Fuel Oil For Industrial Engines PDF

BS 2869:2006
Incorporating
Corrigendum No. 1
BRITISH STANDARD
Fuel oils for agricultural,

domestic and industrial
engines and boilers –
Specification
Licensed copy:PONTYPRIDD COLLEGE, 04/06/2007, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
ICS 75.160.20
NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW

BS 2869:2006
Publishing and copyright information

The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the
document was last issued.
© BSI 2006
ISBN 0 580 47928 5
The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard:

Committee reference PTI/2
Draft for comment 05/30130710
Publication history
First published, as BS 2869, August 1957
Second edition, December 1967
Third edition, September 1970
Fourth edition, July 1983
Fifth edition, as Part 2, March 1988
Sixth edition, as BS 2869, December 1998
Seventh edition, March 2006
Amendments issued since publication

Amd. no. Date Text affected
16678 September 2006 Change to Table 1, Carbon residue,
Corrigendum No. 1 Class A2 and Table 1, Sediment from
mg/kg to mg/l.
BS 2869:2006
Contents
Foreword iii
1 Scope 1
2 Normative references 1
3 Sampling 3
4 Composition 4
5 Characteristics 4
6 Interpretation of test results 5
7 Marking and labelling 7
Annexes
Annex A (informative) Fuel types 9
Annex B (informative) Storage and handling 10
Annex C (informative) Notes on properties 11
Bibliography 14
List of figures
Figure 1 – Symbol for class C1 burner fuel 8
Figure C.1 – Viscosity-temperature chart 13
List of tables
Table 1 – Characteristics of middle distillate fuels 5
Table 2 – Characteristics of kerosine-type burner fuels 6
Table 3 – Properties of residue-containing burner fuels 6
Table B.1 – Minimum storage and handling temperatures for residue-
containing fuels 10
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover,
pages i to iv, pages 1 to 15 and a back cover.
• i
BS 2869:2006
ii • © BSI 2006
This page deliberately left blank
BS 2869:2006
Foreword
Publishing information
This British Standard was published by BSI and came into effect on
31 March 2006. It was prepared by Technical Committee PTI/2, Liquid
fuels.
Supersession
It supersedes BS 2869:1998, which is withdrawn.
Information about this document

BS 2869 was first published as a combination of earlier standards in
1957, and subsequent revisions took place in 1967, 1970 and 1983. In
1988, in expectation of a European Standard for automotive diesel fuel,
prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN),
BS 2869 was split into the following parts:
• Part 1: Specification for automotive diesel fuel (class A1);
• Part 2: Specification for fuel oil for agricultural and

industrial engines and burners (classes A2, C1, C2, D, E, F, G
and H).
BS 2869-1:1988 was withdrawn and superseded by BS EN 590 in 1993.
There are some applications for which, for technical or other reasons,
limits different to those in this standard or additional requirements
might be necessary. This standard does not cover special applications,
which should be the subject of agreements between the supplier and
purchaser of fuel oils.
Council Directive 1999/32/EC [1] limits the sulfur content of gas oil
(other than some gas oil marketed as diesel fuel) to 0.2% (m/m), and of
residual fuel oils, to 1% (m/m), determined in accordance with
BS 2000-336 (BS EN ISO 8754:1995). This Directive further reduces
the sulfur content of gas oil to 0.1% (m/m) from 1 January 2008.
The principal differences between BS 2869:1998 and this edition are:
a) the maximum sulfur content of the residual fuels grades has been
reduced to 1%;
b) an alternative method for the determination of a derived cetane
number is introduced;
c) the test method for water content of classes A2 and D has
changed;
d) the test method for the determination of distillation characteristics
has been revised for both the middle distillate and the kerosine
grades;
e) the test method for the sulfur content of class C1 kerosine is
changed;
f) the test method for the water content of classes E, F, G and H is
confirmed;
g) changes are introduced to the method for determination of
sediment for classes A2 and D, and a new specification level
introduced;
© BSI 2006 • iii

BS 2869:2006
h) in response to concerns of users, minimum values for kinematic

viscosity are explicitly specified for the residual fuel grades;
i) a lubricity requirement is introduced for low sulfur (500 mg/kg
maximum) automotive gas oils;
j) the inclusion of up to 5% (V/V) of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME)
conforming to the appropriate British Standard is permitted.
Presentational conventions
The provisions of this standard are presented in roman (i.e. upright)
type. Its requirements are expressed in sentences in which the principle
auxiliary verb is “shall”.
Commentary, explanation and general informative material are
presented in smaller italic type, and do not constitute normative
elements.
Contractual and legal considerations

This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions
of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.

Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity
from legal obligations.
iv • © BSI 2006
BS 2869:2006
1 Scope
NOTE Annex A, Annex B and This British Standard specifies requirements for eight classes of
Annex C provide information on petroleum fuels for engines and boilers used in agricultural, domestic
fuel types and applications, storage and industrial applications.
and handling, and properties of
fuels respectively. Additional This British Standard does not preclude lawful use of one class of fuel
information on storage and in an application designed for use with a fuel of another class. However
handling is given in BS 6380. it is strongly recommended that only class C1 burner fuel is used in
flueless domestic appliances, and it is advised that tests or consultation
with the equipment manufacturer is carried out if fuel is to be used for
a purpose other than that for which it is classified in this British
Standard.
2 Normative references
NOTE Copies of the BS 2000 series The following referenced documents are indispensable for the
of standards and IP standard application of this document. For dated references only the edition cited
methods of analysis and testing are applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
available from the Energy Institute, document (including any amendments) applies.
61 New Cavendish Street, London,

W1G 7AR. BS 2000-4 (BS EN ISO 6245), Methods of test for petroleum and its
products – Part 4: Petroleum products – Determination of ash
BS 2000-10, Methods of test for petroleum and its products –
Part 10: Determination of kerosine burning characteristics –
24 hour method
BS 2000-34 (BS EN ISO 2719), Determination of flash point –
Pensky-Martens closed cup method
BS 2000-41:1999 (BS EN ISO 5165:1998), Methods of test for
petroleum and its products – Part 41: Petroleum products –
Determination of the ignition quality of diesel fuels – Cetane engine
method
BS 2000-57, Methods of test for petroleum its products – Part 57:
Petroleum products – Determination of the smoke point of kerosine
BS 2000-71, Section 1 (BS EN ISO 3104), Methods of test for
petroleum and its products – Section 1: Petroleum products –
Transparent and opaque liquids – Determination of kinematic
viscosity and calculation of dynamic viscosity
BS 2000-74 (BS ISO 3733), Methods of test for petroleum and its
products – Part 74: Petroleum products and bituminous
materials – Determination of water – Distillation method
BS 2000-123 (BS EN ISO 3405), Methods of test for petroleum and its
products – Part 123: Petroleum products – Determination of
distillation characteristics at atmospheric pressure
BS 2000-139 (BS ISO 6618), Methods of test for petroleum and its
products – Part 139: Petroleum products and lubricants –
Neutralization number – Colour-indicator titration method
BS 2000-154 (BS EN ISO 2160), Petroleum products – Corrosiveness
to copper – Copper strip test
© BSI 2006 • 1
BS 2869:2006
products – Part 160: Crude petroleum and liquid, petroleum
products – Laboratory determination of density – Hydrometer
method
BS 2000-170 (BS EN ISO 13736), Methods of test for petroleum and
its products – Part 170: Petroleum products and other liquids –
Determination of flash point – Abel closed cup method
BS 2000-309 (BS EN 116), Methods of test for petroleum and its
products – Part 309: Diesel and domestic heating fuels –
Determination of cold filter plugging point
products – Part 336: Petroleum products – Determination of sulfur
content – Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence method
its products – Part 365: Crude petroleum and petroleum
products – Determination of density – Oscillating U-tube method
products – Part 367: Petroleum products – Determination and

