
3 2 =
17
12
14 5
x + –––x – — = 0
2
3 3 3
3x2 + 14x – 5 = 0 1
Product of roots = (a – 1) b + —
4 2
1 3
11. 2x2 + 6x – 9 = 0
1
= (2 – 1) – — + —
3 4 2
9
x2 + 3x – — = 0 – 4 + 9
2 = (1)1 12 2
(a) Sum of roots = –3 5
9 =
(b) Product of roots = – — 12
2

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 Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 2  

17 5 18. 4x2 – 5x + t + 2 = 0
x+ =0
Hence, the quadratic equation is x 2 –
12 12 So, a = 4, b = –5 and c = t + 2
12x – 17x + 5 = 0
2
Since the roots are distinct,
then b2 – 4ac . 0
15. x2 + (1 – p)x + 4 = 0 (–5) – 4(4)(t + 2) . 0
2

So, a = 1, b = 1 – p and c = 4 25 – 16t – 32 . 0

–16t . 7
Since the roots are equal,
7
then b2 – 4ac = 0 t , –
16
(1 – p)2 – 4(1)(4) = 0
(1 – p)2 = 16 19. (p – 1)x2 – 8x = 4
(p – 1)x2 – 8x – 4 = 0
1 – p = ±4
So, a = p – 1, b = –8 and c = – 4
–p = ±4 – 1
–p = 4 – 1 or – 4 – 1 Since the roots are not real,
p = –3 or 5 then b2 – 4ac , 0
(–8)2 – 4(p – 1)(– 4) , 0
64 + 16p – 16 , 0
16. x2 – 2x = 9(2x – 5) – 5p
16p + 48 , 0
= 18x – 45 – 5p 16p , – 48
x2 – 2x – 18x + 45 + 5p = 0 48
x2 – 20x + 45 + 5p = 0 p , – –––
16
So, a = 1, b = –20 and c = 45 + 5p p , –3
Since the roots are equal,
20. Given y = 3x – k................................. 1
then b2 – 4ac = 0
and y = 4 – x2.................................. 2
(–20) – 4(1)(45 + 5p) = 0
2

400 – 180 – 20p = 0 Substitute 1 into 2,

220 – 20p = 0 3x – k = 4 – x2
x2 + 3x – k – 4 = 0
–20p = –220
So, a = 1, b = 3 and c = –k – 4
–220
p = Since the straight line intersects the curve at two
–20
= 11 different points,
then b2 – 4ac . 0
32 – 4(1)(–k – 4) . 0
17. 3px – 5 = (qx)2 – 1
9 + 4k + 16 . 0
3px – 5 = q2x2 – 1
4k + 25 . 0
q2x2 – 3px – 1 + 5 = 0 4k . –25
q2x2 – 3px + 4 = 0 25
k . –
So, a = q2, b = –3p and c = 4 4
Since the roots are equal, 21. Given y = 2x – 1................................. 1
then b2 – 4ac = 0 and y = x2 + p.................................. 2
(–3p)2 – 4q2(4) = 0
Substitute 1 into 2,
9p2 – 16q2 = 0
2x – 1 = x2 + p
9p2 = 16q2
x2 – 2x + 1 + p = 0
p2 16 So, a = 1, b = –2 and c = 1 + p
=
q2 9
Since the straight line is a tangent to the curve,
p 2 4 2
1 2 1 2
—q
= —
3
then b2 – 4ac = 0
(–2) – 4(1)(1 + p) = 0
2
p — 4
— = 4 – 4 – 4p = 0
q 3
– 4p = 0
p : q = 4 : 3
p = 0

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   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 2

