ေမတာျဖင့္စီးပြားရွာျခင္ PDF

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Mandalay Monestry Computer - Shwepyithar

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Yk wl wdik ;f wmrS obm0usayrnf/ xdw k &m;yGJ tNyD; oabFmESihf jyefvmum &efuek q f yd u
f rf;odYk a&muf\/ qdyu
f rf;rS
wpfqif(h uu)iSm;NyD; a&TjynfomodYk xGuv f m&m vrf;ckvyfwiG f um; q&mu pma&;oltm; ar;cGe;f wpfck xkw\ f /
]]t&Sib f &k m; a&Tjynfom oGm;rSmqdak wmh arwåm&Si(f a&Tjynfom) q&m awmfukd odygovm;bk&m;}}
pma&;olrmS tHMh oNyD; &,fcsifpw
d u
f kd renf;rsdKodyf xm;&\/ cPaerS ajzvdu
k &f \/
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k m OD;yÍöi;f yJ}}
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rnfo
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Yk jyif ud,
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f m;udv k nf;t&dyf ta,mifrQ rawGUojzifh txifao;oGm;[ef wl\/
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um;0,fp;D &wJh t&omxuf wu,fvt kd yfwhJ ae&mawGrmS ykNH yD; &So
d rQ vSLvdu k &f wJh t&omudk ydBk udKufw,f}}

-5-
&,ljcif;ESifh ay;qyfjcif;wdkUwGif ay;qyfjcif;ü aysmf arGYolonfom wu,fholawmfaumif; jzpfonf/

[laom 'óepum;av;um; pma&;olem;xJwGif t&Sdefjyif;pGm jrnf[D;vQuf&Sdonf/ bk&m;&Sifudk,fawmfjrwfBuD;onf yg&rD
jznfph Of av;oacsFurÇmwpfoed ;f umvywfv;Hk ESihf bk&m;jzpf&m umvwdik af tmif ay;qyfjcif;üom aysmfarGUcJ\ h / &,ljcif;ü aysmfarGUcJah om
b0[lí wpfb0rQ r&Scd ahJ y/
&,l j cif ; ü aysmf a rG U jcif ; [l o nf ork ' ,opö m wPS m ud k od r f ; yd k u f x m;jcif ; yif jzpf \ / ay;qyf j cif ; ü
aysmfarGYjcif;[lonf ork',opöm wPSmudk tusifh jzifh y,fowfjcif;yif jzpf\/
b0oHo&mwpfavQmufwGif &,ljcif;ü aysmfarGYcJh olrsm;onf atmufwef;pm;rsm; jzpfvm&NyD; ay;qyf jcif;ü
aysmfarGYolrsm;onf txufwef;pm;rsm; jzpfvm Mu\/
atmufwef;pm;rsm;[lonf tyg,fbkHom;rsm; jzpfNyD;? vljzpfaomfvnf; qif;&JrGJawolrsm;udk qdkvdkjcif; jzpf\/
txufwef;pm;rsm;[lonf vljzpfaomfvnf; csrf;om <u,f0olrsm;? xdkrSwpfqifh bk&m;ç yapöu Ak'¨gç&[EÅm
jzpfoGm;olrsm;udk qdkvdkjcif; jzpf\/
tjcm;bmomrsm;onf ,kMH unfrI o'¨gwpfcEk iS o hf m wnf aqmufxm;jcif; jzpf\/ Ak'b ¨ momum; ,kMH unfro I '¨g? a0zef qef;ppfrI
ynmESpcf v k ;Hk ESihf wnfaqmufxm;jcif; jzpf\/ odjYk zpfygvsuf Ak'b
¨ mom 0iftrsm;pkonf a0zefqef;ppfrI ynmudk tok;H rjyKbJ? ,kMH unfr?I
o'¨gaemufoYkd rsufprd w dS í
f vdu
k af eMuaomaMumifh Ak'b ¨ mom0ifwrYkd mS wd;k wufoifo
h avmuf rwufjcif;jzpf\/
ydkaeaomt&yfESifh vdkaeaomt&yf
&efuek Nf rdKUrS *Pef;ay;aom q&mawmfxw H iG f Ak'b
¨ mom 0ifrsm;\ vSL'gef;aiG ode;f aygif;av;aomif;ausmf&\ dS / xdak iGrsm;onf
avmutwG u f omoemtwG u f bmrQ tusd K ;r&S d b J ta[mod u H jzpf a e&\/ xd k t csd e f w G i f rd b rJ h u av;rsm;
apmifah &Smufa&;ausmif;rsm;wGif vSL'gef;ol enf;yg; vSojzifh uav;i,frsm;rSm r0a&pmpm; aeMu&\/
,aeYtcsdew f iG f Ak'b
¨ momrS tjrifus,faom &[ef;awmfrsm; oDv&Sirf sm;onf y&[dwausmif;rsm; wnfaxmifNyD; awmifay:a'o ESiw hf uG
te,fe,f t&yf&yfrS rdbrJu h av;rsm;udk xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smuf ynmoifay;aeMu\/ xdu k o hJ Ykd vufcaH pmifah &Smufol r&Syd gu Ak'b¨ mom
uav;i,frsm;onf bmomjcm;b0odYk a&mufMu&rnf jzpf\/
xdaYk Mumifh Ak'b ¨ mom0ifrsm;onf rdrw d Ykd Ak'b¨ mom0if uav;rsm; wjcm;bmomxJ ra&muf&eftwGuf rdbrJh y&[dwausmif;rsm;
qif;&J EGr;f yg; 'kua© &mufaeolrsm;udk t"duxm;NyD; vSL'gef;Mu&rnf jzpf\/
jrpfBuD;em;NrdKUrS jzpf&yfuav;wpfcu k vnf; Ak'k b¨ mom0if rsm;taejzifh vSLrIa&;tvSLudk t"duxm;zdYk oifah eNyDjzpfaMumif;
rD;armif; xd;k jyvsuf&\
dS / yef;'um udw k ifjrif\
h a[majymjyorSKaMumifh bmom jcm;trsdK;orD;BuD; wpfO;D onf om;ESpaf ,mufEiS t hf wl
Ak'¨bmomxJ 0ifa&mufvm\/ Ak'¨bmom0if jzpfoGm;onfESifh ,cifbmomrS axmufyHhrSKrsm; ½kwfodrf;oGm;ojzifh trsdK;orD;BuD;ESifh
om;ESpfa,mufwdkYrSm tawmf 'ku©a&muf&Sm\/ trsdK;orD;BuD;rSm toufBuD;NyD jzpfojzifh pD;yGm;a&;udk OD;aqmif rvkyfEdkifawmhay/
om;ESpaf ,mufuom BudK;pm;vkyaf qmif ae&\/ wdu k q
f ikd rf [
I k qd&k ayrnf/ bmomajymif;NyD;rS pD;yGm;a&;u xd;k usvm\/
,cifbmomuJhodkY qif;&Jom;rsm;udk Ak'¨bmomrS ulnDaxmuf yHhrI ay;rnf[k xifxm;rdMu\/ odkYaomf xdkuJhodkY
vlrIa&;ulnDrItoif; rsdK;r&Sd[k qdkaomtcg olwdkYrSm awmfawmf tHhMoMu\/ olwdkY\ 'ku©udk ulnDol[lí yef;'umudkwifjrifh
wpfa,mufom&S\ d /
pm;0wfaea&; 'kur© sdK;pkH cHpm;&if;yif Ak'b¨ momudk pGNJ rJqyk u f ikd f &if;? ,if;trsdK;orD;BuD; uG,v f eG o
f mG ;\/ uG,vf eG cf sdew
f iG v
f nf;
Ak'b
¨ mombufrS ulno D [
l í l yef;'umudw k ifjrifh wpfa,mufwnf; om/ xdt k csdew
f iG f tkypf v
k u
kd f vma&mufun l aD om tzGu YJ m; bmom
jcm;rsm;yifjzpf\/
rdcifBuD;\ oN*ØK[fjcif;udpö NyD;qkH;aomtcg usef&pfolom; ESpfa,mufu Ak'¨½kyfyGm; qif;wkuav;udk yef;'um\vufxJ

jyeftyfum t&ifbmomodYk jyefajymif;oGm;\/ Ak'½¨ yk yf mG ;udk jyeftyf&if; olwaYkd jymcJh aompum;u -
]] OD;av;wd?Yk Ak'b
¨ mom[m tjcm;bmomawGxuf jrifjh rwf omvGew f ,fqw
kd m rSewf ,f? 'gayr,fh Ak'b ¨ mom trsm;pk[m Ak'&¨ UJ
pum;udk wu,fvu kd ef mwm &Sm;ygw,f? uRefawmfw[ Ykd m t&if bmomu aqGrsdK;todik ;f t0dik ;f awG? t&ifbmomu taxmuf tyHah wGukd
pGeyYf pfNyD; Ak'b
¨ mom&JU t&dyrf mS vmNyD; cdv
k KS MH uwmyg? 'gayr,fh uRefawmfwu
Ykd kd tm;ay;ulno D q l v kd Ykd OD;av;wpfa,mufyJ &Sw
d ,f? aeylxu
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acR;oefw½TJ½TJeJY ae&dyfxJ0ifvmoludk vufurf; BudKqdkol wpfa,muf? zaemifheJU qD;aygufolu wpf&mavmuf jzpfae ygw,f? arG;aeYyGJ
-6-
&SifjyKyGJrSm ZmwfyGJqdkif;yGJudk q,fodef;avmuf tukefcH wJh tvSL&Sif[m? Ak'¨bmomxJu 'ku©a&mufaeol wpfa,muftwGuf

t&if;tESD;wpfodef; awmif xkwfray;&Jygbl;/ uRefawmfwdkY Ak'üdk MunfndKw,f? av;pm;w,f? tm;udk; w,f? 'gayr,fh Ak'¨bmom0if
trsm;pkuakd wmh MunfnKd av;pm;vdYk r&vdYk t&ifbmomudk jyefajymif;wmyg}}[l\/
þtcsufukd axmufí Ak'b ¨ mom trsm;pkonf rnfonfh aumif;usdK;rQ r&Edik o
f nfh yumoe'gersm;udk avQmhí vlrKS a&;'ge
rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;oifMh uNyDjzpf\/
omoemjyKjcif;t"dyÜg,f
Ak'¨bmom trsm;pkonf omoemjyKzdkY&ef tvGefpdwf0ifpm;\/omoemjyKyk*d¾Kvfrsm;udkvnf; tvGefav;pm;\/ xdkYaMumifh
omoem jyKtrnfcH yk*d¾Kvfrsm;udk em;uyfqGJBudK;utp cRwfNyD; vSLwwfMu\/ omoemjyKvdkvQif? omoemjyKyk*¾dKvfrsm;udk
wu,fvLS 'gef;vdv
k Qif omoem\ t"dygÜ ,fukd OD;pGmod&rnf jzpf\/
omoem[lonf- tqk;H tryif jzpf\/ rnfo\ l tqk;H tr enf;[k qdv
k Qif Ak'\¨ tqk;H tryifjzpf\/ Ak'u¨ rnfuo hJ Ykd qk;H rcJo
h
enf;/ oDvç orm"dç ynm odu©mokH;yg; rdrdoEÅmefrSm OD;pGmwnfatmif BudK;pm;zdkY qkH;r\/ þonfrSm rdrdoEÅmefudk OD;pGmomoemjyKjcif;
rnf\/
rdro d EÅmefwiG f omoemok;H &yfwnfNyD;vQif olwpfyg; oEÅmef wGif omoemok;H &yfwnfatmif pmoifwu kd rf sm; zGiv
hf pS í
f pmayrsm;udk
ydcYk soifMum;ay;jcif;? &dyo f mrsm; wnfaxmifay;í w&m;"r®rsm; a[m ajymjyojcif;rsm;onf olwpfyg; oEÅmefü omoemjyKjcif;yif jzpf\/
xdkYaMumifh wu,fomoemjyKaeolrsm;onf pmcsq&mawmf rsm;? w&m;jyq&mawmfrsm;yif jzpf\/ odkYaomf Ak'¨bmom
trsm;pkum; bk&m;wnfaom bdk;awmfç r,fawmfESifh awmxGuf &[ef;awmftcsdKU udkom omoemjyKyk*d¾Kvfrsm;[k xifjrifaeMu\/
xif&jcif;\ taMumif;rSm bk&m;wnfaomolrsm;u ]]omoemjyK omoemjyK
omoemjyK}} [laom qdik ;f bkwu f kd BuD; us,fpmG axmifaeMuaomaMumifh jzpf\/
trSeftm;jzifh bk&m;wnfjcif;udk omoemjyKjcif;[k rac:Edkifay/ 'gejyKjcif;[kom ac:qdkEdkif\/ xdkuJhodkY omoemjyKjcif;\
t"dygÜ ,fukd aocsmrodjcif;aMumifh . jynfe,fN. rdKUe,f&. mG &Sd 'umç'umrrsm; onf bk&m;wnfaom bke;f BuD;rsm;udo k m t"duxm; vSLMuNyD;?
pmoifwu kd Ef iS hf w&m;jyq&mawmfrsm;udk ypfxm;MuaomaMumifh xdNk rdKUü pmoifwu kd rf sm; ESifh w&m;jypcef;rsm; 0rf;enf;zG,&f m aysmufu, G f
oGm;MuavNyD/
bk&m;wnfjcif;ESpfrsdK;
bk&m;wnfjcif;onf ajrjyifrmS wnfjcif;? vlrsm;\ ESv;Hk om;ü wnfjcif;[lí ESprf sdK;&S\ d / ajrjyifrmS wnfaom bk&m;rsm;onf
obm0 &moDOwk'PfaMumifh ESpt f enf;i,fMumvQif ysufp;D aysmufu, G f oGm;&onfom jzpf\/ pmayrsm; oifMum;ydcYk say;jcif;? w&m;yGrJ sm;
w&m;pcef;rsm; usif;yí a[mMum;jyoay;jcif;rsm;onf vlw\ Ykd ESv;Hk om;ü bk&m;wnfay;jcif;yif jzpf\/
wu,fhta&; wu,fhab;ESifh BuHK&aomtcg ajrjyifrSm wnfxm;aom bk&m;apwDrsm;onf omoem ruG,faysmufatmif
wm;qD;umuG,Ef ikd f pGr;f r&Sad y/ xdt
k csufukd Ak'b
¨ mom uG,af ysmuf oGm;aom Edik if rH sm;rS ½kyyf mG ;apwDrsm;u oufaojyvsuf&\ dS / jrefrmEdik if H
uJhodkY wpfcsdefu Ak'ömoemxGef;um;cJhaom tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif ayav; &mywfvnfrQ BuD;rm;aom ]]aAma"mAk"k}} trnf&Sd
ausmufapwDawmfBuD; &Sad eaomfvnf; Ak'b ¨ mom0ifrsm; r&Sad wmhay/ tmz*efepöwefEikd if ?H bmrD,efNrdKUwGif aywpf&mausmf jrifrh m; aom
ausmufqif;wk ½kyyf mG ;awmfBuD;rsm; &Sad omfvnf; Ak'b ¨ mom0ifwYkd um; r&Sad wmhay/
tawG;tac: ÓPfynm BuD;rm;aomolrsm;onf olwpfyg; trSm;udkMunfhNyD; ocFef;pm ,lwwfMu\/ tawG;tac: ÓPf
ynmenf;yg; olrsm;onf olwpfyg;trSm;udk MunfhNyD; udk,frrSm; atmif ocFef;pm r,lwwfMu? udk,fudk,fwdkif rSm;rS ocFef;pm
,lwwfMuonf/ tawG;tac: ÓPfynm tenf;qk;H olrsm;um; ud, k çf ud,
k w
f ikd f rSm;wmudyk if ocFe;f pm r,lwwfMu/
[laom 'óetwdkif; jrefrmAk'¨bmom0ifrsm;onf wjcm;EdkifiH rsm;\ trSm;udkMunfhNyD; rdrdwdkYEdkifiH rrSm;atmif wpfenf; -
Ak'b
¨ mom ruG,af ysmufatmif ocFe;f pm,lí umuG,Mf u&rnf jzpf\/ xdok Ykd umuG,v f v kd Qif vlom;wd\
Yk ESv;Hk om;rsm;wGif bk&m;apwDrsm;ç
rsm;onf xufrsm;atmif wnfay;Mu&rnf jzpf\/
½kyyf mG ;awmfrsm;udk puf½rHk x
S w
k o
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k yfonfxuf ydrk kd xkvyk Mf uaomtcg wefz;kd enf;oGm;\/ Ak'½¨ yk yf mG ;awmfrsm;onf &Scd ;kd p&m?
MunfndKp&mrsm; r[kwfawmhyJ uav;upm;p&m t½kyfrsm;vdk tvSMunfh&efjzpfoGm;\/ xdk wpfaxmifbk&m;rsm;odkY vltawmfrsm;rsm;
a&mufz;l Mu\/ rnforl Q tyg;aph r&Scd ;kd Edik Mf u/ tvSMunfNh yD;om jyefMu&\/
½kyfyGm;wpfqlvQif tenf;qkH; okH;odef;cefY ukefus\/ tql wpfaxmifqdkvQif aiGodef;aygif; okH;axmifukefus\/
xdk½kyfyGm;wpfaxmif onf qGrf;awmfa&awmfuyfrnfholr&Sd? trdk;tumr&Sdaom vGifwD;acgif wGif rdk;xJa&xJ onftwdkif;yif

-7-
oDwif;ok;H Mu&\/ q,fEpS yf if rMumygacs? ½kyyf mG ;awmfrsm;onf rd;k 'Pf? ae'PfaMumifh ysufp;D oGm;&\/
½kyfyGm;awGwdk; uav;awGavQmh
tr&yl&NrdKU? r[m*E¨m½kH q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;qdkvQif wefaqmif; wpfckwGif oyÜg,faom ½kyfyGm;wpfqlom xm;oifhaMumif;?
xdt Yk wl ausmif;wdu k Bf uD;wpfcwk iG v f nf; ½kyyf mG ;awmf wpfqo l m xm;oifah Mumif; Mo0g'ay;awmf rlc\ hJ /
q&mawmf\ ausmif;wdkufwGifvnf; *Eük#Dwdkuf ausmif; BuD; wpfausmif;wGifom ½kyfyGm;awmfwpfql xm;&Sdonf/ usefonfh
ausmif;aqmifaygif; ig;q,fausmfwiG f rnfonfah usmif;wGirf S bk&m; cef;½kyyf mG ;r&Sad y/ bk&m;½kyyf mG ;awmfyifx h m;vQif oufawmfxif&mS ;
bk&m; &Siaf &SUwGif aeovdk aeEdik rf S aumif;onf/ raeEdik v f Qif yifrh xm;oifh [k Mo0g'ay;awmfrcl o hJ nf/
Ak'b¨ mom0if trsm;pku xdu k o hJ Ykd ÓPfr,SOb f J vSLaeMu csdew f iG f bmomjcm;ola|;rsm;u olwYkd bmomtwGuf aus;Zl;rsm;aom
ae&mwGif &SmazGvSLaeMuonfrSm Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; twkcdk;p&m aumif; vS\/ tif;pdefwdkY? vSKdifom,mwdkYwGif NcHus,fBuD;rsm;0,fNyD;
um;0yfa&Smh ½kBH uD;rsm;? um;abmf'½D BHk uD;rsm; wnfaxmifNyD; Ak'b ¨ momuav;rsm;udk qGaJ qmiford ;f oGi;f Mu\/
xrif;vnf;auR;? toufarG;0rf;ausmif; ynmvnf; oifay;? vpmvnf;ay;aomtcg qif;&Jaom Ak'b ¨ momuav; &maygif;
rsm;pGmwdkYonf wzGJzGJa&mufvmMu\/ aemufqkH;ü xdkuav;rsm; tm;vkH;onf bmomjcm;xJodkY a&mufoGm;Mu\/ wpfaxmif ½kyfyGm;
awmfrsm; wd;k wd;k vmoavmuf Ak'b ¨ momuav;rsm; avsmhavsmhomG ; onfukd Ak'b ¨ mom &[ef;&Siv f w l ikd ;f txl;owd jyKoifv h \S /
{&m0wDwdkif;? armfvNrdKifuRef;NrdKUe,frS &Gmwpf&GmwGif ausmif;xdkif q&mawmfonf tjrifus,fus,fjzifh bkef;awmfBuD;oif
txufwef; ynmoifausmif;BuD;udk pGepYf m;pGm wnfaxmifvu kd \f / xdok Ykd wnf axmifjcif;rSm taMumif;ESpcf suf &S\ d / yxrwpfcsufrmS
xd&k mG wGif bmomjcm; omoemjyK toif;BuD;wpfoif; a&mufvmNyD; &Gmom;uav; rsm;udk twef;ynm toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynmrsm;udk
oifay;NyD; olw\ Ykd bmomxJoYkd qGo J iG ;f \/
'kw, d wpfcsufrmS xdq k &mawmf\&GmESihf &GmeD;csKyfpyf ajcmuf &Gmcefw Y iG f txufwef;ausmif; vk;H 0r&Sjd cif;yif jzpf\/ xdaYk Mumifh
,if;&Gmajcmuf&GmwGif q,fwef;atmifol? bGJY&ol? r&Sdoavmuf&Sm;\/ armfvNrdKifuRef;NrdKUay: txufwef; ausmif;rsm;odkY oGm;vmzdkY
uvnf; a&vrf;c&D;omjzpfí rvG,u f v l /S
xdktaMumif;ESpfcsufaMumifh q&mawmfu wu,fvdk tyfaom bkef;awmfBuD;oif txufwef;ynmoif ausmif;BuD;ukd r&SdrJh?
&Srd EhJ iS hf wnfaxmifjcif;jzpf\/ ausmif;aqmifopfrsm; aqmuf&jcif;? vpOfq&mç q&mrrsm;udk vpmay;&jcif;? ausmif;tdyaf usmif;pm;
uav;rsm;twGuf auR;arG;&jcif;wdaYk Mumifh q&mawmfrmS aiGq,foed ;f yif ta<u;wifae&Sm\/
ESpt
f enf;i,ftwGi;f ajrMoZmjzpfrnfh wpfaxmifb&k m;rsm;udk ode;f aygif;ok;H axmifausmf tukecf w H nfaeaom tvSL&Sirf sm;onf
,ckvakd usmif;rsm;wGif ode;f ok;H q,favmuf vSLwwfrnfqv kd Qif avmu twGu?f omoemtwGuf rnfrQtusdK;&Sv d u kd rf nfenf;/
wpf&ufwGif xdkq&mawmfxHodkY wynfhaygrsm;aom *kdPf; q&mBuD;wpfa,muf a&mufvmNyD; ausmif;0dkif;twGif;ü bk&m;wnf
vdak Mumif; avQmufxm;\/ q&mawmfu ausmif;0dik ;f xJwiG f bk&m; apwDrsm;&Sad eí rvdt k yfaMumif;? wu,f vdt k yfaeonfrmS ausmif;ol
ausmif;om;rsm; oGm;&ef tdro f mrsm;om vdt k yfaMumif; trde&Yf dS vdu k \f /
xdk'umonf rsufESm½IHUrJhoGm;NyD; bk&m;omvSLcsifNyD;? tdrf om rvSLcsifaMumif;ajymum jyefxGufoGm;\/ ,cktcsdefwGifum;
pma&;olEiS hf 'um'umrrsm; pkaygif;vSL'gef;rSKaMumifh ta<u;q,foed ;f um; ausoGm;avNyD/ þjycJah om tcsufrsm;aMumifh pma&;ol
vSLNyD qdv k Qif avmutwGuf wu,f tusdK;&Srd nfh ae&m? omoemtwGuf wu,f tusdK;&Srd nfh ae&mrsm;wGio f m ykíH vSLonf/
pma&;ol odwwfaom tcsderf pS í ,ckav;q,fo h ;Hk ESpf oufwrf; 2007 ckEpS t f wGi;f vSLcJah om tvSLaiGrsm;udk uyÜ, d rsm;u
cefrY eS ;f wGucf sufjyonfrmS ode;f av;&meD;yg; &SNd yD[o k &d \/ xdk tvSLrsm; teufrS pma&;ol tMunfE;l &qk;H tvSL av;ck&&dS m wpfcu k kd þü
a&;ygrnf/ usefo;Hk ckukd ]]tompHjcif;ESihf temcHjcif;}} pmtkyüf qufvuf a&;rnf jzpf\/
tjypfuif;vsuf 'PfcwfcH&olrsm;
1988 ckESpf0ef;usifuyif jzpf\/ axmufBuHUrS temBuD; a&m*gonfrsm;? pDrHcsufwpfckaMumifh &efukefwdkif;? vSnf;ul;NrdKUe,f?
r&rf;acsmif;&Gm[k wGiv f mrnfh awmeufBuD;xJoYkd tpkvu
kd t
f NyHKvdu
k f a&mufvmMuonf/ tdraf xmifpak ygif; &Sp&f mcef?Y vlO;D a& &Spaf xmif
cefY &So d nf/ a&m*gonfrsm;onf vufwkd ajcwdrk sm; jzpfaomaMumifh awmif;&rf;pm;aomufum olwpfyg;udk rScD &kd olrsm;om jzpf\/
xdkYaMumifh pkaqmif;xm;onfh aiGr&SdMuaomaMumifh xdkawmxJ wGif olwdkYtwGuf aep&mtdrfrSm opfyifESifh NcHKykwfrsm;om/
pm;p&mum; awGY&mtoD;t&GufESifh rQpfrsm;om jzpf\/ NrdKUay:wufí awmif;pm; &atmifuvnf; vSnf;ul;NrdKUonf olwdkY&GmESifh
rdik Ef pS q
f ,fausmf a0;\/ vufwakd jcwdk a&m*gonfrsm; rnfonfeh nf;jzifh oGm;a&mufEikd yf g rnfenf;/

-8-
aEGr;kd aqmif; ok;H &moDv;Hk opfyifatmufwiG f ae&jcif;aMumifh iSuzf sm;a&m*g jzpfjcif;? tpma&pm jywfvyfjcif;wdaYk Mumifh a&m*gonf
av;&meD;yg;cefY aoqk;H cJ&h \/ þwGicf sJ*Pef;ay;aom bke;f BuD;udk vSLxm;aom ode;f aygif; av;aomif;ausmfrS ode;f aygif; av;&mausmf
avmufuo kd m r&rf;acsmif;&GmodYk vmvSLMurnfqv kd Qif tjypfrahJ om a&m*gonf av;&mcefw Y Ykd aoqk;H &vdrrhf nf r[kwaf y/
wpfenf; wpfaxmifb&k m;rsm; wnf&mü vSLxm;aom ode;f aygif; ok;H axmifausmfrS ode;f aygif; ok;H &mausmfavmufuo kd m r&rf;
acsmif;&GmodYk vmvSLrnfqv kd Qif a&m*gonfav;&mcefw Y \ Ykd toufukd tcsderf D u,fwifEikd rf nfom jzpf\/
odaYk omf Ak'b
¨ momrsm;bufrS tvdu k w
f od ykNH yD; vSLaomol [lí wpfa,mufrQ r&Scd ahJ y/
rSwfcsuf/ / pma&;q&m cspfp0H if;\ rdom;pkum; wwfEidk o f rQ vSL'gef; xm;onfukd awG&Y \/
odaYk omf *kPyf umoeudk t"durxm;yJ wu,fvt kd yfaom ae&mtwGuf tusdK;aqmifaeaom jzLpifjrifjh rwfol tcsdKUudvk nf;
awG&Y \/ pma&;q&mr roef;jrifah tmifEiS hf ykZeG af wmif aps;olaps; om;rsm;onfum; rdrwd vYkd nf; vSLMu\/ olwpfyg;vSLorQwdu
Yk v
kd nf;
wm0ef,yl aYkd y;Mu\/
wpf&ufwiG f pma&;q&mr oef;jrifah tmifonf olwpfyg; axmufyv hH ukd af om ypön;f ESihf aiGtcsdKUudk r&rf;acsmif;&GmodYk vmyd\ Yk /
wpfcgrQ rjrifzl;aom jrifuGif;udk jrifvdkuf&ojzifh oef;jrifhatmifwpf a,muf ckefaygufcsifavmufatmif aysmfjrL;oGm;\/ jrifvdkuf&
onfum; oyf&yfvyS pGm aqmufxm;aom tdru f av; ajcmufv;Hk cefyY if/
wdkY Ak'¨bmomawG wu,fvdktyfwJh ae&mrSm vSLwwfvmNyD [laom tawG;ESifhtwl tdrfav;ajcmufvkH;xJodkY aocsmapmif;iJh
Munfhvdkuf\/ a&m*gonf rdom;pkajcmufpkudk 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jzpfvsuf awGY&\/ taMumif;pkHudk aocsmodcsifojzifh tusdK;aqmif
vlBuD;wpfa,mufukd ar;rd\/
]]OD;av;? 'Dtrd af jcmufv;Hk u usrwdYk Ak'b ¨ momxJu vSLwmyJvm;}}
tusdK;aqmifvBl uD;\ rsufEmS wpfcsuf ñSKd ;i,fomG ;\/ csuf csif; pum;rjyefyJ cyfvrS ;f vSr;f &Sd Am'HyifatmufrmS toufajcmuf
q,fih g;ESpcf efY &Srd nfh a&m*gonf tzd;k wpfa,mufxo H Ykd &Da0aom rsufv;Hk rsm;jzifh vSr;f pdu k Mf unf&h if; acwåNidro f ufomG ;\/ oef;jrifah tmif
rSm bmqufajym&rSe;f rodbJ tusdK;aqmifvBl uD;udk wpfvn S ?hf opfyif atmufrS tzd;k udk wpfvn S hf Bunf&h if; ai;aMumifaMumif jzpfaeonf/
tawmfav;MumrS olx Y uH pum;oHxu G vf m\/
]]q&mr aocsmodcsif&if [do k pfyifatmufu um,uH&iS f tbpHukd ud, k wf ikd of mG ;ar;Munfyh gvm;}}
tusdK;aqmifvBl uD; ñTejf y&m Am'Hyifatmuf a&mufvQif oef;jrifah tmifu tbpHuakd &m? tbpHywf0ef;usifuykd g aphaphpyfpyf
avhvmMunfrh \ d / tbpHrmS a&m*g'PfaMumifh ajcwdv k ufwkd jzpfae onft h jyif ESmacgif;uvnf; csdKif0h ifaeonf/ odaYk omf aemufq;Hk ay:
vmaom trf'w D aD q;aygif;udk aomufxm;NyD; jzpfaomaMumifh r&rf;acsmif; &Gmol&mG om; tm;vk;H temBuD; a&m*gyd;k um; r&Sad wmhay/
xdaYk Mumifh rnfou Yl rkd v
S nf; rul;pufEikd af wmhay/ xd&k mG om;wpfa,mufu ,ckvkd ajymzl;\/
]]r&rf;acsmif; wpf&mG vk;H udk temBuD;a&m*gyd;k uif;pif&m a'otjzpf w&m;0if aMujimEdik yf gw,f/ wpfjcm;ae&m a'oawGuakd wmh
temBuD; a&m*gyd;k uif;pif&ma'ovdYk raMujimEdik yf gbl;/ bmhaMumifv h J qdv
k Qif r&rf;acsmif;wpf&mG vk;H u vlawG[m trf'w D aD q;aygif;udk
aomufo;Hk NyD;jzpfvYkd tm;vk;H rSm a&m*guif;aeygNyD/
olwdkYu arG;vmwJh om;orD;awGrSmawmif a&m*gydk; ygr vmawmhygbl;/ wjcm;ae&ma'ou vlawGrSmawmh trf'DwDaq;
aygif;udrk aomuf&ao;wmaMumifh wpfa,mufr[kwf wpfa,mufrmS temBuD;a&m*gyd;k &SEd ikd yf gao;w,f}}/
oef;jrifah tmifu tbpH\ opfcufeef;awmfukd aocsmMunfh rdjyef\/ awmif;pm;&aom a&m*gonf tbpHwrYkd mS ay;urf;rnfv h l
trsm;ESihf a0;&m awmBuD;xJoYkd a&mufvmaomtcg aep&mtdrf raqmufEikd o f nft h wGuf Am'Hyifuykd if tdrt f jzpf owfrwS Nf yD; ae& &Smonf/
opfcufrsm;ay:wGif yvyfpwpfrsm;udk jzefw Y ifum trd;k tjzpf tok;H jyKxm;\/
þ jzpfuwufqef; jzefw Y ifxm;aom yvyfpwpfrsm;onf ae'Pfr;kd 'Pfukd tb,foYkd umuG,Ef ikd yf grnfenf;/ xdaYk Mumifh rd;k &GmvQif
tbpHwpfu, kd v f ;Hk a&pd\k / wpfzef aeylvmjyefvQif ajcmufomG ;\/ vlaumif;rsm;twGuf usef;rma&;aumif;NyD; touf&n S &f jcif;onf
0rf;omzG,jf zpf aomfvnf; a&m*gonf tbpHwYkd twGuu f m; ]]aorif; &,f ac:Edik cf &J efaum}}[k NiD;wGm;&onftxd pdwyf suf0rf;enf;zG,f
jzpfae\/
tbpHwdkY temBuD;a&m*gonfrsm;onfum;- tjypfuif;vsuf 'PfcwfcH&olrsm; jzpf\/ vlowfrSK usL;vGefolrsm;udk
tjypfaMumifh wpfuRef;odYk ydo Yk nfrmS obm0usyg\/ rnfonfh tjypfrS rusL;vGeb f J tbpHwv Ykd kd temBuD;a&m*gonfrsm;udk vlyY wf0ef;usifrS
z,f&mS ;ypf Mujcif;um; rnforYkd Q obm0rusay/
ul;pufwwfaom a&m*gcsif;twlwl wDbDa&m*gonfrsm;udk wef;wl&nfwl qufqHNyD; temBuD;a&m*gonfrsm;usrS

-9-
vlyY wf0ef;usifrS rw&m;ESix f wk af eMuonfrmS tb,fah Mumifyh genf;/ wpfzef a&m*gyd;k &Síd ul;pufrmS aMumufaomaMumifh vlaY vmutjyifrmS
xm;onf[k qdkcJhvQif trf'DwD aq;aygif;aomufí a&m*gydk;uif;pifoGm;olrsm;udk wDbD a&m*g aysmufoGm;olrsm;uJhodkY vlYavmuwGif
tb,fah Mumifh jyefívuf rcHMuoenf;/
þtcsufü c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;onf Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; xufom\/ temBuD;a&m*g tjrpfjywfaysmufaom
trf'DwDaq;aygif; ray:rDuyif oufom½kHrQ&Sdaom ay:paq;rsm;jzifh c&pf,mefoDv&Sif rsm;u temBuD;a&m*gonfrsm;ESifh
vufyeG ;f wwD;aeum jyKpk,, k uko ay;Mu\/ tcefrY oifah omtcg jyKpkuo k ay;aom c&pf,mefov D &Sirf sm; ud,
k w
f ikd f a&m*gonfb0odYk
a&mufMu&&Sm\/
xdo
k Ykd c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;u temBuD;a&m*gonfrsm;udk ud, k zf &d ifzd jyKpkaecsdew
f iG f Ak'b
¨ mom0ifwcsdKUum; xdu k o
hJ Ykd jyKpkzYkd
aeaeomom temBuD;a&m*g aq;½kaH &SUa&mufvQif pufb;D udk tjref eif;ajy;\/ um;udk tjrefarmif;ajy;\/
tompHvrf;pOfESifh temcHvrf;pOf
t&Sifa'0'wfonf t&m&mü tomcsnf;pHcJh\/ tompHjcif; 0g'udkwnfaxmifcJhaom t&Sifa'0'wfonf ,cktcg
t0Dpdi&JodkY usa&mufae&NyD jzpf\/ xdkYtwl tompHjcif; 0g'udk usifhokH;olrSeforQonf t&Sifa'0'wf aemufodkY
vdkufMu&rnf jzpf\/
Ak'önf t&m&mü temcHcJh\/ temcHjcif;0g'udkwnf axmifcJhaom Ak'önf ,cktcg edAÁmefodkY a&mufaeNyD jzpf\/
xdkYtwl temcHjcif;0g'udk usifhokH;ol rSeforQ onf Ak'äemufodkY vdkufMu&rnf jzpf\/ opömpum;jzifh ajymvQif
tompHjcif;onf ]]ork',opöm}} ac: wPSmudk odrf;ydkufxm;jcif; jzpf\/ temcHjcif;onf ork',opöm ac:wPSmudk
pmawGYr[kwfbJ igawGYtvkyfjzifh y,f owfjcif; jzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh edAÁmefcsrf;omudk &vdkolrSef orQ temcHjcif;0g'udk
usifhokH;&rnf jzpf\/
rEÅav;NrdKUü temBuD;a&m*gukaq;½kH wnfptcsdefu jrifuGif; udkMunfhí azmfjyyg "r®'óeav;onf pma&;ol&ifxJodkY
uqkeaf yguf um 0ifa&mufvmjcif; jzpf\/ oef;jrifah tmifonf tbpH\ aea&;udk jrifNyD;onfEiS hf pm;a&;udv k nf; qufvuf jrif&jyef\/
tbpHab;em; rS ausmufco J ;Hk vk;H jzifh jyKvkyx f m;aom rD;zdx k ufwiG f ',ft;kd wpfv;Hk u tcefoY m; ae&m,lxm;\/
',ftdk;wGif;üum; awmrQpfESpfwkH;udk a&aygavmjzifh awGY&\/ tbpHwdkYum; xrif;udkyif rpm;EdkifbJ awmrQpfjyKwfESifh
cufcpJ mG touf &Siaf e&olrsm;ygwum;/ oef;jrifah tmifu u½kPmrsuf0ef;jzifh tbpH udk pdu k Mf unfvh ukd &f if;-
]]tbpHu wpfa,mufwnf;vm;}}
[k ar;vdu k \
f / tbpH\ tajzpum;rsm;u tvGr;f aiGrY sm; qdik ;f aeoa,mifyif xif&\/
]]tcktcsderf mS awmh wpfa,mufwnf;ayghq&mrav;&,f? t&ifwek ;f uawmh r,m;vnf;&Sw d ,f? orD;ok;H a,mufvnf; &Sw d ,f?
tbpH touf ESpq f ,ft&G,?f ZeD;jzpfol toufq,f&h pS Ef pS f t&G,u f wnf;u tbpHwYkd vufxyfNyD; 'd;k wlabmifzuf awmif;pm;vmcJMh uwm
MumvSygNyDu, G }f }
]]'Dae&m a&mufpwke;f uvnf; tbpHwYkd vifr,m;&,f? orD; ok;H a,muf&,f? 'DopfyifatmufrmS at;twlyt l rQ aecJMh uwmyJ}}
]]tck olwYkd b,fa&mufomG ;MuvJ tbpH}}
]]iwfjywfqif;&Jw'hJ Pf rcHEikd v f Ykd bmomajymif;NyD; a[m[dk tdro f pfav;wpfv;Hk xJ a&mufomG ;MuNyDav}}
oef;jrifah tmifrmS xdt k cgusrS tdro f pfav;ajcmufv;Hk rSm Ak'b ¨ mom0ifrsm;u vSLxm;jcif;r[kwb f J bmomjcm; omoemjyKrsm;
vSLxm;jcif;jzpfaMumif; odvu kd &f \/
]]r,m;eJY orD;awGu tbudo k wl eYkd YJ vmaezdrYk ac:bl;vm;}}
]]ac:wmaygh q&mrav;&,f? olwdkYom;trdokH;a,muf wpfv ausmfausmfavmufxd 'DopfyifatmufrSm idk,kdNyD; tbudk
olwdkYeJYtwl vmaezdkY? bmomajymif;zdkY qGJaqmifpnf;½kH;Muao;w,f? tbolwdkY pum;udk em;raxmifbl;? ac:r&rSef;odvdkY tckawmh
vmrac:Muawmhygbl;? bmomcsif;rwlawmh twlvnf; raecsifawmhygbl; q&mrav;&,f? 'ghaMumifh tbpHwdkYrdom;pkrSm
wpf&mG wnf;aeNyD; wpfe,fpv D kd a0;uGm aewmaygh}}
]]tba&m bmomjcm;xJukd bmvdaYk jymif;roGm;wmvJ}}
]]q&mrav;&,f? tbpHw[ Ykd m vlaY vmuu pGeyYf ,fc&H wJh temBuD; a&m*gonfb0vnf; a&mufc&hJ NyD? tbpHtouf[m ckEpS q f ,f
eD;yg;&SNd yDqakd wmh tdv k nf; tdak eygNyD? a&SU ESpt f enf;i,ftwGi;f rSm emNyD; ao&awmhrmS yg? 'Dtouf't D &G,t f xd Ak'b
¨ momtjzpf cdik cf ikd rf mrm
&yfwnfcNhJ yD; emNyD;ao&cgeD; tcdsefem;a&mufraS wmh tbpH Ak'b ¨ mom udk b,fawmhrS rpGeb Yf ;l }}