application of precision data in relation to methods of test
BS 2000-375 (BS ISO 10307-1), Methods of test for petroleum and its
products – Part 375: Petroleum products – Total sediment in
residual fuel oils – Determination by hot filtration
its products – Part 398: Petroleum products – Determination of
carbon residue – Micro method
water – Coulometric Karl Fischer titration method
Part 450: Diesel fuel – Assessment of lubricity using the high-
frequency reciprocating ring (HFRR) – Test method
products – Part 475: Petroleum liquids – Manual sampling
products – Part 476: Petroleum liquids – Automatic pipeline
sampling
sulfur content of automotive fuels – Ultraviolet fluorescence method
BS 2000-509 (BS EN 14275), Methods of test for petroleum and its
products – Part 509: Automotive fuels – Assessment of petrol and
diesel fuel quality – Sampling from retail site pumps and
commercial site fuel dispensers
BS EN 14078, Liquid petroleum products – Determination of fatty
acid methyl esters (FAME) in middle distillates – Infrared
spectroscopy method
BS EN 14213, Heating fuels – Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) –
Requirements and test methods
2 • © BSI 2006
BS 2869:2006
BS EN 14214, Automotive fuels – Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME)

for diesel engines – Requirements and test methods
IP 415, Petroleum products – Determination of particulate content
of middle distillate fuels – Laboratory filtration method
IP 498:2006, Determination of ignition delay and derived cetane
number (DCN) of middle distillate fuels by combustion in a
constant volume chamber
3 Sampling
3.1 General
CAUTION In view of the sensitivity of some of the test methods
referred to in this British Standard it is essential that attention is paid to
the guidance on sampling containers included in the test method
standard referred to.
Sampling from storage tanks

3.2
All sampling from storage tanks shall be carried out in accordance with
the relevant procedures of BS 2000-475.
3.3 Sampling from pipelines

All sampling from pipelines shall be carried out in accordance with the
relevant procedures of either BS 2000-475 or BS 2000-476.
3.4 Sampling middle distillate fuels from retail site

pumps and commercial site fuel dispensers
All sampling of middle distillate fuels from retail site pumps and
commercial site fuel dispensers shall be carried out in accordance with
the relevant procedures of BS 2000-509.
NOTE Attention is drawn to The Dangerous Substances and Preparations
(Safety) (Consolidation) (Amendment) Regulations 2002 [2], The
Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Dangerous Substances
(Amendment) Regulations 1990 [3], and the European Agreement
Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road
(ADR) 2003 [4], with reference to sampling cans.
3.5 Storage, labelling and transport

Samples shall be kept in a cool place although it is not necessary to keep
them refrigerated.
NOTE 1 If left in direct sunlight there is a danger that the cans will
become pressurized through expansion of their contents.
© BSI 2006 • 3
BS 2869:2006
Full and legible information relating to the source of the sample shall be
attached to the can in such a manner that it cannot easily become
detached subsequently.
NOTE 2 If required, the sample may be sealed and labelled to maintain
the legal integrity. Attention is also drawn to the European Agreement
Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road
(ADR) 2003 [4], The Carriage of Dangerous Goods (Classification,
Packaging and Use of Transportable Pressure Receptacles) Regulations
2004 [5], and The Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road Regulations
1996 [6], with reference to the labelling and transport of samples.
4 Composition
Fuels shall be essentially hydrocarbon oils derived from petroleum
except in the case of middle distillate fuels, where up to a maximum of
5% (V/V) of FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) conforming to
BS EN 14213 (FAME as heating fuel) for heating applications or
BS EN 14214 (FAME for diesel engines) in diesel engines can be
included. Fuels shall not contain components or adventitious matter
likely to interfere with normal operation of equipment for which the

correct class of product is intended.
NOTE 1 Small amounts of additives intended to improve some aspects of
performance and/or to ameliorate emissions or deposits may be included.
NOTE 2 HM Revenue and Customs prescribe dyes and/or markers to
fuels used for certain purposes and stipulate requirements in respect of
other points. These requirements are not given in this British Standard but
do not conflict with it.
NOTE 3 Fuels may be dyed for brand identification, although attention
is drawn to The Dangerous Substances and Preparations (Safety)
(Consolidation) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 [7], implementing the
Lamp Oil Directive 97/64/EC [8], which prohibits the use of dyes in fuels
which can be used in decorative lamps.
NOTE 4 This British Standard applies to fuels derived from petroleum.
Incorporation of significant quantities of components from other sources
(other than FAME as described above) might affect test results obtained by
the methods in this standard, and equations relating to fuel quality
inter-relationships, such as those in Annex C, are unlikely to be valid.
NOTE 5 A suitable method for the separation and identification of FAME
is given in BS EN 14331.
5 Characteristics
5.1 Middle distillate fuels
Middle distillate fuels shall conform to Table 1.
5.2 Kerosine fuels