22. x2 – px + q = 0 1
So, a = 1, b = p – q and c = – —pq
So, a = 1, b = –p and c = q 2
Since the roots are equal, 1
then b2 – 4ac = 0
1
b2 – 4ac = (p – q)2 – 4(1) – —pq
2 2
(–p)2 – 4(1)(q) = 0 = p2 – 2pq + q2 + 2pq
p2 – 4q = 0............................... 1 = p2 + q2
Given q + p2 = 1............................... 2 Since p2 . 0 and q2 . 0 for all values of p and q,
2 – 1, 5q = 1 then p2 + q2 . 0 for all values of x.
1 That is, b2 – 4ac . 0 for all values of x.
q = —
5 Hence, the quadratic equation has roots for all
1 values of p and q.
Substitute q = — into 1,
5
1 (b) Given a and b are the roots of 3x2 – 8x + 2 = 0.
1 2
p2 – 4 — = 0
5
4 3x2 – 8x + 2 = 0
p – — = 0
2
8 2
5 x2 – —x + — = 0
4 3 3
p2 = —
5 Sum of roots = a + b
p = ± —
4
5ABB =—
8
3
= 0.8944 or –0.8944 Product of roots = ab
2
=—
23. (a) 4x – 6 + 3x2 = 0 3
3x2 + 4x – 6 = 0 2 2
For the roots —
a and — ,
So, a = 3, b = 4 and c = –6 b
2 2
b2 – 4ac
–b ± ABBBBBB Sum of roots = —a +—
x = b
2a 2b + 2a
42 – 4(3)(– 6) =
– 4 ± ABBBBBBBBB ab
=
2(3) 2(b + a)
=
88
– 4 ± ABB ab
=
6 8
– 4 + ABB88 88
– 4 – ABB
1 2
2  —
3
= or =
6 6 2
—
= 0.8968 or –2.230 3
8 3
=2×—×—
(b) px2 + 2px + p = –3x 3 2
px2 + 2px + 3x + p = 0 =8
px2 + (2p + 3)x + p = 0
2 2
So, a = p, b = (2p + 3) and c = p Product of roots = — 1 21 2
a —b
Since the roots are not real, 4
then b2 – 4ac , 0 =
ab
(2p + 3)2 – 4(p)(p) , 0 4
4p2 + 12p + 9 – 4p2 , 0 =
2
12p + 9 , 0 —
3
12p , –9 3
3 =4×—
p , – — 2
4
=6
2
1 Hence, the quadratic equation with roots —
a and
24. (a) x2 + px – —pq = qx
2 2
1 — is x2 – 8x + 6 = 0.
x + px – qx – —pq = 0
2 b
2
1
x2 + (p – q)x – —pq = 0

2

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 10

 Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 2  

25. (a) Given

y + px – 1 = 0 q
y = 1 – px.................. 1 Sum of roots = – —
2
and x2 – 3x = y(y –3) q
x2 – 3x = y2 – 3y................. 2 2a + 2b = – —
2
q
Substitute 1 into 2, 2(a + b) = – —
x2 – 3x = (1 – px)2 – 3(1 – px) 2
q
x2 – 3x = 1 – 2px + p2x2 – 3 + 3px 2(6) = – —
p2x2 – x2 + 3x – 2px + 3px + 1 – 3 = 0 2
(p2 – 1)x2 + (3 + p)x – 2 = 0 q = –24
So, a = p – 1, b = 3 + p and c = –2
2
Product of roots = 14
Since the straight line touches the curve at only (2a)(2b) = 14
one point, 4ab = 14
then b2 – 4ac = 0 4p = 14
(3 + p) – 4(p – 1)(–2) = 0
2 2 14
p =
9 + p2 + 6p + 8p2 – 8 = 0 4
9p2 + 6p + 1 = 0 7
= —
(3p + 1)2 = 0 2
3p + 1 = 0 (b) Given k and 2k and the roots of the quadratic
1 equation x2 + hx + p = 0.
p = – —
3
Sum of roots = k + 2k
(b) 2x2 – 4x + 1 = 0
= –h
1
x2 – 2x + — = 0 3k = –h
2 h
k = – —..................... 1
Sum of roots = a + b 3
=2 Product of roots = k(2k)
Product of roots = ab = p
1 2k2 = p..................... 2
=—
2 Substitute 1 into 2,
Sum of new roots = (a + 2) + (b + 2) h 2
=a+b+4
2 –  1 2
3
.= p
=2+4 h2
=6 2
91 2.= p
Product of new roots = (a + 2)(b + 2) 2
. p.= —h2
= ab + 2(a + b) + 4 9
1
= — + 2(2) + 4 27. (a) a and b are roots of 2x2 = ax – b.
2
2x2 – ax + b.= 0
1 a b
= 8— x2 – —x + —.= 0
2 2 2
17 Sum of roots = a + b
=
2 a
= —........................ 1
Hence, the quadratic equation is 2
17 Product of roots.= ab
x2 – 6x + = 0
2 b
= —................... 2
2x – 12x + 17 = 0
2
2
Given
a – 2b = 0
26. (a) Given x2 – 6x + p = 0 has roots a and b. a = 2b....................... 3
Sum of roots = a + b Substitute 3 into 1,
=6 a
2b + b = —
Product of roots = ab 2
a
= p 3b = —
2
Also given 2x2 + qx + 28 = 0 has roots 2a and 2b. a
q —
b = .................................. 4
6
x2 + —x + 14 = 0
2