- 10 -
tbpH&JU rsuf&nf
xdpk um;udk ajymNyD;csdew f iG f tbpH\ EIwcf rf;ESpcf u k wif;wif; aphxm;\/ odaYk omf rsufpEd pS zf ufrS rsuf&nfwu Ykd m; pD;usvmcJNh yD/
wif;wif;aphxm;aomEIwfcrf;u taeqif;&J tpm;qif;&Jaeaomfvnf; Ak'¨bmomrS avQmrusatmif awmifhcHxm;EdkifonfhtwGuf
0rf;omtm; wufrdaomaMumifh jzpf\/ rsuf&nfusjcif;um; vlrSKa&;'getm;enf;vS aomAk'¨bmom0ifrsm;aMumifh olonfvnf;
tpma&pmiwfjywfonfh 'Pf? iSufzsm;a&m*g'PfwdkYjzifh vtenf;i,ftwGif; aoqkH;&awmhrnfudk pOf;pm;rdojzifh tm;i,f
0rf;enf;vSaomaMumifh jzpf\/
r&rf ; acsmif ; &G m wG i f td r f a jc ok H ; &mh i g;q,f a usmf &S d \ / bmom jcm;bk & m;&S d c d k ; ausmif ; ok H ; ausmif ; &S d a omf v nf ;
Ak'¨bmombkef;BuD;ausmif; wpfausmif;om &Sd\/ bmomjcm; bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;u wpfygwf wpfBudrf bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif; wufvQif
vlwpfa,muf qefwpfjynf axmufy\ hH /
Ak'b¨ mombke;f BuD;ausmif;um; &Gmol&mG om;rsm;udk xdu k ohJ Ykd axmufyEhH ikd pf rG ;f r&S?d xdaYk Mumifv
h nf; iwfjywfqif;&Jonf'h Pfukd rcHEikd f
ojzifh tdraf jcwpf&mhig;q,fausmfonf Ak'b ¨ momtjzpfrS bmomjcm;odYk ajymif;oGm;Mu\/
wjcm;bmomrS Ak ' ¨ b momod k Y ajymif ; 0if v mMujcif ; vnf ; &S d \ / xd k Y t wl Ak ' ¨ b momrS v nf ; wjcm;bmomod k Y
ajymif;0ifoGm;Mujcif;vnf; &Sd\/ odkYaomf wjcm;bm omrS Ak'¨bmomodkY ajymif;0ifvmMujcif;onf tjcm;bm omxuf
Ak'¨bmomu jrwfaomaMumifh jzpf\/ Ak'¨bm omrS tjcm;bmomodkY ajymif;0if oGm;jcif;um; tjcm;bm omu
Ak'¨bmomxuf jrwfaomaMumifh r[kwf? (iwfaom) qif;&JaomaMumifh jzpf\/
]] bmomjcm; bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;rS qefa0iSwdkif; Ak'¨bm om temBuD;a&m*gonfrsm;onf igwdkYAk'¨bmom0ifrsm;vnf;
bmomjcm;rsm;uJo h Ykd vma&mufaxmufyv hH Qif aumif;avpG[k awmifh wrdMu\/ tbpHonfvnf; xdo k aYkd wmifw
h &if; b0wpfyg;odYk ajymif;
oGm;cJ&h avNyD/
tbpHwYkd Ak'b ¨ mom temBuD;a&m*gonfrsm;\ awmifw h rIonf 5? 1? 2007 aeYu jynf0h avNyD/ pma&;olonf vSL'gef; csifvo S jzifh
temBuD;a&m*gonf&mG udk pkpH rf;aeonfrmS ESpt f wef MumavNyD/ [dv k al r;rod? 'Dval r;rodjzifh &ufuv kd pm;? vukEd pS pf m;jzifh tcsdef tawmf
vifoh mG ;&\/ pma&;q&mr oef;jrifah tmifEiS ahf wGrY yS if pma&;ol\ qE´vnf; jynf0h &awmh\/
pma&;olEiS hf 'umç 'umrrsm; pkaygif;vSL'gef;rIrsm;rSm-
1/ aiGom; 5ode;f /
2/ qeftw d f 71 tdw/f
3/ jcifaxmif 250 vk;H /
4/ NcHKapmif 350 xnf/
5/ zdeyf 100 &H/
6/ ykq;kd ç tusÐ tdwBf uD; 2 tdw/f
"r®m½kBH uD;xJ w&m;a[m tNyD;wGif r&rf;acsmif;aus;&Gm Ouú|u ,ckvkd avQmuf\/
]]q&mawmfb&k m;? wynfah wmfwYkd &Gmxdyrf mS Edik if aH wmfu aqmufvyk af y;wJh taqmifEpS af qmif&ydS gw,f bk&m;? 'DtaqmifawGxJ
rSmawmh rdom;pkr&Sw d hJ txD;usef a&m*gonfawGukd xm;ygw,fb&k m;? olwu Ykd awmh ud,
k w
f ikd cf sufjyKwf pm;Edik pf rG ;f udk r&Sad wmhvYkd &yf&mG uyJ
pkNyD; csufjyKwfa<u;arG;&ygw,f}}
]] a&m*gyd;k uawmh r&Sad wmhygbl;bk&m;? 'gayr,fh a&m*g'Pf csufu jyif;xefawmh wcsdKUqd&k if tdy, f mrSmyJ yufvuf aeMu&w,f/
trsdK;orD;aqmifrSm av;q,feJY? trsdK;om;aqmifrSm av;q,f&Sdygw,f? 'Da0'em&SifawGuvnf; q&mawmfudk zl;yg&apvdkY
awmif;yefavQmufxm; cdik ;f ygw,f/
]]olwYkd ud, k wf ikd af wmh "r®m½kx
H u
J kd rvmEdik b
f ;l bk&m;? tJ'g q&mawmf olwt Ykd aqmifxJ <uapcsifwmudk ravQmuf&b J ;l jzpfaew,f
bk&m;}}
]]td-k q&mawmfukd zl;csifwmrsm; bmvdYk ravQmuf&b J ;l jzpfae &wmvJ}}
]]olwu Ykd kd a&m*gu ay;xm;wJh 'PfcsufawGu jyif;vGe;f awmh ab;tjrifawmh raumif;bl;aygh bk&m;? awmfawmfwefwef vlawG
tJ't D aqmifxJ r0ifcsifMubl; bk&m;? 'ghaMumifh q&mawmfa&m taqmifxJ 0ifcsifyghrvm;vdYk awG;NyD; ravQmuf&b J ;l jzpfaewmygbk&m;}}
]]bmjzpfvYkd r0if&&J rSmvJ? tckomG ;pd}Yk }
pma&;ol a&SUuOD;aqmifoGm;onfESifh y&dowfrsm;vnf; aemuf u pDwef;NyD;ygvm\? pma&;ol taqmifxJ0ifvmonfESifh
trsdK;orD; a&m*gonfrsm; Murf;jyifay: r& &atmifqif;NyD; 0rf;omtm;& &Sdcdk;uef awmhMu\/ pma&;olu wpfa,mufwpfaxmifpD

- 11 -
a0iSay;vdu k \f /
toufajcmufq,fcef&Y dS trsdK;orD;BuD;wpfO;D rSm pma&;olukd uefawmh&if; rsuf&nfawGp;D usNyD; ikad <u;&Sm\/ pma&;olu ar;rd\/
]]'umrBuD;u bmjzpfvYkd idw k mwke;f }}
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f ,fe;D yg; &Syd gNyD? bk&m;om;awmf oHCmawmfukd 'DwpfcgyJ
zl;cGihf &vdyYk gbk&m;}}
pma&;ol&ifxJ eifu h eJaeatmif cHpm;vdu k &f \/ olwYkd tm;& atmifz;l cGi&hf zdt
Yk wGuf vrf;v,fwiG f cyfMumMum &yfay;aerd\/
xdrk S wzef trsdK;om;aqmifxJ 0ifvu kd of nfEiS hf trsdK;om;a&m*gonf rsm;uvnf; tm;&yg;&zl;arQmfMu\/ olwu Ykd v
kd nf; aiGwpfaxmifpD
a0iS ay;vdu k \f /
ay;cJh&aom uwdwpfck
trsdK;om;a&m*gonf wpfO;D u ol&Y ifxu J qE´wpfcu k kd awmif;qd\
k /
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'gayr,fh wynfah wmfwu Ykd vnf; oHCmawmfawG&&dS m roGm;Edik ?f oHCm awmfawGuvnf; wynfah wmfw&Ykd &dS m r<uEdik ef YJ ESpEf pS q f ,f eD;yg;&Srd S
'DwpfcgyJ oHCmawmfukd aumif;aumif; zl;&ygw,fb&k m;? wynfah wmf wdYk a&m*gonfrsm;rSm 'geukov kd jf yK&atmif "etm;vnf; r&Syd gbk&m;?
wpfcg Ak'a¨ 0,sm0pöç oHCmha0,sm0pö jyK&atmif um,tm;vnf; r&Syd gbk&m;? wynfah wmfwYkd &Edik w f hJ ukov
kd q
f v
kd Ykd q&mawmf oHCmawmf
rsm; <uvmwJt h cg zl;jrif&wJh ukov kd yf J &Syd gw,fb&k m;? 'ghaMumifh a&m*gonfrsm; tm;vk;H &JUud, k pf m; q&mawmfukd awmif;yef avQmufxm;
yg&ap? wynfah wmfwYkd zl;cGi&hf atmif q&mawmftaeeJY 'Dr&rf;acsmif; &Gmudk wpfEpS f ESpBf udrcf efY <ua&mufay;awmfryl gbk&m;}}
]]b,favmuf tvkyu f pd aö wGrsm;rsm; OD;yÍöi;f wpfEpS f ESpaf cguf a&mufatmif <uay;yghr,f}}
]]wynfah wmfwt Ykd wGuf 'DaeY[m 0rf;omp&m taumif;qk;H aeY? r*Fvmt&Sq d ;Hk aeYygbk&m;}}
pm<uif;/ / 30ç 5ç 2007 aeYu rEÅav;wdik ;f ? rwå&mNrdKUe,f? a&eHo Y m temBuD;a&m*gaq;½kt H wGuf -
aq;0g;ESihf tjcm;ya'omyif 1500000d/
a'gufwm jrwfow D mESihf rdom;pkqck saiG 500000d/
eHo
Y mNrdKifrS rdom;pk av;&mausmftwGuq f eftw
d (f 70) 1400000d/
rEÅav;NrdKU? 38 vrf;rS? OD;vSp;kd +a':wifa&T rdom;pk?
yef;uefEiS hf pwD;cGurf sm; 150000d/
ig;ZGeNf rdKUrS? udjk rBuD;ESihf nDç nDrrsm; rS
ausmif;pdr;f vkcH snf (250) 200000d cef/Y
vlemwpfa,muf 5000 EI;H a0iS 600000d/
roDwmEG,Of ;D ? aps;csdK ]cifMunfMunf} zdeyfqikd rf zS ed yf 100- &H 150000d/
vlemrsm;tm; xrif;wpfeyfauR; 100000d/
"r®apwD q&mawmfrS xrif;wpfeyfpmv 100000d/
&GmxJrS tEGr;f yg;qk;H rdom;pkrsm;tm; axmufyahH iG 280000d/
0efxrf;rsm;tm; wpfO;D wpfaxmif axmufyahH iG 120000d/
pkpak ygif; 5820000d
&efuek Ef iS hf rEÅav;? w&m;emy&dowfrsm;tm;vSLaiG 33 ode;f cef/Y
q&mawmfrv S LS aiG 25 ode;f cef&Y /dS
ÄÄÄ

- 12 -
BuD;yGm;csrf;om&ef pdwf\pGrf;tifwefcdk;vdktyfonf
pdwfwefcdk; &&SdaprSK taMumif;w&m; 10 ck
1/wdusaom &nf&, G cf suf xm;&Sjd cif;/
2/ qk;H jzwfcsuf tjrefcsrSwjf cif; ('G[ d r&Sjd cif;)/
3/ ud, k u f sifwh &m;cdik v f jHk cif; (½d;k om;rSK)/
4/ rdrpd w d \ f vIy&f mS ;rSKrsm;udk wif;usyfpmG tkyx f ed ;f csKyfwnf; Edik jf cif;/
5/ tusdK;jyK ]y&[dw} tvkyv f yk &f ef pdwt f m;xufoefpNJG rJjcif;/
6/ rdrv d yk if ef;rsm;tay: aumif;pGmodem;vnfjcif;/
7/ t&mcyford ;f wdt Yk ay:rSm onf;cHEikd pf rG ;f &Sjd cif;/
8/ rdrv d yk af zmfuikd b
f uf taygif;toif;rsm;tay: opöm&Sjd cif;ESihf obm0w&m;tay: ,kMH unfrKS &Sjd cif;/
9/ todynmrsm;udk pGpJ NJG rJNrJ &SmrS;D vdpk w d &f jdS cif;/
10/ pdwu f ;l BuHpnfrI tm½ku H kd rsufjcnfrjywf apmifMh unfEh ikd pf rG ;f &Sd jcif;/
(urÇmt
h csrf;omqk;H oHrPdoal |;BuD; tif'½l;umeuf*sD)

- 13 -
tcef; ( 2 )
<u,f0csrf;omvdkolwdkif; jynfUpkH&rnfU w&m;av;yg;

½ky0f g'DtcsdKUu bmomw&m;onf bde;f ESihf wlonf/ bde;f pGJ oGm;olonf BuD;yGm;csrf;oma&;vrf; ydwo f uJo h Ykd bmoma&; vdu k f
pm;olrsm;onf BuD;yGm;csrf;oma&;vrf;udk ydwfqdkYaponf[k pGyfpGJ a&;om;Mu\/ þodkY a&;om;jcif;onf Ak'¨\ "r®a'oemrsm;udk
aocsmravhvmrdaomaMumifh jzpf\/
Ak'o ¨ nf tEkt&ifh rcGb J J awGUorQvlwikd ;f udk tedpçö 'kuç© tewå csnf; a[mMum;aeonf r[kwaf y/ EkvQif Ekaomw&m;? &ifv h Qif
&ifah omw&m;udk tmo,mEko,ÓPfjzifMh unfu h m cGjJ cm;a[mMum; ay;avh&\ dS / þ'kw, d tcef;ü Ak'ñ ¨ eT jf yonfh BuD;yGm;csrf;omaMumif;
orÜ'gw&m;av;yg;udk azmfjyrnf jzpf\/
þ orÜ'gw&m;av;yg;udk Ak'o ¨ nf t*Fw k KÅd &fygVdawmf? ]t|ued ygwf? 'DCZmPkow k }f ü a[mMum;awmfrcl \ hJ /
tcgwpfyg; bk&m;&Sio f nf aumvd,wdik ;f twGi;f &Sd uuú&ywå trnf&dS ed*;Hk &GmBuD;ü oDwif;ok;H w&m;jyawmfr\ l / Ak'v ¨ ufxufu
NrdKUtjzpf? &Gmtjzpf? ed*;Hk tjzpf owfrw S yf Hk vuFmuav;&S\ d /
]wHwikd ;f &Hr&S?d aps;om&S?d rSwb f ]d ed*;Hk }wnf;/
ESpyf g;pk&H ?dS NrdKU[ko?d r&Sd ]*gr}wnf;}
þvuFmt& wHwdkif;r&SdbJ aps;om&SdvQif ed*kH;? wHwdkif;ç aps; ESpfrsdK; vkH;&SdvQifNrdKU? wHwdkif;ç aps;ESpfrsdK;vkH;r&SdvQif&Gm/
[k-owfrw S Ef ikd \ f / uuú&ywåum; wHwikd ;f r&Sb d J aps;om &Sad omaMumifh ed*;Hk [kac:\/
wpfaeYwiG f 'DCZmPk (usm;oGm;aom vrf;wGif arG;zGm;aom aMumifh As*¢yZÆ[v k nf; trnfwiG af om) trnfwiG af om aumvd,rif;
om;onf bk&m;&Siu f kd ½kad opGm&Scd ;kd NyD; ,ckvkd avQmufxm;\/
]]bke;f awmfBuD;awmfral om jrwfpmG bk&m;? wynfah wmfwo Ykd nf tm½kiH g;yg; umr*kPw f &m;wduYk kd cHpm;Muaom vlwjYkd zpfjcif;aMumifh
om;r,m;wdjYk zifh usOf;ajr§mif;aom tdypf uf&m ae&mwdüYk aeMu&yguke\ f / umodwikd ;f üjzpfaom pEú;l eHo Y mwduYk kd ok;H pGaJ eMuyguke\f /
yef;eYo
H m eHoY majymif;wdu Yk vkd nf; yefqifow k f vdr;f aeMuyguke\ f / a&TaiGEiS hf tjcm;aom ypön;f Opöm &wemwdu Yk v kd nf; om,mudik w f , G f
aeMuyguke\ f / xdaYk Mumifh ypöKyÜKefüvnf; BuD;yGm;csrf;om? wrvGeüf vnf; BuD;yGm;csrf; omaMumif;w&m;udk a[mMum;awmfryl gbk&m;}}
xdo k Ykd avQmufxm;vmolukd Ak'u ¨ oltvd&k o dS nftwdik ;f BuD;yGm; csrf;omaMumif; w&m;udk a[mMum;awmfr\ l /
ypöKyÜefBuD;yGm;csrf;omaMumif;w&m;av;yg;
BuD;yGm;csrf;omaMumif;w&m;av;yg;rSm-
1/ O|meorÜ'gg- x<uvkv YH 0D&,
d jzifh Opömpnf;pdru
f kd &SmazG&rnf/
2/ tm&u©orÜ'gg- rukeo f ifw
h m rukeaf tmif xde;f odr;f apmifah &SmufrEI iS hf jynfph &Hk rnf/
3/ uvsmPrdwåorÜ'gg- rdwaf qGaumif; &S&d rnf/
4/ orZD0dworÜ'gg- t0iftxGuf rQwatmif ok;H pGw J wf&rnf/
þ O|meorÜ'gü t*Fgig;csuf&\ dS /
1/ rdr\d pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;ü uRrf;usifvrd m® jcif;/
2/ rysif;r&d x<uvkv YH 0D&,d &Sjd cif;/
3/ vkyif ef;ü plprf;qifjcifEikd af om ÓPfynm&Sjd cif;/
4/ ud,k w f ikd u f ,
kd u
f s jyKvkyjf cif;/
5/ OD;pD;OD;aqmif jyKí pDrñ H eT Mf um;Edik jf cif;/
¤if;ig;csufwGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;ü uRrf;usifvdr®mjcif;? pl;prf;qif jcifEdkifaom ÓPfynm&Sdjcif;[laom t*FgESpfcsuf
tm;enf;csdKU,Gi;f wwfaomaMumifh Ak'b ¨ mom jrefrmrsm;\ pD;yGm;a&; vkyif ef;rsm;onf ysufp;D oGm;wwf\/ Edik if aH usmf pma&;q&mBuD;
yDr;kd eif;onfyif ykEH ydS f pufqikd &f mü uRrf;usifrKS r&Sb d J ykEH ydS pf ufwpfv;Hk wnfaxmif&m aiG&if; rsm;pGm ysufp;D qk;H ½I;H oGm;zl;\/
a&TjynfomrS pma&;ol\ qGr;f 'umwpfa,mufonf vdik ;f um; wpfp;D wnfaxmifrnf jzpfaMumif; pma&;olukd avQmufxm;í
tBuHÓPf awmif;\/ pma&;olu olu Y kd jyefNyD;ar;cGe;f xkwrf \ d /

- 14 -
]]'umBuD;- um;taMumif;udk aocsmem;vnf&UJ vm;}}

]]tJ'v D akd wmh em;rvnfb;l bk&m;? '½kid b f mwpfa,mufu ol wm0ef,Nl yD;0,fay;r,f? olyaJ rmif;r,fqNkd yD; ajymvdyYk gbk&m;}}
]]udk,fudk,fwdkif OD;vnf;raqmifEdkif? em;vnf;rvnfEdkifwJh tvkyfrsdK;udk rvkyfoifhbl; 'umBuD;? atmifjrifzdkYxuf qkH;½IH;zdkYu
ydrk sm;w,f}}
]]'kuy© ?J wynfah wmf um;u 0,fNyD;aeNyDb&k m;}}
xifonht f wdik ;f yif um;tpkwu f kd 0,frNd yD; cPcP ysufum ypön;f csnf; 0,fxnhaf e&ojzifh aiGrsm; tawmfq;Hk ½I;H oGm;&Sm\/
xd k u m; a&mif ; rxG u f r csif ; wpf t d r f v k H ; pd w f q if ; &J M u&\/ xd k u m; a&mif ; xG u f oG m ;rS y if aiG x G u f v nf ; &yf o G m ;\/
a&mif;aomtcgwGiv f nf;t½I;H cHNyD; a&mif;vdu k &f \/
EGm;arG;NrL&m? aps;a&mif;&müyif uRrf;usifvdr®mrIESifh? pl;prf;qif jcifÓPf&SdrIwdkY ta&;wBuD;vdktyfykHudk Ak'ü ,ckvdk
tao;pdwaf [m Mum;cJ\ h /
EGm;arG;jrLol &Sd&rnfht*Fg 11 csuf

EGm;arG;jrLolonf -
1/ EGm;wpfaumifcsif;\ ½kyo f iG o
f P²mefukd od&rnf/
2/ EGm;\Mueftifvu©PmwdüYk vdrm® &rnf/
3/ ,ifacs;Oudk cGmwwf&rnf/(oef&Y iS ;f a&;ç usef;rma&; vkyw f wf &rnf/)
4/ temudk zk;H vTr;f wwf&rnf/
5/ rSuçf csifç,if tEÅ&m,frsm;uif;a0;atmif rD;zdí k rD;cd;k wdu
k af y;&rnf/
6/ ab;&eftEÅ&m,fuif;a0;aom a&qdyu f o kd &d rnf/
7/ ti,fçtvwfçtBuD; toD;oD;aomEGm;tm;vk;H a&0atmif aomuf&jcif; &S^d r&Sd odatmifjyK&rnf/
8/ ab;&efuif;aom vrf;c&D;udk od&rnf/ (EGm;ausmif;csde)f
9/ pm;usufajrü uRrf;usifvrd m® &rnf/
10/ EGm;Edn
Yk p§ af omtcg EGm;om;i,ftwGuf >cif;csefí Edn k p§ f avh&rdS nf/
11/ EGm;wdkY\ rdb? EGm;wdkY\ tBuD;tuJjzpfonfh a&SUaqmif EGm;vm;udk ydkvGefaomtm;jzifh ylaZmfapmifha&Smufwwfjcif; [l aom
tcsufwu Ykd o
kd &d rnf/
(t*Fw
k Kåd &fygVdawmf? {um'ouedygwf? a*gygvokw)f
aps;a&mif;ol&Sd&rnfY t*Fg
aps;a&mif;olonf-
1/ ynmrsufaph &S&d rnf/ (rnfonfh ukeo f nf? rnfonft h csdef aps;usNyD;? rnfonft h csdeaf ps;wufonf ponfukd odaomynm)/
2/ vkvYH 0D&,d &S&d rnf/ (Oyrm- ig;ydaumif; a&mif;vdo k o
l nf {&m0wDwikd ;f rSvnf; 0,fEikd of vd?k weoFm&Dwikd ;f NrdwNf rdKUe,f? uRef;pkNrdKU
e,fwrYkd v
S nf; 0,f,El ikd o f nf? Nrdwif g;ydukd 0,fa&mif; Edik vf Qif ykíd wGif us,fEikd o
f nf? o,f,yl aYkd qmifrKS a0;aomfvnf; tyifyef;cHí
o,f,l jcif;rsdK;udk vkv YH 0D&,d &Sjd cif; [kqEkd ikd \
f )/
3/ trDo S [J rdwaf qGaumif; &S&d rnf/
4/ eHeuf apmapmxí a&mif;&rnf/(apmapm aps;0,fvdkolrsm; onf apmapmxGufaom qdkifwGifom 0,fwwfí þtcsufudk
a[mjcif; jzpf\)/
5/ aeYvnfcif;wGifvnf; *½kwpdkufa&mif;&rnf/(ysif;&daomaps; onfrsm;onf aeYvnfaeYcif;wGif awmf&modkY avQmufvnfae
wwfonf? xdt k csderf sdK; 0,forl sm;onf a&mif;oltoifh &Sad omqdik w f iG o
f m 0,fwwfí þtcsufukd xnfah [mjcif; jzpf\/
6/ nrd;k csKyfonftxd a&mif;jcif;/ (aemufusrS tvkyjf yef&aom olrsm;onf rd;k csKyfrS aps;0,fwwfMu\/ xdt k cgrsdK;wGif rd;k csKyf
onftxd zGix hf m;aomqdik w f iG of m 0,fMuí þtcsufukd xnfah [mjcif; jzpf\/)
(t*Fwk Kåd &fygVdawmf? wduedygwf? yXrygyPduokwEf iS hf 'kw, d ygyPduokw)f

- 15 -
O|meorÜ'g t*Fgig;csufteuf aemufq;Hk ESpcf sufrmS vnf; BuD;yGm;csrf;oma&;wGif ta&;BuD;qk;H ae&mrS yg0if\/ xdEk pS cf sufrmS
ud,
k w f ikd f ud,
k uf s OD;pD;OD;aqmifí jyKvkyjf cif;? ud, k w f ikd f pDrñ H eT Mf um; ay;jcif; jzpf\/ vGecf ahJ om ESpaf ygif;ESpq f ,fih g;ESpcf efu Y rEÅav;NrdKUwGif
tvGeaf &mif;aumif;aom xrif;qdik w f pfqikd f &Scd zhJ ;l \/
qdkifydkif&Sifonf rdrd\ vkyfief;ü uRrf;usifvdr®mjcif;? x<u vkHYv0D&d,&Sdjcif;? pl;prf;qifjcifEdkifaom ÓPfynm&Sdjcif;[laom
O|meorÜ'g t*Fgig;csufteuf a&SUydik ;f ok;H csufEiS t hf nD a&mif;0,fjcif;aMumifh ,ckvkd atmifjrifaejcif; jzpf\/
qdik &f iS o f nf xrif;qdik f av;ig;qdik w f iG f tvky0f ifvyk &f if; tcsuftjyKwfynmudk uRrf;usifatmif avhvmoif,\ l / xdaYk Mumifh
olYqdkifrS[if;onf rEÅav;&Sd xrif;qdkifwdkYwGif taumif;qkH;[lí pm;okH; olwdkY ywf0ef;usifwGif emrnfxGufcJh\/ þum;rdrdvkyfief;ü
uRrf;usif vdrm® jcif;[laom ]yxrO|meorÜ'g}t*FgESihf jynfph jHk cif;jzpf\/
olYqdkifonf [if;tapmqkH;usuf\/ xdkYaMumifh reufapmapm xGufrnfh ukefum;armif;orm;rsm;onf olYqdkifwGif pm;Mu\/
nOfeh ufrS qdik o f rd ;f \/ xdaYk Mumifh rEÅav;odYk nOfeh ufrS 0ifvmaom um;orm; rsm;onf olq Y ikd wf iG o f m pm;Mu\/ olq Y ikd o
f nf rEÅav;NrdKU
t0if um;vrf;ab; rlvZD;befeD ausmif;wdu k ef m;wGif &S\ d /
aeYvnfcif;wGif tvkyo f rm;tcsdKUudk tdycf sifvQiftyd cf iG hf jyKaomf vnf; olu, kd wf ikd uf m; rtdy/f vmorQ pm;ok;H olrsm;udk ud, k w f ikd f
BudKqdNk yD; ae&mcsxm;ay;\/ þtcsufrsm;onf x<uvkv YH 0D&, d &Sjd cif; [laom 'kw, d O|meorÜ'gt*FgESihf jynfph jHk cif; jzpf\/
qdik &f iS of nf xrif;qdik t f rsdK;rsdK;wGif tvkyv f yk cf ahJ omaMumifh pm;ok;H oltrsdK;rsdK;\ tBudKuftrsdK;rdsK;udk od\/ odatmifvnf;
aocsm avhvmxm;\/ xdkYaMumifh olYqdkifwGif 0ufom;wpfckwnf;udkyif 0ufom;ESyf? 0ufom;qDysH? 0ufom;[if;av; (o&ufoD; ESifh
csufjcif;)? 0ufom; yJig;yd? ponfjzifh pkv H ifatmif csufxm;\/
twdt Yk jr§Kwfuv
kd nf; tpkyH gEdik af tmif tNrJBudK;pm;\/ wrm &Guf wk;H csdew f iG yf if olq Y ikd üf wrm&Gut f wdu Yk kd &\/ rnfo&Ykd oenf;/
pOfth ;kd BuD;rsm;pGmjzifh wrm&Gurf sm;udk tcsOfprd x f m;Edik af om aMumifyh if jzpf\/ þum; rdrv d yk if ef;ü pl;prf;qifjcifEikd af om ÓPfynm&Sjd cif;[k
qd&k rnfh ]wwd, O|meorÜ'g}ESihf jynfph jHk cif;yif jzpf\/
qdkifa&mif;tm; xdk;wufvmNyD; aiGrsm;rsm;udkif&onfESifh xdkqdkif &Sifonf rdef;rtaysmftyg; vkdufpm;vm\/ ao&nfao&uf
aomufvm \/ avmif;upm; vkyv f m\/ taygif;toif;rsm;ESihf avQmufvnfcsdef rsm;vm\/ þav;csufum; pD;yGm;Opömysufp;D aMumif;
w&m;rsm;yif jzpf\/
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jyKvdyYk gyJvYkd vlwpfcsdKUu ajymqdMk uw,f 'Dawmh cifAsm;&JU <u,f0csrf;omvmrIeYJ cifAsm;&JU tvkyo f rm;rsm;&JU qif;&JErG ;f yg;rI[m bmjzpfvYkd
'Davmufxd uGma0;ae&w,f qdw k mudk cifAsm;t,ltqt& &Si;f jyapcsifygw,f}}
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ar;Muyg w,f? xdo k rl sm;udk uREkyf tf ajzay;cJoh vdyk J rif;udv
k nf; uREkyf u
f ajzqdak y;ygr,f-

- 16 -
yxrqk;H taeeJY rif;udk uREkyf rf qdik ;f rwG ajymjy&rSm uawmh uREkyf \

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f hJ wpfcw k nf;aom tajzuawmh-
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qdvk jkd cif;jzpf\/
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NyD; avhvmMunf½h w I t
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[mvnf; cifAsm;enf;wl <u,f0csrf;omMurSmyJvYkd jzpfygw,f? tJ'g rSeyf govm;/

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ajz/ / uREfyk &f UJ tvkyo f rm;rsm;udk rif; pdwBf udKufawGq

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,cktcsdew f iG u f m;]]a&T&nfEq Ykd }D }qdv

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D sdKzd0Yk ,fxm;wJh xif;wk;H awGxu J tom;yGwmawG&Y if ud, k w
f ikd f
ckzH ed yf ckwv f u kd w f ,f}}
]]NyD;&if pufbD;wm,mta[mif;udk oJBudK;vkyfoH½kdufNyD; pD;wm yJ? 'Dvdkvkyf&wm aiGtydkrukefapcsifwmygovdk 'Dvkyfief;eJY
BuD;yGm;aeNyD qdkNyD; vlawGtxifrBuD;apcsifwmvnf;ygw,f? jrefrmtrsm;pk[m pD;yGm;a&;vkyfwJhtcg udk,fhenf;udk,fh[efeJY
rBudK;pm;csifMubl;? wDxiG rf I r&SMd ubl;}}
]]olrsm; atmifjrifwmjrifrS aemufuaetwif; vdkufvkyf wwfMuw,f? aysmfbG,fuvlwpfa,muf rkefY<uyfvkyfwmvnf;
atmifjrifa&m aemufuvdkufvkyfMuwm aysmfbG,fwpfe,fvkH; rkef<uyf csnf; jzpfoGm;w,f? tJ'Dawmh t&ifvlvnf; odyfrpm;om
awmhb;l aygh}}
rSwfcsuf/ / jrefrmrsm;\ tm;enf;csufrSm pD;yGm;&Smaom tcg udk,fydkifwDxGifrI r&SdbJ? olwpfyg;twkudk tacsmif
vduk v f yk w f wfjcif;yif jzpf\/ &yfuu G wf pfcw k iG f wpfO;D u AG'D ,D jkd yí tqifajyaevQif aemuf tOD;aygif;rsm;pGmu AG'D , D dk
vku d jf yMu\/
xdktcg AGD'D,kdMunfholrsm; rQoGm;í olvnf;rrQ igvnf;r0 jzpfMu&\/ olwpfyg; atmifjrifaeaom tvkyfudk vkdufvkyfjcif;
onf arwåmç u½kPmacgif;yg;&ma&mufí vdkufrvkyfoifhay/ xdk tcsufESifh ywfoufí twk,lp&m &Gmwpf&Gmudk awGU&zl;\/ xdk&Gmum;
ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f ? bkwvifNrdKUe,frS ]]uHom&Gm}} yifjzpf\/
twk,lp&m &Gmwpf&Gm
xdw
k pf&mG vk;H wGif AG'D ,
D jdk yaom½kq
H v
kd Qif wpf½o
Hk m&S\
d / t&ifvl \ pD;yGm;a&; xdcu
kd rf mS pd;k aomaMumifh aemufvul vdu k rf vkyjf cif;
jzpf\/ tdrfqdkif zGifhxm;vQifvnf; wpfqdkifom&Sd\/ aemufvlu vdkufrzGifh/ xdkarwåm? u½kPmaMumifhyif uHom½Gm wpf&GmvkH; olYpD;yGm;
a&;ESio
hf l tqifajyMuolcsnf; jzpf\/
]]wynfah wmf EdqYk cD sufp tcsdeu f ywf0ef;usifu ajymMu wmaygh bk&m;? 'DaumifcPyg? olrsm;rvkyw f m xvkyw f ahJ umif &Sw
d mawG

- 19 -
jyKwf&if &yfomG ;rSmyJw?hJ wynfah wmfu 'Dpum;awG *½krpdu k f ygbl;? ud,

k v
f yk wf hJ tvkyaf tmifjrifwt hJ xd aemufrqkwwf rf; vkyrf ,f}}
]] aemufq;Hk bmrSr&S&d if EGm;Edt Yk ;kd xJ acgif;ESpaf er,fvYkd jyefajym vduk wf ,f? 'Dwukd w
f m NcHajrawGtm;vk;H [m Edq
Yk v
D yk if ef;aMumifyh J
jzpfxeG ;f vmwmyg? EGm;EdeYk YJ BuD;yGm;cJ&h wmjzpfvYkd aus;Zl;&Sif jzpfwhJ EGm;&JUtom;udak wmif rpm;bJ a&Smifygw,f}}
tm&u©orÜ'g xdef;odrf;apmifUa&SmufrI
O|meorÜ'gtaMumif;udk jyNyD;í tm&u©orÜ'gtaMumif;udk qufjytH/h tm&u©orÜ'g[lonf &SmazG&&Sad om ypön;f Opömrsm;udk
rukeo
f ifw
h m rukeaf tmif? rysufp;D oifw
h m rysufp;D atmif xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufjcif;yif jzpf\/
rD;ç a&ç rif;ç cd;k olç rcspfrESpo f ufo[ l al om &eforl sdK; ig;yg; rzsufq;D Edik af tmif apmifah &Smuf&ouJo h Ykd OpömaMu;aiGukd pnf;urf;
wusok;H pGjJ cif;jzifh rukeof ifwh m rukeaf tmifvnf; apmifah &Smuf&\/
tok;H ESihf tjzKef;wGif tok;H om&SNd yD; tNzKef;r&Sv d Qif BuD;yGm; wd;k wufrnfomjzpf\/ pm;0wfaea&;twGuf r0,frjzpfí 0,f&jcif;
onf tok;H jzpfí r0,fbjJ zpfvQuf *kPw f *k Pk Nf ydKif vkyv
f í kd 0,f,jl cif; onf tNzKef;[kcjJG cm;Edik \
f /
þtcsufEiS hf ywfoufí t*Fw k Kdå &fygVdawmf? ukvokwv f m ypön;f Opömrsm; Mumjrifph mG wnfwjhH cif; taMumif;av;yg;ESihf Mumjrifph mG
rwnfwjhH cif;taMumif; av;yg;wdu Yk kd OD;pGmodoifo h jzifh azmfjytH/h
ypönf;Opöm MumjrifhpGm wnfwHhjcif;taMumif;av;yg;