Kerosine fuels shall conform to Table 2.
5.3 Residual fuels

Residual fuels shall conform to Table 3.
4 • © BSI 2006
BS 2869:2006
6 Interpretation of test results

In cases of dispute concerning the results of tests given in Table 1,
Table 2 and Table 3, the interpretation procedure described in
BS 2000-367 shall be applied.
Table 1 Characteristics of middle distillate fuels

Property Class A2 Class D Test method
Kinematic viscosity at 40 °C (mm2/s):
summer (16 March to 30 September)
min. 2 1.5 BS 2000-71 Section 1
max. 5.5 5.5 BS 2000-71 Section 1
winter (1 October to 15 March)
min. 1.5 1.5 BS 2000-71 Section 1
max. 5.5 5.5 BS 2000-71 Section 1
Density at 15 °C (kg/m3) (min.) 820 — BS 2000-160 or
BS 2000-365
Minimum cetane number or 45 — BS 2000-41 or
Derived cetane numberA) 45 — IP 498:2006
Carbon residueB) (micro) [10% (V/V) distillation bottoms] 0.30 0.30 BS 2000-398
[% (m/m)] (max.)
Distillation:
recovery at 250 °C [% (V/V)] (max.) 65 65 BS 2000-123
recovery at 350 °C [% (V/V)] (min.) 85 85 BS 2000-123
Flash point (Pensky-Martens closed cup) (°C) (min.) 56 56 BS 2000-34
Water content (mg/kg) (max.) 200 200 BS 2000-438
Sediment (mg/l) (max.) 24 24 IP 415
Ash [% (m/m)] (max.) 0.01 0.01 BS 2000-4
Sulfur content [% (m/m)] (max.) 0.20D) 0.20D) BS 2000-336
Copper corrosion (3 h at 100 °C) (class) 1 1 BS 2000-154
Cold filter plugging point (°C) (max.):
summer (16 March to 30 September) –4 –4 BS 2000-309
winter (1 October to 15 March) –12 –12 BS 2000-309
Strong acid number zero zero BS 2000-139
Lubricity, corrected mean wear scar diameter (WS 1.4) at 60 °C 460 — BS 2000-450
(m) (max.)C)
Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content % (V/V) (max.) 5 5 BS EN 14078
A) As an alternative to cetane number, for quality control purposes, the cetane index (calculated in accordance with
BS 2000-380) may be used for fuels that do not contain additives to improve ignition quality.
B) The limiting value for carbon residue is based on product prior to the addition of ignition improver, if used. If a value
exceeding the limit is obtained on a finished fuel, alkyl nitrate presence should be calculated in accordance with
BS 2000-430. If an ignition improver is present, the limit value for carbon residue of the product shall not be applied.
Use of additives does not exempt fuels from conforming to the maximum 0.30% (m/m) carbon residue prior to
addition.
C) This requirement is for low sulfur gas oil (500 mg/kg sulfur maximum) only.
D) This is the sulfur content maximum given in Directive 1999/32/EC at the time of publication. It will be 0.1% (m/m)
from 1 January 2008 (Directive 1999/32/EC) [1].
© BSI 2006 • 5
BS 2869:2006
Table 2 Characteristics of kerosine-type burner fuels
Property Class C1 Class C2 Test method
Appearance Clear, bright, free from solid matter visual check

and undissolved water.
Kinematic viscosity at 40 °C (mm2/s):

min. — 1.00 BS 2000-71 Section 1
max. — 2.00 BS 2000-71 Section 1
Distillation:
recovery at 200 °C [% (V/V)]
min. 15.0 15.0 BS 2000-123
max. 60.0 — BS 2000-123
Final boiling point (°C) (max.) 280 300 BS 2000-123
Flash point (°C) (min.) 43.0 38.0 BS 2000-170
Sulfur content [% (m/m)] (max.) 0.04 — BS 2000-490