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   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 2

Substitute 3 into 2, 4q + 10
2b(b) = —
b Product of roots = –  1
 

p
­­ 2
2 1 4q + 10

b
b  = —.................................... 5
2
(q)1 2
p
= – 1 p
­­ 2
4 q = – 4q – 10
Substitute 4 into 5, 5q = –10
q = –2
1—a6 2 = —b4
2

Substitute q = –2 into 1,
a2 b p(–2) + p = –3
= —
36 4 –p = –3
a2 = 9b p = 3

(b) 2tx – x = tx2 + t – 4

29. (a) (h2 + 1)x2 + 2phx + p2 = 0
tx2 – 2tx + x + t – 4 = 0 So, a = (h2 + 1), b = 2ph and c = p2
tx2 + (1 – 2t)x + t – 4 = 0
So, a = t, b = 1 – 2t and c = t – 4 b2 – 4ac = (2ph)2 – 4(h2 + 1)(p2)
= 4p2h2 – 4p2h2 – 4p2
Since the roots are not real, = – 4p2
then b2 – 4ac , 0 Since – 4p2 , 0 for all real non-zero p and
(1 – 2t) – 4(t)(t – 4) , 0
2
p2 . 0, then b2 – 4ac , 0.
1 – 4t + 4t2 – 4t2 + 16t , 0 Therefore, the quadratic equation has no roots.
1 + 12t , 0
12t , –1 (b) x2 + (p + 1)2 = 3px – 2x
1 x + 2x – 3px + (p + 1)2 = 0
2
t , –
12 x2 + (2 – 3p)x + (p + 1)2 = 0
So, a = 1, b = 2 – 3p and c = (p + 1)2
28. (a) 2px2 + 1 + 2p + 4px = x Since the equation has only one root,
2px + 4px – x + 1 + 2p = 0
2
then b2 – 4ac = 0
2px2 + (4p – 1)x + 1 + 2p = 0 (2 – 3p)2 – 4(1)(p + 1)2 = 0
So, a = 2p, b = 4p – 1 and c = 1 + 2p 4 – 12p + 9p2 – 4(p2 + 2p + 1) = 0
Since the roots are distinct, 4 – 12p + 9p2 – 4p2 – 8p – 4 = 0
5p2 – 20p = 0
then b2 – 4ac . 0
5p(p – 4) = 0
(4p – 1) – 4(2p)(1 + 2p) . 0
2
p = 0 or 4
16p2 – 8p + 1 – 8p – 16p2 . 0
–16p + 1 . 0 x2 + (2 – 3p)x + (p + 1)2 = 0
When p = 4,
–16p . –1
x2 – 10x + 25 = 0
16p , 1
(x – 5)2 = 0
1
p , x = 5
16

(b) px2 + (p + 2)x = 4q + 10 30. (a) x2 + 2kx = k – 4

px + (p + 2)x – 4q – 10 = 0
2 x2 + 2kx + 4 – k = 0
So, a = 1, b = 2k and c = 4 – k
p+2 4q + 10
x2 +
p1
­­ x– 2 1
­­
p
= 0 2 Since x-axis is the tangent to the curve,
then x has only one value.
p+2
­­
Sum of roots = –  1 2 Therefore, b2 – 4ac = 0
p
(2k)2 – 4(1)(4 – k) = 0
1 p+2 4k2 – 16 + 4k = 0
q + — = –  p­­
p 1 2 4k2 + 4k – 16 = 0
k2 + k – 4 = 0
Multiply both sides by p,
(1)2 – 4(1)(– 4)
–1 ± ABBBBBBBBBB
pq + 1 = –p – 2 k =
2(1)
pq + p = –3................................... 1
1 + 16
–1 ± ABBBBB
=
2

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 Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 2  

17
–1 ± ABB 6 – 6x – 3x2 = 0
= 7 – 6x – 3x2 = 1
2
17
–1 + ABB 17
–1 – ABB –3(x + 1)2 + 10 = 1
= or –3(x + 1)2 = –9
2 2
(x + 1)2 = 3
(b) 2x2 – 4x + 1 = 0 x + 1 = ±AB3
1
x2 – 2x + — = 0 x = ±AB3–1
2
Sum of roots = 2 = AB 3 – 1 or –AB
3–1
a + b = 2 = 0.7321 or –2.732