1/ aysmufaom ypön;f Opömudk &SmazGjcif;/
2/ a[mif;EGr;f aom ypön;f udk jyKjyifjcif;/
3/ twdik ;f t&Snf yrmPudk csifch sdeí f pm;aomufo;Hk aqmifjcif;/
4/ tusifo h v
D ESihf jynfph aHk om rde;f rudjk zpfap? a,musfm;udk jzpfap? tBuD;tuJ ]]b@mpd;k }} t&müxm;&Sjd cif;/
ypönf;Opöm MumjrifUpGm rwnfwHhjcif;taMumif;av;yg;

1/ aysmufaomypön;f udk r&SmazGjcif;/
2/ a[mif;EGr;f aom ypön;f udk rjyKjyifjcif;/
3/ twdik ;f t&Snf yrmPudk rcsifch sdeb f J pm;aomufo;Hk aqmif jcif;/
4/ tusifo h v D r&Sad om rde;f rudk jzpfap? a,musfm;udk jzpfap tBuD;tuJ ]]b@mpd;k }} t&müxm;&Sjd cif;/
þae&mü a[mif;EGrf;aom ypönf;udk jyKjyifjcif;ESifh ywfoufí twk,loifhaom t&SiftmeE´m\ ouFef;a[mif;tay:
jyKjyifo;Hk pGrJ u
I kd azmfjytH/h
twk,lzG,f&m t&SiftmeE´m
wpfaeYaomtcg t&Sit f meE´mrax&fonf aemufyg&[ef; ig;&mESit hf wl aumorDjÁ ynfoYkd <ucsDawmfrcl \ hJ / taMumif;rSm Ak'r¨ ed Yf
awmfrjl cif;aMumifh t&Siq f E´tm; jA[®'Pfay;&eftwGuf jzpf\/ aumorDjÁ ynfoYkd a&mufaomtcg Oawerif;BuD;\ O,smOfteD; opfyif&if;
wpfcük oDwif;ok;H aeawmfr\ l /
xdtk csdew f iG f Oawerif;BuD;onf armif;rrdóiH g;&mESihf twl O,smOfupm; pHaysmfaecsdejf zpf\/ t&Sit f meE´mrax&f O,smOfteD;
opfyif&if;wpfcük oDwif;ok;H aeaMumif; od&aomtcg oGm;a&mufz;l arQmf &ef bk&ifBuD;xH cGiyhf efMu\/
cGijhf yKcsuf &&Sad omtcg armif;rrdórH sm;onf t&Sit f meE´m rax&fxo H Ykd oGm;a&mufz;l arQmfMu\/ t&Sitf meE´mrax&f a[mMum;
aom w&m;awmfrsm;udk Mum;em&ojzifh BunfnKd o'¨g tm;BuD;pGm tay:½kH wbufig;&mudk vSL'gef;NyD; jyefvmMu\/
Oawerif;BuD;onf jyefvmaom armif;rrdów H x
Ykd rH S tay:½kH wbufig;&mvk;H vSLypfcMhJ uaMumif; odaomtcg t&Sit f meE´monf
tb,fah Mumifh wpfyg;wnf;jzpfvsuf wbufig;&mvk;H udk tvSLcH&o enf; t&Sit f meE´monf txnfuek o f ,G jf cif;udv
k nf; jyKtHah vm?
txnf qdik u f v kd nf; zGit hf ahH vm [k½wI cf sajymqd\
k /
xdaYk emuf Oawerif;BuD;onf t&Sit f meE´mxHoYkd csOf;uyf NyD; ,ckuo hJ Ykd avQmufxm;ar;jref;\/

- 20 -
]]t&Sit f meE´m? þt&yfoYkd wynfah wmf\ armif;rrdórH sm; vma&mufygoavm}}

]]rif;BuD;? oif\ armif;rrdórH sm; þt&yfoYkd vma&mufMu yguke\ f }}
]]t&Sit f meE´mtm; wpfpw Hk pfcu k kd ay;vSLMuukeo f avm}}
]]rif;BuD;? tay:½kw H bufig;&mudk ay;vSLMuuke\ f }}
]]t&Sit f meE´monf þrQavmufaom wbufig;&mudk rnfoYkd tok;H jyKygoenf;}}
]]rif;BuD;? ouFe;f &Sm;yg;aom &[ef;wdEYk iS hf twlcaJG 0ok;H pG\ J }}
]]t&Sit f meE´m? a[mif;EGr;f aom ouFe;f wdu Yk kd rnfoYkd tok;H jyK oenf;}}
]]rif;BuD;? xdo k uFe;f a[mif;wdu Yk kd tay:tcif;jyKuket f }hH }
]]tay:tcif;a[mif;wdu Yk kd rnfojYkd yKuket f ehH nf;}}
]]tay:tcif;a[mif;wdu Yk kd bkv H QKdpyG f jyKuket f }hH }
]]bkv H QdKpGyt f a[mif;wdu Yk kd rnfojYkd yKuket f ehH nf;}}
]]bkvH QdKpGyt f a[mif;wdUk udk ajrtcif;jyKuket f }hH }
]]ajrtcif;ta[mif;wdu Yk kd rnfojYkd yKuket f ehH nf;}}
]]ajrtcif;ta[mif;wdu Yk kd ajcokyBf udK;0ef; jyKuket f }hH }
]]ajcokyBf udK;0ef;ta[mif;wdu Yk kd rnfojYkd yKuket f ehH nf;}}
]]ajcokyBf udK;0ef;ta[mif;wdu Yk kd zkeo f w k tf 0wfjyKuket f }hH }
]]zkeo f wk t f 0wfta[mif;wdu Yk kd rnfojYkd yKuket f ehH nf;}}
]]zkeo f wk t f 0wfta[mif;wdu Yk kd EkyEf yk pf Of;axmif;í ½TUH ñGejf zifh e,fNyD; tumt&Htusnfukd vdr;f usHuek t
f }hH } [kred aYf wmfral omtcg
Oawerif;BuD;onf omuD0ifrif;om; bk&m;tEG,fawmfjzpfaom &[ef; tm;vkH;wdkYonf oifhavsmfatmif aqmif&Gufukef\/
tusdK;rJyh sufp;D jcif; odYk ra&mufapukef [k awG;awm 0rf;ajrmufum aemufxyftxnfig;&m udk vSL'gef;oGm;av\/
pnf;urf;&Sdaom omauwola|;uawmf
Ak'¨vufxufu omauwNrdKUü ola|;uawmf wpfOD;onf ckepfESpfwdkifwdkif acgif;udkufa&m*g pGJuyfae\/ q&mtrsdK;rsdK;ESifh
ukoaomfvnf; a&m*graysmufbJ aiGtojymrsm;om aysmufomG ;ojzifh orm;awmfrsm;udk pdwu f ek af ecsdef jzpf\/
xdt k csderf mS yif q&mZD0u a&mufvmNyD; ukozdYk BudK;pm;&m i,f&, G af o;aom q&mZD0uudk txifao;ojzifh ukocGirhf ay;ay/
xdt
k cg q&mZD0uu ]]a&m*graysmufcif aq;ukocay;p&mrvdk a&m*g aysmufrS ay;vdo k avmufay;yg}}[k ajymojzifh ukocGihf &av\/
ukocGi&hf onfEiS hf q&mZD0uonf wpfvufzufaom axmywf udak wmif;í aq;trsdK;rdsK;wdjYk zifh csuf\/ NyD;vQif ola|;uawmfukd
anmifapmif;ü tdyaf pum aq;jzifch sufxm;aom axmywfEiS hf ESmESyaf y; \/ xdt k cg axmywfwo Ykd nf cHwiG ;f rS jyefítefxu G \ f / ola|;
uawmfonf axG;cHjzifah xG;í þaxmywfwu Ykd kd 0g*Gr;f jzifh wd,
Yk x l m;yg[k uRefrudk apcdik ;f aomtcg ZD0uonf tvGepf w d "f mwfusNyD; rsufEmS
romr,m jzpfomG ;\/ ola|;uawmfum; tvGeEf aS jrmap;ES\ J / ola|;jzpfygvsuf pGeyYf pfxu kd af om axmywfukd 0g*Gr;f jzifh wd, Yk cl ikd ;f ao;\/
igonf wefz;kd &Sad om aq;wdt Yk ukecf &H \/ a&m*gaysmufaomf vnf; þola|;uawmfonf wef&mwefaMu; aq;zd;k udk ay;vdrrhf nf r[kwf
[kawG;awmBuHpnfr\ d /
xdt k cg ola|;uawmfu rsufEmS romr,m jzpfjcif; taMumif; udk ar;jref;aomtcg q&mZD0uçu BuHpnfro d nft h wdik ;f ajymjy
vduk \
f / xdtk cg ola|;uawmfu -
]]q&m? tuREfkyfwdkY tdrfaxmifonfwdkYrnfonf tema&m*grS uif;vGwfatmif ukoay;aom aus;Zl;udk odwwfygukef\/
þaxmywf onf uREfkyfwdkYtm; vnf;aumif;? trSKvkyfwdkYtm;vnf;aumif;? ajcudk vdrf;&efaumif;\/ qDrD;xGef;jcif;ü xnfhí
tokH;jyKEdkifygao;\/ q&m? oifonf ESvkH;romr,m rjzpfygESifh? oifhtm; ay;oifhay;xdkufonfxuf avQmhíay;vdrfhrnf r[kwfyg}}
[kajym\/
q&mZD0uonf ckEpS Ef pS af 0'emcHpm;ae&aom ola|;uawmfBuD; \ acgif;udu k af &m*gudk wpfBudrEf mS ESyu f mrQjzifh aysmufuif;ap\/
ola|;uawmfonf a&m*gaysmufuif;vwfaomf tojymav;axmif ay;\/ om;? acR;r? ola|;BuD;wdkYuvnf; tojymav;axmifpD
ay;Mu\/
xdt Yk jyif uRefa,musfm;? uRefred ;f r? jrif;&xm;wdu Yk ykd g ay; vdu
k \f /

- 21 -
pnf;urf;&Sdjcif;ESifhESajrmjcif;
pnf;urf;&Sjd cif;udk ESajrmjcif;ESihf a&maewwfMu\/
ruk e f o if h w m ruk e f a tmif apmif h a &S m uf j cif ; ud k pnf ; urf ; &S d j cif ; [k a c:NyD ; ? uk e f o if h y gvsuf ruk e f a tmif
pDppfvGef;jcif;udkum; ESajrmjcif;[k qdkoifh\/
omauwrS ola|;uawmfonf axmywfrsm;udk 0g*Gr;f jzifh wd, Yk \
l / wd,
Yk x l m;jcif;onf ESajrmjcif;r[kwpf nf;urf;&Sjd cif;om jzpf\/
rESajrmonft h wGuf ZD0utm; wef&mwefaMu;xuf tqrsm;pGmydak om aq;zd;k aiGrsm;udk ay;jcif;jzpf\/
pma&;ol pmcszl;aom pmoifwu kd w f pfcrk S q&mawmfwpfyg; onf pm;p&maomufp&mrsm;udk wynfrh sm;tm; rauR;bJ usufoa&
cef;xJwiG f rIw d ufatmifxm;\/ xdt k cef;udk oef&Y iS ;f a&;vkyaf omtcg pma&;olu ykyaf eaom iSuaf ysmoD;rsm;udk vTiyfh pfrnfjyKaomtcg
]]vTirhf ypfeYJ qDeaYJ Mumfpm;vdYk &ao;w,f}} [kqu kd m jyeford ;f oGm;zl;\/
nudk;em&Dxdk;onfESifh wpfausmif;vkH; arSmifrdkufoGm;\/ taMumif;um; xdkq&mawmfu rdef;csypfvdkufaomaMumifh jzpf\/
oHCmrsm; nud;k em&Dausmfonft h xd rD;zGiNhf yD; pmMunfv h Qif rDwm wufrnf pd;k aomaMumifh xdo k jYkd yKvkyjf cif; jzpf\/
xdktcg pma&;olu rDwmctvSL&Sif &Smay;vdkuf\/ oHCmrsm; pdwfBudKufpmMunfhEdkif&ef jzpf\/ xdkodkY rDwmctvSL&Sif
&Smay;aomtcg rDwmc rukefawmhaomfvnf; pmoifom;rsm;tm; rD;udk tcsdefydkíray;/ udk;em&Dxdk;onfESifh rdef;csNrJ cs\/ þum;
ukeof ifyh gvsuf rukeaf tmif pDppfveG ;f tm;BuD;onft h wGuf ESajrmap;ESjJ cif;[k rSwt f yf\/
pnf;urf;&Sdaom rEÅav;rSaq;yGJpm;BuD;
1987 ckEpS cf efu Y rEÅav;NrdKUwGif tvGecf srf;omaom aq; yGpJ m;BuD;wpfO;D &Scd zhJ ;l \/ wpfcgwGif qGr;f auR;&eftwGuf olyifch sif
aom q&mawmfrsm;bGUJ udk a&;&ef pm&Guw f pf&u
G uf kd awmif;\/ om;orD; rsm;u taumif;pm; pm&Guw f pf&u G u f kd ay;aomtcg yGpJ m;BuD;u-
]]'Dpm&Guu f odyaf umif;aew,f? jyeford ;f xm;vdu k f vTiyhf pf &r,fh pm&Guw f pf&u G uf okd m ,lc}hJ } [kajymojzifh pm&Gupf w k f wpfcu k kd
,lay;rS olyifch sifaomq&mawmfrsm;ESihf ausmif;emrnfukd a&;ay;\/ þjzpf&yf wpfcw k nf;udk Munfv h Qif yGpJ m;BuD;udk ESajrmap;ESo J [l k
xifp&m&S\ d / trSeu f m; yGpJ m;BuD;onf ESajrmap;ESjJ cif;r[kw/f pnf; urf;&Sjd cif;om jzpf\/ ola&;onfh pm&Guo f nf wpfpwHk pfa,mufu
jyefvnf tokH;jyK&rnfh? odkYr[kwf odrf;xm;&rnfh pm&GufrsdK;r[kwf/ qGrf;pm;yifh&rnfh q&mawmf rsm; ausmif;emrnfod½kH a&;onfh
pm&Gurf sdK;om jzpf\/
xdaYk Mumifh þae&mrsdK;ü taumif;pm;pm&Gurf sdK; rukeo f if/h xdo
k Ykd rukeo f ifah omaMumifh tok;H rjyKjcif;om jzpf\/ xdak q;yGpJ m;
BuD;onf rEÅav;NrdKU? rpd;k &drw f u
kd o
f pfü pmcspmoif oHCmrsm; oDwif;ok;H &ef ESpx f yfwu kd Bf uD;wpfv;Hk udk ud, k w f ikd f pDraH qmufvyk f vSL'gef;cJ\
h /
1986 ckESpfuaps;t& &Spfodef;cefY ukefuscJh\/ wcsdKU ausmif; tvSL&Sifrsm;rSm 0denf;em;rvnfojzifh ausmif;aqmuf&ef
q&mawmftm; aiGawGyNHk yD; vSLcJw h wf\/ pdwcf s&aom uyd, Ü um&u r&Sad omtcg q&mawmftcsdKUrSm edó*dy¾ gpdwt f mywf toifch NH yD;
aqmufvyk Mf u&\/
xduk o hJ Ykd rjzpf&eftwGuf aq;yGpJ m;BuD;u ud, k w
f ikd f pDrH aqmuf vkyv f LS 'gef;jcif; jzpf\/ xdu k o
hJ Ykd &Spo f ed ;f wef ausmif;BuD; wpfaqmifukd
yif aqmufvyk v f LS 'gef;aom yGpJ m;BuD;tm; ESajrmol[k rqdo k if/h pnf; urf;&So d [l ok m qdo k if\
h /
pma&;olESifh tokbukwif
,cka&;rnfh acgif;pnf;ESihf ywfoufaom w&m;wpfy'k u
f kd 1992 ckEpS cf efu
Y a&TjynfomNrdKUü emMum;vdu
k &f zl;\/ a[majymcsufrmS -
]]'umç 'umr trsm;pk[m raumif;ausmif;ydkYqdkwJh pum;t wdkif; raumif;wmrS ausmif;ydkYMuw,f? aumif;wmusawmh
ausmif;udk ydkYzdkY owdr&Mubl;? vlwpfa,mufaoNyDqdk&if aool0wfcJhwJh xrDawG? ykqdk;awGudk vdkufumawG? aeuxdkifawGcsKyfNyD;
ausmif;vmvSLMuw,f? tajymav;uawmh oifhygw,f? aooGm;wJhol ukodkvf&atmifvdkYyg bk&m;wJh? trSefu b,folrS r0wf&JvdkY
ausmif;vmvSLwm}}
(&,forH sm;)
]]aemufNyD; vlaowifwJh ukwifBuD;udkvnf; ausmif;vmvSL w,f? ajymwmuawmh aoolukodkvf&atmifvdkYwJh? wu,fawmh
b,f olrwS ufrtdy&f v J Ykd ausmif;vmvSLwmyg}}
(&,forH sm;)
- 22 -
]]aooluo k vkd &f atmifvYkd vmvSLwmygqd&k if ajymvdu k cf sif w,f? aool[m qGBJ udK;qG&J if;vnf; aowmyJ? vufpyG v f ufaumuf
0wf&if;vnf; aowmyJ? aool0wfqifcw hJ hJ qGBJ udK;? vufpyG ?f vuf aumufawGusawmh aooluo k v
kd &f atmifvyYkd gbk&m;qdNk yD; wpfa,mufrS
ausmif;vmrvSLMuygbl;}}
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- 24 -
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wpf a,muf[kxifMu\/ nDjzpfolu&Sif;jyrS aoG;rawmfom;rpyfolwpfOD;ukd pma&;olu axmufyHhulnDukoay;aMumif;
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olwt
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d ,f/ a0'em- u©Em¨ r&Sb
d ;l [laom pum;udk Mum;zl;xm;ojzifh tHMh ojcif; jzpf[ef

- 26 -
wlonf/ q&mawmfwpfyg; trde&Yf o dS jzifh jzpf&yfuav;wpfck Mum;zl;\/ NrdKUwpfNrdKUwGif OD;tmpm&ESihf OD;aum0d'trnf&dS rdwaf qGausmif;xdik f
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0goemryg vdkufykHrSm ]ay;} [laompum;udkyif rMum;csifavmufatmif em;Mum;jyif; uyfaom[l\/ wpf&ufwGif olwdkYESpfyg;
pufavSwpfpif;jzifh &Gmwpf&mG odYk qGr;f pm;<uMu\/
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pufavSrsm;jzifh avSarSmuf onfh ae&modYk trsm;tjym; csufcsif;a&mufvmMuaomaMumifh jzpf\/
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ay:vmrnfh ae&modYk pufavSrsm;udk armif;oGm;NyD; qG, J u l ,fwif&ef toifjh yifaeMu\/
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]] OD;tmpm& ?q&mawmfv h ufuav; vSr;f ay;vdu k yf gbk&m;}} [kavQmufxm;vdu k &f m OD;tmpm&u -
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- 27 -
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- 28 -
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aemifyGifhrnfh bk&m;tavmif;awmf t&darawå,s ewfom;ae xdkifonfh wkodwmewf&xm;odkYcsdwf&ef t"d|mefí yef;ukH;udk
aumif;uifoYkd ajr§mufwifvu kd &f m ewf&xm;udk csdwrf Nd yD; wGv J jJ zpfae\/
xdt k cgusrS om;orD;rsm;rSm OygoumBuD;\ pum;udk ,kMH unf oGm;Mu\/ OygoumBuD;onf pD;yGm;a&;? ukov kd af &;udk ESprf sdK;vk;H
&SmazG &ef Mo0g'ay;NyD; wpfb0csKyfq;Hk av\/ aumif;uifwiG f vSr;f jrifae& aom yef;uk;H rSmvnf; txufoYkd wjznf;jznf;wufíoGm;&m
aemufq;Hk rjrif&awmhonftxdyif jzpf\/
("r®y't|uxm? "r®u d Oygoum0w¬K)
OD;ausmufcJ taojyifykH
þonfum; vGecf o hJ nfEh pS af ygif; 2551 ckEpS af usmfu olawmf aumif;wpfa,muf\ aoqk;H ykjH zpf\/ ,ckEpS q f ,fwh pf&mpkxrJ S
olawmf aumif;wpfa,mufjzpfaom OD;ausmufc\ J aoqk;H ykuH kd ½IO;D avmh/ OD;ausmufcoJ nf ukov kd w
f &m;ESihf tNrJaeí pdwo f ef&Y iS ;f \/
pdwo f ef&Y iS ;f aomtcg pdwaf Mumifh jzpf&aom ½kyo f nfvnf; oef&Y iS ;f &awmh\/ xdaYk Mumifh a&m*gb,uif;NyD; usef;rmpGmjzifh touf
&S p f q ,f a usmf t &G , f o d k Y a&muf v m\/ OD ; ausmuf c J o nf bm0emyG m ;rsm; rI & S d a omaMumif h orm"d t m;aumif ; \/ orm"d
tm;aumif;aomaMumifh ao&rnft h csdeu f kd BudKíod\/ reufapmapm tdy, f mux xrif;pm;NyD; a&aEG;Murf;aomufae&if;jzifh ZeD;jzpfou l kd
wnfNidraf om avoHjzifh ajym\/
]]&Sifr? 'DaeYnae ighoufwrf;ukefNyD/ 'ghaMumifh raorDrSm &GmOD; ausmif; q&mawmfudk aeYqGrf;uyfNyD; "r®pMumw&m;
emvdu k cf sifw,f/ qGr;f uyf&atmif pDpOfyg}}
]][if udak usmufcu J vnf; edrw d rf &Sd ermr&S/d reufapmapm bmawGavQmufajymaewmvJ}}
]]&Sirf &m? toufyJ &Spq f ,fausmfaeNyD/ uav;uvm; r[kwf wmajymyghrvm; uJtrd rf mS ig;ajcmufaumif;aumif; &Sw d ,f/ tJ'gudk
c&rf;csOfo;D eJY aocsmcsufxm; igo&ufo;D eJY [if;&Guu f av; oGm;&SmOD; r,f}} [kqu kd m xoGm;ojzifh ZeD;jzpforl mS orD;rsm;ajr;rsm;udk
ac:í qGrf;ESifh [if;udk csufjyKwf&av\/ odkYaomf OD;ausmufcJ naeqkH;rnf [laom pum;udkum; vkH;vkH;r,kH/ cPMumaomtcg
- 29 -
OD;ausmufco J nf o&ufo;D rsm;ESit hf wl [if;&Gurf sdK;pkH cl;vmonfukd awG&Y \/

OD;ausmufcu J m; at;at;aq;aq;yif pDpOfay;ae\/
]]o&ufo;D udk ig;ydzw k xf nfNh yD; axmif;/ i½kyo f ;D vnf;enf; enf;xnf/h [if;&Gupf u
Hk akd wmh ykZeG af jcmufav;xnfNh yD; [if;csdKcsuf
uGm/ igud, k w f ikd f q&mawmfuo kd mG ;yifrh ,f/ tdref ;D csif;awGuv kd nf; w&m;em& atmif zdwx f m;vdu k }f }
q&mawmf<uvmaomtcg qGr;f uyfNyD; w&m;em,lMu\/ q&mawmf\wpfoufwmtwGi;f tNrdeq f ;Hk qGr;f yG[
J k csD;usL;oGm;ojzifh
OD;ausmufcEJ iS hf rdom;pkrmS 0rf;omMu&\/ q&mawmftrsm;pkrmS wul; wucsufaom qDjyef[if;rsm;udk rbkO;f ay;vdMk u/ rdrw d t
Ykd rd w
f iG f
pm;aeus wr,faumif;csufaom [if;rsm;udo k m bkO;f ay;vdMk uonf/
xdt k csufukd odaomaMumifh OD;ausmufcu J Muufom;qDjyef? 0ufom;qDjyefawGrygbJ? qGr;f uyfjcif; jzpf\/ NyD;vQif {nfo h nfrsm;udk
vnf; auR;arG;um olwdkYrdom;pkvnf; pm;Mu\/ tm;vkH;NyD;MuvQif w&m; 0goemygaom rdwfaqG&if;rsm;ESifh w&m;taMumif;udk
pdwyf g0ifpm; pGm aqG;aEG;Mu&if; naeav;em&Dcefo Y Ykd a&mufvm\/ OD;ausmufco J nf em&Duv kd rS ;f Munf&h if; -
]]uJ? ightwGuaf wmh tcsdeu f sNyD/ rif;wdv
Yk nf; vlb Y 0cPwm ae&wJt h csdeaf v; ukov kd yf J jzpfatmifBudK;pm;MuayghumG }} [kajymNyD;
tdy, f m ay:wuftvSw J iG f wpfb0Nidr;f avawmh\/
odef;ESpfq,f ta<u;wifcH vSLol
2006 ckEpS cf efu Y q&mawmfwpfyg; ausmif;od<Yk uvmNyD; ausmif; ajrtwGuf ode;f ESpq f ,favmufvLS &ef tvSLcH\/ xdq k &mawmfEiS hf
odonfrmS wpfEpS af usmfom&Sad o;\/ &dyo f mzGiNhf yD; w&m;jyrSm jzpfaMumif; ausmif;ajrrSm ode;f ok;H q,foiG ;f &rSm jzpfNyD;? 'umç'umrrsm;rS
q,foed ;f cefo Y m vSLEdik af omaMumifh ode;f ESpq f ,fvakd ejcif; jzpfaMumif; &Si;f jy\/ pma&;ol o m rvS L vQif
ausmif;ajruGufrSm vufvTwf&awmh rnfjzpfonf/ vSLrnf[k qkH;jzwfNyD; uydÜ,ESifh wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwf oGm;aqG;aEG;&\/ pma&;olonf
w&m;yGJawG a[m&ojzifh tvSLaiGawG &yg\/ w&m;yGJrSm wpf&ufwpfyGJom a[m&aomfvnf; tulnD vmawmif;olrsm;rSm wpfcgw&H
wpf&ufxJ ig;OD;avmuf &Sad ewwfonf/
xdaYk Mumifh axmufyv hH LS 'gef;cGi&hf adS om e0ur®aiGrmS jywfae wwfonf/ xdaYk Mumifv h nf; uyd, Ü xHomG ;NyD; wd;k wd;k ar;&jcif;jzpf\/
]]pd;k wif?h 'Dq&mawmfukd ausmif;ajrtwGuf ode;f ESpq f ,f vSLcsifw,f/ igh&UJ e0ur®aiG &Sad o;vm;}}
]]q&mawmfeh 0ur®aiG ukeaf eNyDb&k m;}}
uyd Ü , xH w G i f aiG o k H ; rsd K ; pm&if ; Z,m;ES i f h x m;\/ arS m f b D N rd K UwG i f aqmuf v k y f q J ]ok ' ¨ 0 d y óemausmif ; }
twGufvSL'gef;xm;aomaiGrsm;? pmtkyfa&mif;&aiGrsm;? w&m;yGJESifh q&mawmfvdktyfonfh ae&mwGif okH;pGJ yg[k avQmufxm;í
vSLaomaiGrsm;jzpf\/ xdo k ;Hk rsdK;wGif ausmif;aiGukd ausmif;omaqmuf&onf/ wjcm;ae&mrok;H &/ ray;&/
pmtkyzf ;kd aiGonf pmtkyjf yef½u dk zf o Ykd m ok;H &onf/ wjcm;ae&m rok;H &? ray;&/ wwd,ajrmufaiGxrJ o S mvQif 'kua© &muforl sm;udk
axmufyu hH nl ED ikd o
f nf/ ,cke0ur® aiGuek af eNyD/ odaYk omf vSLcsifpw d u
f tm;BuD; aeonf/ xdaYk Mumifh ausmif;aqmufrnfh aiGxrJ S ode;f ESpq f ,f
cPacs;um q&mawmftm; vSL'gef;vdu k o f nf/
w&m;yGrJ sm;rS aiG&aomtcgwGif xdak cs;aiGukd jyefqyf&OD;rnf/ q&mawmfO;D aqudE\ ´ Mo0g'pmyd'k u f av;wpfck zwf&zl;\/
uJh&JUp&mawGU&if yg;pyfudkwwGwfwGwfeJY tNrJzGifhwwf ayr,fh csD;rGrf;p&mBuHK&ifawmh aomhcwfNyD; taoydwfxm;
wwfw,f/
rSe\ f / ud, k x
hf ufomwmudk csD;rGr;f vQif rk'w d m[laom ukov kd f w&m;jzpfymG ;cGi&hf \/ rcsD;rGr;f Edik v
f Qif 0PÖrpä&,d [laomtukov kd f
jzpf\/ todÓPfenf;yg;aom vltrsm;pkonf tukov kd u
f o
kd m ,lMuonf/ ukov kd wf &m;udk r,lMu/ 0PÖrpä&, d &So
d rl sm;onf jzpf&mb0
t½kyq f ;kd tusnf;wefb0 a&muf&wwf\/
pma&;olonf &[ef;wpfyg;omjzpfí pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;r&Sd/ 'umç 'umrwdkY pkaygif;vSL'gef;aiGudk jcpfjcKwfpkNyD;
rdru
d ,
kd af &;ud, k w f mtwGuf rok;H bJ EGr;f yg;olrsm;udk jyefvnf pGeBYf uJjcif;om/
pma&;olonf ,ckvkd bke;f uHrBuD;rm;rDuyif wwfEikd o f rQ ay;urf; vSL'gef;aeonfrmS MumcJNh yD/ odaYk omf 0PÖrpä&, d &So
d rl sm;u
]]vSLEdik rf mS aygh? 'Du, kd af wmfu bke;f BuD;awmh aiGawGaygaewm}} [kajymwwf Mu\/ xdo k rl sm;udk jyefajymjycsif\/
aiG a ygrsm;wd k i f ; rvS L yg/ o'¨ g "mwf a ygrsm;rS o m vS L 'gef ; Ed k i f o nf / o'¨ g "mwf B uD ; rm;ol t wG u f vS L csif
p&mypönf;awG tNrJwrf;ydkaewwfayr,fh? avmb "mwf BuD;rm;oltwGuf ,lcsifp&mypönf;awG tNrJwrf;
vdkaewwfayonf/
bke;f BuD;vdYk vSLEdik w
f m[k ajymolrsm;udv
k nf; 'óeav; wpfck xnfah y;vdu
k cf sif\/ bke;f qdo
k nfrmS ykno'´grSvmjcif;jzpf\/

- 30 -
ykno'´grSvmjcif;aMumifh pajymptcsdeu f yke;f BuD;onf[o k m ajym Mu\/ umvMumaomtcg yke;f rS bke;f jzpfvmjcif;yif/ ykno'´gonf
ukov kd u
f kd a[m\/ xdaYk Mumifh bke;f BuD;ol [lonf ]]uk ukodkvfrsm;ol}} [kqv kd jkd cif; jzpf\/
bke;f uHr&S[
d k ajymjcif;onf ukov kd rf &S[
d k ajymjcif;yif jzpf\/ xdaYk Mumifh bke;f BuD;vdu
k ukov
kd v
f yk &f efom &S\ d / wjcm;jzwfvrf;
r&Sad y/ þtxd a&;jyaeonfrmS pma&;ol\ ud, k af &;ud,
k wf m pm;0wfaea&; NcdK;NcHacRwmaejcif;onf ESajr§mjcif;r[kw/f a&mif&h jJ cif;
pnf;pepf&Sdjcif;wdkYaMumifhom jzpfaMumif; cdkifvkHpGmodapvdkíjzpf\/ pma&; olonf ESajr§molomjzpfygu ,ckvdkvlrIa&;udpörsm;wGif
ulnaD xmufyhH vdrrhf nf r[kwaf y/
tm&u©orÜ'gtaMumif; &Si;f jyNyD;í orZD0w d orÜ'gtaMumif; udk quft/hH
orZD0w d orÜ'g[lonf t0iftxGuf rQwatmifo;Hk pGjJ cif;yif jzpf\/ t0ifrsm;NyD; txGuef nf;atmif ok;H pGw J wf&rnf[q k v
kd \
kd /
tm&u©orÜ'gudk vdu k ef musifBh uHu orZD0w d orÜ'gonf yg0ifNyD;oavmuf jzpfaeojzifh tus,frcsJUvdak wmhay/
uvsmPrdwo å rÜ'gonf rdwaf qGaumif;&Sjd cif;udk qdv k \
kd / rdwaf qGaumif;\ t*Fg ckEpS cf sufukd t*Fw k Kåd &fygVdawmf? owåuedygwf?
yXrrdwo å w k v
f mtwdik ;f azmfjytH/h
rdwfaqGaumif;t*Fg ckESpfyg;
1/ ay;Edik cf aJ om t&m0w¬Kudk ay;jcif;/
2/ jyKEdik cf aJ om trIupd u
ö kd jyKvkyEf idk jf cif;/
3/ onf;cHEikd cf aJ omt&mudk onf;cHjcif;/
4/ rdr\
d vQdKU0Sut f yfaomt&mudk rdr\ d taqGcifyeG ;f tm; zGi[hf ajymMum;jcif;/
5/ rdrrd wd af qG\ vQKdU0Sut f yfaomt&mudk vQKdU0Sux f m;jcif;/
6/ ab;&eftEÅ&m,fawGBY uHKvmaom tcgü rdr\ d rdwaf qGukd pGeyYf pf rxm;jcif;/
7/ ypön;f Opömukecf ef;ysufp;D jcif;aMumifh rdr\ d rdwaf qGtm;t xifao;í rdrdudk,fudkrl txifBuD;armufrmNyD; raxrJhjrif rjyK
wwfjcif;/
(t*FkwdåK&fygVdawmf? owåuedygwf? yXrrdwåokwf)
þum; rdwaf qGaumif; t*FgckEpS yf g;yif jzpf\/ qefu Y sifbuf t*FgckEpS cf sufukd rdwaf qG,w
k t
f *Fg[k tjyeftm;jzifh odEikd yf g\/
tusOf ; csKyf t m;jzif h ol a wmf a umif ; jzpf v Qif rd w f a qG a umif ; jzpf avNyD / xd k Y a Mumif h rS w f & vG , f u l a om
olawmfaumif;t*Fgav;csufEiS hf ol,w
k rf mt*Fgav;csufwu Ykd kd azmfjyOD;tH/h
olawmfaumif;t*Fg av;yg;
1/ olwpfyg;\ *kPaf us;Zl;rJ(h raumif;aMumif;) udrk ar;vQif rajym? ar;vQifvnf; csJUum;í rajymbJ avQmhayghíajymqdjk cif;/
2/ olwpfyg;\ *kPaf us;Zl;(aumif;aMumif;) udk rar;yJEiS yhf if ajymjcif;? ar;vQifvnf; rxdecf sefbJ jynfph pHk mG ajymjcif;/
3/ rdr\
d *kPaf us;Zl;rJ?h (raumif;aMumif;)udk rar;bJEiS yhf if ajymjcif;? ar;vQifvnf; xdecf sefrxm;yJ jynfph pHk mG ajymjcif;/
4/ rdr\d *kPaf us;Zl;(aumif;aMumif;)udk rar;bJEiS rhf ajym? ar;vQif vnf; csJUum;í rajymbJ avQmhayghí ajymjcif;/
ol,kwfrmt*Fg av;yg;
1/ olwpfyg;\ *kPaf us;Zl;rJh (raumif;aMumif;)udk rar;bJEiS hf yif ajymMum;wwfNyD;? ar;vQifvnf; csJUum;í ajymwwfjcif;/
2/ olwpfyg;\*kPaf us;Zl; (aumif;aMumif;)udk rar;vQif rajymbJ ar;vQifavQmhayghí ajymjcif;/
3/ rdr\
d *kPaf us;Zl;rJh (raumif;aMumif;)udk rar;vQifrajym? ar; vQif avQmhayghxed cf sefíajymjcif;/
4/ rdr\d *kPaf us;Zl; (aumif;aMumif;)udk rar;bJEiS hf ajymMum; wwfonf/ ar;vQif csJUum;í ajymMum;wwfjcif;/
(t*Fw k Kåd &fygVdawmf? pwkueú yd gwf? oyÜK&dookw)f
þrQESiyhf if orÜ'gav;yg; jynfph aHk vNyD/

- 31 -
urÇmausmfol<u,frsm;\ aiGpkenf;vrf;ñTef
Ä aphaphoyd o f nf;? a&GUa&GUqnf;aomf
p&nf;td;k cGu?f BuD;pGmvQufyif
wHpufusrsm;? jynfah omvm;odYk
ysm;\enf;xk;H ? rSwu f sifoh ;Hk í
jcck;H awmify?Ykd zdo
Yk nfjh cif;&m
vlvrd m® wd?Yk Opömqnf;axG
wufvaS pavmh? <uufaowpfck
t&if;jyKí? <u,frKS wwfq;Hk
ola|;xk;H ud?k ESv;Hk rlvQuf
BuHpnfeufí? olxufveG u f J <u,faprif;/ /
Ä avmuüyif? ysm;ESi, hf ifukd
rsufjrifyxHk m;? armif½pI m;avmh
ysm;um;tkjH yK? t&nfpí k
xm;rIvrd m® ? aemifcsrf;om\
,ifrmS aomfw?Hk 0rf;0½krH Q
ok;H umaomufpm;? pkrxm;í
&Smjim;rjywf? r&iwf\
qufqufrck s? tvojzifh
i,fuysif;ol? BuD;rlqif;&J
&pNrJwnf;/ /
wpf&uf rdr&d aiG\ q,fyw Hk pfyu