— 0.20 BS 2000-336
Copper corrosion (3 h at 100 °C) (class) 1 1 BS 2000-154
Smoke point (mm) (min.) 34 19 BS 2000-57
Char value (mg/kg) (max.) 10 20 BS 2000-10
Table 3 Properties of residue-containing burner fuels
Property Class E Class F Class G Class H Test method
Kinematic viscosity at 100 °C BS 2000-71

(mm2/s) (max.) 8.20 20.00 40.00 56.00 Section 1
(mm2/s) (min.) — 8.201 20.01 40.01
Flash point (Pensky-Martens closed cup) (°C) (min.) 66.0 66.0 66.0 66.0 BS 2000-34
Sulfur content [% (m/m)] (max.) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 BS 2000-336
Water content [% (V/V)] (max.) 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.0 BS 2000-74
Ash content [% (m/m)] (max.) 0.10 0.10 0.15 0.15 BS 2000-4
Carbon residue (micro) [% (m/m)] (max.) 15.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 BS 2000-398
Total sediment (existent) [% (m/m)] (max.) 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.15 BS 2000-375
Strong acid number zero zero zero zero BS 2000-139
6 • © BSI 2006
BS 2869:2006
7 Marking and labelling

7.1 Class C1 burner fuel
7.1.1 Symbol
The symbol for class C1 burner fuel shall be of the general form and
proportions shown in Figure 1. For bulk containers and dispensing
pumps, the symbol shall be not less than 100 mm in breadth and
120 mm in height. No additional symbols or lettering shall be included
within the outer rectangle or closely associated with the perimeter.
There shall be a space of not less than 10 mm between the perimeter of
the symbol and any brand name or trade mark. The colour used for the
design and lettering shall clearly contrast with the background colour.
7.1.2 Marking of pumps, tanks and bulk containers

The following information shall be marked on each dispensing pump or
bulk container (above 25 l capacity) used for delivering class C1 burner
fuel to the customer:

a) the vendor’s name or mark;
b) the symbol for class C1 burner fuel (see Figure 1).
The wording “BS 2869, class C1” or “BS 2869, C1” shall only be placed
on pumps or containers if it is part of or accompanied by the class C1
burner fuel symbol (see 7.1.1).
7.1.3 Associated documents and small containers

NOTE The wording “BS 2869, If the class C1 burner fuel symbol is placed on small containers, or
class C1” or “BS 2869, C1” may be appears in documents relating to the sale and delivery of class C1
used in documents relating to the burner fuel, or is used in advertising material, it shall be recognizable,
sale and delivery of class C1 with the general form and proportions shown in Figure 1, and shall have
burner fuel without the class C1
legible lettering.
burner fuel symbol.
Additional lettering or symbols shall not be included within the outside
rectangle of the symbol or closely associated with its perimeter. A space
of not less than 5 mm or one-tenth of the breadth of the symbol,
whichever is the greater, shall be left between the perimeter of the
symbol and any brand name or trade mark.
7.2 Class C2 burner fuel

NOTE Class C2 fuels should be Products conforming to class C2 of this standard shall not be described
described as “kerosine” with as “paraffin” or “paraffin oil” with reference to this standard.
reference to this standard.
© BSI 2006 • 7
BS 2869:2006
Figure 1 Symbol for class C1 burner fuel
PARAFFIN
BS 2869C1
8 • © BSI 2006
BS 2869:2006
Annex A (informative) Fuel types

A.1 General
The fuel used in an appliance should be as recommended by the
appliance manufacturer.
However, it is recognized that many types of oil-consuming appliances
that normally use a particular class of fuel can, in certain circumstances,
operate with fuel conforming to another class. If a fuel is to be used in
appliances other than those for which it is classified, the user should be
satisfied by tests or consultation with the equipment manufacturer that
this can be done.
A.2 Engine fuels

NOTE Similar fuels, specifically Class A2 fuel is suitable for diesel engine usage in agricultural and
designed for engine usage, are off-highway applications in engines that can perform on a fuel of the
specified in BS ISO 8217:2005, and specified ignition quality.
reference to BS ISO 8217:2005
should enable the user to obtain the Class A2 fuel is a distillate fuel, and is so specified to prevent inclusion
required information. of residue components from petroleum processing.

