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Abstract
Drug abuse, also called substance abuse or chemical abuse, is a disorder that is characterized by a destructive
pattern of using a substance that leads to significant problems or distress. Teens are increasingly engaging in
prescription drug abuse, particularly narcotics (which are prescribed to relieve severe pain), and stimulant
medications, which treat conditions like attention deficit disorder and narcolepsy.
Any substance, other than food, used in the prevention, diagnosis, all aviation or treatment of a disease is called a
drug. Drug is also known as a medicine. Generally, the term drugs applied to any stimulating or depressing
substance that can be habituating or addictive. A drug, broadly speaking, can be categorized in many ways; hard
or soft, uppers or downers, addictive or non-addictive, most harmful or least harmful, legal or illegal.
Classification of Drugs
There are a large number of drugs on which people become dependent. These are classifies into four major
groups: sedatives and tranquillizers, opiate narcotics, stimulations and hallucinogens.
2. Cannabinoids:
Natural cannabinoids are obtained from the inflorescences of the plant Cannabis sativa. The flower tops, leaves
and the resin of the plant are used in various combinations to produce marijuana, hashish, charas and ganja.
Generally taken by inhalation and oral ingestion, these are known for their effects on cardiovascular system of the
body.
3. Cocaine:
It is obtained from coca plant Erythroxylum coca, native to South America. It interferes with the transport of the
neuro-transmitter dopamine. Cocaine, commonly called coke or crack is usually snorted. It has the potent
stimulating action on central nervous system, producing sense of euphoria and increased energy. Excessive
dosage of cocaine causes hallucinations.
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1. Curiosity: Frequent references to drugs by public media create curiosity for having a personal experience of the
drugs.
2. Friend’s pressure: Frequent appreciation of drug experience by friends allures others to start the use of drugs.
3. Frustration and Depression: Some people start taking drugs to get relief from frustration and depression.
4. Desire for More Work: Students sometimes take drugs to keep awake the whole night to prepare for
examination. It is not desirable as it may cause mental breakdown.
5. Looking for a Different World: A wrong notion that the drugs open up a new world tempts some young pupils to
start taking-drugs.
6. Relief from Pain: A prolonged use of pain-relieving drugs with physician’s advice at times leads to addiction.
7. Family History: Children may take to drugs by seeing their elders in the family.
8. Excitement and Adventure: The young take to drugs to satisfy their instinct for excitement and adventure.
Short-Term Effects
• Loss of appetite
• Dilated pupils
• Nausea
• Hyperstimulation
• Tactile hallucination that creates the illusion of bugs burrowing under the skin
• Intense euphoria
• Depression
• Convulsions, seizures and sudden death from high doses (even one time)
Long-Term Effects
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• Permanent damage to blood vessels of ear and brain, high blood pressure, leading to heart attacks, strokes and
death
• Respiratory failure
• Sexual problems, reproductive damage and infertility (for both men and women)
• Delirium or psychosis
• Severe depression
Tobacco
Sources:
It is a native of South Africa, where the Red Indian first started smoking. Now the tobacco plant has spread the
world over. It has large, quote to Lancelot leaves and terminal clusters of tubular, white or pink flowers.
Modes of Use:
Tobacco is used for smoking, chewing and snuffing. Its main stimulating component is poisonous volatile alkaid
nicotine, which causes addiction. Nicotine synthesis occurs in the roots of the plant but it is stored in the leaves.
The leaves contain 2 to 8% nicotine. Inhaling tobacco smoke from cigars, cigarettes, biddies, pipes and hubble-
bubble is called smoking. Cigar is a roll of tobacco leaf. Cigarette is cut tobacco wrapped in paper. Bidi is
tobacco wrapped. In a piece of leaf. Tobacco smoke is drawn directly from pipe and through water is hubble-
bubble. Smoking may give some temporary relief to the strained nerves but in the long run it proves a dangerous
health hazard. The quantity of nicotine contained in one cigar may prove fatal if injected intravenously into a
person. When smoked only 10% of the smoke is inhaled. Hence, no immediate ill effect is observed. Smokers
may develop a physiological craving for nicotine and then they cannot give up smoking.
Effect of Nicotine:
Nicotine is a low concentration.
(iv) Increased blood pressure due to smoking chances the risk of heart diseases.
(vi) Causes tobacco addiction. High concentration of nicotine paralyses nerve cells.
Other Effects:
(i) Smoking affects economy:
A smoker not only waste money, but also runs risk of burns and fires.
Alcohol
An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol, commonly known as alcohol, although in chemistry the
definition of alcohol includes many other compounds. Ethanol is a centrally-acting drug with a depressant effect.
Beer is an alcoholic beverage and thus has the same harmful effects as other kinds of alcohol, depending on the
quantity consumed.
• Social factors are peer pressure, modeling, easy availability of alcohol in the market, party culture, family
environment (Parent/s drinking alcohol), lack of family support, to keep up social norms and to show their
masculinity.
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• Biological factors are genetic vulnerability like family history of alcoholism in parents or near relatives and to get
sleep.
Once alcohol enters the bloodstream it circulates throughout the body. Alcohol is metabolized in the liver and is
changed to carbon dioxide, water and some calories of energy which gets converted into fat. A small amount of
alcohol goes out of the body through breath, urine and sweat. Regular, excessive use of alcohol causes acute and
chronic problems related to health, occupation, family and social relationships.
Health Problems:
Alcohol can damage every system of our body.
Gastro intestinal system (stomach and intestines): Increased acid secretion leading to acidity, ulcers, gastritis, and
cancer
Liver : Hepatitis, jaundice and vomiting of blood due to cirrhosis of liver, liver cancer, acute liver failure.
Pancreas : Pancreatic damage due to inflammation of pancreas and acute pancreatitis leading to sudden death.
Central nervous system: (brain and spinal cord): Permanent damage of brain resulting in memory disturbances,
other nervous problems, fits and mental illnesses.
Cardio vascular system: High blood pressure, increased tendency to heart attacks, enlargement of the heart.
Hangovers: Excessive drinking can lead to hangovers, thus causing problems like headache, nausea, vomit and
body aches.
Weight gain: alcohol consumption in larger quantities can lead to weight gain, because alcoholic beverages are
usually high in calories.
Weak immune system: alcohol consumption makes your immune system weak, thus making your body more
susceptible to infections.
Cancer: alcohol when consumed in excessive quantities puts you at a higher risk of developing cancer
Fetal alcohol syndrome: Drinking alcohol in pregnancy may cause the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (physical
abnormalities, growth retardation and developmental delay).
Sources:
Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, flammable, colorless liquid having a penetrating odor and burning taste. It is one of the
products of the distillation of fermented grains, fruit juices and starches with the help of yeast enzymes. It is the
principal constituent and the in toxicating principle of wines.
Modes of Use:
Alcohol is taken in low concentration, as the beer, toddy and wine and in relatively high concentration as arrack,
brandy, whisky, rum, gin, vodka etc.
CONCLUSIONS
Reference
1. Comprehensive Laboratory Manual In Biology-XII 2. Biology Text For Class XII – NCERT
2. http://www.wikipedia.org/
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