Hk kd rjzpfraepkyg/ pm;0wfae a&;rS tvGwjf zpfaom xdak iGonfom rdr\
d ud, k yf ikd af iG tppfjzpfonf/
xdak iGrsm;udk t&if;tES;D jyKí tjrwf&&ef aocsmonfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;udk qufvyk yf g/
(abbDvkHolaX;BuD;tmcwf)
aiGaMu;pkaqmif;jcif; jyKolrsm;onf vlcsrf;omrsm; jzpfvmí aiGaMu; pkaqmif;jcif; rjyKolrsm;onf qif;&Jom;rsm; jzpfvmMuonf/
(tar&duef or®wBuD; a*smh0g&Sifwef)
rnfonfhvlwef;pm;rqdk vlwdkif;vlwdkif; rdrd0ifaiGxJrSwduswJh aiGpkrIudk ig;qifhxufrydkonfhwdkifatmifaiGpkjcif;rSm tusifhygvmap&ef
rSerf eS Bf uD; jyKvkyo
f ifw h ,f/twdtus rdrpd o k rQ aiGaMu;yrmP&JU wefz;kd [m aiGpjk cif;tusifEh iS hf EIid ;f pmvQifbmrQ ta&;yg t&ma&mufjcif;
r&Syd gbl;/
bmjzpfvv Ykd qJ akd wmh aiGpjk cif;tusifq h w
kd mrdrud ,kd rf rd d xde;f ausmif;uGyuf w
J hJ pnf;urf;ao0yfrw I pfck jzpfvyYkd gyJ/xdpk nf;urf;
ao0yfr[ I m tjcm;aomae&mrsm;twGuv f nf; rsm;pGmtusdK;tjrwf xGu&f adS pEdik w f ,f/(tar&duef oHrPdoal |;BuD; tif'½l;umeuf*sD)
yg&rDqokd nfrmS xl;uJaom ÓPfwpfusyfom;ü
acR;puf ud;k usyfom; aygif;pyfxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
(aomrwftuf'Dqif)

- 32 -
oifaooGm;aomf
vlYjynfavmu? vlYb0um;
td&k ç em&ç ao&OD;rnf?
rSeaf yonfwnf/h
odwYk NyD;um;? oifaooGm;aomf
oifzmG ;&majr? oifwaYkd jronf
tajcwd;k jrif?h usefaumif;oif\h
oif\rsdK;om;? pmpum;vnf;
BuD;yGm;wufjrif?h usefaumif;oif\h
oifO;D csí? trQa0&m? apwDomESihf
opömta&mif? ÓPfwefaqmifvnf;
ajymifvsuf0if;vsuf usefapownf;/ /
aZmf*sD
W

- 33 -
tcef; ( 3 )
arwåmjzifUpD;yGm;&Smjcif;
Ak'¨bmom jrefrmtrsm;pk rBuD;yGm;jcif;\ wwd,taMumif; rSm bmoma&;tay:rSm xm;aom arwåmapwemrsdK;
pD;yGm;a&;tay:rSm rxm;aomaMumifh [ktusOf;qdck \ hJ / ,cktus,fcsJ UtH/h Ak'u
¨ -
csdKaomrsdK;aphukd pdu
k yf sdK;vQif
csdKaomtoD;udk pm;&rnf/
cg;aomrsdK;aphukd pdu k yf sdK;vQif
cg;aomtoD;udk pm;&rnf/
xdt Yk wl.
aumif;aomtrIujkd yKvQif
aumif;aomtudsK;udk cHpm;&rnf/
raumif;aomtrIukd jyKvQif
raumif;aomtusdK;udk cHpm;&rnf/
[k bmoma&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&; rnfonfhtvkyfjzpfap arwåmçapwem xm;NyD; aumif;rGefpGmjyKvkyfygu aumif;aomtusdK;udk
cHpm;&rnfjzpf aMumif; twdtvif; a[mMum;awmfrlcJh\/ odkYaomf Ak'¨bmom pD;yGm; a&;orm; trsm;pkum; arwåmapwemu
aumif;usdK;ay;onf [laom pum;udk odyrf ,kcH sifMu/
arwåmaMumifhvm; ,MwmaMumifhvm;
"mwfç ,Mwmç taqmifç*gxmrEÅmefwdkYu aumif;usdK;ay;onf [k,lqaeMu\/ xdkYaMumifh pD;yGm;a&;orm;wdkY tdrfacgif;&if;
qdik af cgif; &if;wGif ,Mwmtaqmif rsdK;pku H kd awGUae&jcif; jzpf\/,aeYrS pí jywf om;pGm rSwo f m;ygavmh-
vuf,yfac:aeaom vmbfac:t½kyu f rBuD;yGm;apEdik /f arwåm apwemuom BuD;yGm;apEdik o f nf/
axmifwef ig;&mwefwjYkd zifh pDrx
H m;aom vmbfac: ZD;uGu½f yk u f rBuD;yGm;apEdik /f
arwåmapwemuom BuD;yGm; apEdik o f nf/
tpdr;f a&mif ykvif;wGif pdu
k xf m;aom ESi;f qDyiG u hf rBuD;yGm;apEdik /f
arwåmapwemuom BuD;yGm;apEdik o f nf/ aps;OD;ayguf a&mif;&aom ydu k q
f jH zifh ukeyf pön;f wdu
Yk kd wzswfzswf ½ku
d jf cif;u
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,cktcgwGif tpfrtBuD;qk;H wpfa,mufom usef\/ zcif\ oifMum; ay;rIt& tpfri,fukd tpfrav;[k ac:í? tBuD;qk;H tpfrudk tpfrBuD;
[kac:&onf/ ,ckxt kd ok;H EI;H wdik ;f qufvufa&;om;ygrnf/
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xdkrkefYyg; yg;av;ay:wGif pm;awmfyJjyKyf? c&rf;csOfoD;yg;yg; twkH;uav;rsm; i½kyfoD;pdrf; uwfaMu;udkufav;rsm; 0ufqDzwfaMumf

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ig;rl;tjrwf,al om rkeo Yf nfu rkeq Yf ,fck ukecf sdew f iG f tpfrBuD;u rket Yf ckwpf&mavmuf ukeNf yDjzpfí qdik o f rd ;f um tdrjf yefNyD; naeykid ;f twGuf
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rdbrsm;NcHajrrS ok;H ykw H pfyu Hk kd 0,f,El ikd f NyD; ud,k yf ikd tf rd u
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tyg,fav;yg;/ ukov kd o f nf qefvrf;? oGm;vm& cufc\ J /oGm;olvnf; enf;\/ odaYk omf xdvk rf;\ aemufq;Hk yef;wdik uf m;
edAmÁ ef/
avmuDçavmukwå&mESpfjzmvkH; qkwf,kwf ysufpD;aeaom ol rSeforQonf pdwf\uRef/
avmuDçavmukwå&m ESpfjzmvkH; BuD;yGm;wdk;wuf atmif jrifaeaom ykd*¾dKvfrSeforQonf pdwf\ocif/
Ak'¨bmomjrefrm trsm;pk rBuD;yGm;Mujcif;\ pwkw¬taMumif; rSm twåormyPD"d r*FvmcsdKUwJhjcif;aMumifh jzpfaMumif;
tusOf;azmfjycJ\ h / ,cktus,fcsJUtH/h xdt k wåormyPd"rd *Fvmudk acwfvil ,frsm; em;vnf vG,af tmif a&;&vQif rdru
d ,
kd u
f kd rysufp;D atmif
xde;f odr;f apmifah &SmufEikd f pGr;f &Sjd cif;yif jzpf\/
pdwfocifESifh pdwfuRef
urÇmwGif vlO;D a&oef;aygif; ajcmufaxmifausmf &Sad omfvnf; trdsK;tpm;cGv J ukd v
f Qif pdwu f kd uRefco H ?l pdwu f kd ocifvyk o f [l k
ESprf sdK; om&S\d / ygyo®ð &rwd raem [laom "r®y'a'oemawmft& pdwf onf raumif;rSKtukov kd f tvkyüf om aysmfyu kd af omaMumifh
pdwu f kd uRefc&H aom vlom;onf raumif;rIreS o f rQ tm;vk;H jyKvkyf awmhrnfom jzpf\/
xdktcg pdwfudk uRefcH&aomvlom;onf ypöu©rSmvnf; rGJ\/ iwf\/ atmufwef;us\/ axmifwef;usum b0ysuf&\/
oHo&mwGif vnf; tyg,fi&JwiG f epfreG ;f &\/ pdwu f kd ocifvyk af om vlom;um; avmuDa&;&mrSmvnf; BuD;yGm;wd;k wuf atmifjrif\/
avmukw&å m a&;rSmvnf; r*fÓPfzv kd Ó
f Pf&NyD; edAmÁ efoaYkd &muf\/
a&vrf;c&D;ü pkefvrf;qefvrf;[lí ESpfrsdK;&Sd\/ xdkESpfrsdK;wGif pkefvrf;onf oGm;&vm&vG,ful\/ tm;pdkufp&mrvdk/
tomarQmvdu k f oGm;½ko H mjzpf\/ qefvrf;um; yifyef;\/ aytenf;i,fa&mufatmif yif renf;tm;pku d af vSmcf wf&\/ odaYk omf pkev f rf;\
aemufq;Hk yef;wdik f um; ork'&´ mxJa&mufNyD; vIid ;f ½ku d ?f 0Jpyk ?f ig;pm;cH&um ysufp;D &jcif;yif/
qefvrf;\ aemufq;Hk yef;wdik u f m; a&rsm;pwifp;D qif;&m a& wHceG f awmifxyd af &mufNyD; vSyaom ½IarQmfcif;rsm;udk awGUjrifcpH m;cGihf
&&Sjd cif;yif/ xdt Yk wl tukov kd t
f vkyf rSeo f rQonf pkev f rf;jzpf\/ tm; pku d pf &mrvd/k pdwu f udk tvdv k kd vkycf sifaewwf\/ taysmftyg;vdu k f
pm;zd?Yk ao&nfao&ufaomufz?Ykd avmif;upm;zdYk oifwef; wufp&mrvdk tvdv k kd wwfae\/
w&m;udk wpfem&DrQ rxdik Ef ikd af omolonf zJ½u dk &f müum; wpf nvk;H xdik Ef ikd \ f / w&m;udk wpfem&DrQ remEdik af omolonf taysmftyg;
taomuftpm; tvkyu f u kd m; nvk;H ayguf pdwyf gvufyg vkyEf ikd \ f / taysmfyg; taomuftpm; avmif;upm;vkyzf t Ykd wGuq f v kd Qif wpfcg
ac:½kEH iS hf csufcsif;xvdu k \ f /
'gejyKzd?Yk oDvaqmufwnfzYkd bm0emyGm;zd?Yk y&[dwtvkyv f yk f zdYk ac:vQif q,fcgac:rS wpfcgavmufomvdu k \ f / xdo k v Ykd u kd jf cif;rSm
vnf; pdwyf gvGe;f vSí r[kw/f raumif;wwfí vdu k jf cif;omjzpf\/ uk- odv k v f yk vf Qif atmufxpfq;Hk tm;jzifh vlcsrf;om? ewfcsrf;omudk
cHpm; &\/ tjrifq h ;Hk tm;jzifh edAmÁ efcsrf;omtxd cHpm;&\/
tukov kd v
f yk vf Qif tyg,fav;ygodu Yk s\/ odjYk zpfygvQuf ykxk ZOfvo l m;onf vlcsrf;om? ewfcsrf;om? edAmÁ efcsrf;omudak y;rnfh
ukov kd f tvkyüf raysmfyu kd yf J tyg,fqcJG srnfh tukov kd f tvkyüf tb,fah Mumifh aysmfyu kd af e&oenf;t . ajzum;..
ykxkZOfvlom;usifvnfNyD;cJhaom ra&rwGufEdkifonfh b0 aygif;rsm;pGmwdkYwGif tukodkvfvkyfNyD; tyg,fuscJhaom b0awGu
rsm; cJah omaMumifh [kajzqd&k ayrnf/ tyg,fbüHk aecJ&h aom b0 awGursm; cJah omaMumifh tyg,fusrnfh tukov kd tf vkyrf sm;ü aysmfyu kd f
aeMujcif; jzpf\/
tyg,fusaomb0u rnfrQavmufxd rsm;jym;cJhoenf;/vlom;\ ra&rwGufEdkifaom b0rsm;udk wpfuka#pDuefYí ykHMunfh
vduk yf gu b0aygif;(9999999) b0onf tukov kd af Mumifh tyg,f usae&NyD; wpfb0avmufonfom ukov kd af Mumifh vljY ynf? ewfjynfoYkd
a&mufc&hJ \/
þazmfjycsufukd axmufíqif;&J'u k © a&mufaeaom tyg,f bko H m;tm;vk;H onf 'ge? oDv? bm0em[laom ukov kd rf eS o f rQudk
a&Smif NyD; taysmftyg;? avmif;upm;? taomuftpm; tukov kd rf eS f orQudk aqmifcahJ om pdwcf ikd ;f orQ tukev f u kd v f yk &f onfh pdw"f mwf\
aus;uRef rsm;om jzpf\/

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ed A Á m efcsrf; omudk cHpm;ae&aom or®morÁK '¨bk& m;&Si f? yapöu Ak' ¨gac:bk& m;i,f? &[EÅmt&Si fjrwfrsm;ES if h wuG
t&d,myk*K¾d vfwo Ykd nf pdwv
f yk cf sifaom 'kp½ku
d ?f 'k&mZD0tukov
kd t
f vkyf rSeo
f rQudk wpfcrk S rvkyb
f J pdwrf vkycf sifonfh 'ge? oDv? bm0em
ukov
kd w
f &m;tm;vk;H udk ayvkycf MhJ uaom pdw"f mwf\ ocifrsm;omjzpf\/
pdwfuRef rdk;ukwfola|;
vGecf ahJ om ESpaf ygif; av;q,fausmfcefu Y jrefrmjynfwiG f tcsrf;omqk;H [k qd&k rnfh ola|;wpfO;D ay:aygufc\ hJ / olt Y rnfum;
xGe;f armif/ olZY mwdEiS w hf í JG rd;k ukwof al |;.[ . k ac:Mu\/ ol jyKcJh aom 'geukov kd af Mumifh oloaE¨wnfaom tcgrSpí rdbrsm;rSm pD;yGm;
wtm;wufc\ hJ / ol\tusdK;ay;rSm tawmfx;l jcm;\/ oli,f&, G f pOftcgu tdru f ay;vdu k af om aiGwpfoed ;f udk tjyifrmS ukeaf tmifo;Hk
vdu
k v f Qif tdrw f iG f ESpo f ed ;f jyef0if\/ tjyifrmS ESpo f ed ;f ukeaf tmifo;Hk vQif tdrw f iG f av;ode;f jyef0if\/ þodjYk zpfaeonfrmS w&Hwpfcgr[kw/f
aeYpOftNrJwef;yif/
Mumaomf rdbrsm;rSm aiGrsm;tqrwef wdk;vmrnfudkomjrifNyD; aeYpOf odef;aygif;rsm;pGmokH;pGJ&atmif ay;\/
omorD;ysufpD;rSmudkum; owdrjyKrd&SmMuay/. . . . p. D;yGm;a&;vkyfaom tcgwGifvnf; ol wpfyg;xuf q,fqru jzpfxGef;\/ . . . . \ .
tok;H tpGMJ urf;ykrH mS jrefrmjynfü ajymprSww f iG cf \hJ /
armif. . . . . [dkw,fwpfckodkY 0ifoGm;NyDqdkvQif xdk[dkw,f ay:odkY aemufxyf rnfolrQ vmwnf;r&awmh/ tb,fhaMumifhenf;/
[d k w ,f t wG i f ; &S d tcef ; tm;vk H ; pm;p&maomuf p &m tm;vk H ; ud k aiG E S i f h tuk e f c sKyf x m;vd k u f a omaMumif h y if jzpf \ /
olwnf;cd;k pm;aomufaeaom &ufrsm;wGif olt Y odrw d af qGrwS pfyg; rnforl Q wnf;cdpk m;aomufí r& awmhay/
xdktcsdefu &efukefwGif . . . . t . rnf&Sd ukvm;ola|;wpf a,muf &Sd\/ . . . o . nf EdkifiHjcm;rS um;taumif;pm;rsm;udk wifoGif;NyD;
ta&mif;t0,fvyk af eoljzpf\/ xdt k csdeu f aps;tBuD;qk;H um;rSm rmpD';D um;yif jzpf\/ xdak cwfu rmpD';D um;wpfp;D wpfoed ;f [kqv kd Qif
,ckacwftae jzifh ode;f ig;axmifcefY wefz;kd &Sad yvdrrhf nf/
rdk;ukwfola|;. . . . u . &efukefola|;a&SmfzDxHwGif rmpD'D; um;topf wpfpD; oGm;0,f\/ xdktcg um;a&mif;aom . . . . u . olYum;
topfjzpfaMumif;udk ,ckvt kd mrcH\/
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xyfwpfp;D topfvaJ y;ygr,f}}
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pufrEd;k bl;qd&k if 'Dtwdik ;f rD;yk½H UdI ypfvu kd Nf yD; aemufwpfp;D topf0,fr,f}}
xdaYk Mumifv h nf; pma&;q&maomfwmaqGu t&ifuaiGaygayg ok;H pGEJ ikd v f Qif aiGukd a&vdo k ;Hk w,fw,f[k ajymMu\/t . . wGuu f m;
xdpk um;ESihf rvkaH vmuf aiGukd avvdo k ;Hk w,f[k ajymrS vkaH vmufrnf[k ]]uRefawmhb f 0ZmwfaMumif;}} pmtkyw f iG f a&;om;cJ\ h /
tar&duefoal |;BuD; tif'½l;umeuf*sDu olcsrf;omorQudk vlom;rsm;twGuf tusdK;&Sad om ae&mrsm;wGif vSL'gef;jcif;jzifh
olaY ':vm rsm;udk tok;H cs\/ ,ck jrefrmola|;.u . olcsrf;omorQudk olu Y mr*kPt f wGuf rukef ukeaf tmifo;Hk pGNJ yD; tok;H cs\/ rnfrQ pdwf
"mwfcsif; uGmjcm;vdu k yf goenf;/
xdo k Ykd pdw"f mwftqifw h ef;csif; uGmjcm;aomaMumifh jrefrm ola|;trsm;pkonf urÇmt h qifx h ad &mufatmif rcsrf;omMujcif;
jzpf\/ rd;k ukwo f al |;.o . . nf olb Y 0cE¨mudk umr*kPcf pH m;zdt Yk wGuf tok;H cs&if; rl,pfaq;0g;\ om;aumifjzpfomG ;cJ&h \/ aemufq;Hk tif;pdef
axmiftwGi;f rSmyif aoqk;H cJo h nf/
tukov kd f A&aAGEiS hf ao&aomaMumifah emufb0wGiv f nf; tyg,fuszd&Yk ef aocsmoavmuf&\ dS / pdwuf kd uRefccH &hJ aom . . . . onf
ypöur© mS vnf; axmifwef;usNyD; taoqd;k ESihf ao&ovdk oHo&m wGiv f nf; tyg,fqif;&Jukd cH&OD;rnfjzpf&m ESpb f 0vk;H epfemvS\/
pdwfocif vufyHwef;ola|; OD;xdef0if;
OD;xde0f if;udk pma&;oltaeESihf vlu, kd wf ikd rf awGzY ;l ay/ vlu, kd f wdik rf awGUzl;bJ olUtaMumif;udk tb,fah Mumifh a&;Edik o
f enf;/
olYZmwd &GmodkY w&m;a[m<u&if; oljyKcJhonhf 'geukodkvfrsm;udk jrif&aomaMumifh ,ckvdk a&;Ekdifjcif;jzpf\/ OD;xdef0if;onf yJcl;wdkif;?
vufyw H ef;NrdKUe,f? crkq H yd &f mG Zmwdjzpf\/
&efukefwGif ukrÜPDrsm;axmifEdkifonftxd BuD;yGm;csrf;omae \/ olBuD;yGm;csrf;omjcif;onfvnf; arwåmapwemaMumifh
[kqEkd ikd \
f / crkq
H yd &f mG wGif 'gejyKolwikd ;f twk,o l ifo h nhf ukov kd o
f ;Hk rsdK;udk awGU&\/
yxrwpfrsdK;um; ode;f aygif;av;axmifausmfcefY wefz;kd &Sad om tpd;k & txufwef;ausmif;BuD;yif jzpf\/ 'kw, d wpfrsdK;um;
ode;f wpf axmifausmfwefz;kd &Sad om wdu k ef ,faq;½kH taqmuftODjzpf\/ wwd, wpfrsdK;um; crkq H yd b
f w
l m½kyH if jzpf\/

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pkpak ygif; ode;f ajcmufaxmifausmfcefY wefz;kd &Srd nf[k cefrY eS ;f & \/ Ak'b ¨ momtrsm;pkonf taqmuftODvLS zdYk qdv k Qif ausmif;uef
bk&m; apwDrsm;om vSLí&onf[k xifMu\/ trSefum; aq;½kHaq; ay;cef;? wef;ausmif;tm;vkH; vdktyfonfhae&mrsm;wGif
vSLaumif;onf om jzpf\/ *syefjynfw;kd wufcsrf;omonfrmS xdu k o hJ Ykd vdt
k yfaom vlraI &; rsm;wGif vSL'gef;wwfaomaMumif[h k ,lq&\/
jrefrmjynfü olwv Ykd LS aomae&mrsm;udk Munfvh u kd v
f Qif wu,fvt kd yfaom ae&m rsm;csnf; jzpfaeonfukd awGU&\/
*syefwdkY\ y&[dw'ge
rwå&mNrdKU? a&eHo Y m temBuD;a&m*guk aq;½k0H if;xJwiG f aq; oifwef;ydcYk s&m taqmuftODBuD;wpfck vSL'gef;xm;\/
eHomNrdKif a&m*gonfpcef;wGiv f nf; qdv k mjym;ok;H a&wifpuf? a&pifBuD;wpfv;Hk ESihf rlvwef;ausmif;aqmifBuD;wpfaqmifukd
vSL'gef;xm; \/ &efukefwdkif;? '*kHqdyfurf;NrdKUe,fwGif wnf&Sdonfh ]]0domcg}} oDv&Sif y&[dwausmif;wGifvnf; ESpfxyfwdkuf
taqmifBuD;wpfaqmif vSL'gef; xm;onfukd awGUcJ&h \/
vtwefMumu NrdKUe,fwpfc&k dS aus;&Gmausmif;wpfausmif;wGif ausmif;vkrI jzpfymG ;\/ wpfyg;onf trI½;HI ojzifh ausmif;ay:rS
qif;ay;&\/ xdu k , kd af wmfbufryS gaom ypön;f &S'd umwpfa,mufu t&if ausmif;ESirhf vSr;f rurf;ae&mwGif ESpx f yfausmif;BuD;wpfausmif;
aqmuf NyD; olu Y ,kd af wmf wpfyg;wnf; yifx h m;vdu k \ f /
{&mrausmif;BuD;xJwiG f ud, k af wmfwpfyg;wnf;aeonfukd awGU oGm;aom *syefrsm;u -
]]ESajrmp&maumif;vku d w f m/ ud, k af wmfwpfyg;wnf; aewJ[ h m wpfyg;aeom½kH aqmuf&if awmfa&maygh/ rlvwef;ausmif;awGrmS
qdk&if ausmif;om;awGursm;? taqmuftODuao;eJY wu,fvdktyfaewm/ tJ'Dvdk vdktyfaewJh ae&mawGrSm vSLoifhw,f[k
a0zefomG ;aMumif; pum;jyef wpfa,mufu jyefajymjyojzifh od&\/ omoemudw k u,f cspfjrwfE;kd ½k;d rSev f Qif trI½;HI oGm;aomud, k af wmfonf
ausmif;xdkifbkef;BuD; vpfvyfaeaom &Gmausmif; wpfausmif;ausmif;wGif oGm;a&mufaexdkif oifh\/ ausmif;'umonfvnf;
rlvwef;ausmif;wGif jzpfap? wjcm;&Gm OD;ausmif; raqmufEikd af om &Gmwpf&mG &GmwGif jzpfap oGm;aqmufoifh \/
,ckvkd wpf&mG wnf;wGif ESpaf usmif;NydKifaqmufjcif;jzifh ukov kd f xuf &GmESpjf crf;uGNJ yD; tukov kd f ydrk sm;zdo
Yk m &S\ d / xdaYk Mumifvh nf;
ucsif jynfe,f? er®m;q&mawmf t&SiÓ f Pq&mawmfBuD;u-
]]urÇmrSm 'getjyKqkH;uvnf; jrefrmyJ/ 'gayr,fh trGJqkH;uvnf; jrefrmyJ jzpfaew,f/ tJ'gbmhaMumifh vJqdk&if
o'¨gtcsdK;rusvdu Yk ,G /hf rvSLoifw h hJ ae&m usawmh eif;uefvLS w,f/ wu,fvLS oifw h hJ ae&mus awmh xdu k w f efatmif
rvSLMubl;}}
[k qk;H rMo0g' ay;awmfrcl jhJ cif; jzpf\/ ,ckwifjyaeaom OD;xde0f if;um; ,if;Mo0g'ESihf tnDvLS 'gef;jcif; [kqo kd if\
h /
umv'getaejzifh wu,fvdktyfaomae&mwGif vSL'gef; aom'ge&Sifrsm;onf &rf;vSLaom 'ge&Sifrsm;xuf tusdK;
xl;ESprf sdK;yd&k \/ xdEk pS rf sdK;um; jzpf&mb0wGif yxrt&G,f i,fi,fuwnf;u csrf;omjcif;? rdrv d t kd ifqE´rsm; csuf csif;
jynfph v Hk m&jcif;wdyYk if jzpf\/
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pD;yGm;a&;udk wpdkufrwfrwf&SmcJhjcif;onf pdwfudk rdrdvdk&mapcdkif;Edkifaom pdwfocif trsdK;tpm;xJwGif yg0ifaomaMumifh jzpf\/ wzef
,ckuo hJ Ykd csrf;om vmaom tcsdew f iG v
f nf; rdrt d m½kcH pH m;zdcYk snf; tok;H rjyKbJ vlrXI mersm; wGiv f LS 'gef;Edik o f nfrmS vnf; pdwo f cifwpfa,muf
jzpfaejcif;aMumifyh if/
'geukodkvfyif jyKaeaom OD;xdef0if;onf oDvukodkvf? orx bm0emukodkvf? 0dyóembm0em ukodkvfwdkYudkvnf;
jyKrSmaocsm\/ 0dyóemukov kd u f v kd nf; qnf;yl;ygu r*fuo k v
kd ?f zdvk uf o
k v
kd rf sm;& rnfrmS aocsm\/ xdaYk Mumifh OD;xde0f if;uJo h aYkd om
ola|;rsKd;um; pdwu f kd rdrv
d &kd modYk apcdik ;f Edik af om pdwo f cifrsKd;yif jzpf\/
opfcGJaom ukvm;ESifh jrefrm
yJc;l ½k;kd rBuD;xJwiG f opfc?JG opfqaJG omukvm;ESihf jrefrmwpf a,muf &Scd zhJ ;l \/ jrefrmum; Ak'b ¨ momjzpfaomfvnf; Ak'\ ¨ pum;udk
wpfcGef;rS em;axmifjcif;r&Sd/ awmBuD;rsufrnf;wGif opfcGJopfqGJtvkyfonf yifyef;oavmufaiGwtm;&\/ jrefrmtvkyform;onf
&orQaiGukd taysmftyg;? taomuftpm;? avmif;upm;wdjYk zifh tukeo f ;Hk jzKef; ypf\/
jrpfxw J iG f a&twuftustwdik ;f arsmcsif&m arsmaeaom aA'grsm;uJo h Ykd rnfonfh &nf&, G cf sufrQ r&S/d pdwEf iS hf ½kyw
f iG f pdwuf OD;
aqmif\/ pdwjf zpfcsifaom ykpH t H wdik ;f ½kyu f vdu
k jf zpf&\/ pdwuf bmrQ rjzpfcsifvQif ½kyu f vnf; bmrQvdu k rf jzpfawmhay/ ukvm;um;
bmom jcm;jzpfaomfvnf; ]twåormyPD"rd *Fvm} udt k jynft
h 0vdu
k ef m\/
igonf awmBuD;rsufrnf;xJwiG f 'Dtwdik ;f rae? t&if;tES;D pk rdonfEiS hf &efuek w f iG f ukerf mqdik Bf uD;zGiNhf yD; pD;yGm;&Smrnf[k &nf&, G cf suf

- 43 -
xm;NyD; &orQ pkaqmif;\/ taysmftyg;? taomuftpm;? tavmif;t pm;wpfcrk Q rvky/f aA'grsm;uJo h yYkd if uRef;azmifBuD;rsm;vnf;
jrpfxw J iG f a&pD;ESit hf wl arsmygae&\/
odaYk omf uRef;azmifrsm;um; a&muf&rnfh &nf&, G cf sufXme &S\ d / yJu
h ikd af y;rnfoh l &S\
d / xdaYk Mumifh c&D;qk;H aomtcg wefz;kd &Sad om
b0odkY a&mufoGm;Mu\/ xdkYtwl rnfonfhvlrsdK;jzpfap rnfonfhbmom0if jzpfap &nf&G,fcsufwpfckckjzifh aeYpOf BudK;pm;tm;xkwfae
olrsm;onf uRef;azmif BuD;rsm;ESihf wlMu\/
uRef;azmifBuD;rsm;onf tqkH;aeYusvQif wef;zdk;&Sdaomae&m a&mufouJhodkY &nf&G,fcsuf&Sdaomolrsm;onfvnf;
tqk;H wpfaeYusvQif BuD;yGm;wd;k wufaom ae&modYk a&mufMu&\/ ,ck yJc½l ;kd rwGif opfcaJG e aom jrefrmESihf ukvm;wGif jrefrmu aA'godu k Ef iS hf
wl\/ ukvm;um; uRef;wk;H azmifEiS w hf \
l /
ajcmufEpS cf efY Mumaomtcg uRef;wk;H azmifEiS w hf al om ukvm; onf t&if;tES;D &NyDjzpfojzifh tvkyrf x S uG Nf yD; &efuek w
f ufomG ;\/
jrefrmum; opfc&JG if;ESiyhf if usefc\ hJ / aemufxyfo;Hk ESpcf efY Mumaomtcg jrefrmopfco JG rm;onf vTomG ;topf0,f&eftwGuf cGiw hf ifNyD;
&efuek f odo Yk mG ;\/
ESpx f yfwu kd f ukerf mqdik Bf uD;wpfcw k iG f olvckd sifwmrsm;0,fNyD; aiGacs&eftwGuf armfMunfv h u kd af omtcg qdik yf ikd &f iS o
f al |;rSm olEiS hf
twlopfccJG ahJ om ukvm;jzpfae\/ jrefrmrSm olrY sufpu d kd olyifr,kH MunfEikd af tmif jzpfae\/ ud;k ESp[ f al om tcsdeu f mvonf &nf&, G cf suf
&So
d El iS hf r&So d w l tYkd m; rd;k ESiahf jryrmuGmjcm;atmif jyKvkyaf y;vdu k o
f nf r[kwyf gvm;/
jrefrmopfco JG rm;u aocsmatmif EIwjf zifw h u kd ½f u dk af r;vdu
k f ao;\/
]]cifAsm; uRefawmfet YJ wl yJc;l ½k;d rxJrmS opfccJG w hJ o
hJ l [kwyf g ovm;}}
]][kwyf gw,f? cifAsm;xifwm rrSm;ygbl;}}
]]tHhMop&maumif;vdkufwmAsm/ cifAsm;eJYuRefawmf[m tvkyf vnf;twlwl? vpmvnf; twlwl? 'geJYawmifrS uRefawmfu
ckxq d if; &Jwek ;f &Sad o;w,f? cifAsm;uawmh csrf;omaeNyD? bmuGmjcm;oGm;w,f rodb;l }}
xdt k cg ukvm;u oa&mfNyHK;wpfcsufNyHK;vdu k Nf yD; ,ckvakd jym vdu k \
f /
]]cifAsm;wdYk jrefrmtrsm;pk rBuD;yGm;wmu 0ufom;pm;wm apm vGe;f vdyYk g}}
ukvm;ajymcsifonfh t"dutcsufrmS -
jrefrmtrsm;pkonf ola|;rjzpfao;cif ola|;vdk tokH; tNzKef; Murf;aomaMumifh rBuD;yGm;wm [kqdkvdk&if; jzpf\/
csJxDudkruf b0ysuf
q,fih g;&ufwpfcg? ay:vdv Yk m? csJx'D u k y© g/
qif;&Jcsrf;omvlra&G;? csJx'D u k a© y;/
'kua© y;rSe;f vlrod? tdrrf mS qefr&S/d
qefr&Sv d Ykd aiG&mS xGu?f aeYjyefw;kd uwuf/
pm;zdt Yk wGujf zpfovd?k rde;f rrsuf&nf,/kd
rde;f rrsuf&nfjrifygrS? csJuakd emifw&/
rauseyfvYkd &Sw d ma&mif;? ESpv f ;Hk xDuakd vmif;/
uHraumif;vdYk vGjJ yefawmh? pdwn f pf&NyDaygh/
pdwn f pfnpfeYJ vrf;udak vQmuf? bd;k awmfqu D akd &muf/
bd;k awmfqu D *Pef;ay;? xd;k zd0Yk efrav;/
bk;d awmfay;wJ*h Pef;yg? wGv J x Ykd ;kd jyefwm/
,cktcg csJrayguf? rde;f r[du k akd &muf/
xd;k raygufvYkd csJ'ikd u f ikd ?f &Jzrf;rdvaYkd i;umrdiI /f
&NyDtydik f vGwzf t Ykd a&;? rde;f raiG&mS ay;/
rde;f rvdu k w f t hJ rIawmif? wpfacgufav;ig;axmif/
vdu k pf &maiGr&S?d rde;f rbufuMkd unf/h
vifuckd spfwt hJ cspfaZm? ydu k q f &H &if olNyD;a&m/
oloabmeYJ aiGu&kd mS ? &Jum;rdvYkd zrf;jyefwm/
olcrsmb0ysuf? csJxx D pkd euf/
- 44 -
aemufyw d q f ;Hk awmhtajz,l? tcsKyfcef;rSm twlw/l

ola&migygowday;? avQmhMuygpdaYk v;/ /
ppfudkif;NrdKU? &GmopfBuD;&GmwGif w&m;a[m<upOfu bkef;BuD; ausmif;eH&HwGif uyfxm;aomuAsmwpfyk'fyif jzpf\/
a&;olemrnfvnf; rygay/ odaYk omf wu,fjh zpf&yfwpfcu k kd cHpm;csufEiS hf a&;pyfxm;jcif; jzpfaMumif; xif&mS ;\/ avmif;upm;rSeo f rQonf
BudK;pm;tm;xkwv f kd aom vlom;\ 0D&, d "mwfukd zsufq;D ypfaom oabm&S\ d /
0D&, d "mwfysufonfEiS hf vlvnf; ysufq;D awmh\/ vlrsm;ysuf pD;ukeu f xdv k rl sm;aexdik af om NrdKU? &Gm? Edik if v
H nf; ysufq;D &av
awmh\/ rMumao;rDu aiGyYkd aiGa0vkyf ief;vkyaf om toufav;q,ft&G,f trsdK;orD;wpfO;D "m;'Pf&mrsm;pGmjzifh &efuek Nf rdKUv,fwiG f
aoqk;H ae\/
jzpfykHum; xdktrdsK;orD;\ vl,kHvufaxmufESpfa,mufonf ESpfvkH;okH;vkH; upm;NyD; &SdorQukefum ta<u;odef;okH;av;q,f
wif vsuf&Sd\/ xdkYaMumifh ESpfrsm;pGmwGJvkyfvmaom tvkyf&Sif trdsK;orD;udk "m;ajr§mifjzifh raorcsif; xdk;owfNyD; aiGodef;ckESpfq,fudk
,laqmifum e,fpyftxd xGuaf jy;\/
xdrk w S pfqifh wpfzufEikd if o H Ykd xGuaf jy;&ef BuH&,G yf &Hk onf/ odYk aomf e,fpyfrmS yif tzrf;tqD;cH&NyD; axmiftESpEf pS q f ,f usoGm;\/
tay:,HMunfv h Qif vlowfru I sL;vGeo f rl mS trsdK;om;ESpaf ,mufjzpf\/ eufeufeeJ J awG;Munfv h Qifum; trsdK;om;ESpaf ,mufu vlowfrI
usL;vGef onfr[kw/f ESpv f ;Hk xD ok;H vk;H xDu vlowfrI usL;vGejf cif; jzpf\/
ESpfvkH;xD okH;vkH;xDom rxdk;vQif olwdkYonf vlowfrSKusL;vGef p&mtaMumif; r&Sday/ aemufwpfOD;um; q&m0efwpfa,muf
jzpf\/ olonf t&m&SdBuD;wpfOD;\ orD;ESifhvnf; vufqufxm;\/ BudK;pm; tm;xkwfrnfqdkvQif olYb0twGuf wufvrf;awG
trsm;BuD;&S\ d /
odaYk omf olum; avmif;upm;\ aus;uRefjzpfomG ;\/ ESpv f ;Hk xD? ok;H vk;H xD? wpfv;Hk xD(abmvk;H )yg avmif;\/ Mumaomtcg
pD;aeaom um;tyg0if &So d rQypön;f tukeu f ek \
f / xdt
k cg pdwu f sa&m*g pGo J mG ;\/ wpfnwGif tdro f m;rsm;rodatmif noef;acgifwiG f
xvmNyD; oefpY ifcef; xJ0ifomG ;\/
txJa&mufaomtcg vnfyif;udk xkHaq;okyfum AkdufcGJaom "m;jzifh vnfyif;udk vSD;jzwfNyD; udk,fhudkudk,f owfaooGm;\/
[ufwuf BuD;jzpfoGm;onfh olvnfyif;rS yef;xGufvmaom aoG;rsm;jzifh tdrfomtwGif; cef; wpfckvkH; aq;eDrsm;okyfxm;ouJhodkY
eD&oJ mG ;\/
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jyefowfjcif; jzpf\/
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kd ,
kd f jyefowfp&mtaMumif; r&S/d tdrw f pftrd w f iG uf m;
ypön;f vnf;uke?f orD;vnf; tzsufq;D cHc&hJ aom jypfrw I pfck jzpfymG ; cJ\
h /xDorm; trsm;pkonf *Pef;ay;onfqakd om bd;k awmf? &aoh?
bke;f BuD;rsm;udk tvGe, f MHk unfMu\/
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*Pef; awGay:vmr,f[ak jymum bk&m;cef;a&SUwGif xdik cf ikd ;f xm;\/
vifr,m;ESpaf ,mufum; *Pef;rjrif&rSm pd;k ojzifh vIyv f nf; rvIy&f ?J rsufaphvnf; rzGi&hf b J J ayxdik af eMu&Sm\/ xdt k csderf mS yif
vl,w k rf mbd;k awmfonf xdv k ifr,m;\ wpfO;D wnf;aom orD;ysdKav; udk rw&m;usifu h m tzd;k wef;ypön;f rsm;,lNyD; vpfxu G o
f mG ;av\/
OD;atmifaZ,svdkawG;apcsif
uke;f abmifrif;qufukd xlaxmifcohJ nfh tavmif;bk&m; i,f &G,pf Oftcsdeu f yif jzpf\/ a&Tbekd ,foYkd bd;k awmfvv
kd ?kd 0dZmÆ vdv
k kd
&Sr;f q&mBuD;wpfa,muf a&mufvmNyD; vli,frsm;udk tcaMu;aiGjzifh yD,od'ad¨ q;rsm; pkyw f jH zifh aygufay;vsuf&\ dS /
xd;k aq;aygufNyD;vQif ola|;orD;udk wpfcgvSr;f Munf½h EHk iS hf aemuf rS wpfcgwnf; vdu k v f mrnf[k rufv;Hk ay;xm;aomaMumifh
tawG; tac: r&Sdaom awmom;vli,frsm;rSm tom;vnf;em? aiGvnf; tukefcHNyD; aq;aygufaejzpf\/ tawG;ac:&Sdaom
armifatmifaZ,sum; em;rvnf olwdkYxHrS aiGcsLpm;aeaom bdk;awmfudk vufydkufNyD; cyfwnfwnfMunfh ae\/ aq;vnf;rayguf
oludkvnf; rMunfovdk pdkufMunfhaeaom armifatmifaZ,saMumifh bdk;awmfrSm rvkHrvJjzpfvmum armifatmif aZ,sudk pum;pNyD;
vma&m\/
]]armif&ifaum aq;raygufb;l vm;}}