Class E, F and G fuels are also used in engines, but are not guaranteed
suitable for this purpose. Users should obtain further information from
the fuel supplier, and, in consultation with the engine manufacturer,
ensure suitability of the fuel for the equipment.
A.3 Burner fuels

NOTE Annex C gives further Class C1 and C2 fuels are kerosine-type fuels. Class C1 is designed for
information on viscosity/ use in flueless appliances, and class C2 is designed for vaporizing or
temperature relationships. atomizing burners in appliances connected to flues.
Class D fuel is a distillate fuel similar to class A2, without the
requirements for ignition quality, and is so specified to prevent
inclusion of residue components from petroleum processing. It has low
temperature operability limits intended to ensure that it can be stored
at normal ambient temperatures encountered in the UK. Class D fuels
are burner fuels designed for use in atomizing burners of the type used
in domestic, commercial and industrial applications.
Residue-containing fuels of classes E, F, G and H can be used in either
atomizing burners serving boilers, or in certain types of larger diesel
engines. They normally require heating before use, and might require
other forms of pre-treatment. Fuels of these types are frequently
classified in terms of their viscosity, which can be expressed at a
different temperature to the viscosity temperature used in this standard
(100 °C). The maximum viscosity of a fuel oil grade is deemed to be the
effective minimum of the next most viscous grade.
© BSI 2006 • 9
BS 2869:2006
Annex B (informative) Storage and handling

B.1 Fuels of classes A2 and D
NOTE Precautions should also be Guidance on the cold weather performance of class A2 and D fuels is
taken with storage installations given in BS 6380. Long exposure of these fuels to temperatures below
and vehicles using class A2 fuel. their specified limits might cause restriction to flow. Problems can be
The British Technical Council of the experienced if summer grade material with a higher cold filter plugging
Motor and Petroleum Industries
point is present in significant amounts in fuel used during the winter
publication, Diesel Fuel Systems
Low Temperature Operations [9], period. If continuity of operation is essential or if fuels are used in
provides recommendations for fuel locations prone to severe cold spells, appropriate precautions should be
storage systems, design and service taken.
of low pressure fuel systems of
For installations that use class D fuels, storage tanks and associated
vehicles and recommendations for
low temperature operation of pipework and fittings should be lagged and heated. In some applications
diesel vehicles, including remedial (e.g. standby use) heating equipment should be installed, in accordance
measures in cases of fuel with BS 5410-1 to -3, to provide a minimum storage and handling
starvation by wax formation. temperature between 0 °C and 5 °C. A minimum temperature for
atomization should be maintained at the burner to obtain optimum
performance of the equipment, for example by appropriate length,
design and lagging of pipework feeding the burner, or with further

preheating.
B.2 Fuels of classes E, F, G and H

NOTE Minimum storage and Fuels of classes E, F, G and H should be stored and handled with plant
handling temperatures for equipped with heating facilities.
residue-containing fuels are given
in Table B.1. Users should be satisfied that their storage and handling plant is
equipped to maintain fuel at, or just above, the appropriate
temperatures given in Table B.1. Heating facilities should be designed
in accordance with BS 799-4 and -5 and BS 5410-2 and -3.
Table B.1 Minimum storage and handling temperatures for residue-

containing fuels
Class of fuel Minimum storage Minimum outflow and
temperature handling temperature
°C °C
E 10 10
F 25 30
G 40 50
H 45 55
10 • © BSI 2006
BS 2869:2006
Annex C (informative) Notes on properties

C.1 Viscosity-temperature relationships
NOTE In the regions indicated by The four lines on the chart in Figure C.1 give average viscosity-
broken lines on the chart, the temperature relationships for samples of fuel with the maximum
viscosity-temperature relationship viscosity specified in this standard for each of classes E, F, G and H. The
cannot be accurately defined for all approximate fixed viscosity-temperature relationship for any fuel in
fuels. Guidance on viscosities at
these classes can be determined if the viscosity at one temperature is
low temperatures should be sought
from the fuel supplier. known, by drawing a line through the known viscosity-temperature
point parallel to the line for the class of fuel. From this line the
approximate temperature for any viscosity can be estimated.
C.2 Ignition quality

