Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Disusun Oleh :
dr. Hardiyanto, Sp. Rad
JOURNAL READING
Diajukan oleh :
Telah disetujui dan disahkan oleh bagian Program Pendidikan Profesi Fakultas
Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Pada hari ................, ......................... 2018
Pembimbing:
dr. Hardiyanto Sp.Rad ( )
Dipresentasikan dihadapan:
dr. Hardiyanto Sp.Rad ( )
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Introduction
Causes of Hemoptysis
Phatogenesis
The lung is unique the visceral organ in that it receives a dual blood supply
from different circulation. Because hemoptysis can occur from either the pulmonary
or bronchial circulation, an anatomic understanding of each of these systems is
important. Massive hemoptysis usually originates from the high pressure bronchial
circulation. In a minority of cases, massive hemoptysis may arise from the
pulmonary vessels.
Haemoptysis in TB
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infection. Involvement of tuberculosis in blood vessel walls accompanied
by local inflammation causes aneurysm then destruction occurs and causes
weakness in the blood vessels.
Hemoptysis Imaging
Chest radiography
CT Scan
HRCT has a high sensitivity to assess the state of the pulmonary parenchyma. In
HRCT hemoptysis plays a role in assessing the abnormalities that cause
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hemoptysis. Sensitivity (98%), specificity (99%) in diagnosing bronchiectasis as a
cause of hemoptysis.
1. Knowing what the underlying disease is, the sensitivity is very high in assessing
parenchyme & mediastinum.
3. Provide the vascular maping by using media contrast to determine the location
of the bleeding before the artery embolization action takes place
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Management
Patency of the airway and the ability to protect the airway should be
assessed as soon as hemoptysis is noted. All patiend should be provided with
supplemental oxygen as needed to maintain adequate oxyhemoglobin saturation.
Patients with mild to moderate amount of hemoptysis usually needed to facilitate
diagnostic and therapeutic intervations as well as to provide support for
oxygenation and ventilation.
Patient Positioning
If the source of bleeding is localilized to one lung, the patient with massive
bleeding should be positioned with the bleeding side down to keep bleeding
contained to the lung. Clotting of blood in a dependent lung has the potential to
tamponade the bleeding, yet clotted blood in the proximal airway can result in lung
collapse and atelectasis.
Endotracheal Intubation
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Double-Lumen Endotracheal Tubes
Device utilized for single-lung ventilation have also been applied to the
management of hemoptysis. A double-lumen endotracheal tube is an alternative to
a single-lumen endotracheal tube for airway management in massive hemoptysis.
The independent isolation of each mainstem bronchus allows for single-lung
ventilation and isolation of the unaffected lung from blood contamintion when
bleeding is localized to one lung. Endocronchial evaluation requires a pediatric
bronchoscope or double-lumen tube removal once bleeding has been controlled.
Proximal airway masses may oreclude placement of a double-lumen endotracheal
tube.
Localization Of Bleeding
Chest Radiograph
Expectant Therapy
Cough suppression has been recommended for the majority of patient with
massive hemoptysis. Most commonly, moderate doses of codein are used: they can
be reversed for patient oversedation by narcotic antagonist. The additional factor
that must be considered in cough suppression is the necessary removal of blood
clots that can cause endobronchial obstruction. Particulary when a central airway
lesion is responsible for bleeding, the suctioning necessary to remove blood clots
may be associated with rebleeding and perpetuation of a vicious cycle. Blood clots
left unsuctioned, however, may cause atelectasis detrimental to atient weaning from
the ventilator. Although endobroncial streptokinase has been used for dissolution
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of central blood clots, airway stabilization can usually be obtained with serial
bronchoscopies and suctioning alone.
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Pendahuluan
Penyebab Hemoptisis
Jarang (1-4%): Emboli paru, gagal jantung kiri, miketoma, infeksi mycobacterial
nontuberculous, traumatik.
Patogenesis
Paru-paru adalah organ visceral yang unik karena menerima suplai darah
ganda dari sirkulasi yang berbeda. Karena hemoptisis dapat terjadi baik dari
sirkulasi pulmonal atau bronkus, pemahaman anatomi dari masing-masing sistem
ini penting. Hemoptisis masif biasanya berasal dari sirkulasi bronkus tekanan
tinggi. Pada sebagian kecil kasus, hemoptisis masif dapat timbul dari pembuluh
paru.
Hemoptisis pada TB
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Perdarahan pada TB bisa disebabkan karena nekrosis arteri pulmonalis yang
kecil atau akibat pecahnya pembuluh darah yang melewati kavitas akibat infeksi
kronis. Keterlibatan TB pada dinding pembuluh darah yang disertai dengan
inflamasi lokal menyebabkan aneurisma kemudian terjadi destruksi dan
menimbulkan kelemahan pada pembuluh darah.
Imejing Hemoptisis
Radiografi Toraks
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CT Scan
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Pengelolaan
Patensi jalan napas dan kemampuan untuk melindungi jalan napas harus
dinilai segera setelah hemoptisis dicatat. Semua pasien harus diberikan oksigen
tambahan yang diperlukan untuk mempertahankan kejenuhan oksihemoglobin
yang adekuat. Pasien dengan jumlah hemoptisis ringan sampai sedang biasanya
diperlukan untuk memfasilitasi intervasi diagnostik dan terapeutik serta untuk
memberikan dukungan untuk oksigenasi dan ventilasi.
Posisi Pasien
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Intubasi Endotrakeal
Lokalisasi Perdarahan
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Rontgen Dada
Terapi Harapan
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