- 45 -
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'Daq;aygufxm;vdkY ola|;orD;&NyD; csrf;omr,fqdk&if tckvdk wpfrl; wpfjym;eJY e,fwumvSnfh tyifyef;cHNyD; olwpfyg;udk b,fvdkuf
aygufay;aervJ/ ud, k hf udu k ,kd jf yefaygufNyD; ola|;orD;,l Nidrahf erSmaygh}}
aemufaeYrmS yif bd;k awmfonf a&Tbrkd S jrefjrefvpfxu G o
f mG ; avawmh\/ ,ckvnf; ESpvf ;Hk *Pef;? ok;H vk;H *Pef;ay;Muaom t&[ef;
tcsdKUESifh bdk;awmftcsdKUonf wu,fom xGufrnfh*Pef;udk twdtus odcJhvQif olwdkYbmom xdk;NyD; NidrfhaeMurnfomjzpf\/ xdkodkY
aocsmrod aomaMumifh wpfyg;olrsm;udk *Pef;ay;NyD; aygufaomolxrH S ab;uif; &efuif;atmif tacsmifaiG,al eMujcif; jzpf\/
tokbtdrfwGif zJ½kdufMuaomtcg aiGonf upm;oltcsif;csif; wpfa,mufqDrS wpfa,mufqDodkY wpfvSnfhpDul;ae\/
wpfyGJNyD;wdkif; tokbaMu;taumufudkvnf; rSefrSefay;&\/ rdk;vif;aomtcg zJorm; tm;vkH;\ aiGonf taumufykH;xJ
tukeaf &mufomG ;avawmh\/
ESpv f ;Hk ? ok;H vk;H xd;k olrsm;ESihf 'dik o f nf zJorm;rsm;ESihf wl\/
þjzpf&yfü awmola|;onf w&m;cHt&SmrSm;jcif;jzpf\/ olY b0udk ysufatmifvkyfolrSm cJs'dkifr[kwf/ tvkyfrvkyfyJ
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tm;jzifh y,fowf&rnfjzpf\/
xd;k om;uvnf; 'dik x f rH aS iGukd 0doravmbjzifh vdck sif\/ 'dik f uvnf; xd;k om;xHraS iGukd 0doravmbjzifh vdck sif\/ *Pef;ay;ol?
vdkufvHzrf;olwdkYuvnf; xdk;om;ESif 'dkifxHrS aiGudk 0doravmjzifhvdkcsif\/ 0doravmb"mwfudk vufcHaeorQ okH;OD;vkH;
wu,fch srf;omtppf udk &Muvdrrhf nf r[kwaf y/
armifpGrf;&nf a&;pyfcJhonfh uAsmwpfyk'fonf xdk0doravmb "mwf tm;BuD;olrsm; zwfzdkYtwGufavavm [kxifp&myif
jzpfygawmh\/
NcH&yd af rSmifwiG ?f acgif;axmifp, G jf yL;?
w½I;½I;ESi?hf [l;[l;rmefxu G ?f
yg;jyif;cGuu f m?
iSwcf wform;? rkq;kd om;udk ?
wtm;ayguf&ef? toifBh uHonf?
vl&Y efa>rqd;k wpfaumifEiS /hf
avwGiyf sH0?J w&S&J v JS Qif
ud, k rf EJ w I ef ?D vufonf;&SnEf iS hf
pGpD pDG ;l pl;? &Jwif;usL;um
[l;[l;rmefxu G ?f a>rqd;k Zufukd
xk;d vQufow k &f ef? toifBh uHonf
a>rU&efpeG &f w J pfaumifEiS /hf
vufzsHaMumaxmif? vnfaMumaxmifvQuf
rsufarSmifuMkd uKwf? tm;tefxw k uf m
rd;k ukwyf sH0?J iSupf eG &f u J kd
rQm;pGEJ ikd &f ef? toifBh uHonf
pGe&fY ef rkq;kd wpfa,mufEiS /hf
þjrifuiG ;f udk
igvQifcP? jrifvu kd &f pOf
ywf0ef;usif0,f? emusifow H v Ykd rT ;f ae\/ /
(armifprG ;f &nf)

- 46 -
urÇmajrBuD;onf vlom;wd\ Yk vdt

k yfcsufqE´twGuf
jynfpvHk aHk vmufonf/
odaYk omf vlom;wd\ Yk avmbtwGuf
rvkaH vmufay/
(r[wår*E¨)D
bDvf*dwf\ vkyfief;atmifjrifenf;
vlwpfa,mufatmifjrifzq Ykd v kd Qif raerem;tvkyv f yk &f r,f/
atmifjrifwt hJ xd tjyif;txef BudK;pm;&r,f/
ud,
k u
f ÓPf &Srd ,f/ ud, k Ó
hf Pfuv kd nf; b,fvt kd ok;H cs&rvJqw kd m
odwv hJ w l pfa,muftzdYk
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tjyif;txef rBudK;pm;wJv h wl pfa,muf[m
b,fawmhrS ratmifjrifEikd yf gbl;/
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uRefawmfv;Hk 0r,kyH gbl;/ /
(rdu k cf ½kad qmhzf ukrP
Ü BD uD;wnfaxmifol
urÇmt
h csrf;omqk;H ola|;BuD; bD;vf*w d -f tar&duef)

- 47 -
tcef; ( 5 )
ysif;&djcif;udk a&mifh&Jjcif;[k txifrSm;rI

Ak'¨bmom jrefrmtrsm;pk rBuD;yGm;jcif;\ ig;ckajrmuftaMumif; rSm ysif;&drItukodkvftvkyfudk a&mifh&JrI ukodkvftvkyf[k
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toift h wifah vmuf om ok;H NyD; avmutwGuf jyefvnfpeG v Yf w T f vSL'gef;rIyifjzpf\/ pD;yGm;Opömudk or®mtmZD0usus rsm;Edik o f rQrsm;atmif
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I o kd m oEÅK|D[k ac:\/
udk;&D;,m;rS ola|;wpfa,mufonf a&TjynfomwGif txnf csKyfpuf½kHBuD;wpfck vmzGifh\/ tqifajyojzifh aemufxyfwpf½kH
quf zGi\ hf / xdo k al |;onf tjcm;Edik if o H ;Hk av;ckwiG v f nf; txnfcsKyfpuf½Hk rsm; zGix hf m;ol jzpf\/ xdu k ;kd &D;,m; ola|;udk jrefrmola|;
wpfa,mufu ,ckuo hJ Ykd vmajym\/
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'geJaY wmif tyifyef;cHNyD; puf½w Hk pfcxk yfw;kd csJUae&ao;w,f/
xdt k cg ud;k &D;,m;ola|; jyefajymvdu k af om pum;u-
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wpfcv k ;Hk twGuf &Smw,f}} [l\/
rSef\/ xdkEdkifiHwGif aeaomvlrsm; csrf;omrS EdkifiHvnf; csrf;om rnfjzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh EdkifiHcsrf;omapcsifvQif t&if;tzsm;
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jynf0h rf;udk razmuf&[k ñTejf yxm;\/
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ay:yifOya'rsm;jzifh wm;jrpfcsKyfcs,fjcif; rjyK&[kqv kd akd yonf/
xdk tcsufEiS hf ywfoufí -
eydv k , D [ H ;D vfEiS hf tif'½l;umeuf*sDw\ Ykd tar;tajzudk avhvm Munfyh g/
[D ; vf / / tar&duef&JU pD;yGm;a&; wnfaqmufcJhwJh ykHpH[m tpdk;- &ESifh pufrSkvkyfief;&yf ESpfckygwemtpktpyftjzpf
vufawGUvkyaf qmifae Mujcif;yJ r[kwv f m;/
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vdktyf wJh Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk a&;qGJvdkufem aqmif&GufMu&ayw,f/ ESpfOD; ESpfzGJUvkH;[m &&Sd&eftwGuf ay;qyfrI jyKMu&w,f/
ESpb f ufpvk;H [m pdwaf umif;apwem aumif;ygwJh rdwaf qGpw d x f m;ESihf wpfbufEiS hf wpf buf qufqv H yk af qmifrI jyKMu&ayw,f/
ESpb f ufpvk;H [m wdik ;f oljynfom; vltrsm;&JU &ydik cf iG rhf sm;ESihf vkyyf ikd cf iG hf tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk todtrSwjf yKMu&w,f/ xdjYk yif ESpb f uf
pvkH;[m wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;tm; trIxrf;&GufrI jyKMu&mrSm vkdavao; r&Sd tbufbufrS jynfh0aumif;rGef uRrf;usifrIrsm;vnf;
&SMd u&ayw,f/
þudp[ ö m tjcm;tjcm;aom vlrq I ufqaH &; udpt ö 00wdrYk mS vdyk J xdEk pS zf o YJG nf rdrw d b Ykd ufrS wm0ef0wå&m;rsm; rausyGecf ahJ omf
rdrd wdwYk nfaqmufxm;wJh enf;pepf[m uGyJ sufusqk;H NyD; Ake;f Ake;f vJ jzpf&rSmyJ/
tpdk;&taeeJY pufrIpD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rSm vuf0g;BuD;tkyfrIrsKd; udk rjyKEdkif&ef jyKvkyfay;&rSm jzpfw,f/ odkYaomfvnf;
þodjYk yKvky&f mrSm tpd;k &[m pufrpI ;D yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&yfxJ 0ifNyD; ,SONf ydKifbuf wpfO;D tjzpf odYk rusa&mufap&bl;/
xdUk jyif rw&m;ojzifh BuD;av;aom tcGet f aumufrsm; awmif; cHjcif; w&m;rQwrI r&Sw d hJ Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm; csrSwjf cif;udv k nf;
pufrI pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif 0efyad tmif wDxiG Of ;D aqmifrI pdwx f m;rsm; avQmh yg;oGm;atmif aiGtvk;H t&if;udk tok;H rjyK0Hah tmif
rvkyaf qmif&bl;/
tpdk;&bufrS vkyfaqmif&r,fh aumif;rGefaomtcsufrsm;u awmh pufrIpD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;&yfrsm; vkyfaqmifaewJh
woD;yk*v ¾ rsm;&JU pwifO;D aqmif wDxiG rf I jyKjcif;ESihf wdik ;f oljynfom; vltrsm;wd&Yk UJ Mum; rSmaeNyD; tusdK;wl yl;aygif;aqmif&u G rf rI sm;udk
jzpfatmif pD;rHay;&rSm jzpfw,f/

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yifv,fa&ESifh jrpfa&
yifv,fa&onf rsm;\/ odkYaomf iHonfhtwGufaMumifh rnfolrQ aomufokH;ír&/ jrpfa&onf enf;\/ odkYaomf
csdKonft h wGuf aMumifh owå0gwdik ;f aomuf ok;H í&\/ xdt Yk wl rolawmfvufxJ a&mufomG ;aom OpömaiGaMu; rsm;onf
yifv,fa&uJo h Ykd rnfoYl twGurf S tusdK;r&S/d olawmfaumif; vufxaJ &mufomG ;aom OpömaMu;aiGrsm; onf jrpfa&ESiw hf \
l /
tm;vk;H twGuf tusdK;&S\ d / xdaYk Mumifh olawmfaumif;jzpfaom Ak'b ¨ mom0ifrsm;onf olwpfyg;xuf ydí k pD;yGm;Opömudk
&SmazGoif\ h /
Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; csrf;omvQif wjcm;bmom0ifrsm;vnf; csrf;omrnf jzpf\/ taMumif;um; Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;onf
bmom ra&G; vlrsdK;ra&G;? axmufyHhay;urf;wwfaomaMumifhyifwnf;/ rif;wkef;rif;BuD;onf aqmf'Dtma&AsEdkifiH? ruúmNrdKUwGif
tpövmrf bk&m;zl;rsm; wnf;ckdEdkif&ef Z&yfBuD;wpfaqmif aqmufvkyf vSL'gef; zl;\/
temBuD;a0'em&Sirf sm;tm; tjcm;bmom0ifrsm; vma&muf axmufyv hH LS 'gef;Muyg\/ odaYk omf olwb
Ykd mom0if rdom;pkrsm;udo
k m
axmufy\ hH / Ak'b ¨ mom0ifrsm;udk raxmufyahH y/ olwb Ykd mom usrf;*ef rsm;u bmomjcm;rsm;udk raxmufy&hH [k ñTeMf um;xm;aMumif;
opöma& pif pmtkyw f iG f zwf½&I \/
Ak'u
¨ m; vdt k yfaom ae&mwGif bmomra&G;? vlrsdK;ra&G; vSL 'gef;&rnf[k ñTejf ycJ\ h / Ak'v ¨ ufxufawmfu Oygvdo<l u,fonf
ed*@ em#ykwu å kd ud;k uG,o f jl zpf\/ ,ckacwfwiG f *sdr;f *dP k ;f (*sde;f bke;f BuD;) [kac:\/ olaomwmyefwnfNyD; Ak'b ¨ mom0ifjzpfomG ;aomtcg
ed*@*dP k ;f om;rsm;udk t&ifuuJo h Ykd vSLNrJvLS Edik af Mumif; Ak'u¨ cGijhf yKcJ\
h /
þum; wjcm;bmoma&; acgif;aqmifrsm;xufomaom Ak'\ ¨ oabmxm;BuD;rm;rIyif jzpf\/ pma&;ol temBuD;a&m*gonf
&GmESpf&Gm odkY oGm;a&mufvSL'gef;aom tcgwGifvnf; vkH;0bmomcGJjcm;jcif; rjyKyg/ Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;udka&m wjcm;bmom0ifrsm;udkyg
tnDtrQ cGaJ 0vSL'gef; cJ\ h / þtcsufrsm;aMumifh Ak'b ¨ mom0ifrsm; csrf;omvQif vlom;tm; vk;H csrf;omrnf[k qdck jhJ cif;jzpf\/
jrpfa&ESiw hf al om ola|;BuD;wpfa,muftaMumif;udk ,ckacwf vli,frsm;twGuf "r®mp&d, OD;a|;vIid af &;om;aom ]"r®'w l }
usrf; 'kw, d wGrJ S aumufEw I af zmfjyvdu k af yonf/
armif;axmifola|; OD;jr&m
-1-
]]&Sizf mG ;&Siaf &? [drk mS uGr;f awmifb&k m;qDu vSn;f awGvmae w,f/ a&aEG;td;k uav; qlatmifr;D zdek m;uyfxm;vdu k yf gOD;}}
udjk r&monf Al;oD;aMumf aMumfaeaom ZeD;tm; vSr;f íajym&if; c&D;onfrsm; rD;vI&H ef xif;rD;zdu k kd uysmu,m jyifqifvu kd \f /
rzGm;&Sif onf taMumfaMumf&if; ajrmufbufoYkd vSr;f arQmfMunf&h m ESi;f rIzH zJG w JG iG f &GmqDoYkd vmaeaom vSn;f tkyBf uD;udk roJruGjJ rifae&\/
]]awmfuvnf; tJ'gxm;ygOD;? 'DrmS Al;oD;ulv;DS ygOD;/ vSn;f awG utrsm;BuD;aerSmawmh}}
udjk r&monf ]at;yguG} [kajymajymqdq k kd caemfceJY ,dik ef aYJ e aom pm;yGw J pfcük xdik u f m Al;oD;vS;D &ef [efjyifvu
kd \
f / ajrxnfa&aEG;
c&m;td;k udv k nf; taMumfaMumfaeaom rD;zdt k eD;rS qG, J v
l u
kd \f / rD;vIH &efzx kd m;aom rD;zdo k Ykd ajymif;a&TUwnf&ef xdyüf oGyef ef;jzifh ezm;azmuf
wkycf sDxm;aom ok;H acsmif;axmufuav;udk rD;zdak y:ü cGícsJí tqif oifjh yifvu kd \
f /
a,musfm;awGqdkwm a&aEG;ususESifh ylyluav; wpfcGuf avmuf aomufvdkuf&&if tifrwefoabmuswm &Sifr&JU/ a&aEG;
yGuyf uG q f l zdtYk a&;BuD;w,f/ wcsdKUa&mif;wJo h al wGu a&aEG;qdk NyD;a&m? qlqrl qlql xnfah y;wwfMuw,f/ apwem rygMubl;/ rvSLwwf
aps;a&mif;qdw k mvdk vufzuf&nfav;wpfcu G af vmuf apwemygygeJY c&D;oGm;awGukd wdu k &f wJh ukov kd vf nf; renf;ygbl;uGm}}
udkjr&mwdkY ZeD;armifESHonf tdrfajcwpfaxmifcefY&Sd armif;axmif &GmBuD;\ ajrmufbufü Al;oD;aMumf a&mif;csjcif;jzifh
toufarG;Mu\/ t&if;tES;D r&Sí d qdik Bf uD;? uem;BuD;vnf; ra&mif;Edik f v,f,m? rd;k ajr r&S/d trsm;enf;wl awmifov l ,form;vnf;
rvkyEf ikd /f od&Yk mwGif a&- aEG;Murf;uav; wpfcu G u f pí olpY w d x f m;udk jrifEikd \ f /
,kwpf mG t h qk;H pOfvh ufzuf&nf yef;uefv;Hk uav;rsm;udyk if rMumcP wdu k cf Rwfaq;aMumay;\/ &Gmt0if vSn;f 0dik ;f rsm; pwnf;cs
&m refusnf;yif0ikd ;f BuD;atmuf&dS Z&yfuv kd nf; aeYpOf wHjrufpnf;vSaJ vh &S\ d / opfyifatmuf&dS c&D;onfrsm;? EGm;rsm;pGeyYf pfxm;cJah om
trIu d of ½ku d f tnpftaMu;rsm;udv k nf; aeYpOfwjH ruford ;f onf/ xdrk Qru-
]]&Sirf a&? olrsm;enf;wl tvSLBuD;ray;Edik af yr,fh rylygeJu Y mG 'Drefusnf;yifBuD;atmuf a&csrf;pifrmS aqmif;? aEG? rd;k a&cyfxnf&h wJh
tvSLvnf; renf;ygbl;/ a&tusdK;q,fyg;wJh}} [krMumcPajymavh&Sd um aeYpOfokH;zmvkHavmufa0;aom a&uefrS armif;axmifjzpf
opfap; yvk;H a&cyfy;Hk ESpyf ;Hk jzifh ud, k w f ikd x f rf;NyD; xnfah y;avhvnf;&So d nf/
udjk r&mwdYk ZeD;armifEüHS qif;&Jaomfvnf; twk,pl &m rsm;pGm &S\ d / yxrqk;H csaom td;k uif;rS taMumftenf;i,fukd z,fxm;NyD;rS
a&mif;csonf/ xdt k aMumfO;D udrk l qGr;f Asyfqikd ;f xrf;vmaom armifausmif; om; &GmxJoYkd tvmwGif OD;pGmavmif;vSLMuonf/

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rnfolurS a[mjyí? apcdkif;íjyK&jcif; r[kwf/ yifudk,ftod ÓPf? udk,fydkif apwemt& aqmif&GufMujcif;jzpfí

wHjrufvSJa&cyfwm utp yifyef;onfr&Sd/ auseyfíyif aeMu\/ xdkauseyfrIonf aomreó o[*kwf? ÓPorÜ,kwf? tocFg&du
r[mukov kd pf w d Bf uD;yif jzpf\/
aomreóo[*kwf = 0rf;ajrmufEpS o f ufrEI iS hf wuGjzpfaom?
ÓPorÜ,w k f = todÓPfEiS , hf OS af om?
tocFg&du = rnfou l rQ rwdu k w f eG ;f &aom?
r[mukov kd pf wd f = BuD;us,fjrifjh rwf aumif;usdK;ay;wwf aom jzLpifaom tod/
udjk r&m\ ZeD; rzGm;&Sio f nf bkwvifNrdKUoljzpf\/ udjk r&muJh odyYk if or®mtmZD0 us&mra&G; vufvyk vf ufpm; vkyu f ikd pf m;aomuf&J
aom tdrf&SifrwpfOD; jzpfonfhtjyif aus;vufokH;jrefrmh½kd;&m rkefYrsdK;pkH udkvnf; vkyfwwf\/ &Hcg tcg&moDtvdkuf [if;oD;[if;&GufrS
tp? txnfvyd rf sm;txd yck;H xrf; &GmpOfavQmufívnf; a&mif;cs wwfonf/ Al;oD;aMumfEiS hf rkeyYf sm;ovufrS pcJah om xdZk eD;armifErHS mS
ZGn
J o
D jzifh rMumrDyif v,f{utenf;i,f 0,f,El ikd í f v,f,m orm; ZeD;armifEHS jzpfvmMu\/ v,fvyk if ef;tm;vyfcsdew
f iG f rkev Yf yk af &mif;cs
jcif;udkvnf; vufrvTwf taMumfonf? rkefYonfb0wGif olwumESifh rwlaom ajymprSwfuav;rsm; &SdouJhodkY wpfqifhwufvmaom
udkjr&mwdkY ZeD;armifESH\ v,form;b0rSmvnf; ajymp&m? twk,lp&m? tpOftvm v,form;wdkYESifh rwl/ wrlxl;&Sm;aom
vkyu f u
G u
f av;rsm;udk awGUjrif Mu&onf/
rsKd;pyg;axmif;í qGrf;vSLol
-2-
]]a[h armifjr&m? armif;axmif;aeovm;? rdk;awG&GmvdkY xGefa&; ta&;BuD;aeMucsdefrSm rkefYvkyfaeMujyefNyDvm;? olrsm;awG
ysdK;awmif axmifuek Mf uNyD}}
rzGm;&Siu f armif;qkBH uD;ü xdik u f m udjk r&mud, k wf ikd af emufyidk ;f u armif;axmif;ay;aeonfukd jrifí tdref ;D csif; OD;av;BuD;wpfO;D u
ceJwY whJ hJ EIwq f ufvu kd jf cif; jzpf\/
]]rkerYf eI fY axmif;wmr[kwb f ;l ? OD;av;a& 'DrmS OD;av;wlu rsdK; pyg;uav; wpfqaHk vmuf axmif;Mu&atmif qdv k }Ykd }
]][J?h qefr&Sv d nf; ajyma&maygh? rsdK;udak wmif jyKwfpm;aeMu& NyDvm;}}
xdktcg tpOftvmr&Sdaom tvkyfwpfckjzpfaeí udkjr&mudk,f wdkifyif 0ifí tajzay;&awmh\/ ysdK;raxmifrD rsdK;pyg;xJrS
wpfqkHpm qefzGwfNyD; qGrf;awmfvnf;uyf oHCmawmfrsm;tm;vnf; qGrf;avmif; &ef pdwful;aygufí jyKvkyfaMumif; ½kd;½dk;pif;pif;yif
0efcaH jzMum;vdu k &f m tdref ;D csif; OD;av;BuD;rSm -
]]a[? rif;vufxufryS J rsdK;udck sufNyD; vSL&w,fvYkd Mum;zl;& w,fumG ? aumif;ygw,fav tvSLyJ[m}}
[kom ajzEdik af wmh\/ udjk r&mvufxufusrS Mum;&zl;aom tvSLxl;rsm;um; xdrk Qruao;ay/ udjk r&m\ taMumfonf olwumh
taMumfEiS hf rwlouJo h Ykd udjk r&m\ v,form;b0onfvnf; olwum v,form; b0ESihf rwlavNyD/
pNyD; xGeaf &;iifonfrS usDxo J ;D ESoH iG ;f &onfth xd &orQ y&dwrf sm;? *kPaf wmfrsm; &Gwzf wfum igwdv Yk ifr,m; pm;zd[ Yk o l nfh ao;-
odraf om &nf&, G cf sufrxm; wdik ;f jynftwGu[ f al om &nf&, G cf suf BuD; BuD;rm;rm;vnf; rxm;wwf/
igwdu Yk , kd w f ikd f EGm;ESi½hf ;Hk NyD; vky&f wJph yg;? tusdK;&Sad tmif OD;OD; zsm;zsm; &wemok;H yg; vSLNyD;rSpm;r,f/ ]]qif;&Javav oHa0&&}}
udkjr&m \tawG;tac:rSm þrQom&Sd\/ tdrfa&SUwGif aeYpOf<uaeaom oHCm wef;BuD;tm; udk,fwdkifvkyfwJhpyg;u qGrf;udk
avmif;&awmhr,f[k aysmf ae\/
olYpyg;cif;rSm txl;aumif;rGefvmojzifh rSnfh&Trf;p pyg;ESHrsm;udk &dwfjzwfum aumufOD;qGrf; vSL&onfudk oltauseyfBuD;
auseyfae awmhonf/ aumufO;D qGr;f tvSLtaMumif; w&m;pmxJrmS awGzY ;l aomf vnf; vufawGUvkyrf o d u
l &Sm;vSayonf/
pyg;&dwo f rd ;f aomtcgwGif udjk r&m\ tdref ;D csif;rsm;tzdYk udjk r&mvuf xufusrS rMum;zl;wm Mum;&½krH Qru rjrifz;l wmudv k nf;
jrifMu&\/ udkjr&monf pyg;aumufvIdif;pD;rsm;udk e,f&ef tdrfa&SUuGif;jyif ü acgif;csif; qdkif vSnhf0dkif;csxm;\/ naexrif;pm;NyD;
aumufjyefaY y:wGif rdrEd mG ;ESpaf umifEiS hf vlygwufí 0dik ;f BuD;ywfywfeif;acsvsuf pyg;e,f&ef EGm;ESpaf umiftm; ao;wnf? acs;wnfxm;cdu k f
aumufjyefaY y:rwufrD udjk r&m wpfa,muf aumufjyefv Y idI ;f rsm;udk OD;ok;H Budrcf saeonfukd tarSmif ysKd;p? rI&H 0D ;kd w0g;wGif tdref ;D csif;rsm;
jrifaeMu&onf/ tdref ;D csif;rsm;tzdYk txl;tqef;jzpfum udjk r&mwpfatmifeh m; aecdu k f nrqdik ;f bJ vma&muf0ikd ;f tkH ar;Muavonf/
tlaMumifaMumif vkyfwmyg[k xifoluxifMu\/ rnfodkYjzpfap udkjr&murl &Sufp&m[k oabmrxm;bJ pdwfxJ&Sdonfhtwdkif;
ajymjyvdu k o f nf/
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- 50 -
usKyfajc axmuf eJY eif;acse,fzwfaewJh aumufvidI ;f u&wJh pyg;awGqefawG[m bk&m; qGr;f awmf jzpfcsifvnf; jzpfr,f/ &[ef;oHCmawG&UJ
qGr;f jzpfcsif vnf; jzpfr,f/ bk&m;ç w&m;ç oHCm&wemok;H yg;vSLwJh rkeyYf o
J mG ;a&pm jzpfcsifvnf; jzpfr,f/ rajymEdik b
f ;l avAsm}}
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udjk r&monf tnma'oxk;H pHtwdik ;f pyg;rsm;udk usDxo J iG ;f NyD; aomtcg yke;f rMunf(AkA-Á ykAu Á Mu,f) ac: v,f,mudik ;f uRef;
oD;ESH jzpfxGef;apwwfaom v,form;ewftm; tom;vGwfxrif;[if; rsdK;pkH rkefYjzL? rkefYeD rsdK;pkHwdkYjzifh trsm;enf;wl yçojcif;udkvnf;
jyKwwfonf/yke;f rMunfewf[o l nf "r®y't|uxmvm umV,u©ed aD c:? aomwm yefewfr,fwpfO;D jzpf\/ orifarG;&if; usm;pm;&if;
[kem;vnfaeMuaom &efu&kd efcsif; rwkv H QOf;a&; 0w¬Kyifwnf;/ rD;zdak csmif? armif;qkwH ?J EGm;wJ ygrusef wpftrd v f ;Hk qDr;D rsm;xGe;f ndM§ u&m
udjk r&mrSm za,mif;wdik rf ;D xGe;f NyD; rdrEd mG ;rsm; teD;odo Yk mG ;um ausmoyfacgif;oyf yGwo f yfNyD;-
]] uJ-usKyfeJY vkyfazmfudkifzuf aus;Zl;&Sifrsm; cifAsm;? rif;wdkYudk vnf; bk&m;udkvSLzdkY 'DrD;awGudk ay;ygw,f/ rif;wdkYeJYig
twlw½l ;Hk NyD;&wJh yduk q
f eH YJ 0,fv&Ykd wJh za,mif;wdik yf g/ uJ bk&m;vSLMu? vSLMu/ tvkycf iG rf mS armifwu Ykd kd aigufirf;½ku
d Ef u S rf w
d mrsm; &S&d ifvnf;
cGiv hf wT f Muyg}}
[k EGm;rsm;teD;wGif rD;xGef;ay;NyD; awmif;yefaewwf\/ tjcm; olrsm;u ½l;onf[k qdkcsifqdkMuygap? xdkodkY jyKvkyfvkduf&
onft h wGuf udjk r&mpdwx f w J iG f &Si;f oGm;\/ oHo&mc&D;azmfwpfO;D cZDywf (cg;qnf; ywfNrD) wifrnfukd rvdv k m;/
vludkrqdkxm;bd udk,fESifhpyfaom wd&pämefrsm;tay:udkyif a<u; rwifapvdk/ rausrcsrf; &efwkefY&efvSnfh rNidrf;cJhaom
umV,u©deD(ykef;rMunf)udka[maomw&m;ESifh udkjr&m\ ykef;rMunf yçoyGJrSm wpfoabmxJ udkufnDaeawmh\/ olESifh a&mif;0,f
qufqH&aom vlom;rsm;tay: udkjr&m rnfodkY oabmxm;rnf udk jrifomvSyg\/
xdkaomreóo[*kwf? ÓPorÜ,kwf? r[mukodkvfpdwf xm;onf rkefYonf qif;&Jom;udkjr&mtm; armif;axmif ola|;BuD;
OD;jr&m tjzpfodkY ESpfumv tenf;i,ftwGif;rSmyif ydkYay;vdkufav awmh\/
-3-
armif;axmif&Gm? tbOD;atmifabmf? trda':tdkr,fwdkYrS 1231 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhaom OD;jr&mESifh a':zGm;&SifwdkYü
om;orD;ok;H a,muf xGe;f um;&m om;armifa&miferD mS ig;ESpo f m;uyif uG,v f eG cf \hJ / orD;BuD; rarcspf? om;i,farmifbcspf? (,cktouf
77 ESp)f wdEYk iS hf aexdik cf &hJ m v,f,mrsm; wpfaeYwpfjcm; wd;k yGm;vmcJ\ h /
txnftvdyfESifh ig;yd? ig;ajcmuf ukefrsKd;pkHvnf; rdrdtdrfrSmyif wnfcif;a&mif;csav&m OD;jr&m\ or®mtmZD0us?
½k;d ajzmifrh eS u
f efaom pdwx f m;aMumifh ta&mif;t0,f vkyif ef;wGiv f nf; 'Da&tvm; wpfaeY wjcm; wd;k yGm;vQuf &Scd \ hJ /
wpfaeYwm a&mif;0,fí&aom aiGrsm;udk opfom;Zvm;BuD;ESifh xnfhxm;&\/ aiGrsm; tqrwef rsm;jym;vmaomtcg
ESpw f if;cefq Y efY aom aMu;td;k BuD;rsm;wGif xnfyh w d íf ajrü`r§yEf HS odrqf nf;avh&\ dS / rnfrQyif csrf;om<u,f0aomfvnf; awmifov l ,f,m
vkyif ef;udk vkyNf rJ vky\ f /
taetxdik v f nf; rajymif;vJ? ykq;kd cg;ykcH sESihf twGi;f cHtuÐsr yg? yifew D u kd yf tHk usÐ&ifuEJG iS o
hf m awGU&wwf\/ pnfum;aom
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H ef;vsm;&Snaf y:üom tcg&moD ra&G; em;aetdypf ufonfukd awGU&wwf\/
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udk,fwdkifvkyf í&aom v,f{u ig;&mrSxGufaom pyg;rsm;ESifh 0,f,lxm;aom pyg; rsm;twGuf odkavSmif&ef pyg;usDBuD; q,fhwpfvkH;
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1/ okH;cef;usDwpfvkH;\ pyg;jzifh armif;axmif&GmOD;ü ajcmuf{u cefY&Sd bv’mwd, uefawmfBuD;udk ESpfpOfwl;azmf jyifqif\/
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f rG ;f auR;í Zmwf? ½kyaf o;ponf &yf&mG u iSm;&rf;vdv
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wpf0uf uscH\/
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d if;&Jom; yk*K¾d vfrsm;\ om;ajr;rsm;udk &Sijf yKay;avh&dS \/ &Sijf yKaomtcg t&yfav;rsufEmS rS vmvmorQ pdr;f usufra&G;
pwk'o d m auR;arG;\/
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xd;k vQuf tkwuf efEiS w
hf uG jyKvkyv f LS 'gef;\/