The ignition quality of distillate fuels is specified in terms of cetane
number using a test engine or derived using combustion in a constant
volume chamber. For distillate fuels the cetane index calculated in
accordance with BS 2000-380 is approximately equal to the determined
cetane number for fuels that do not contain ignition-improving
additives. The index may be used as an alternative to cetane number for

quality control purposes.
The ignition quality of residue-containing fuels can only be estimated
from physical characteristics. Examples of equations for such
estimations are given in BS MA 100.
C.3 Density
Density of fuel should be ascertained for converting bulk volume to
mass, and for calculating ignition quality or specific energy. Density
may be quoted by the fuel supplier, or can be determined in accordance
with BS 2000-160 or BS 2000-365.
C.4 Low temperature operability

NOTE For fuels containing Low temperature operability limits of distillate fuels, such as automotive
wax-modifying additives, there is diesel fuel as specified in BS EN 590 and classes A2 and D of this
no fixed relationship between the standard, should be assessed by the cold filter plugging point method.
cloud point, pour point and cold
filter plugging point. Under normal
conditions, the difference between
the cloud point and cold filter
plugging point rarely exceeds
13 °C.
C.5 Specific energy

Specific energy (calorific value, heat of combustion) is not controlled in
fuel manufacture except incidentally by specification of other
properties. Gross specific energy at constant volume (Qgv) can be
determined by the method specified in BS 2000-12, which includes a
method for ascertaining net specific energy at constant pressure (Qnp).
© BSI 2006 • 11
BS 2869:2006
Specific energy can be calculated, with a degree of accuracy acceptable

for normal purposes, from the fuel density, with corrections for any
sulfur, water and incombustibles (ash) that might be present, as follows:
Qgv = [52.190 − (8.802ρ 2 × 10−6)][1 − 0.01(x + y + s)]

+ [9.420(0.01s)]
Qnp = [46.704 − (8.802ρ 2 × 10−6) + (3.167ρ × 10−3)]
[1 − 0.01(x + y + s)] +[0.01(9.420s − 2.449x)]
where:
ρ is the density at 15 °C (kg/m3);
x is the water content [% (m/m)];
y is the ash content [% (m/m)];
s is the sulfur content [% (m/m)].
NOTE The above equations were derived using a matrix of samples of
petroleum origin. They are unlikely to be valid for fuels containing a
FAME component.
12 • © BSI 2006
BS 2869:2006
Figure C.1 Viscosity-temperature chart
3 000
2 000
1 500
1 000
750
500
Cl
400
as
sH
300
Cl
250
as
Cl
as
sG
200
sF
150
Kinematic viscosity, mm 2/s
Cl
as
100
sE
75
50
40
35
30
25
20
15
12.5
10
9
8
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
Temperature, °C
© BSI 2006 • 13
BS 2869:2006
Bibliography
Standards publications
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
BS 799-4, Oil burning equipment – Part 4: Specification for
atomizing burners (other than monobloc type) together with
associated equipment for single burner and multi burner
installations
BS 799-5, Oil burning equipment – Part 5: Specification for oil
storage tanks
Part 12: Determination of specific energy
Part 380: Petroleum products – Calculation of cetane index of
middle distillate fuels by the four-variable equation

alkyl nitrate in diesel fuels – Spectrometric method
BS 5410-1, Code of practice for oil firing – Part 1: Installations up
to 45 kW output capacity for space heating and hot water supply
purposes
BS 5410-2, Code of practice for oil firing – Part 2: Installations of
45 kW and above output capacity for space heating, hot water and
steam supply purposes
BS 5410-3, Code of practice for oil firing – Part 3: Installations for
furnaces, kilns, ovens and other industrial purposes
BS 6380, Guide to low temperature properties and cold weather use
of diesel fuels and gas oils conforming to BS EN 590 and classes A2
and D of BS 2869
BS EN 590, Automotive fuels – Diesel – Requirements and test
methods
BS EN 14331, Liquid petroleum products – Separation and
characterisation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from middle
distillates – Liquid chromatography (LC)/gas chromatography
(GC) method
BS ISO 8217:2005 Petroleum products – Fuels (class F) –
Specifications of marine fuels
Other publications
[1] EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES. 1999/32/EC Relating to a reduction in
the sulfur content of certain liquid fuels and amending Directive
93/12/EEC. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the
European Communities, 1999.
[2] GREAT BRITAIN. The Dangerous Substances and Preparations
(Safety) (Consolidation) (Amendment) Regulations 2002. London:
The Stationery Office.
14 • © BSI 2006
BS 2869:2006
[3] GREAT BRITAIN. The Classification, Packaging and Labelling of