1
Product of roots = — 3. y = x2 + px – x – p
2
1 When the x-axis is the tangent to the curve, then
ab = —
2 b2 – 4ac = 0 for x2 + px – x – p = 0.
Sum of the new roots = a2 + b2 That is, x2 + (p – 1)x – p = 0
= a2 + b2 + 2ab – 2ab b2 – 4ac = 0
= (a + b)2 – 2ab (p – 1)2 – 4(1)(–p) = 0
1
= (2)2 – 2 —
2 1 2 p2 – 2p + 1 + 4p = 0
p2 + 2p + 1 = 0
=4–1
(p + 1)2 = 0
=3
p + 1 = 0
Product of the new roots = a2b2 p = –1
= (ab)2
1 2 4. x2 + ax + b = 0
= —
21 2 Sum of roots = – a
1 q + 3q = – a
=—
4 4q = – a
a
Hence, the quadratic equation is q = – —............................ 1
1 4
x2 – 3x + — = 0 Product of roots = b
4
4x2 – 12x + 1 = 0 q(3q) = b
3q2 = b............................. 2
Substitute 1 into 2,
a 2
31– —2 = b
1. 2x2 + 4x + 5 = 2(x2 + 2x) + 5 4
= 2(x2 + 2x + 12 – 12) + 5 3a2
= 2[(x + 1)2 – 1] + 5 ––– = b
16
= 2(x + 1)2 – 2 + 5 3a2 = 16b
= 2(x + 1)2 + 3
2x2 + 4x + 5 = 21 5. x2 – ax = –2a
2(x + 1)2 + 3 = 21 x2 – ax + 2a = 0
2(x + 1)2 = 18 Sum of roots = a
(x + 1)2 = 9 p + q = a.................................. 1
x + 1 = ±3
x = ±3 – 1 Product of roots = 2a
= 3 – 1 or –3 – 1 pq = 2a.......................... 2
= 2 or – 4 Substitute 1 into 2,
pq = 2(p + q)
2. 7 – 6x – 3x2 = –3(x2 + 2x) + 7 pq = 2p + 2q
= –3(x2 + 2x + 12 – 12) + 7
= –3[(x + 1)2 – 1] + 7
= –3(x + 1)2 + 3 + 7
= –3(x + 1)2 + 10

13 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 2

6. 3x2 + p + 3x + px = 0 9. p2x2 + 2pqx + x2 + q2 = 0

3x2 + (3 + p)x + p = 0 (p2 + 1)x2 + 2pqx + q2 = 0
b2 – 4ac = (3 + p)2 – 4(3)(p) b2 – 4ac = (2pq)2 – 4(p2 + 1)(q2)
= (3 + p)2 – 12p = 4p2q2 – 4p2q2 – 4q2
= 9 + 6p + p2 – 12p = – 4q2
= p2 – 6p + 9 Since q is real non-zero number, then q2 . 0 for all
= (p – 3)2 values of q.
Since (p – 3)2 > 0 for all values of p, Therefore, b2 – 4ac , 0 for all values of q.
then b2 – 4ac > 0 for all values of p. Hence, there is no real roots for all values of p and q.
Therefore, equation 3x2 + p + 3x + px = 0 has roots
for all values of p. 10. (a) Sum of roots = p – 4
Product of roots = –4p
7. Substitute x = 0, y = 0 into y = ax2 + bx + c, (x) = x2 – (p – 4)x + (–4p)
f 
\ c = 0 = x2 – (p – 4)x – 4p
y = ax2 + bx
Substitute x = 4, y = 8 into y = ax2 + bx, (b) y = kf(x)
8 = a(4)2 + b(4) = k[x2 – (p – 4)x – 4p]
16a + 4b = 8 Substitute x = 0 and y = 16 into the equation,
4a + b = 2........................................ 1 16 = k(– 4p)
Given a + b + 4 = 0 kp = – 4
a + b = – 4......................... 2 When p = 2,
1 – 2, 3a = 6
k(2) = – 4
a = 2 k = –2

Substitute a = 2 into 2,
11. y = x2 – 4x + c
2 + b = –4
Since minimum point is above the x-axis,
b = –6
then b2 – 4ac , 0
Therefore, a = 2, b = –6 and c = 0.
(–  4)2 – 4(1)(c) , 0
When y = 0, 2x2 – 6x = 0 16 – 4c , 0
2x(x – 3) = 0 – 4c , –16
x = 0 or 3 c . 4

8. The quadratic equation is

x2 – (–2 + p)x + (–2)(p) = 0
x2 – (p – 2)x – 2p = 0
Given product of roots = sum of roots
–2p = –2 + p
3p = 2
2
p = —
3

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 14