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&yfusdK;&GmusdK; omoemusdK;udk onfy;kd xrf;aqmifol xdo k akYd om ola|;tm; ab;&eftaESmift h ,Suf r&So
d nfrmS tHMh ozG,rf &Sad cs/
OD;jr&m ESihf a':zGm;&Siw f \ Ykd ukov kd 'f gersm;um; xdrk Qru rsm;jym;vS\/
5/ rmefatmifjrifb&k m; vQyfppftif*sifr;D puf vdo k rQaiG pduk f xkwv f LS 'gef;í rmefatmifjrif bk&m;ESihf avwifausmif;bk&m;ESpq f l
tMum; 1291 ckEpS u f tm½kcH H tkww f ukd Bf uD; wpfv;Hk ? ausmufqif;wk ½kyyf mG ; awmfBuD;wpfq?l rmefatmifjrifb&k m; ta&SUajrmufwcH eG w f ikd f
1289/
6/ armif;axmif&Gm taemufajrmufbuf&Sd rdrdvSLxm;aom ukef;omausmif;wdkuftwGif;ü tom;ausmif;wpfaqmif?
odrt f opfwpf vk;H ? 1305 ckEpS ?f odr?f tkww f ukd /f
7/ 1292 ckEpS w f iG f uke;f omausmif;wdu k &f dS rdrv d LS xm;aom ausmif;a&SUwGif Vif;wwpfaumif tpmcsDí oufqif;&m edrw d rf aumif;
[k ,lqum oHcsdKOD;ausmfv\ S ajr; ud&k ifBuD; OD;pHñeG o Yf nf xdak usmif;rS a&T"m;uefausmif;odYk ajymif;a&TUoGm;\/ rMumrDyif OD;jr&monf
tom; ausmif;udk zsufí tkww f u kd Bf uD;topfwnfaqmufí vSLonf/
,if;tkww f u kd Bf uD;rSm ausmif;OD;jyó'ftaqmifyg &Spcf ef;? av;cef; ESpx f yfwu kd Bf ud;D jzpf&m umvwefaMu; tenf;qk;H ok;H av;ode;f
[k cefrY eS ;f Muavonf/
OD;jr&monf bk&m;ausmif;uefrsm;udk xdkrQBuD;rm;cefYjim;pGm aqmufvSLxm;aomfvnf; rdrdtwGuf ae&eftdrfrSm
omrefopfom;tdrf tvwfpm;rQom jzpfonf/ xdt k rd &f iS uf xdw k ukd af usmif;BuD;udk aqmuf vSLygonf[q k v
kd Qif ,kzH ,
G rf &Sad cs/ od&Yk mwGif
rdrtd rd üf ud;k uG,&f ef½yk f yGm; qif;wkurkd l opfom;qif;wk? aiGqif;? a&Tqif;wkrsm;udk xkvyk yf al Zmf xm;avonf/
tdraf &SUodYk eHeufwikd ;f <uvmaom oHCmwef;BuD;udrk l ud, k w f ikd f yif qGr;f avmif;vSL&rS auseyfonf/
OD;jr&monf 'gejyK&mü udk,fwdkifudk,fus (om[w¬du) vSLjcif;? ½kd½dkaoao oefYoefY&Sif;&Sif; jyKvkyfvSLjcif;(ouúpöH) vSL&mü
pdwfjywfom; jcif; ponfwdkYtwGuf olY'geolYapwemudk tvGef,kHMunfol jzpf\/ awmvufaus;&Gmü þrQcsrf;om<u,f0aomfvnf;
rnfonf&h eforl sdK; ig;yg;udk pd;k &drpf w d rf &Sad cs? &Hcg ypön;f rsm;twGuf pd;k &dryf yl efwwfaom omr,m;rsm;ESiyhf if oabmxm;uGv J &JG av\/
-4-
]]udjk r&m? nuawmfb,frmS tdyo f vJ}}
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f myJaygh}}
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hf wl ypön;f aomujzifh tl,m;zm;,m; vmajymaeojzifh OD;jr&m\
rsufEmS rSm ½kww f &uf okerf eI o f mG ;\/ twefMumrS rsufEmS yd;k owfum-
]]ypön;f ocFg&yJumG / 'Davmufvnf; pdwaf omu a&mufraeyg eJ?Y bmawGbmawG ygoGm;vdv Yk }J }
xdt k cg orD;jzpforl mS ol\vuf0wfvufpm; tcsdKUygoGm;o jzifh id, k akd jymqdak vjyef&m-
]]aeygOD; zGm;&Si&f UJ b,favmufz;kd ygoGm;vdv Yk ?J orD;uvnf; idrk aeygeJY aemuftazvkyaf y;rSmaygh}}
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"mwfqif aA'if,Mwmav;bmav; vkyo f if&h ifvyk &f r,fvYkd ajymxm; &w,f}}
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atmifvnf; wpfcgrS taysmuft&S? tck;d t0Suf rcHc&hJ zl;bl;? ud, k yhf pön;f rrSe&f ifvnf; cH&rSmaygh? ud, k yhf pön;f rSe&f if b,fygvdrhf rwke;f /
aoaocsmcsmvnf; ppfaq;Munfyh gOD; aemuf&ufrsm;rS vkyo f ifw
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wef;vef;eJ}Y }
OD;jr&mrS ESpo f rd phf um; ajymvdu k &f m tcdu k t
f weft Y m;jzifh om; trdwawG pdwaf jyoGm;Mu\/

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OD;jr&mtdraf &SUwGif bk&m;yG?J bk&m;aps;vm y&dowfrsm;jzifh wpfaeukef pnfum;ae\/ naeydik ;f wGif ydí
k vlpnfum;vmojzifh
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rwufEikd Mf uawmhay/
EGm;vSnf;ESifhvmaom olcdk;
ae0if&Dwa&m tdrfa&SU0if; wHcg;tydwfwGif vSnf;wpfpD; tdrf a&SUodkY qdkufa&mufvmojzifh txl;owdjyK MunfhaerdMu\/
vSnf;orm; u OD;jr&mtm; cGifhawmif;oHMum;ojzifh om;trdrsm;yif teD;odkY a&muf vmMuonf/ vSnf;orm;onf vSnf;jzKwfNyD;
ES;D AsyfuefawmhyJG BuD;wpfck csDrum OD;jr&ma&SUwGif csvdu k \ f / NyD;vQif OD;ok;H Budrcf sum-
]]uRefawmf? uwd;k &Gmu armifay:'ifyg? raeYnu yGw J iG ;f rSm rl;,pfaomufpm;rd&mu OD;tdru f kd azmufxiG ;f cd;k ,lryd gw,f}}
teD;&Sd rdom;pkrmS ]][,f}} [koNH ydKifxu G u f m rsufv;Hk rsm; jyL;us,f oGm;um em;axmifaerd\/
]]'DtwGuf uRefawmfuefawmhcsifvyYkd g? tckvv kd yk rf w
d m ay;csif wJt h jypfay;yg/ cd;k cJw
h yhJ pön;f awGuv kd nf; wpfjym;wpfcsyfrrS usef
jyef,l vmygw,f/ vSn;f ay:rSm ygcJyh gw,f}}
udak y:'ifu 0rf;yef;wenf; awmif;yefajymqdak v&m OD;jr&mrSm vnf; oufjyif;csum ½kww f &uf tHt h m;oifah e\/ udak y:'ifrmS
ajym ajymqdq k kd vSn;f ay:ü ygvmaom ypön;f rsm;udk wpfcNk yD;wpfck OD;jr&m a&SUü ykcH sí tyfEv HS ukd af vonf/ OD;jr&monf a':zGm;&Sit f m;
aiG'*Fg; ig;q,f,cl ikd ;f um -
]]uJ? ighwl OD;vnf; 0rf;omvdkYrqkH;ygbl;? cGifhvnf; vTwfyg w,f/ ighwludk tjypfay;ta&;r,l½kHru b,folYudkrSvnf; OD;r
ajymygbl;/ igwl½;dk om;wJ*h P k tf wGuf OD;u 'DaiGig;q,f qkcsygw,f/ OD;. wpfcak jymcsifwmuawmh aemiftcg 'DuaepNyD; olwpfyg;ypön;f
qdv k Ykd OD;[mom r[kwb f ;l / b,foyYl pön;f udrk S pdwx f uJ awmif rjypfrmS ;zdYk OD;rSm Mum;csifw,f}}
udak y:'ifrmS rsuf&nfrsm;yif 0Jvmum OD;jr&mqkcsaom aiGig; q,fuykd if auseyfvufcNH yD; jyefvnf uefawmhxm;cJah vawmh
onf/
rSwfcsuf/ / ol w pf y g;Opö m ud k cd k ; ,l c J h v Qif ? 'gejyK&mü ol w pf y g;ud k xd c d k u f c J h v Qif ? rd r d O pö m rsm;ud k &ef o l r sd K ;ig;yg;teuf
wpfyg;yg;uzsufq;D ypfwwfonf/ 'gejyK&mü olwpfyg; udk xdcu kd jf cif;[lonf onftvSLrsKd;udk igomvQif vSLEdik w f ,f?
wjcm;vlawG rvSLEdkif[k rmeaxmifjcif;? om;ig;rsm;udk &ufBudKrSmrdjcif;wdkY jzpf\/ qdkifay: toifh awGUaom
tom;ig;udv k LS vQif tjypfvw G o f nf/ &efol rsKd;ig;yg; rD;ç a&ç rif;çcd;k olç tarGcq H ;kd /
-5-
1300 jynfhywf0ef;usifuyif jzpf\/ ta&mif;t0,f taygif tESH?tacRt&H tvkyform;rsm;jzifh pnfum;aeaom
OD;jr&mtdrBf uD;onf ZeD;ESihf orD;rsm; a&SUqifah emufqifh uG,v f eG Mf uav&m wajz;ajz; ajcmufaoGUvm\/ OD;jr&mvnf; touft&G,f
ajcmufq,fcefYodkY a&muf &Sdvmojzifh ta&mif;t0,fESifh v,f,mtvkyftudkifrsm;udk &yfoifhwm &yf? avQmhoifhwm avQmhum
ukov kd t f m½kEH iS o hf m aevmavawmh\/
toufESpfq,fausmf t&G,fom; ti,farmifbcspfrSmvnf; a&bk,s ola|;om;wdkY\ pdwfaeoabmxm;twdkif;
rnfonfhvkyfief; wGifrS pdwfyg0ifpm;rIr&Sd/ uRrf;usifrIr&Sd/ pifppf rdbypönf;rsm;uvnf; wpfOD;wnf;aomom; armifbcspftwGuf
tvkyv f yk u f ikd &f ef rvd/k ESpf oufo;Hk ouf pm;vdyYk if rukeEf ikd af cs/ xdaYk Mumifh armifbcspfonf ok;H jzKef; vsufom aecJ\ h / rdbrsm;uvnf;
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OD;jr&m\ v,f{uig;&mausmftvSL
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q,fcefY zdwaf c:xm;ojzifh pka0;a&muf&v dS mMujcif; jzpf\/ vmorQ rdwaf qG rsm;tm; wpfow k Nf yD;wpfow k f txl;wvnf aumif;rGepf mG
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tcsif;csif; tHth m;oifh aeMuonf/
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xifaeMu\/ {nfo h nfrsm; xrif;auR;cdu k f OD;jr&monf tdraf y:wuf oGm;NyD; om;jzpfol armifbcspftm; rdrt d eD;odYk ac:í -
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- 53 -
tdraf y:udk vlav;uac:cJ?h cPaeOD;/ wpfaeYu vlav;udk tazajym wJt h wdik ;f tazhypön;f awG[m vlav;wpfoufrajymeJ/Y ok;H av;ouf
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,mawGudk tukefvkyfEdkifrvm;? vlav; 'DtvkyfawG vkyfzdkY rvdkawmhbl;? 'Dv,f,mawG[m rdbvufikwftarG&wmr[kwfbl;/
crsmrsm;r&Sdqif; &JvdkY aygifESHa&mif;csxm;MuvdkY &xm;wJh v,f,mawG/ 'Dv,f,mawG aygifESH 0,f,lwJhaiG aus½kHrubl;/ tazwdkY
ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm vkyu f ikd pf m; aomufMu &wm/ tjrwfawG trsm;BuD;&cJNh yD/
uJ'aD wmh vlav;? v,f,macsmif;ajrmif;r&Sv d Ykd r,fr,f&& tvkyt f udik rf &Svd Ykd pm;&rJh aomuf&rJh r&Sq
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ywf0ef;usif tay:üxm;aom ol\arwåmapwemrSmvnf; BuD;rm; vSay\/
OD;jr&mESifhtwl tdrfrSxGufoGm;aom &wemrsm;
vGwfvyfa&;r&rD? vGwfvyfa&;acwfOD; 1309 ckESpf? touf (66) ESpft&wGif OD;jr&monf vlBuD;a&m*gjzifh ol\aetdrfü
uG,fvGefcJh\/ om;jzpfol armifbcspfonf zcifBuD;tavmif;tm; cef;em;odkuf NrdKufpGm oN*ØKvf\ armif;axmif&Gm\xkH;pHt&
oufaysmuf&ufvnf qGr;f pOfrsm;tjyif tavmif;ajrusonfh aemuf&ufeeH ufwiG v f nf; qGr;f tvSL jyKvkyMf uNrJjzpf&m zciftavmif;
okomefü oN*ØKvfNyD;aemuf xdak eYn wpfnvk;H eHeufqrG ;f pOftwGuf td;k BuD;td;k i,fjzifh csufjyKwfprD MH uav onf/
xdkaeYn aemufwpf&uf eHeufcif; okH;em&DcefYwGif vufeufudkif vlqkd;"m;jy ESpf&mcefYonf csufjyKwfaMumfavSmfaeaom
OD;jr&mtdr0f if;odYk uif;txyfxyfcsí 0dik ;f xm;Mu\/ tdr0f if;BuD; twGi;f odYk wl&iG ;f ? aygufjym;rsm;jzifh 0ifo0l ifí pdraf jyeajy ajrvSepf epfjzifh
"m;jywdu
k Mf u&m OD;jr&m jr§KyfEx
HS m;cJah om taEÅmydwf aMu;td;k BuD;rsm;udk vSn;f rsm;jzifh wif,o l mG ;Mu\/
OD;jr&mtavmif; tdrfrSxGufaom n\ rdk;aomuf,HrSmyif OD;jr&m\ &wemaiGrsm;vnf; wpfae&modkY xGufcGmajymif;a&TU
oGm;Muav awmh\/ ypön;f OpömwdrYk nfonf rdbbd;k bGm;wdYk &nfñeT ;f &modYk oGm;vdrk S oGm;wwfMuavonf/
rdbt&dyaf tmufwiG f ayghavsmhat;aq;pGm BuD;jyif;vmcJ&h aom wpfO;D wnf;aomom; udb k cspfrmS rScD &kd m at;jraomopf&yd Bf uD;
aysmufomG ;í aeajymufx;kd ½krH Qru aeylusJusJoyYkd if usa&mufum wpfp wpfp? qif;&JErG ;f yg;vm\/
tdraf xmifvnf; uscJNh yD;jzpfí rdbrsm;\ tdraf xmifonfb0 tpueOD; tajcaersdK;odYk a&mufum qif;&JpmG ½k;H uef&&Smav\/

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awmif olv,f,mvnf; vkyf\/ ,kwfpGmhtqkH; tcg&moDtvdkuf Al;oD;? c&rf;oD;? c&rf;csOfoD;rsm; pdkufysdK;aom &Gmrsm;odkYyifoGm;um
armifwpfxrf; r,fwpf&u G f &GmpOfavQmufíyif toufarG;&&Smavonf/
&wem&Srd S &wemvmonf? &wemwnfonfukd oHa0*,lz, G f aumif;vS\/ ,ck OD;bcspftouf (77)ESp&f NdS yD jzpf&m toufBuD;ydik ;f
wGiu
f m; txdu k t
f avsmuf oufomvm\/ OD;bcspfi,fpOfu pí wpfrx l ;l jcm;onfrmS rnfrQqif;&Jyifyef;BuD;pGm vkyu f ikd &f onfjzpfap?
q&morm; rdbwd\ Yk tqk;H tr&í ok;H yg;0wfurkd l aeYpOfrysufruGuf aeylr;kd &Gmra&Smif aqmif&u G Nf rJ aqmif&u G \f /
omoemydik f ESpyf g;ESiw hf uG &[ef;ynm&Sd vlynm&Sd pmqdak wmf rSL;rwfrsm; xGuaf y:&m armif;axmif&mG ü &wemok;H yg;0wfEiS hf
rSwof m; avmufatmif pGNJ rJorl sm;wGif OD;bcspfonf wpfO;D tygt0if jzpfonf/
armif;axmif&mG wGif odraf wmfb&k m;0wftoif;? a&Tbo Hk m? ig;qlrm&fatmifjrif? avwifb&k m;0wfoif;rsm;rSm tpOftqufrysuf
rxGufaom 0wftoif;rsm; jzpfvm\/ OD;bcspfonfum; rnfrQ tvkyf yif yef;aomfvnf; naepm pm;aomuf a&rdk;csKd;NyD;vQif
ae0ifonfEiS hf 0wfjzLpifMu,frsm; vJv, S u
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taz&Sw d ek ;f ursm; ZD;jzLoD;pm;zdYk rD;zdak csmif qm;td;k xJu qm;awG vufcyk Ef iS hf tjynf, h Nkl yD; wdpYk m;? rukevf Ykd rD;vI&H if; qm;awG
wpfvuf ckyfBuD;udk rD;zdkxJusJcsvdkY wpf&SJ&SJ wzspfzspf rD;avmifoH Mum;&jrif&wm aysmfvdkufwm/ ESajrm&aumif;rSef; rodbl;/ ckrsm;jzifh
vuf0g;ay:rSm wpfrIHESpfrIH usefaewmawmif rD;zdkacsmifoGm;NyD; wrif yGwfcsae&w,f[k ajymavh&Sdaom OD;bcspfpum;udk Mum;a,mif
rdav\/
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-6-
'kw, d urÇmppfNyD;p vGwv f yfa&;umvwGif rk&H mG NrdKUonf aps; a[mif;? aps;opfwjYkd zifh touf0ifp jyKvm\/ ppfaMumifh ysufp;D oGm;
aom wdkufrsm;rSmrl tysuftpD;enf;í aeYcsif;ncsif; a&S;,cifutwdkif; cef;em;xnf0gaom wdkufwmrsm;tjzpf wpfacwfjyefvnf
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toufav;q,fausmfywf0ef;usif&Sd vifr,m; ESpfa,mufonf bk&m;BuD;vrf;&Sd emrnfausmf ouFef;oydwf y&du©&m a&mif;csaom
ESpx f yfwu
kd Bf uD;atmufoYkd r0Hrh &J 0ifomG ;onfukd trSwf rxif awGUjrif&\/
a,musfm;u txkyw f pfcuk kd w½kw
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k f vmaom ypön;f wpfcu k kd ajzíjy\/
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rufarmavmufaom ½kyyf mG ;rsKd; r[kwí f acgif;wGiw f iG f cgvQufae\/ qufNyD; vufcpH um; ajymvd[ k efr&S/d
xdvk &l ,G u f rsufEmS i,fjzifh oufjyif;csvQuf &yf&mG Zmwd? trnfemr? rsKd;½k;d yg ajymjytoem;cHaeojzifh qif;wkyal Zmfc[k oabm
rxm;? aps;0,fjcrf;&ef ay;urf;onfh taejzifh jrefjrefxu G of mG ;&ef aiG tenf;i,fay;NyD; jyefvw T v
f u kd af v\/
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tdrf&Sifta':BuD;onf ½kyfyGm;qif;wkxuf pr®cPfyv’ifu BuD;ae aom bk&m;udk,fawmfjrwfudk vSnfhywfyGwfoyfMunfh½I&if;
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opfom;jym;rSm yGio hf mG ;\/ pm;yGaJ y:wifí opfom;jym;uav;udk xkwv f ukd &f m ud,k rf sufpud kd r,kEH ikd af vmufatmif jzpf&av\/
cPMumvQif wpfpw Hk &mudk owd&um ½kyyf mG ;ud, k af wmfjrwfukd t0wfjzifh zk;H zdNyD; csufcsif;wdu k af &SUodYk xGuv
f m\/ [d[ k o
kd nfonf
awmifajrmufav;yg; vSr;f arQmfMunfah e\/ vrf;ray:odyYk if twefi,f a0;uGmatmifqif;í avQmufMunfjh yef&m oljrifawGUvdak om t&mudk
oJoJuGJuGJ jrifawGUykHray:/ &Srf;awmvrf;wpfavQmuf oGm;vmaeaom vltkyfBuD;udkyif vrf;xdyfxd oGm;a&mufMunfhvdkufrdao;\/
qif;&Jom; ZeD;armifErHS mS zkex f x
l vl t l yk xf wJ iG f aysmufu, G ef pfjrKyf oGm;Mu&Smav awmh\/
rSwfcsuf/ / Opömpnf;pdro f nf 'gejyKcJo h xl rH mS om aeonf[al om jy,k*u f kd azmfjyonfh jzpf&yfqef;uav;yif jzpf\/ xdZk eD; armifEo HS nf
OD;jr&m\ ajr;jrpfrsm;yifwnf;/

- 55 -
(OD;jr&mESihf ywfoufí tjzpftysufrsm; BudK;pm;pkaqmif;ay; Muaom armif;axmif&mG rS OD;armifBuD;? OD;atmif0if; (0if;"mwfy)Hk ?

OD;tk;H azESihf OD;jr&m\ajr; OD;ÓPf0if;polwt
Ykd m; aus;Zl;wif rSww
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Ykd trsm;jynfol cyf,o l ;Hk pG&J ef aumif;rGecf sKdNrdev
f pS mG aom
a&rsm;udk &&So d nft h wGuf ESpo f ufMunfE;l pGm oHyikd ;f pmudk pdu k uf m wnfxm; vdyk gojzifh armif;axmif&mG ynm&St d armf trdeaYf wmf&rif;
OD;bd;k wif pDpOfa&;om;aom {uyd'k v f uFm oHyikd ;f pm..
(aZ,swk)
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acwfZmwdaygif;? wdu k w f pfaomif;wGi?f ½ku d af nmif;aqmfw;D yJw h if[;D rQ? aumif;csD;vlv?l wHceG x f v l Quf
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rpGr;f Edik &f m? omoemud?k &Snv f sm;wnfom;? tm½kx H m;í
a&S;oGmwEÅ?d yrmñSad omf? od&"d r®m? taomum[k
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pnf;pdrrf aoG? v,f,majrESi?hf a&TaiGausmufo?H zdw, f vdk sHrQ a&S;uHa`rSmufyif?h NydKifr0Hah tmif? xGe;f wifo h rÇm
ODjr&mESi?hf 0domcgoGi?f yrmwifom;?
uRrf;usifvrd m® ? t&m&m0,f? o'¨gjzLpGmh
wlwuGvQif? b0a&puf? yefyEéuí f
pkzH uf&if;ES;D ? aygif;pkrH ;DS onf?h ZeD;oufEiS f
rzGm;&Siw f ?Ykd aumif;jcif;t*Fg? vu©Pmjzifh
&wemrnf? bkaH vmuDwiG ?f cspf&nfvif;opf
armifbcspfEiS ?hf ypö,jzm? aMumif;[kyyf gí
yrmaev? a&TEiS jhf rod?Yk ½lya&mif&edS f
rat;pde[ f ?k 0if;xdeMf unfat;? jrifoal i;rQ
,Ofaus;rl,m? tifig;jzmESi?hf pkpH mG jynfu h sL;
acR;rxl;wnf?h avSmOf ;D od*?Ð ykt H nDoYkd

- 56 -
&wDped rf ;DS ? ½IrNiD;onf?h orD;&ifEpS ?f

rarcspfEiS ?hf aESmif&pfyEéu?f a&S;txufu
a&pufvLS um? jzLo'¨gjzif?h yw¬emo
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om;&if;MoZm? uJyh rmod?Yk ynmwifq h ef;
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ay;ívQifpmG ? ajrausmufjzmud?k azmufcgxGi;f ,l
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ajymrukeaf tmif? avmufvaHk zG;jzL? &omMuLonf
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2/ a&wGi;f ESihf tkww f wH ikd ;f wefz;kd aiG 2000d/
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8/ oHCu d vrf;twGuf ud, k yf ikd af jrvSL'gef;jcif; - wefz;kd rwGu/f
t&yf&yfvLS 'gef;ay;urf;aiGaygif; 12000d/
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rSwfcsuf/ / vGecf ahJ om 78-ESpcf efu
Y vSL'gef;aiG yrmPjzpfonf/
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vlonf t&dyaf emufoYkd vku d v f Qif b,faomtcgrSrrD/
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k o f mG ;vQif
t&dyu f aemufrS jyefvu kd \
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arwåmapwemrxm;bJ aiGaemufoYkd '&Murf;vdu k uf m
pD;yGm;&SmvQif b,faomtcgrQ ratmifjrif/
aiGaemufrvdu k b f J arwåmapwemaemufvu kd u f m
tvkyu f kd tm½kpH u kd Bf udK;pm;vQif
aiGu aemufrS waumufaumufjyefvu kd \ f /

- 57 -
tcef; ( 6 )
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&aomfvnf; ukov kd ?f ynm? Opömwpfcrk S r&vdu k bf J tvum;ukeo f mG ; aomtcsdeu f ukd m; bmESirhf Q jyef&mS ír&aomaMumifv h nf; tcsdeu f kd
wefz;kd jzwfír&[k qdck jhJ cif;jzpf\/
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bk&m;a[mESifhtnD O|meorÜ'gESifh jynfhpkHaom xdkvlrsdK;rS rBuD;yGm;vQif tb,fvlrsdK;u vmíBuD;yGm;rnfenf;/ *syefwdkY
BuD;yGm;jcif; taMumif;wdkYwGif pnf;urf;&Sdjcif; [laom tcsufvnf;yg\/ *syefrdom; pkrsm;onfvnf; t&ifu pnf;urf;r&Sday/
xrif;pm;NyD;wdik ;f yef;uefxJ wGif xrif;rsm; trsm;BuD; ydak ewwf\/
vlwpfa,mufxrif;wpfaphydkvQif vloef;ig;q,fqdkvQif xrif; taphaygif; oef;ig;q,ftvum; jzpfaernf[k
odomG ;aomaMumifh xrif;udk ukeo f avmufpm;&\/ pm;NyD;vQif yef;uefwiG f wpfaphrS rusef&ay/ xdpk nf;urf;csuftwdik ;f vku d ef mvQif
jrefrmrsm;vnf; BuD;yGm;Edik \ f /
jrefrmrsm;um; vlwpfa,mufwnf;ESihf xrif;aphaygif; oef;ig; q,fyakd tmif pnf;rJu h rf;rJh &Sv
d eG ;f \/ tcsdew f efz;kd ESihf ywfoufí
*syef ola|;av;wpfa,muf ajymaompum;udk jrefrmvli,fwikd ;f odapcsif\/ wpfcgwGif *syefoal |;av;wpfa,mufonf jrefrmocGm;rsm;
0,f,&l ef twGuf jrefrmjynfoYkd a&mufvm\/
*syefola|;&JU jrefrmawGtay: pD;yGm;a&;tjrif
xd*k syefav;onf *syefjynf&dS tcsrf;omqk;H q,fO;D wGif wpfO;D jzpfonf/ xd*k syefoal |;av;udk q&mcspfp0H if;u ,ckvakd r;jref;\/
]]uRefawmfwYkd jrefrmEdik if [
H m o,HZmwypön;f awGvnf; tif rwefrS aygrsm;<u,f0ygw,f/ ,cktcg Edik if aH wmf tpd;k &u aps;uGuf
pD;yGm;a&;udv k nf; zGiv
hf pS x
f m;ygw,f/ *syefoal |;av;&JU pD;yGm;a&; tawGUtBuHKt& uRefawmfwYkd jrefrmjynf[m ESpaf ygif;b,favmufrS
BuD;yGm;wd;k wufr,fvYkd xifygovJ}}
]]uRefawmftjrift& ajym&&if jrefrmvli,fav;rsm; vufzuf &nfqdkifawGrSm tckvdk tcsdefjzKef;aeoa&GU b,fawmhrS
BuD;yGm;wd;k wuf rSm r[kwyf gbl;}}
*syefoal |;av;\pum;onf &Si;f ygonf/ o,HZmwypön;f awGrnfrQavmufrsm;rsm;? aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;awG rnfrQavmuf
zGizhf iG hf tcsdeaf wG tv[ójzKef;NyD; tvkyrf vkyo f a&GU b,faomtcgrS BuD;yGm; wd;k wufaom Edik if H jzpfvmrnfr[kwaf y/
jref r mrsm;twG u f tcsd e f r sm;onf aygrsm;vG e f ; vS \ / xd k Y a Mumif h vuf z uf & nf q d k i f x d k i f N yD ; awmh v nf ; jzKef ; \/
ppfwk&ifxdk;NyD;awmhvnf; jzKef;\/ bdvd,ufxdk;NyD;awmhvnf; jzKef;\/ pum;rsm; t&ufqdkifxdkif NyD;awmhvnf; jzKef;\/

- 58 -
wcsdKUjrefrmrsm;onf rdrEd ikd if w H iG f tcsdejf zKef;í tm;r&aomaMumifh olwpfyg;Edik if x H d oGm;ítcsdejf zKef;vdu k af o;\/
wpfcgu jrefrmwpfa,mufonf Mopaw;vsEdik if ?H qpf'eDNrdKU odYk a&mufomG ;\/ wpf&ufwiG f xdjk refrmonf vufzuf&nfqikd w f iG f
vufzuf&nfaomuf\/ jrefrmjynfuo hJ yYkd if tcsdet f MumBuD; qGaJ omuf ae\/
xdjk refrmjyefxaomtcg qdik &f iS u f vufzuf&nfz;kd tjyif qdik f rSm tMumBuD;xdik cf yg awmif;ojzifh atmifo h ufoufjzifh ay;cJ&h \/
rdrw
d qYkd rD mS uJo h Ykd tv[ó tcsdejf zKef;olrsm; r&SMd u/ qdik üf tcsdeyf kd xdik o f nft h wGuf 0efaqmifp&dwf yd, k jl cif;jzpf\/
wpfcguvnf; tar&duefEikd if H zdeyfqikd w f pfqikd wf iG f jrefrm wpfa,muf zdeyf0if0,f\/ tcsdew f efz;kd udk em;vnfaomEdik if rH sm;
jzpfjcif;aMumifh pum;ajymjcif;jzifh tcsderf ukeaf p&ef zdeyft&Hwikd ;f wGif wefz;kd a':vm wpfcgwnf; uyfxm;\/ 0,foal &m a&mif;olyg
tcsdef wefz;kd odorl sm; jzpfonft h wGuf xdt k pDpOfonf tvGet f qifajy\/
tqifrajyonfum; tcsdew f efz;kd udk rodaom jrefrmtcsKdUt wGuyf ifjzpf\/ xkjd refrmonf q,fa':vm[k a&;om;xm;aom
zdeyf wpf&Hudk ig;a':vmESifh r&ru qpfae\/ qdkif&Sifu r&EdkifaMumif; &Sif;jy\/ jrefrmuvnf; vufrcH/ taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;jyNyD;
aps;qpfae\/ xdo k Ykd aps;qpfaeonfrmS q,fih g;rdepfcefyY if MumoGm;\/ xdt k cg udak &Tjrefrmu qdik &f iS u
f kd ,ckvkd bkawm\/
]]cifAsm;Asm? aps;onfvyk af eNyD; qufqaH &;usJvu kd wf m/ uRef awmf'aD vmufMumatmif qpfaewm tm;emNyD; enf;enf;yg;yg;
aps;avQmh oifyh gw,f}}
]]ravQmhwt hJ jyif ig;a':vmxyfwufvu kd Nf yD/ t&ifu 'Dzed yf wpf&u H kd q,fa':vm? tckcifAsm;0,f&if q,fih g;a':vm jzpfomG ;NyD}}
]]b,fvjkd zpf&wmvJAsm? cifAsm;[m aps;qpfrS aps;ydw k ufomG ; &ovm;}}
]]ydkwuf&rSmaygh? cifAsm;u uRefawmhf&JU wefzdk;&SdwJh tcsdefq,fh ig;rdepfudk tvum;jzKef;ypfwmudk;? tJ'D ukefoGm;wJh
tcsdeq f ,fih g;rdepf twGuf ig;a':vmxyfwufvu kd w f myg}}
rSwfcsuf/ / þjzpf&yfukd zwf&onfrmS MumvSNyDjzpfonf/ jrefrm (odrYk [kw)f wpfjcm;Edik if o H m;wpfO;D OD;vnf; jzpfEikd o f nf/
þtcsufukd Munfí h taemufEikd if rH sm; wd;k wufaeonfrmS tcsdeu f kd wpfred pfrQ tvum;tukerf cHbJ tok;H csaeí jzpfaMumif;
xif&mS ;\/ &[ef;jzpfap? vljzpfap tcsdeu f kd wefz;kd &S&d dS tok;H csolrsm;onf BuD;yGm;wd;k wufjcif;odYk a&mufMuonfomjzpf\/
tcsdeu f kd wefz;kd &S&d dS tok;H csaom q&mawmfrsm;wGif "r®'w l t&Siyf nmaZmw q&mawmfBuD;onf wpfyg;tygt0ifyif jzpf\/
"r®'lwq&mawmfBuD;\ tem;,lenf;
q&mawmfBuD;onf pma&;? pmcs? w&m;a[m? w&m;jytvkyf av;rsdK;vk;H udk r&yfrem; jyKvkyaf wmfral om q&mawmfwpfyg;jzpf\/
oufawmfajcmufq,ft&G,f ysHveG af wmfrrl yS if omoemjyKtvkyrf S tem;,lawmfro l nf/ oufawmfxif&mS ; &Spd OftwGi;f q&mawmfBuD;\
tem;,lyrHk mS rSwaf vmufom;avmuf\/ q&mawmfBuD;\ tem;,lenf; udk q&mawmfBuD;ud, k wf ikd f ,ckvtkd rde&Yf adS wmfr\ l /
]]pma&;&wm yifyef;vdYk tem;,lcsif&if pmcsvdu k wf myJ/ pmcs&wm yifyef;vdYk tem;,lcsif&if w&m;a[mvdu k w f myJ/ bke;f BuD;
taeeJu Y awmh tvkyw f pfcu k ae tjcm;tvkyf wpfck ajymif;vkyw f mudk tem;,lw,fvYkd oabmxm;w,f}}
wcsKdUyk*Kd¾ vfonf rdrt d csdejf zKef;&wmESihf tm;r&aomaMumifh olwpfyg; tcsdeu f ykd if vdu
k í f jzKef;Mu\/ rac:bJ avQmufvnfNyD;
pum;aygwwf olrsm;onf olwpfyg;\ tvkyv f yk cf sderf sm;udk vdu
k í
f jzKef; wD;aejcif;yif jzpf\/
xdkYaMumifh tvkyfwu,fvkyfcsifaom q&mawmfrsm;rSm {nfhawGU csdefudk oD;oefYowfrSwfay;Mujcif; jzpf\/ xdk{nfhawGUcsdef
owfrwS af om yk*Kd¾ vfrsm;udk rmeBuD;onf[k ,lqNyD; tMunfnKd rysufoif/h vlb Y 0 ae&orQtcsderf sm;udk omoemtwGu?f avmutwGu?f
tjynfth 0 tok;H csaeolrsm;jzpfonf [kem;vnfNyD; ydrk Mkd unfnKd av;pm;oif\ h /
xduk o hJ Ykd olwpfyg;tcsdeu f ykd g vdu
k v f jH zKef;wD;aeolrsm;udk "r®'w l q&mawmfBuD;u -
]]udk,fydkif tcsdefawGudk jzKef;&wm tm;r&vdkY olwpfyg; tcsdef- awGudkyg vkdufjzKef;aewJh tcsdefolcdk;awGudk owdxm;Mu/
tem;uyfrcHMueJY }} [kowday;awmfrcl \ hJ /
ESpqf ,fah v;em&D tcsdeu f kd &Muwmjcif; wlaomfvnf; tod ÓPfrwlojzifh tok;H csykcH sif;vnf; rwlMuacs/ ynm&Sv d v l rd m® ESihf
ynm rJvh rl u
kd w f \ Ykd tcsdet f ok;H csrI rwlyu Hk kd jyaom*gxmwpf*gxm &zl;\/ xd*k gxmum;-
"em yknm"dvmabe?
umvH cd,wd y@dawm/
uDVaee p 'kar®a"m?
ed'g´ , uva[e 0g-[l\/
t"dyÜg,fum; ]]ynm&Sdonf ukodkvf? ynm? OpömwpfrsKd;rsKd;udk &jcif;jzifh? tcsdefumvudk ukefvGefaponf/ ynmrJhonf
jrL;wl;aysmfyg; upm;jcif;? tdyjf cif;? jiif;ckecf u kd &f ef pum; rsm;jcif;jzifh tcsdeuf mvudk ukev f eG af ponf}}

- 59 -
[lí jzpf\/ þum; tcsdefESifhywfoufaom ygVd*gxmjzpf\/ ,ck tcsdefESifhywfoufaom jrefrmuAsmokH;yk'fudk azmfjyí

þtcef;udk ed*;Hk csKyfvu
kd yf g\/
vlwdkif;twGuf ESpfq,fhav;
puúeaYf jcmufq,f wpfred pf? rdepfajcmufq,fwpfem&D? ESpq f ,fah v;em&D wpf&uf? rlvwef;pmrsufEmS ay:rSm q&mr&JU oifMum;rI?
ckxd rSwrf ad ew,f/
[kwu f -hJ
Akv
d q f efqef ajymMunf&h &ifayghAsm
wGrw f zD ;kd tm0gwJh
'gvlwikd ;f tcrJ&h &Sw d t hJ csdef
tJ't D csdeaf y: av;pm;
wefz;kd xm; tok;H jyKolawG[m
vlrsm;pGmay: acgif;wpfv;Hk jrifh
yGv
J ,fwifw h m rjiif;Edik b f ;l
tar&duefor®w vifueG ;f [m
ESpq f ,haf v;em&Dukd tok;H cs
or®wjzpfcw hJ ,f/
aomrwftuf'q D if[m
ESpq f ,fah v;em&Dukd tok;H jyK
atmifjrifr&I cJw h ,f/
&Swd pf yD;,m;[m
ESpq f ,fah v;em&Dukd tav;xm;
atmifjrifausmfMum;cJw h ,f/
ESpq f ,fah v;em&Dukd ydik Ef ikd pf mG &,locl sif;twlwl
BudK;pm;olu xdyq f ;Hk
rBudK;pm;olu atmufq;Hk
ESpq f ,fah v;em&D tqk;H tjzwf[m
rsufEmS rvdu k yf gbl;/
ud, k u hf u kd ,kd f atmifjrifvo kd w
l pfa,muf
aocsmayguf jzpfz&Ykd m
ESpq f ,haf v;em&Dukd a&Ta&mifwif
jzpfcsifwmudk BudK;pm;
ypfrw S u f kd xdomG ;rSmrvGb J ;l
uJ tcsdeaf wGrjzKef;eJY
ESpq f ,fah v;em&Dukd tok;H jyK
atmifjrifrI o&zlaqmif;
urÇmudk cg;apmif;wif&atmif/ /
armifEiS ;f yef;(a&eHacsmif;)

- 60 -
tcsdef&JUwefzdk;
wpfEpS &f UJ wefz;kd udk odcsif&if
pmar;yGu J swJah usmif;om;udk ar;Munfyh g/
wpfv&JUwefz;kd udk odcsif&if
vraphbJ uav;arG;wJh rdcifuakd r;Munfyh g/
wpfywf&UJ wefz;kd udk odcsif&if
tywfpOfxw k f *sme,ft,f'w D mudk ar;Munfyh g/
wpfaeY&UJ wefz;kd udk odcsif&if
uav;ajcmufa,mufukd auR;arG;&wJh aeYpm;tvkyo f rm;wpfa,mufukd ar;Munfyh g/
wpfem&D&UJ wefz;kd udk odcsif&if qkpH nf;cGiu hf kd apmifah eMuwJh cspforl sm;udk ar;Munfyh g/
wpfred pf&UJ wefz;kd udk odcsif&if
&xm;rrDvu kd w
f hJ c&D;onfukd ar;Munfyh g/
wpfpuúe&Yf UJ wefz;kd udk odcsif&if
,mOfwu kd rf EI iS hf oDoaD v;vGo J mG ;wJh '½kid bf mudk ar;Munfyh g/
wpfrv D pD uúe&Yf UJ wefz;kd udk odcsif&if
tdv k yH pf aiGwq H yd &f iS u
f kd ar;Munfyh g/
]]ausmf0if;}}
D
BuD;jrwfolwdkY ae&m
BuD;jrwfo[ l rl QwdYk
,lMuonfh jrwfae&m/
a&Smifwcifcck sufcsif;
vQif;r&yg/
rsm;olwt Ykd yd af e&m
ncgyif olrem;
tjrifuh kd oljrifvYkd
oltpOfEpS q
f wd;k vd&Yk ,f
BudK;ukwaf vom;/
(jynfwiG ;f ? jynfyomoemjyK bmoEÅ&pG,pf Hk ynm&Sif
t&SiÓ
f Pdu-ajrmif;jr)