Dangerous Substances (Amendment) Regulations 1990. London:
[4] UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE.
European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of
Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) 2003.
[5] GREAT BRITAIN. The Carriage of Dangerous Goods (Classification,
Packaging and Use of Transportable Pressure Receptacles)
Regulations 2004. London: The Stationery Office.
[6] GREAT BRITAIN. The Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road
Regulations 1996. London: The Stationery Office.
[7] GREAT BRITAIN. The Dangerous Substances and Preparations
(Safety) (Consolidation) (Amendment) Regulations 1999. London:
[8] EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES. The Lamp Oil Directive 97/64/EC.
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European
Communities, 1999.
[9] British Technical Council, Diesel Fuel Systems Low Temperature

Operations, 1979.
© BSI 2006 • 15
BS 2869:2006
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BS 2869:2006

Fuel oils for agricultural,

NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW

Publishing and copyright information

ISBN 0 580 47928 5

The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard:

Amendments issued since publication

Information about this document

• Part 2: Specification for fuel oil for agricultural and

© BSI 2006 • iii

h) in response to concerns of users, minimum values for kinematic

Contractual and legal considerations

of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.

61 New Cavendish Street, London,

products – Part 367: Petroleum products – Determination and

BS EN 14214, Automotive fuels – Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME)

Sampling from storage tanks

3.3 Sampling from pipelines

3.4 Sampling middle distillate fuels from retail site

3.5 Storage, labelling and transport

likely to interfere with normal operation of equipment for which the

5.2 Kerosine fuels

5.3 Residual fuels

6 Interpretation of test results

Table 1 Characteristics of middle distillate fuels

Table 2 Characteristics of kerosine-type burner fuels

Property Class C1 Class C2 Test method

Appearance Clear, bright, free from solid matter visual check

Kinematic viscosity at 40 °C (mm2/s):

Final boiling point (°C) (max.) 280 300 BS 2000-123

Flash point (°C) (min.) 43.0 38.0 BS 2000-170

Sulfur content [% (m/m)] (max.) 0.04 — BS 2000-490

Copper corrosion (3 h at 100 °C) (class) 1 1 BS 2000-154

Smoke point (mm) (min.) 34 19 BS 2000-57

Char value (mg/kg) (max.) 10 20 BS 2000-10

Table 3 Properties of residue-containing burner fuels

Property Class E Class F Class G Class H Test method

Kinematic viscosity at 100 °C BS 2000-71

Sulfur content [% (m/m)] (max.) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 BS 2000-336

Water content [% (V/V)] (max.) 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.0 BS 2000-74

Ash content [% (m/m)] (max.) 0.10 0.10 0.15 0.15 BS 2000-4

Strong acid number zero zero zero zero BS 2000-139

7 Marking and labelling

7.1.2 Marking of pumps, tanks and bulk containers

fuel to the customer:

7.1.3 Associated documents and small containers

7.2 Class C2 burner fuel

Figure 1 Symbol for class C1 burner fuel

Annex A (informative) Fuel types

A.2 Engine fuels

required information. of residue components from petroleum processing.

A.3 Burner fuels

Annex B (informative) Storage and handling

design and lagging of pipework feeding the burner, or with further

B.2 Fuels of classes E, F, G and H

Table B.1 Minimum storage and handling temperatures for residue-

Annex C (informative) Notes on properties

C.2 Ignition quality

additives. The index may be used as an alternative to cetane number for

C.4 Low temperature operability

C.5 Specific energy

Specific energy can be calculated, with a degree of accuracy acceptable

Qgv = [52.190 − (8.802ρ 2 × 10−6)][1 − 0.01(x + y + s)]