704 Hichen Enainesnina Marasyanics Olis. Ifa power series Ya,2* converges for 1» then it converges absolutely for \z| < lz41- Since Ea,z{ converges, therefore, Lt a,2{ = 0 and so we can find a number & such that |a,2?] <& for all n, The Ya,z"=2]a,z0| . [2fey|"< Bke" where ¢ = |2/2,] But the series 22" converges for t < 1. Hence the series Za,2" converges absolutely for |2| < |=, |, ie. ifa circle with centre at the origin and radius |2| be drawn, then the given series converges absolutely at all points inside the circle, Such a circle |2| = R within which series Za,2" converges, is enlled the cirele of convergence and R is called the radius of convergence. A power series is uniformly convergent in any region which lies entirely within its cirele of convergence, (2) Taylor's series*. If f(z) is analytic inside « circle C with centre at a, then for 2 inside C, fa “o), fa) zl f@)=f(a)+ fave —a)+ =a ++ @-al +... Ai) Proof. Let z be any point inside C. Draw a rte C, with centre at a enclosing z (Fig. 20.20). Let t be a point on C,. We have ¢ 21 ______h.(y t-z t-a-(z-a) t-a a: z-a_ (z-a : As |z-a| < |t—al, ie. |(@-a)lt~a)] <1, this series converges uniformly. So, multiplying both sides of (i) by f(O, we can integrate over C,. : fo) 4, = fo aera) “of £0 ats Fit) faz i =a) 2¢-a Since f(t) is analytic on and inside C,, therefore, applying the formulae (2) to (5) of p. 697-698 (iii), we get (@ which is known as Taylor’s series. wt @-ay. iii) ‘Obs, Another remarkable fact is that complex analytic functions can always °. represented by power series of the form (i). (3) Laurent’s series’. If f(z) is analytic in the ring-shaped region R bounded by two concentric circles C and C, of radii r and r, (r > r,)and with eentre at a, then for all z in R f(z) = ag +a,@-a) +a,2-a)? +... #a_\@-a)' +0_fe-ay?+ ly fo (e-ay""" T being any curve in R, eneireling C, (as in Fig. 20.21). Proof. Introduce cross-out AB, then f(z) is analytic in the region D bounded by AB, C, described clockwise, BA and C described anti-clockwise (see Fig. 20.17). Then if z be any point in D, we have rralltienf £0. Dare fi fa see f fe é where a, = 2ni | Jant—z tz = £O gy § £O 4 w@ at gt-® ie t-z Fig. 20.21 where both C and C, are described anti-clockwise in (i) and integrals along AB and BA cancel (Fig. 20.21). For the first aoe in (i), expanding 1/(¢ —z) as in § 20.16 (2), we get Lon (e-a)" ¢_ fo ——a tt aed ani F (t-a)" * See footnote p. 145. ‘Named after the French engineer and mathematician Pierre Alphonse Laurent (1813-1854) who published this theorem in 1843,(TeHlciisor Couiex Funerows fa : _1¢ fo . =¥a,(2—a)' where a, = 2 § wat ii) For the second integral in (i), let ¢ lie on C,. Then we write iz - ( )-(=a)~ 2z-@ - ~Ayfutat.(Es) +ae(3) 7 As | t-a | <|z-a |, i.e. |(t—a¥z—a)| <1, this series converges uniformly. So multiplying both sides He eC ft) {2-3 aft a)" fide = ¥ age ay" a 4 2 "7 7 _ fe) alr af | t= cont Substituting from (ii) and (it si in (é), we get f= x a,(z-a)" >) a@_,(z-ay". waliv) oa Now /(e)(t— ay? being analytic the region between C and I, we can take the integral giving a, over T. Similarly we can take the integral giving a_,, over I. Hence (iv) can be written as where which is known as Laurent’s series. Solution. Let the sum of the first x terms of the series be s,, so that g, 22-284 22—20 4 282th ata attlez att For [2] <1,2"*4 3 0asn ><. (Lt (6,)=2 ée., the given series converges for |z| <1. | 5,2) |= |2@-z) | +] 22-2) +... + [2"-2)| lt-z2 [2] +]2 [+] 2[+..4 121 zl For}z} -it" f=! ey" eth aay