- 61 -
tcef; ( 7 )
uRef;EdkifiHav;\ aer0iftifyg,m xlaxmifEdkifjcif;taMumif;

udk,fhxufomvQif remvdkjcif;
þ tcef;ckESpfwGif tcsufokH;csufudk pkaygif;a&;om;rnf jzpf\/ Ak'¨bmom jrefrmtrsm;pkonf EdkifiHwum A[kokw tvGef
enf;Mu\/ Edik if w H umxm;í rdrEd ikd if t H wGi;f yif ESpH yfatmifomG ;zl;ol tifrwef enf;\/ xdaYk Mumifh yxrtqifh taejzifh rdrEd ikd if t H wGi;f
ESpYH yfatmif vSnv hf nf oGm;vmoif\ h /
EdkifiHjcm;om; trsm;pk urÇmvSnfhaeMujcif;\ &nf&G,fcsufrsm; wGif pD;yGm;a&;tuGuftuGif;rsm;udk &SmazGjcif;
wpfrsdK;vnf;yg0if\/ Edik if w H umudk pGepYf m;oGm;vmaom tavhtxaMumifh uRef;Edik if aH v; jzpfaom t*Fvefonf aer0iftifyg,mBuD;udk
xlaxmifEikd cf jhJ cif;jzpf\/
t*Fvdyf? jyifopf? ay:wl*D? a[mfvef EdkifiHom;wdkYonf EdkifiHwum odkY ta&mif;t0,fvkyfief; pD;yGm;a&;jzifh pwif0ifa&muf
ae&m,lMu\/ pD;yGm;a&; ae&m&NyD;vQif bmoma&;0if\/ xdaYk emuf ppfa&;yg 0ifa&muf NyD; xdEk ikd if u H kd tNyD;tydik f odr;f ydu
k v
f u
kd \ f /
jrefrmrsm; ½kid ;f pdik ;f aomaMumifh ,Ofaus;vmatmif jrefrmjynf udk odr;f ydu k &f jcif; jzpfaMumif;? t*Fvyd w f u
Ykd taMumif;jyzl;\/
odYk aomf vGecf ahJ om ESpaf ygif; 2500 ausmfu wzkóESihf bv’u d wdYk nDaemifonf Ak'\ ¨ qHawmfrsm;udk yifv h mNyD; a&Tw*d aHk pwD wnfonft h xd
,Ofaus; odraf rGUaecsdew f iG f oaumifo h m; t*Fvyd rf sm;um; Edik if [ H í
l yif r&Sb
d ?J ud,
k v f ;Hk wD;jzifh ae&wke;f &Sad o;onfukd owdjyKoifo h nf/
pmzwfoo l nf pmrzwfox l uf acgif;wpfv;Hk ydjk rifah ewwf\/ pD;yGm;a&;? vlrKS a&;? usef;rma&;? bmoma&; rnfonhf tvkyu f kd
vkyfonf jzpfap taemufEdkifiHom;rsm;u ta&SUwdkif; EdkifiHom;rsm;xuf tNrJ acgif;wpfvkH; jrifhaewwfonfrSm pmzwftm;aMumifhyif
jzpf\/
qpf'eDwiG f w&m;a[m<upOfu taemufEikd if o H m;rsm;\ pmzwftm;udk ud, k af wGUBuHKcJ&h \/ olwo Ykd nf tjyifomG ;wdik ;f zwfp&m
pmtkyyf gMu\/ NrdKUywf&xm;ay:rSmyif pmzwfaeonfukd awGU&\/ &efuek af vqdyEf iS hf yk*aH nmifO;D avqdyrf sm;odUk a&mufvQif c&D;onf
rsm;udk owdxm;Munfyh g/
pmzwfaevQif EdkifiHjcm;om;? pmrzwfvQif jrefrmEdkifiHom;[k tvG,fwul cGJxkwfEdkifayonf/ pmayESifh ywfoufí
Zmwfawmfrsm;pGm teufrS pD;yGm;a&;vkyef nf;udk wduspGmñTejf yaom plVao|d Zmwfukd tusOf;csKyfazmfjytH/h
csrf;omjcif;tp <uufaou
Am&mPoDjynfwiG f jA[®'wfrif; tkycf sKyfaepOf tcsdeu f yif jzpf\/ bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf xdt k csdeu
f plVao|d rnfaom
ola|; wpfOD;jzpf\/ wpfaeYaomtcg plVao|dola|;onf rif;udkcpm;&ef oGm;pOf vrf;c&D;tMum;ü <uufaowpfaumifudk jrif\/
aumif;uif eu©wf udMk unf½h q I ifjcifaomf xd<k uufaoudk taMumif;jyKNyD; pD;yGm;&SmvQif jzpfxeG ;f Edik o f nfukd awGjY rifaomaMumifh ,ckuo hJ Y k d
edrw d zf wf pum;udk ajymMum;\/
]]tarQmftjrif ÓPfynmESifh jynfhpkHaomolonf þ<uufao udk t&if;tESSD;jyKí pD;yGm;&Smaomf om;r,m;rsm;udk
vkyaf <u;jyKpkEikd t f }hH } xdpk um;udk Mum;oGm;aom qif;&Jom;wpfa,mufonf ola|;BuD;um; aocsmodjrifaomaMumifo h m ajymMum;jcif;
jzpf&rnf[q k ifjcifNyD; <uuf aoudk aumuf,u l m aps;odo Yk mG ;í aMumifpmtjzpf a&mif;\/
wpfcsifa&G;rQaom Opömud&k \/ ,ckacwfaiGjzifq h v kd Qif ig;q,f wpf&mcefrY Q jzpfz, G &f \
dS / xdak iGjzifh &orQ xef;vsufcrJ sm;udk
0,fí aomufa&td;k wpfv;Hk xrf;um awmt&yfrS yef;cl;í jyefvmaom yef;onfwt Ykd m; xef;vsuftenf;i,fpjD zifh aomufa&udk tarmajy
wdu k af uR;\/ yef;onfwo Ykd nf aus;Zl;wifí qif;&Jom;tm; yef;wpf qkypf aD y;oGm;\/
xdqk if;&Jom;onf yef;rsm;udk a&mif;csNyD; xef;vsufwu Ykd kd xyfrH 0,f,u l m aomufa&oefw Y u
Ykd kd xrf;aqmifí yef;O,smOfBuD;
&S&d mt&yfxd tyifyef;cHumoGm;\/ a&mufvmorQaom yef;onf rSeo f rQudk xef;vsufEiS hf aomufa&oefu Y kd apwem&Spd mG wdu k af uR;\/
xdaYk Mumifh yef;onftm;vk;H wdu Yk rdrw
d cYkd ;l NyD;aomyef;rsm;rS xuf0ufpu D kd ay;oGm;Mu \/
xdkyef;rsm;udk a&mif;cs&m &Spfusyfaom tojymaiGudk pkrdav\/ wpfaeYwGif avBuD;rdk;BuD; usojzifh rif;O,smOfü
udik ;f ajcmuftcuft vufwo Ykd nf O,smOfwpfcv k ;Hk ü jyefu
Y sJusdK;usí aeav\/ O,smOfapmifh um; opfuikd ;f ? opfcufwu Ykd kd oef&Y iS ;f a&;vkyzf Ykd
enf;vrf; rawGUjzpfae\/
qif;&Jom;onf O,smOfapmifx h o H mG ;í þxif;? opfcufwu Ykd kd uREfyk t
f m;ay;ygu O,smOftwGi;f rS xkwaf qmifay;rnf[k ajymqdk
awmif;,l&m O,smOfapmifu h oabmwlav\/ xdt k cg qif;&Jom;onf pk½;Hk upm;aeMuaom uav;rsm;xHomG ;um xef;vsufa<u;NyD;
O,smOf twGi;f xif;opfcufrsm;udk O,smOfwcH g;0ü pkyaHk p&m wpfcPjzifh NyD;av \/
- 62 -
rif;tok;H taqmif tk;d awmfvyk o f nf xif;vdu k &f mS aepOf O,smOft0ü tqifoifh awGU&aomxif;rsm;udk tojymq,fah jcmufusyf
ESifh tdk;ig;vkH;ay;um 0,f,loGm;av\/ ,ckacwfwGif t&if;tESD;r&SdvdkY pD;yGm;a&; rvkyfEdkifwmyg[k NiD;jiLaeMuaom vlnHhwdkYtm;
plVao|dZmwf awmfrS qif;&Jom;\ t&if;tES;D aiG&mS enf; erlemudk ay;aejcif;jzpf\/
yef;zdk;&SpfusyfESifh q,fhajcmufusyfaomaiGudk aygif;vdkufaom tcg aiGESpfq,fhav;usyfudk pkaqmif;rdav\/ xdkYaemuf
NrdKUwHcg;0teD; ü a&tdk;pifwnfí jruf&dwform;rsm;tm; tarmajy aomufa&udk wdkuf \/ jruf&dwform;rsm;u aus;Zl;wifojzifh
vdt k yfaom t&mudk ajymyg[k zdwrf aH omtcg qif;&Jom;u tulnv D akd omtcgrS ajymygrnf[k pum;oGi;f rdwzf x YJG m;vdu k \
f /
qif ; &J o m;onf e,f w um t&yf w umvS n f h u m c&D ; oG m ;&if ; uk e f ; vrf ; yd k Y a qmif a &;XmerS tBuD ; tuJ w pf O D ; ES i f h
a&;aMumif;ydaYk qmifa&;Xme rS tBuD;tuJwpfO;D udk awGU&Srd w d zf UJG cJah v\/ wpfaeYaomtcg uke;f vrf; ydaYk qmifa&;XmerS tBuD;tuJwpfO;D u
qif;&Jom;tm; ]reufjzef þAm &mPoDjynfoYkd jrif;ukeo f nfwpfO;D onf jrif;ig;&mESifh twl vma&muf rnf} jzpfaMumif; owif;pum;
ajymMum;av\/
xdo k wif;udk Mum;&aomtcg jruf&w d o f rm;rsm;xHomG ;í ]uREfyk t f m; jrufwpfpnf;pDay;yg? xdt k jyif uREfyk jf rufrsm; ra&mif;rD
oifwdkY jrufrsm;udk ra&mif;ygESihf} [kajymqdkav\/ jruf&dwform;rsm;u ]aumif;ygNyD} [k0efcHNyD; xdktrsdK;om;tm; jrufpnf;ig;&mudk
tdraf &SUü csay;Muav\/
jrif;ukeo f nfonf wpfNrdKUvk;H ü jrif;pmr&í qif;&Jom;tm; aiGtojymwpfaxmif ay;í jrufrsm;udk 0,f,o l mG ;\/ xdaYk emuf
ESp&f uf? ok;H &ufveG af omtcgü a&aMumif; ydaYk qmifa&;XmerS tBuD;tuJ u qdyu f rf;odYk ukew f ifoabFmBuD;wpfp;D qdu k af &mufvmrnfjzpf
aMumif; owif;ay;av\/
qif;&Jom; trdsK;aumif;om;onf ightwGuf BuD;yGm;wdk;wuf aMumif; enf;vrf;aumif;wpfck jzpfay:vmjyefNyD[k
BuHpnfpdwful;um taqmifta,mifESifh jynfhpkHaom jrif;&xm;wpfpD;udk aiGtojym&Spfusyf jzifh cPiSm;í qdyfurf;odkY oGm;a&mufNyD;
ukeo f nfrLS ;BuD;tm; p&Htjzpf vufpyG w f pfuiG ;f ay;vdu k af v\/
qdyu f rf;ESihf reD;ra0;t&yfü uefv Y efu
Y mrsm; vSyaooyfpmG um&HNyD; aexdik \ f / qif;&Jaom trsdK;om;onf tjcm;ukeo f nfrsm;
a&mufvmcJhaomf owif;pum;udk okH;qifhajymMum;jcif;jzifh ighudk ajymMum;ukef[k rdrdiSm;xm;aom olrsm;tm; tkyfpkESpfpkcGJí wm0ef
ay;vdu k \f /
ukew f ifoabFmBuD; qdu k af &mufvmNyD[al om owif;udk Mum; aomtcg Am&mPoDjynfrS wpf&mrQavmufaom ukeo f nfwo Ykd nf
uke-f ypön;f wdu Yk kd 0,f,u l ek t
f [ hH k BuHí qdyu f rf;odYk a&mufvmMu\/ xdt k cg qif;&Jom;vTwx f m;onf yxrwynft h yk pf uk ukeyf pön;f wdu Yk kd
oifwYkd &Muawmhrnf r[kw?f þrnfaom t&yfü aexdik af om ukeo f nfBuD;u ypön;f tm;vk;H twGuf p&Hay;xm;NyD[k qD;BudKí ajymMu\/
xdktcg ukefonfwdkYonf p&Hay;xm;aom ukefonfBuD;ESifh awGY- qkHcGifh&&ef 'kwd,wynfhtkyfpkxH 0ifMu&jyef\/ xdk'kwd,
wynft h yk pf k ESihf awGUNyD;rS qif;&Jom;ukeo f nfEiS hf awGUMu&\/ Am&mPoDuek o f nf rsm;\ av;pm;rIu&kd &ef]]qdu k u
f }kd }ynmudk ok;H xm;jcif;[k
qdEk ikd \ f /
ukeo f nfwpf&mwdo Yk nf qif;&Jom;tm; wpfaxmifpD ay;í tpk&, S ,f m0ifMu\/ xdrk S wpfoed ;f &\/ xdaYk emuf wpfaxmifpx D yfí
qif;&Jom;ukeo f nftm; tpk&, S , f m0iftjzpfrS xGuaf pNyD; oabFmay: yg ukeyf pön;f tm;vk;H udk rdrw d yYkd ikd af om ukeyf pön;f jyKvkyMf u\/
xdrk v S nf; aemufxyfwpfoed ;f xyf&\/
qif;&Jom;\ uHç ÓPfç 0D&, d ok;H yg;aMumifh wpfxikd w f nf;ESihf aiGtojymESpo f ed ;f &&S\
d / xdaYk emuf Am&mPoDjynfwiG ;f odYk jyefvmNyD;
]igonf aus;Zl;&Siu f kd aus;Zl;qyfrS awmfrnf}[k qifjcif;pOf;pm;í plVao|d ola|;BuD;tm; tojymwpfoed ;f oGm;a&mufuefawmh\/
ar;jref;í taMumif;pkH odomG ;aom ola|;BuD;u þodaYk om vli,fwpfa,mufukd olwpfyg;vufxJ ygroGm;apoifh / ig\ twGi;f
vljzpfatmif jyKjcif;iSm oifhawmf\[k pOf;pm;í t&G,fa&mufaom orD;ysdKwpfa,mufESifh xdrf;jrm;ay;av\/ xdktrsdK;om;onf
plVao|doal |; uG,v f eG af omtcg Am&mPoDjynfü ola|;BuD;&mxl;udk &av\/
ukefoG,fa&;twwfynm av;&yf
ukeof ,
G af &;wGif atmifjrifvv kd Qif azmfjyyg ynmav;&yfukd uRrf;usifyikd Ef ikd pf mG wwfuRrf;&rnf/
1/ qufqaH &;ynm/
2/ ukeof ,G af &;udk uRrf;usifaomynm/
3/ azmufonf&atmif ,lEikd af omynm/

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4/ aps;uGuu f kd xde;f csKyfEikd af om ynm/

wdyYk if jzpf\/ plVao|dZmwfwiG f þynmav;&yfv;Hk yg0ifae onfukd awG&Y \/ þynmav;&yfukd xkw, f tl ok;H csEdik zf t
Ykd wGuf
plVao|dZmwfukd rSww f rf;wifcjhJ cif;yif jzpf\/ qif;&Jom;onf yef;onf rsm;ESihf jruf&w d o f rm;rsm;udk xef;vsufa<u;NyD; a&wdu k jf cif;onf
qufqH a&;ynmyif jzpf\/
uke;f aMumif;ydaYk qmifa&;rSL;ESi?hf a&aMumif; ydaYk qmifa&;XmerSL; udk rdwaf qGjzpfatmif aygif;oif;xm;jcif;onfvnf; qufqaH &;
ynm yifjzpf\/ jruf&w d o f rm;rsm;xHrS jrufx;Hk ig;&mudk tvum;&,lNyD; ]uREfyk jf rufawG ra&mif;&rcsif; oifwjYkd rufawG ra&mif;ygESi[ hf k
wm;jrpf xm;jcif;onf aps;uGuu f kd xde;f csKyfEikd af om ynmyifjzpf\/
ukew f ifoabFmBuD;vmaomtcg vufpyG w f pfuiG ;f t&if;pdu
k f ½kEH iS hf ukeo
f nfwpf&mxHrS aiGEpS o f ed ;f wpfxikd w
f nf; xGuv f matmif
vkyf Edik jf cif;onf ukeo f ,G af &; (yGpJ m;) ynmESihf azmufonf&atmif ,lEikd f aomynmwdu Yk kd wpfNydKifeuf tok;H csjyjcif;yif jzpf\/
pmayudk zwf½Ijcif;onf xdkuJhodkY vufawGUtokH; cs&ef twGuf jzpf\/ pmayudk zwf½kHomzwfNyD; vufawGY tokH;rcsvQif
ydkufqHukef? tcsdefukef? rsufpdrIHjcif;om tzwfwif\/ pmrwwfaomolonf jyLwif;ayguf rygaomtdrfESifh wl\/
pmwwfygvQuf pmrzwfolonf jyLwif;aygufygvsuf ydwfxm;aom tdrfESifh wl\/ pmzwfygvQuf odonfhtwdkif;
rusifholonf jyLwif; ayguf zGifhxm;ygvsuf tjyifbufudk rMunfhaomol ESifhwl\/
[laom 'óeudk pmzwfow l ikd ;f txl;owdjyKoif\ h /
tvkyfwl? apwemwljzpfaevQif ukefoG,fa&;twwfynmom olu axmifwufoGm;wwf\/ tar&duef um;vkyfief;&Sif
ola|;BuD; [ife&DzdkY'f ajymcJhaom pum;wpfcGef; &Sd\/ xdkpum;um; ]b,fta&mif vdkcsifvdkcsif teufa&mif um;&Sd&if NyD;wmyJ/
tJ'tD eufa&mif um;udo k m ay;vdu k }f [l\/
olpY um;twdik ;f yif olu Y rk PÜ rD S xkwv f yk af om um;wdik ;f onf teufa&mif wpfrsdK;wnf;? wpf&, G w f pfpm;wnf;csnf;om jzpf\/
1926 ckEpS t f xd urÇmwGif a&mif;&aomum;rsm;teuf xuf0ufrmS zd'Yk \ f um; rsm;om jzpf\/ zd'Yk \ f um;rsm;onf aumif;\/ pdwcf s&\/
aps;oufom\/ xdaYk Mumifh trsm;qk;H a&mif;&jcif; jzpf\/
twk,l&rnfh *sife&,farmfwm (GM) um;ukrÜPD
aemufwiG f *sife&,farmfwm(GM) um;ukrP Ü wD pfck xGuaf y: vm\/ xdu k rk P
Ü rD S wm0ef&o dS rl sm;onf azmufonfrsm;? 0,f,o l ;Hk pGo
J l
rsm;ESifh udk,fwdkif vkdufawGYNyD; vdktifqE´trSefudk odatmif ar;jref;pkHprf; Mu\/ xdktcg ypönf;wpfckonf aumif;½kH? pdwfcs&½kH?
aps;oufom½kEH iS hf rNyD;? wpfo;D yk*v ¾ tjzpfjzifh xif&mS ;vdak om? xl;jcm;vdak om? tqifw h ef; &Svd akd om pdwx f m;rsm;udk od&o dS mG ;Mu\/
xdaYk Mumifh olwu Ykd rk P
Ü rD S um;rsm;udk t&G,pf ?Hk ta&mifpHk aps; tenf;rS trsm;xd tqift h wef; tedrt hf jrifrh sKd;pkH xkwv f yk af &mif;cs
aomtcg [ife&DzdkY'f\ aps;uGuftawmfrsm;rsm;onf xdkukrÜPDbufodkY yJ ygoGm;cJh&\/ þum; plVao|dZmwfawmfxJu vmaom
qufqHa&; ynm? ukefoG,fa&;udk uRrf;usifaom ynm? azmufonf&atmif ,lEdkif aomynmwdkYudk *sife&,farmfwm (GM) um;ukrÜPDu
vufawGU tok;H csvdu k jf cif;[k qdEk ikd \ f /
þum; pmayrS v maom pD ; yG m ;a&; twwf y nmrsm;yif jzpf \ / ,ck t csd e f w G i f u m; *syef w d k Y u um;avmuud k
tkypf ;D oGm;Edik jf cif;onf vnf; ,if;ukeo f ,
G af &; twwfynm av;ck omvGeaf omaMumifyh if jzpf\/
aiGaMu;omru pmayA[kokw ygcsrf;omaom oHrPdola|; BuD; tif'½l;umeuf*sD\ pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? usef;rma&;
'óersm;udk rSwrf o d rQ azmfjyygrnf/
aumif;rGeaf om t&nftcsif;? rSeu f efaompdwaf epdwx f m; ESp&f yf aygif;pyfjcif;[m BuD;rm;aomwefz;kd udk jzpfapw,f/
vlawGukd taumif;qk;H tvkyf vkycf sifpw d f &Sv
d matmif vkyaf qmifwahJ e&mrSm uREfyk o f ;Hk pGwJ ehJ nf;uawmh ajymcJNh yD; jzpfwhJ
aphaqmfpw d uf ;kd rsKd;udk ok;H pGjJ cif;yg/ txl;tm;jzifh xdu k ;kd rsKd;teufrS aiGaMu;<u,f0vdw k hJ aphaqmfpw d u
f kd jznfph rG ;f ay;jcif;ygyJ/
tvkyfvkyfcsifatmif aphaqmfpdwfudk;rsdK;
1/ arwåmpdw\ f vIy&f mS ;rSK (EGr;f yg;olrsm;udk ay;urf;axmufyHh vdak ompdw)f /
2/ vdipf w d \f vIy&f mkS ;rSK (rdrcd spfaom ZeD;r,m;udk ay;urf;vdk aompdw)f /
3/ aiGaMu;<u,f0vdak om qE´/
4/ rdru
d ,kd uf kd ab;tEÅ&m,fuif;&Si;f vdak om qE´/
5/ cE¨mESihf pdw\ f vGwv f yfjcif;udk vdv k m;aomqE´/
6/ ausmfapjcif;ESihf todtrSwjf yKjcif;udk cH,&l &Sv d akd omqE´/

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7/ aoqk;H NyD;aemuf tqufrjywf b0wpfck qufvuf&,lvkd aomqE´/

8/ ud, k xhf ufomolrsm;tay: ausmfwufvakd omqE´/
9/ qif;&JrmS aMumuf&UHG jcif;/
wdyk ifwnf;/
ZeD;onf\ pGrf;&nf
ZeD;r,m;wpfa,mufonf vifom;wpfa,mufukd wd;k wuf jzpfxeG ;f atmif? odrYk [kwf qkw, f wk yf sufq;D atmif vkyaf qmif
Edik pf rG ;f &S\
d / ordik ;f wpfavQmufwiG f ZeD;\ aumif;jrwfaom pdwx f m;apwem t&Sed t f 0g aMumifh atmifjrifxif&mS ;oGm;aom
a,musfm;aygif; rsm;pGm&S\ d / xdaYk Mumifh rdrv
d ufxyf,rl nfh trsdK;orD;onf rdrv
d yk if ef; tay: pdw0f ifpm;rSK &S^d r&Sd tm;ay;rSK
&S^d r&Sd avhvmNyD;rS vufxyfoif\ h /
wefzdk;
wefc;kd qdo
k nfrmS olwpfyg;\ ydik qf ikd rf KS tcGit hf vrf;rsm;udk csdK;azmufrI rjyKbJ rdrb d 0wpfoufwmwGif vdck sifwm bmrqdk
&atmifBuHaqmifEikd o f nfh atmifjrifru I kd qdv k jkd cif ;jzpf\/ tjcm;olrsm;\ todÓPfynmESihf tawGUtBuHK A[kow k rsm;udk
rdr\
d &nf&, G cf suf jynf0h a&;twGuf tok;H csEdik v f Qif wefc;kd [lonf jzpfay: vmNrJjzpf\/
[D ; vf / / rpöwmumeuf*sDcifAsm;? tckacwfrSm a,musfm;vkyf ol[m olvufxyfwJhZeD;rSwpfyg; wjcm;rdef;rrsm;tay:rSm
pdw0f ifpm;rI &Sad eMuwm[m bmhaMumifv h Ykd xifjrif,q l ygovJ/
umeuf*sD/ / tckvjkd zpf&wm[m rsm;aomtm;jzifh olw&Ykd UJ ZeD;r,m;rsm;u olwv Ykd ifom;rsm; a&G;cs,fvyk u
f ikd w
f hJ tvkytf ay:rSm
pdw0f ifpm;rIr&Sjd cif;udk awGUjrifcsdeuf pw,fvq Ykd &kd if 'g[m cJsUum; &mra&mufb;l vdYk uRefawmfxifw,f/
a,muFsm;qdkwJh owå0g[m olYtvkyftudkifay:rSm pdwf0ifpm;rI xufoefwJholeJY &if;&if;ESD;ESD; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI
jyKvdwk o
hJ abmw&m; wpfck tNrJ&adS ewwfw,f/ a,mufsm;&JU olu Y , kd of l txifBuD;vdw k t hJ wå pdwt f wGuf tm[m&"mwfwpfc[ k m r&Srd jzpf
vdktyfw,f/ tJ'g bmvJqdkawmh olYudkwdkifudk,fus tm;ay;csD;ajr§mufrI jyKay;r,fh vlwpfa,muf &SdzdkYyJ/ tJ'Dtm[m&"mwfudk
olcspfcifwyfrufwhJ ZeD;rS wpfyg; b,fou l rS jynfph aHk tmif ray;Edik b f ;l /
atmifjrifaomolrsm;onf rdrad &G;cs,fxm;aom tvkyEf iS q hf ikd f &m pmtkyrf sm;udk zwf½&I efonf olt Y vkyof Yl wm0efyif jzpf\/
vlwpfO;D \ pmzwfjcif; tcsdeZf ,m;udk aeYpOfpm; aomuf&onfh tpm;tpmrsm; a&G;cs,fouJo h Ykd owdxm;a&G; cs,foif\ h /
taMumif;um; pmzwfjcif;onf pdwf\tpm jzpfjcif;aMumifh pmrzwf&vQif pdwfonf BuD;xGm;jrifhrm;rSK rjzpfyGm;Edkifawmh
aomaMumifjh zpf\/
,Ofaus;odrfarGYjcif;[lonf
rnfonfh tajcaerSmrqdk tjcm;olrsm;&JU cHpm;csufrsm;tm; av;pm;jcif;tusifu h kd ,Ofaus;odraf rGUw,fvYkd ac:qdak y- w,f/
aemufNyD;awmh uHraumif;? taMumif;rvSrIrsm;eJY awGU&Sdae&wJh olrsm;tm; b,ftcgrqdk rdrdwwfEdkifwJh tcgwdkif;
ulnrD jI yKjcif;[mvnf; ,Ofaus;odraf rGUjcif;ygyJ/ aemufq;Hk jzpfayr,fh b,fvrkd S t&nftaoG;ravsmhwhJ tcsufwpfck uawmh
wpfudk,faumif; pdwfxm;[l[lorQudk ae&mwdkif;rSm rjzpfyGm;&avatmif rdrdudk,f rdrd xdef;odrf;Edkifjcif;[mvnf;
,Ofaus;odraf rGUjcif; jzpfayw,f/
taumif;qkH; ouf&Snftm;wdk;aq;
aysmf&iT pf w
d f BuD;rm;xufoefjcif; &So d [ l m tajctaeawG tajymif;tvJawG&adS eayr,fh olcY E¨mud, k ef pYJ w
d f ajzavQmh tem;,lruI kd
&&SdaewJh vlom;yDoaom b0udk &&Sdapw,f/ ol[m trsm; wumywf0ef;usifeJY qufqH&mrSm pdwfr ygovdk at;pufpuf
trl&meJY cGjJ cm;cGjJ cm;aejcif;rsdK;udk rjyKvkyf rusifo h ;Hk bl;/
aemufNyD;awmh aysmf&iG pf w d f BuD;rm;xufoef wJo h l qdw k m olu Y ,kd of el YJ olb
Y 0udo k m ta&;wBuD;oabm xm;jcif;
trIudkvnf; rjyKbl;/ rdrd udk,fa&;udk,fwm onfom ta&;tBuD;qkH; jzpfNyD; rdrdb0onfom eufeJrI &Sdw,fvdkY rdrdtwGuf
odyNf yD; ta&;wBuD; oabmxm;jcif; qdw k mrsdK;[m vltrsm;pkvu kd pf m;vdw k hJ tusifw h pfcyk /J
rdrcd E¨meYJ pdw"f mwfukd ajzavQmhtem;,lrI udv k nf; rjyKEdik ?f &,f&,farmarm &Ti&f iT yf syseJY aeoifw h hJ tcsdeu
f mvrSm
vnf; r&,fr&TifEdkifwJh vlom;udk awGUjrif&&if uREfkyf olYtwGuf 0rf;enf;rdw,f/ bmhaMumifhvJ qdkawmh &,farmjcif; [m
pdwf"mwftwGuf txufjrufqkH;tm;wdk;aq; jzpfvdkYygyJ/ 'Dae&mrSm cE¨mudk,ftwGuf aumif;rGefwJhtm;wdk; aq;[m

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bmjzpfw,fqw kd mudak wmh uREfyk af ocsmpGm rod&yg bl;/

aysmf&iG pf w
d f BuD;rm;xufoefru I kd b,fvekd nf;eJyY J &&So
d nf jzpfapumrl xdpk w d x f m;u rdrcd E¨meJY pdwu
f akd wmh ajzavQmh tem;
,lrIudk jzpfapwmygyJ/ rdrdudk,fudk,f &,f&,farmarmeJY ajzavQmh tem;,lrI &&SdapEdkifa&;twGuf tar&duefvlrsdK; awG[m
qyfuyf? ½ky&f iS ef YJ jyZmwfrsm;udk ESppf Ofa':vmaiGawG oef;aygif;rsm;pGm tukeu f scHNyD; Munf½aI eMu&w,f/
pdwfxm;aysmf&TifrI[m vlY&JU cE¨mudk,ftaexm; ykH;yef;udkyif Munfvifaumif;rGefapw,f/ aemufNyD;awmh
xdkpdwfxm; &Sdae&if rsufESmrSxifay:aewJh ta&;taMumif; awGudkyif odrfarGUajyjypfrI &SdoGm;apw,f/ xdkpdwfxm;udk
xm;jcif;tm;jzifh &,f&iT w f wfwhJ tusifu h v
kd nf; jzpfymG ;ap ao;w,f/
&,f&iT w f wfwhJ tusifq h wkd m[mvnf; qGJ aqmif Edik pf rG ;f &Sw
d hJ Oy"d½yk af umif;&eftwGuf xljcm;wJh tcsuf wpfcyk gyJ/
'ghaMumifh &,farmaysmf&Tifjcif;eJY pdwfae pdwfxm; ESpfckwdkY[m wpfckeJYwpfck taotcsmyJ qufoG,frI &Sdaew,f/
bmjzpfvv Ykd qJ akd wmh aysmf&iT pf w
d f BuD;rm; xufoefjcif;[m tjyKpdwu f kd yGm;apjcif;aMumifyh gyJ/
taumif;qk;H csD;usL;enf;
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- 69 -
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- 70 -
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- 71 -
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qd;k arGawGjzpf\/ rpä&, d onf ig;rsdK; &S\ d / ,if;wdrYk mS -
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bk&m; trnfcH odÍönf;q&mBuD;ESifh ed*@em#ykwå wdw¬dq&mBuD;ESpfOD;onf olwdkY\ vuf&if;wynfhrsm; Ak'¨\om0ujzpfoGm;aomtcg
ukvrpä&, d ESyd pf ufraI Mumifh aoG;tefNyD; aoMu&\/
0PÖrpä&d,aMumifh jzpf&mb0wGif tqif;rvSjcif; jzpfwwfNyD;? "r®rpä&d,aMumifh jzpf&mb0wGif qGHUtjcif; jzpfwwfonf/
"r®'óeav; wpfc&k \ dS / &[EÅmwdik ;f vnf; bke;f rBuD;? bke;f BuD;wdik ;f vnf; &[EÅm r[kw[ f al om 'óeav;yif jzpf\/ t&ifu &[ef;wpfyg;
bke;f odyBf uD;vQif &[EÅm[kyif xifwwf\/
trSeu f m; ykxZk Ofjzpfaomfvnf; 'ge&Scd v hJ sif? £ómç rpä&, d uif; cJv h sif bke;f BuD;onfom jzpf\/ &[EÅmjzpfaomfvnf; £ómç
rpä&d, tm;BuD;cJholrsm;um; bkef;BuD;zdkY aeaeomom qGrf;yif eyfrSefatmif rbkOf; ay;&bJ y&dedAÁmefpHoGm;aom &[EÅmrsm;pGm &SdcJh\/
om"uum;-"r®y't| uxmü vm&Sad om ]avmouwdórax&f} yifjzpf\/ ]
xdrk ax&fonf b0wpfcu k ausmif;xdik b f ek ;f BuD;wpfyg; jzpfc\ hJ / ausmif;wGif acwåvmwnf;cdak om &[EÅmwpfyg; tay:wGif
£ómç rpä&, d jzpfum ausmif;'umu &[EÅmtwGuf xnfah y;vdu k af om qGr;f ESihf [if;rsm;udk vrf;rSm oGeyf pfc\ hJ / xdt
k ukov kd af Mumifh
aoaomtcg i&Jü ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm cH&\/
i&JrS vGwaf omtcg acG;b0ig;&m jzpf\/ av;&mud;k q,fu h ;kd b0rSm iwfao&\/ wpfb0wGif wpfBudro f m 0rf;0atmif pm;&\/
xdktpmum; t&uform;wdkY\ tefzwfrsm;yifwnf;/ xdkb0rS aoaomtcg bD;vl;b0ig;&m jzpf&\/ av;&mudk;q,fhudk; b0rSm
iwfao&\/ wpfb0wGif wpfBudro f m 0rf;0atmif pm;&\/ xdt k pm um; trsdK;orD;wpfO;D \ ud, k 0f ef tnpftaMu;rsm;yifwnf;/
xk d b 0rS aoaomtcg ]rd w å 0 d E ´ u } trnf & S d a om trsd K ;om; oG m ;jzpf \ / ol Y r d b rsm;ES i f h q&mrsm;yg ol Y a Mumif h
iwfjywfqif;&Jaom'Pf udk cHMu&\/ xdb k 0rS aoaomtcg ,ckb&k m; omoemwGif vlvmjzpf\/ oloaE¨wnf&m tdraf jcwpfaxmif&o dS nfh
&GmBuD;onf oloaE¨wnfaom aeYrS pí iwfjywfqif;&JMu&\/
rD;ckEpS Bf udraf vmif\/ a&ckEpS Bf udrf arsm\/ rif;'PfcEk pS Bf udrf oif\ h / xdt
k cg tBuD;trSL;yk*K¾d vfu tdraf jcudk ig;&mpDcNJG yD; aeap\/
xdt k cg olrygaom tdraf jcig;&mu pD;yGm;a&; tqifajyoGm;NyD; olygaom tdraf jc ig;&mu qufiwfNrJiwf\/ xdaYk Mumifh ESp&f mhig;q,fpD
xyfc&JG m a&S;enf;wl olrygaombufu tqifajyoGm;NyD;? olygaom bufu qufiwfjyef\/
&[EÅmjzpfvsuf qGrf;rpm;&jcif;
xdkuJhodkY wpfqifhNyD;wpfqifh cGJ&m olwdkYrdom;pkom usefawmh\/ xdktcg zcifjzpfolonf vl,kwfrmudk oaE¨vG,fxm;oltm;
raygif;Edkif [kqdkum olYudk udk,f0efaqmifxm;aom rdciftm; ypfoGm;av\/ rdcifonf NidKjiifyifyef;pGm olYudk arG;zGm;&\/ emrnfudk
]avmouwdó} [ktrnf ay;\/
remvdjk cif; £ómESi?hf 0efwjkd cif; rpä&,
d ygcJah omaMumifh xdu
k av;i,fukd ayGUcsD,o
l mG ;NyD; awmif;&rf;vsif ay;rnfo
h l wpfa,mufrQ

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r&Sad y/ uav;udk awmf&mwGif csxm;NyD; oGm;awmif;&rf;rSomvsif ay;rnfah uR;rnfo h l &Sad om[l\/ olcEk pS Ef pS t
f &G,f a&mufaomtcg
rdcifonf olvY ufxw J iG f awmif;pm;p&m td;k jcrf;yJu h av;wpfck xnhf ay;NyD; xGuaf jy;oGm;&Sm\/
avmouwdóonf om0wd¬NrdKUxJwGif vSnfhvnfawmif;aomf vnf; £ómç rpä&d,"mwfcHaMumifh ay;rnfha<u;rnfhol
wpfa,mufrQ r&Sad y/ tdraf emufaz;wGif tdr&f iS rf rsm; vSr;f yufxm;aom td;k aq;a&? cGuaf q;a&rsm;xJrS xrif;aphuav;rsm;udk wpfaphcsif;
vduk af umufpm; um toufquf&&Sm\/
omrefy*k K¾d vfqv kd sif iwfNyD; ao&rnfjzpf\/ olum; &[EÅmjzpf &rnfh uHaMumifh toufrao&jcif; jzpf\/ wpf&ufwiG f t&Sio f m&d
ykw&å mu awGUNyD; &Sio f mraP 0wfay;vdu k \
f / xdrk wS pfqifh &[ef;b0 odaYk &mufum &[EÅmyif jzpfomG ;av\/ &[EÅm jzpfomG ;aomfvnf;
qGr;f um; wpfeyfrQ 0atmifrpm;&ay/
&[ef;ig;&m twlwl qGrf;cHpDwef;<u&mü olYtvSnfha&mufvsif qGrf;avmif;rnfhol\ qGrf;tkyfxJrS qGrf;rsm;onf
aysmufomG ;Mu\/ olt Y vSnhf ausmfNyD; aemufwpfyg;tvSnahf &mufrS qGr;f tkyx f rJ S qGr;f rsm;onf jyefay:vmMu\/ xdu k ohJ aYkd om enf;jzifh
]avmou wdórax&f} &[EÅmjzpfaomfvnf; qGr;f wpfeyfrS 0atmif rbkO;f ay;&jcif; jzpf\/
tm[m& rrQwrIaMumifh avmouwdórax&fonf touf t&G,f i,fi,frmS yif y&deAd mÁ efp&H rnfah eYoYkd a&mufc\ hJ / t&Sio
f m&d
ykw&å monf olwkY ynfu
h kd y&deAd mÁ efprH nfah eYwiG f qGr;f wpfeyfawmh 0atmif bkO;f ay;oGm;&ygap[laom apwemjzifh avmouwdórax&fukd
ac:um ESpyf g;twl qGr;f cH <uoGm;Mu\/
tHMh op&m aumif;aypG/ avmouwdórax&f ygaomaMumifh t*¾om0ujzpfaom t&Sio f m&dyw
k &å mudyk if qGr;f avmif;rnfo
h l
wpfa,mufrQ r&Sad wmhay/ xdaYk Mumifh avmouwdórax&fukd ausmif; jyefcikd ;f NyD; wpfyg;wnf; qGr;f cH<u&\/ wpfyg;wnf; jyef<uaomtcg
wGiu
f m; avmif;vSLrnfo h rl sm; ykx
H yfae\/
t&Siof m&dywk &å mu ausmif;odYk qGr;f pm;trD jyef<urnfjyK&m 'umç'umrrsm;u tdrrf mS yif qGr;f bkO;f ay;cdik ;f NyD; avmouwdó
rax&f t wG u f oyd w f x J w G i f qG r f ; rsm;? [if ; rsm;xnf h í 'umwpf a ,muf tm; ausmif ; od k Y tyd k Y c k d i f ; vd k u f \ / 'umonf
avmouwdórax&fukd arhavsmhum qGr;f cJz, G rf sm;udk vrf;rSmyif pm;ypfvu
kd \
f /
t&Sio f m&dyw
k &å m ausmif;odYk jyefa&mufaomtcg qGr;f pm; ausmif;xJwiG f wpfyg;wnf; xdik af pmifv h suf&adS om avmouwdó
rax&fukd awGU&ojzifh ar;Munf&h m rpm;&ao;aMumif;udk odomG ;\/ aeudk Munfah omtcg rGe;f vGo J mG ;NyDjzpfaMumif; awGU&\/ xdaYk Mumifh
tjref ouFe;f ½ku H m oydwyf ukd Nf yD; aumovrif;BuD;\ eef;awmfxo J Ykd oGm;&yf\? rGe;f vGaJ eNyD jzpfaomaMumifh aumovrif;BuD;u nydik ;f wGif
ok;H aqmif rD0S &J aom pwkr"kaq;rsm;udk avmif;vSLvdu k \f / rax&f jrwfBuD;onf tvsiftjref jyef<uvmum pwkr"koydwu f kd ydu
k x
f m;NyD;
avmouwdórax&ftm; vufjzifEh u dI ,
f u
l m bkO;f ay;ap\/ avmo uwdórax&fvufxJ oydwu f x kd nfah y;vdu k v
f sif pwkr"krsm;
aysmufomG ;rnf pd;k aomaMumifh ud, k af wmfwikd f oydwu f kd ydu
k x
f m;jcif; jzpf\/
xdkpwkr"kudk bkOf;ay;NyD; y&dedAÁmef 0ifpH&\/ xdkYaMumifh &[EÅm jzpfwdkif;vnf; bkef;rBuD;? bkef;BuD;wdkif;vnf; &[EÅmr[kwf}
[kq&kd jcif; jzpf\/ jrefrmtcsif;csif; wd;k wufBuD;yGm;atmif ulnD apmifrh Edik Mf uygap/
arG;rnfharG;vsif Muufrsm;? bJrsm;udkom arG;oifh\/ remvdkaompdwfESifh 0efwdkaompdwfudk rarG;oifh/ tukodkvf
jzpfwmcsif; tyg,fuswmcsif; wlaomf vnf; Muufrsm;? bJrsm; arG;jcif;u MuufObJO pm;NyD;rS tyg,fus&\/
remvdkjcif;ESifh 0efwdkjcif;udk arG;jrLolum; bmrQrpm;&bJ tyg,fus&aomaMumifh wnf;/
aemif&if;nD&if;? EG,fruif;aom? om;csif;rsdK;azmf? tausmfxif&Sm;? aqGawmfrsm;udk w&m;rysuf? arwåm qufí?
rzsufqD;rSK? csD;ajr§mufjyKavmh? oludk,fcsD;ajr§muf? udk,fh*kPfajr§muf\? ,Gif;azmuftvdk? 0efrwdkESifh? oludk,f*kPfESdrfh?
ud,
k *f P
k ef rd \
hf / (rCa'0)
£ómç rapä? ESpaf xG[ed ? xd"k r®w?Ykd usa&mufued ;f cd?k ,if;yk*K¾d vfum;? xdþ k umv? b0tpü? r&aumif;usdK;? rwd;k *kPo f rd ?f
t&Sed rf u
hJ if;? qif;&JwiG ;f od?Yk oufqif; wwfay? odjYk zpfaxGaMumifh t&Snaf rQmfaxmuf? qif;&J aMumufí? atmuftyg,f0#f?
uif ; vd k v wf a omf ? ow¬ K &ef E S p f ? qd k ; tnpf u d k ? t&pf t &H ? yl ; rcH b J ? wG e f ; vS e f y ,f c G i f ; ? jyKxd k u f v sif ; onf ?
twGi;f &efoyl gwum;/ rif;&efoyl g wum;/ /
(a&T[oFmawm& pwkwp¬ aH usmif;q&mawmf)

- 73 -
oifhtvdkqE´twdkif;om
rdom;pkudk axmufyhHauR;arG;zdkYavmuf &nf&G,fí &SmazG vsif rdom;pkudk axmufyHhauR;arG;zdkYavmufom&rnf/ aqGrsdK;
om;csif; tm;vk;H udk axmufyahH uR;arG;zdaYk vmuf &nf&,G í
f &SmazGvsif aqGrsdKom;csif;tm;vk;H udk axmufyaHh uR;arG; zdaYk vmuf
&rnf/ EdkifiHom;tm;vkH;udk axmufyHhauR;arG;zdkY avmuf &nf&G,fí &SmazGvsif? EdkifiHom;tm;vkH;udk axmufyHh
auR;arG;zdaYk vmufom&rnf/ vlom;tm;vk;H udk axmufyHh auR;arG;zdYk &nf&,G í
f &SmazGvsif vlom;tm;vk;H udk axmufyHh auR;arG;zdYk
&rnf/

- 74 -
tcef; ( 8 )
acgif;aqmifpdwf
Ak'b¨ momjrefrm trsm;pk rBuD;yGm;jcif;\ q,fcak jrmuftaMumif; onf acgif;aqmifpw d f enf;yg;jcif; jzpf\/ acgif;aqmifpw d Ef iS hf
aemufvu kd f pdwu f kd cGjJ cm;í rSwo f m;tyf\/
rcdkif;bJ vkyfjcif;? tvkyfudk rsm;rsm;vkyfNyD; tcGifh ta&;udk enf;enf;,ljcif;onf acgif;aqmifpdwf/ cdkif;rS vkyfjcif;?
tvkyfudk enf;enf;vkyfNyD; tcGifh ta&;udk rsm;rsm; ,ljcif;onf aemufvdkufpdwf/
½kyfonf pdwf\aemufodkY vdkufNrJjzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh acgif;aqmif pdwf&Sdolonf acgif;aqmif jzpf&NyD; aemufvdkufpdwf&Sdolonf
aemufvdkuf om jzpf&\/ avmuudk aumif;usdK;jyKaom oD;yif? pm;yif? opfyifrsm;udk aocsm jyKpkpdkufysdK;,l&ovdk ocifpdwf?
acgif;aqmifpw d uf v kd nf; aocsm avhusifh ysdK;axmif,rl S &\/
avmuudk aumif;usdK;rjyKaom jruf? NcHKykwf paom tyifrsm; udk aocsmpdu k yf sKd;p&m rvdo k vdk uRefpw d ?f aemufvu
kd pf wd u
f v kd nf;
aocsm avhusifhysdK;axmifp&m rvdkay/ oD;yif? pm;yifonf tcefYroifhí jrufxJ NcHKxJayguf&aomfvnf; cPomjzpf\/ wefzdk;odol
awGUjrifomG ;onfEiS hf aocsmwl;,lum ae&maumif;wGif aumif;rGepf mG pdu k yf sdK;jcif;udk cH,&l \/
xdkYtwl acgif;aqmifpdwf&Sdolonf tcdkuftwefYt& aemuf vdkufae&mwGif ae&aomfvnf; wefzdk;odolESifh awGUaomtcg
acgif;aqmif ae&modYk a&muf&NrJjzpf\/ jrufyif? NcHKyifonf uHpw G í f aocsmjyKjyif xm;aom ae&maumif;wGif aygufa&muf&aomfvnf;
cPomjzpf\/
O,smOfrSL;rsm;? NcHydkif&Sifrsm; awGUonfESifh Ekwf,lNyD; rD;½IdU zsufqD; jcif;udk cH&\/ xdkYtwl aemufvdkufpdwf &Sdolonf Muufuef;
qeft;kd wd;k onft h aejzifh acgif;aqmifae&mwGif a&mufae&aomfvnf; cPomjzpf\/ acgif;aqmifpw d &f o
dS l a&mufvmonfEiS hf aemufwef;odYk
avQmusoGm;&\/ ]aemufvu kd af umif;pm; wrGe;f wnf}h [kyif pum;ykw H pfcu k kd wd;k Edik yf g\/
jrefrm trsm;pkonf acgif;aqmifpw d f enf;yg;Mu\/ xdaYk Mumifh t*Fvyd \ f aemufvu kd bf 0jzifh ESpw f pf&mausmf aecJ&h jcif; jzpf\/
e,fcsJUvufrS vGwfvyfa&;&&ef toufaygif;rsm;pGm pGefYvTwfí wdkufyGJ 0ifcJhMuonfudkum; csD;usL;&rnfjzpf\/ odkYaomf
vGwv f yfa&;&onfEiS hf Edik if NH ydKuGv J ek ;D yg;jzpfatmif tmPmvkMuonfuu kd m; 0dik ;f 0ef; ½Iwcf s&rnf jzpf\/
bk&ifae&m? or®wae&mudk vufcHjcif;onf EdkifiH wdk; wuf BuD;yGm;&m BuD;yGm;aMumif; tvkyfrsm;udk vkyfzdkY wm0efBuD;
wpfckudk &,lvdkufjcif;om jzpf\/ vlYb0wGif tBuD;qkH; pnf;pdrf csrf;omBuD; wpfckudk &,lvdkufjcif;[k oabmrxm;oifhay/
wm0efonf ]t"du}? rif;pnf;pdrf csrf;omonf ]omrn}om/
xdkuJhodkY rSefuefaom t,ltqr&SdbJ rif;pnf;pdrf cHpm;zdkY onf t"du? wm0efonf omrnae&m a&mufoGm;aomaMumifh
Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; jzpfygvsuf? jrefrmordkif;wGif zcifudkowfí rif;tjzpfudk &,laom om;rdkufrsm; ay:xGef;cJhjcif; jzpf\/
rif;udkowfí rif;tjzpfudk &,laeMuaom acwfBuD;wGif ay;tyfvmaom bk&if&mxl;udk jiif;y,f&Jaom NrdKUpm;? rif;om;
tcsdKUvnf; ay:xGef;cJhzl;\/}
tmPmxuf EdkifiHudkydkcspfaom oDv0
tif;0bk&if owd;k rif;zsm; e,fpeG ef ,fzsm;wGif ewf&mG pHaom tcg bk&if\ aemifawmfjzpfaom &rnf;oif;NrdKUpm; oDv0udk bk&if
&mxl;vufc&H ef rl;BuD;rwf&m aoemywdwUdk u vma&mufavQmuf xm;Mu\/ xdt k cg oDv0u ]igESihf rif;ae&m roifah wmf? apmfuu J o kd m
rif;ajr§mufav} [k jywfom;pGm rdeMYf um;cJ\ h /
oDv0onf qufqaH ygif;oif;a&; rwwf/ wpfoufv;Hk aerS ok;H cgom NyKH;zl;\/ ppfwu kd uf m; aumif;yg\/ tif;0\ tEÅ&m,f?
&efp,G f rsm;udk rMumcP ydik Ef ikd pf mG wdu
k cf u
kd f ESrd ef if; umuG,af y;zl;\/ odaYk omf bk&ifae&monf wdu k cf ukd af &;wpfcEk iS hf rvkaH vmuf/ pD;yGm;a&;?
vlraI &;? qufqrH sm;yg vdt k yf\/
oltyk cf sKyfonfxuf apmfurJ if; tkycf sKyfonfu wdik ;f jynf ydrk kd wd;k wufEikd o f nfukd oDv0u od\/ xdaYk Mumifh olu, kd w
f ikd f apmfut J m;
rif;tjzpfwif&ef tBuHjyKcJjh cif; jzpf\/ olxifonfh twdik ;f yif rif;BuD;apmf uJonf tif;0jynfBuD; om,m0ajymatmif tkycf sKyfEikd cf \ hJ /
]oDv0um; bk&iftjzpfukd tjrifq h ;Hk pnf;pdrcf srf;om cHpm;aom ae&m[k rowfrw S bf ?J tBuD;qk;H wm0efxrf;aqmifaom ae&m[k
,lqcJ\ h / wpfenf; tm;jzifh rif;tmPmxuf Edik if u H kd ydck spfcjhJ cif;yif jzpf\/ oDv0um; tvkyu f kd trsm;BuD;vkyNf yD; tcGit hf a&;udk tenf;i,f
om,laom acgif;aqmifpw d f &So d yl if jzpf\/
jrefrmbk&if tqufqufom xdkuJhodkYaom acgif;aqmifpdwfrsdK; arG;jrL cJhMurnfqdkvsif urÇmhordkif;onf ajymif;jyef
vefomG ;rnfjzpf\/ t*Fvyd u f jrefrmudk vmrodr;f Edik b f J jrefrmawGuom t*Fvefukd oGm;odr;f Edik rf nf jzpf\/} acgif;aqmifpw d &f odS jzifh

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aemufvu
kd b
f 0rS acgif;aqmif jzpfomG ;Muolrsm;udk rSwo
f m;rdorQ azmfjytH/h
yJa&mhOD;qefeD\ acgif;aqmifpdwf
1934 ckESpf ra&mufrD q,fESpfausmf 0ef;usifuyif jzpf\/ 0efxrf;aygif; rsm;pGm&Sdaom &efukefNrdKU XmeBuD;wpfcktwGif;ü
½kwfwpf&uf avjyif;usa&mufvmojzifh 0ef;xrf;rsm;rSm udk,fhtvkyfudk,f qufrvkyf EdkifbJ rsufESmudk vufjzifhtkyfum tajctaeudk
apmifMh unfah e vsuf&\ dS /
avjyif;'PfaMumifh aygufcsdwf csdwrf xm;aom jyLwif;ayguf rsm;onf wdu k ef &H uH kd w'dik ;f 'dik ;f ½ku
d v
f suf&odS vdk zkerf sm;? oJrsm;?
trIu d o f ½ku d rf sm;rSmvnf; wdu k cf ef;BuD;twGi;f odYk vGwv f yfpmG 0ifa&muf vsuf&\ dS /
xdt k csderf mS yif toufEpS q f ,fausmfcef&Y dS atmufwef; pma&; uav; wpfa,mufonf rnforl Q rcdik ;f &bJ jyLwif;aygufrsm;udk
wpfaygufNyD; wpfayguf vdkufvHydwfae\/ jyLwif;aygufrsm; ydwfNyD; aomtcg zkefrsm;? oJrsm;? trIdufo½kdufrsm; r0ifEdkifbJ
&yfwefo Y mG ;av\/
xdktcgusrS armifqefeDu wHjrufpnf;wpfacsmif;udk ,lum zkefrsm;? oJrsm;? trIdufo½kdufrsm; vSJusif; oefY&Sif;ypfvdkuf\/
armifqefeDtm; xdktvkyfrsm;udk vkyf&ef rnfolurQ apckdif;jcif; r&Sdacs/ vlBuD;rsm;udk rsufESmvkyf&efvnf; &nf&G,fcsufr&Sday/
jyLwif;wHcg;rsm; ruGaJ pvdak ompdw?f 0efxrf;rsm; csrf;ompGm tvkyv f yk af pvdak om apwemaMumifh xvkyaf y;jcif; jzpf\/
acgif;aqmifpw d af Mumifh xvkyjf cif;[kvnf; qdEk ikd \ f / ESpu
f ek í f &mxl;rsm; toD;oD;wufay;aomtcg atmufwef; pma&;uav;
armifqefeo D nf xdXk merS jrifrh m;aom &mxl;wpfcu k kd &&So
d mG ;\/ olx Y uf vkyo f uf&ifah om 0efxrf;rsm;udk ausmfwufí xd&k mxl;udk &&Sjd cif;
jzpf\/
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&mxl;udk &&Sdjcif;rSm acgif;aqmifpdwfaMumifhyif jzpf\/ xdkrSwpfqifh qufvuf BudK;pm;&m ]yJa&mh½kyf&Sif} ukrÜPDydkif ola|;BuD;b0odkY
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t&yfyyk Ek iS hf pma&;BuD;\ aumifwm&S\ d /

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trdeaYf y; xm;w,f/ yxrawmh 'grsKd;awGUvdu k &f if em;&if;awmh rtkycf sifygbl;/ yg;pyfu ajymvdu k cf sifveG ;f vdYk tlu, kd m; ,m;aewmyJ?
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d f &SNd yD; atmifjrifrI r&olrsm;onf tvkyf vkyaf e&onfukd ysif;í tvum; ae&onfukd aysmfonf/
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k v
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tdwrf sm;udk csaeqJrmS yif rd;k &Gmvmojzifh MuufoeG t f wd rf sm; rd;k pduk ek of nf/
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avSay:odYk jyefwifzYkd aumif;\/ urf;em;wGif rd;k vkaH vvkH taqmuftOD vk;H 0r&S/d urf;ezl;ay:rS yG½J rkH sm;rSmvnf; azmifEiS hf a0;vSonf/
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uRefawmfu tHt h m;oifah omfvnf; olt Y rl,mrSm uRefawmfu h kd awGUí xl;jcm;ykyH if rjy/ &ifu h sufaom £aÈÉiS o hf m EIwqf ufpum; ajymonf/
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oltY oduk ?f oltY tkH ESihf ur®|mef;q&mawmf jzpfaeonf/ 1959 wGif oli,fcsif; ur®|mef;q&m awmf ysHveG af wmfr&l mS onf/
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wifjyawmhrnf/
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f jzifh ,lvmonfqNkd yD; ay;onf/ uRefawmfrh mS

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tHhtm;oifh &if; rsuf&nfpdrfhavmufatmifyif aus;Zl;wifrdonf/ &omvQif ]bezl;odkufwl;aom} vlqdk;vlvdrf rormawG tb,frQ

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pma&;ol\ rdcifBuD; aq;½kw H ifaepOfuyif jzpf\/
aq;½kH0if;twGif; oG,fwef;xm;aom a&ydkufacgif;wpfck ysufpD; NyD; a&rsm; 'va[m ,kdusvsuf&Sd\ / xdka&rsm; a&pifay:
a&mufzdkYtwGuf ay;qyf&aom t&if;tESD;rSm renf;vS/ rDwmcukef\/ qDukef\/ a&pufvnf; em\/ a&pufarmif;aom
tvkyo f rm;twGuf vcvnf; uke\ f / xdak iGrsm;onf jynfot l m;vk;H \ aiGrsm;jzpf\/
aq;½kt H yk Bf uD;rS pí 0ef;xrf;rsm;tv,f vlemESiv hf el mapmifh rsm;tqk;H tm;vk;H onf jynfox l wJ iG f yg0ifaomaMumifh aq;½k0H if;
twGi;f &Sd jrefrmtm;vk;H ydik q f ikd af om aiGrsm;qdv k Qifvnf; rrSm;ay/ aq;½kt H yk Bf uD;rS pí 0efxrf;tm;vk;H onf a&ydu k af cgif; ysufaeonfukd
wpfa,mufr[kwf wpfa,muf awGUMurnfom jzpf\/ xdak &ydu k af cgif; onf aq;½krH rS [kwb f J olwt Ykd rd rf S a&yduk af cgif;qdv k Qif csufcsif;
topf vJNyD; jyifMurnfjzpf\/
,ck aq;½kt H wGi;f rS a&ydu k af cgif;udk rjyifjcif;onf ighypön;f r[kw?f igESihf rqdik [ f k cH,x l m;aomaMumifyh if jzpf\/ þcH,cl sufonf
aemufvdkufpdwf? uRefpdwf&Sdolrsm;\ cH,lcsufyif jzpf\/ þcH,lcsufudk rajymif;oa&GU jrefrmjynfonf aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&; rnfrQ
zGifhay;onfjzpfap? o,HZmwypönf; rnfrQ aygrsm;onfjzpfap? 'Drdkua&pDpepf rnfrQ xGef;um; onfjzpfap qif;&JNrJ qif;&Jaernfom
jzpf\/
pma&;olonf aq;½kHtkyfBuD;udk oGm;a&muf taMumif;Mum; vkduf\/ aq;½kHtkyfBuD;? ,ckcsufcsif; vdkufrjyifvQif
pma&;olyu kd qf jH zifh jyifqifrnfjzpfaMumif; wpfqufwnf; ajymypfvu kd o f nf/ xdt k cgusrS a&ydu k af cgif;wpfck topf0,fum jyifqifav\/
rcdkif;bJvkyfaom tvkyfonf wpfodef;wefygu cdkif;rSvkyfaom tvkyfonf wpfusyf om wefawmh\/ vkyf&wmcsif; wlaomfvnf;
wefzdk;csif;um;uGmjcm; vGef;vS\/
xdq k ,fEpS cf efY tcsdeu f a&ydu k af cgif;\ wefz;kd onf ESp&f mcefo Y m &S\ d / ESp&f mcefY aiGav;udk ESajrmNyD; rjyifbJ xm;aomaMumifh
odef;ESpf&m ruaom a&rsm; tv[ó qkH;½IH;oGm;&onfudk awG;rdwdkif; tonf;em p&maumif;vS\/ pmoifausmif;rsm;? aq;½kHrsm;?
puf½rHk sm;? 0efxrf; tdr&f m rsm;udk Munfv h ukd v
f Qif ta&mifr&S?d tqif;r&Sd pkwjf ywfnpfywf uGaJ us? aygufNyJaeonfuo kd m tNrJawGU&\/
pmoifausmif;? aq;½kH? puf½kHrS jyLwif;rSefwHcg;av; wpfcsyf uGJaeonfudk rnfonfh ynma&;0efxrf;? rnfonfh
usef;rma&;0efxrf;? rnfonfh puf½0Hk efxrf;onf rdrt d wd xf rJ S yduk qf pH ukd í f topfvv J , S f jyKjyifz;l ygoenf;/ pma&;ol\ av;q,fo h ;Hk ESpf
oufwrf;twGi;f wGif xdu k ohJ Ykd vJv, S f jyKjyifo[ l í
l wpfa,mufrS rawGUcJzh ;l yg/
]]&Sad wmh&w dS ,f &Sm;w,f}} [kq&kd rnf xifygonf/ odaYk omf jyLwif;rSew f cH g;udk jzKwfa&mif;Muaom 0efxrf;um; trsm;tjym;&S\ d /
ighu, kd yf ikd t
f rd f r[kwaf omaMumifh jyKjyifp&mrvd?k vJv, S pf &m rvd[ k k oabmxm;jcif;onf aemufvu kd pf w
d ?f uRefpw d af Mumifyh if jzpf\/
xdkpmoifausmif;rsm;? aq;½kHrsm;? puf½kHrsm;? 0efxrf;tdrf ,mrsm;? awmufawmufajymifajymif oefYoefY&Sif;&Sif;
jzpfvmaomaeYonf jrefrmjynf BuD; wd;k wufBuD;yGm;aomaeY[k qd&k ayrnf/
acgif;aqmifpdwf&dSaom tif'½l;umeuf*sD
urÇmt&yf&yf rnfonfah 'orS rnfonfv h rl sdK;rqdk acgif;aqmif pdwf &So
d rl sm;onf acgif;aqmifb0odYk a&mufMuonfomjzpf\/
oHrPd ola|;BuD; tif'½l;umeuf*sDonfvnf; t&ifu omref tvkyfMurf;orm; av; wpfa,mufom jzpf\/ wpfcgwGif
blwm½kyH ikd Bf uD;wpfO;D \ vufatmufwiG f atmifajcodr;f tvkyrf sm;udk vkyaf e&csdew f iG f jzpf\/ ay;xm;aom vpmxuf tvkyu f kd apwemjzifh
ydv
k yk af y;wwfaomaMumifh ½kyH ikd Bf uD;\ teD;aewynfw h pfa,muf jzpfvmjcif;udk vli,fwikd ;f owdjyK oif\ h /
tvkyBf udK;pm;onft h wGuf ½kyH ikd Bf uD;u tcGiahf &;wpfck awmif; cdik ;f &m xdpk Ofu acwfpm;ump aMu;eef;½ku d yf nmudk oifay;zdoYk m
awmif;qdck o hJ nf/ ½kyH ikd Bf uD; aMu;eef;½ku
d af eonfukd rdrd tvkyw f m0ef Mum;rS *½kpu kd f avhvm Munf½h &I if;jzifh aMu;eef;½ku
d yf nmudk em;vnf
wwfuRrf;cJh onf/ oifMum;ay;csdew f iG f onm? vufawGU tok;H cswwfrS ynm[k qdv k Qif rSm;tHrh xif/

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tif'½l;av;onf oifxm;aomynmudk vufawGU tok;H cs wwf&ef ,ckuo hJ Ykd rdrt

d vkyw f m0efMum;rS avhvmaejcif; jzpfonf/
wpf&ufwGif &xm;wpfpD; vrf;acsmfwdrf;arSmufoGm;ojzifh &xm;c&D;pOf rsm;tm;vkH; &yfqdkif;xm;zdkY aMu;eef;0ifvm\/ olwdkY blwm½kHrS
usef blwm½ku H av;rsm;odYk tcsderf D aMu;eef;ryYEkd ikd yf gu c&D;onfrsm;pGm\ toufrsm; qk;H yg;Mu&avawmhrnf/
uHqdk;csifawmh xdktcsdefwGif olYq&m½kHydkifBuD; c&D;vGefaejcif;yif/ tif'½l;av;xuf &mxl;jrifhaom toufBuD;aomolrsm;
blwm½kxH w
J iG f trsm;BuD;&S\ d / odaYk omf wpfa,mufrQ aMu;eef;½ku d yf nmudk rwwfMu/ wpfr;D epf aemufusonfEiS hf vltoufaygif;rsm;pGm
aoqk;H &rnfh tjzpfEiS hf BuHKae&avNyD/
aMu;eef;½ku d o
f wif;ydaYk om tvkyrf mS ½kyH ikd Bf uD;\ tvkyjf zpfí tjcm;olrsm; 0ifvyk yf gu tvkyf jyKwfEikd o f nf/ olawmfaumif;pdwf
&Sdaom tif'½l;av;onf tvkyfrS xkwfvdku xkwfap? vlrsm;pGm\ toufrsm; um; raoap& [krSefuefpGm qkH;jzwfNyD;
vufatmufbw l m½kt H oD;oD;odYk &xm;c&D;pOfrsm; csufcsif; &yfqikd ;f xm;&ef ½kyH ikd Bf uD;\ vufrw S jf zifh aMu;eef;½ku
d u
f m trdexYf w
k v
f u
kd af v\/
a,musfm;aumif;wdkYrnfonf udk,fhtvkyfudk wm0ef ,l&J&\/ tvkyfü jypfcsufawGUí uJh&JUcH&aomtcg vufñ§Kd;udk
tokH;jyKNyD;? aumif;uGufawGUí csD;rGrf;cH&aomtcg vufrudk tokH;jyKolrsm;onf &mxl;tjrihfqkH;udk &xm;aomfvnf; pdwf"mwf
um; atmufwef;tusqkH;om jzpf\/
jrefrmjynf&Sd puf½kH? tvkyf½kHtrsm;pk rwdk;wufonfrSm xdkuJhodkY aomolrsm;u &mxl;rsm;udk &xm;MuaomaMumifhyif
jzpf\/ tif'½l;um; udk,fhvkyf&yfudk wm0ef,l&Jaom a,musfm;aumif; wpfa,muf jzpf\/
xdkYaMumifh ½kHydkif\ emrnfjzifh trdefYay;cJhaom vkyf&yftwGuf tvkyfrS xGufpmudk udk,fwdkifwifvdkufavonf/ taMumif;pkH
odomG ;aom ½kyH ikd Bf uD;um; txGurf cHonft h jyif &mxl;yif wd;k jr§iahf y;cJah vonf/ xdak cgif;aqmifpw d "f mwfaMumifyh if tif'½l;umeuf*sDonf
omref tvkyf Murf;orm;b0rS urÇmt h csrf;omqk;H ola|;BuD; tjzpfoYkd a&mufc&hJ jcif; jzpf\/
acgif;aqmifpdwfESifh apmvSjzL
acgif;aqmifpw d f &Sod ol nf tcsderf usao;í aemufvu kd b
f 0 a&mufae&aomfvnf; cPom/ tcsdeu f sonfEiS hf acgif;aqmifb0odYk
a&muf&onfom jzpf\/ wpfzef acgif;aqmifpdwf&Sdí acgif;aqmifb0odkY a&mufae&olrsm;onf rnfonhf taESmuft,Sufrsm;ESifh
awGUBuHK&onf jzpfap? aemufvu kd b f 0odYk avQmhusoGm;jcif; r&Syd Hk a&S;a[mif; om"u wpfcu k kd wifjyygOD;rnf/
"n0wDwiG f bk&ifrif;xD; tkycf sKyfaeaom tcsdeu f yif jzpf\/ wpfcgwGif trwfae&mwpfck vpfvyfomG ;ojzifh todÓPfynmESihf
jynfph Hk aom acgif;aqmifpw d f &So
d w l pfa,mufukd ceft Y yfay;vdu k \
f / xdok \
l trnfukd ]apmvSjzL} [líyJ rSwyf g/ xdt k cg rdz&k m;acgifBuD;onf
olaY rmifwpfa,muftm; xd&k mxl;udk ay;csifojzifh bk&ifrif;xD;udk wD;wd;k wdik yf ifygonf/
bk&ifrif;xD;u olcefYtyfaom olonfom trwf&mxl;ESifh xdkuf wefaMumif;? rdzk&m;BuD;\ armifrSm xdk&mxl;ESifh
rxdkufwefaMumif; &Sif;jy \/ rdzk&m;BuD;um; rauseyf/ olYarmifudkom trwf&mxl; &apcsifae\/ pum;ESifhajymí r&aomtcg
vufawGUjy&efom &Sad wmhojzifh rdz&k m;\ a&SUrSmyif ESpOf ;D pvk;H udk ac:cdik ;f vdu k o f nf/
rdz&k m;BuD;\ armifukd atmifomjzL [líyJ rSwyf g/ a&SUawmfoYkd a&mufonfEiS hf bk&ifrif;xD;u -
]][Jh . atmifomjzLeJY apmvSjzL? eef;awmfatmufem;rSm acG;rwpf aumif aygufaew,f/ b,fESpfaumif arG;w,fqdkwm
oGm;Munfph rf;yg}}
[kcikd ;f vku
d \
f / aemufvu kd pf wd &f adS om atmifomjzLonf tvkyu f kd ydak umif;atmif vkyzf Ykd pdwu f ;l r&S/d jrefjrefjyefavQmufwifEikd &f if
ta&;ay; cH&rSmyJ[k tompHzYkd pdwu f ;l om&S\ d /
þpdwful;rsdK;udk aemufvkdufpdwf[kyif ac:&\/ apmvSjzLum; tawG;ac:&Sdol ? acgif;aqmifpdwf &Sdoljzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh
acG;om;ayguf onfukd Munfch ikd ;f onfrmS taMumif;&Sí d om jzpf&rnf[k awG;rdojzifh b,f ESpaf umif[al om ta&twGuo f mru txD;?
tr? tjzL? teuf?t0g paomtcsufwu Ykd ykd g aocsmrSwo f m;NyD;rS bk&ifx
h H jyefvm\/
bk&ifu ta&twGuu f o kd m ckid ;f \/ apmvSjzLu txD;? tr? tjzL? t0g wdu Yk ykd g rSwof m;jcif;onf vkyo f ifah omt&mudk rcdik ;f bJ
vkyjf cif;yif jzpf\/ xdpk w d rf sdK;udyk if acgif;aqmifpw d f [kq&kd \/ atmifom jzLum; bk&ifcikd ;f oavmuf ta&twGuu f o kd m rSwNf yD; bk&ifx
h H
t&ifa&mufatmif oGm;\/ bk&ifu ta&twGufudkomru txD;? tr? b,fESpfaumifygonfudk qufar;aomtcg rajzEdkifawmhbJ
eef;awmf atmufoYkd jyefMunf&h jyef\/
wpfzef tjzL? teuf ponfukd ar;aomtcgwGiv f nf; eef;awmf atmufoYkd aemufwpfacguf jyefMunf&h jyef\/ apmvSjzLtvSnhf
a&muf aomtcg ar;orQudk wpfxdkifwnf; tukefajzEdkifav\/ xdkolESpfa,muf xGufoGm;Muaomtcg bk&ifrif;xD;u rdzk&m;BuD;udk
t"dygÜ ,f&adS om rsufv;Hk jzifh wpfcsufvn S Mhf unfv h ukd \ f /
rdz&k m;BuD;onf acgif;ndwf axmufc½H rHk w S pfyg; wjcm; bmrsm; wwfEikd yf gOD;rnfenf;/

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ud,
k t
hf m;ud,k u
f ;kd pD;yGm;wk;d ? aumif;usdK;tqifq
h ifh
Ak'b
¨ mom jrefrmtrsm;pk rBuD;yGm;jcif;\ q,fw h pfcak jrmuf taMumif;onf ud, k t
hf m;ud,
k u
f ;kd vdpk w
d f enf;yg;jcif;yif jzpf\/
'óeygaom umwGe;f uav;wpfuu G u
f kd zwfz;l \/ aumifav; wpfa,mufonf olBudKufaom aumifrav;wpfa,muf olu Y kd pdw0f ifpm;
vmap&eftwGuf olonf ola|;om; jzpfaMumif;? olt Y azonf rnfa&GU rnfrQ csrf;omaMumif; ajymjyae\/
aumifav;pum; qkH;aomtcg aumifrav;u ]]'gqdk&if armifh&JU 'uf'DudkyJ vufxyfawmhr,f}}[k ajymaeykHuav; jzpf\/
rdef;uav; trsm;pk aiGrufonfudk oa&mfvdkjcif; jzpfaomfvnf; rdbcsrf;omrIonf om;orD; csrf;omrIr[kwf[laom tcsufudkvnf;
jyovsuf &So
d nf/
rdbudk tm;ud;k vGe;f aom om;orD;rsm; rxifrw S af om avmu"H ESihf BuHKBudKu&aomtcg b0ysufonftxd 'kua© &mufwwf
Muonf/ ykodrfNrdKUodkY w&m;a[m<upOfu wnf;cdk&mausmif;wpfausmif;wGif vif;,kefBuD;ESpfaumif avSmiftdrfxJwGif arG;xm;onfudk
awGU&onf/
<uufudkaMumufaom vif;,kefESpfaumif
vif;,keEf pS af umifonf i,fi,fav;uwnf;u vlawGukd tm;ud;k NyD; avSmiftrd w f iG ;f ü BuD;jyif;vmcJ&h jcif; jzpfonf/ ud,
k t
hf m;ud,
k f
ud;k NyD; om;aumifrsm;udk &SmazGpm;aomufwwfaom tavhtxrsm; r&SMd uawmh/ olw\ Ykd tpmjzpfaom Muufav;rsm;? <uufuav;rsm;udk
t&Sifvdkuf avSmiftdrfwGif;odkY xnfhay;vdkufvsif aMumifí Munfhaewwf Muonf/ zrf;&aumif;rSef;vnf; rod? pm;&aumif;rSef;vnf;
rod/ ckwx f pfauR;rSom pm;wwfawmhonf/
vljzpfap wd&pämefjzpfap? olwpfyg;udk tm;udk;vGef;vQif pGrf;&nf owådwdk;wufrI r&Sdawmhonfhtjyif t&if&SdNyD;om;
pGrf;&nfowdå rsm;yif avsmhyg;ukefcef;wwfonfrSm obm0 yifjzpf\/ avmif;&dyf rdaom tyifi,fonf BuD;rm; xGm;usKdif;
jcif; r&SdawmhouJhodkY q&m\t&dyf? rdb\t&dyf vTrf;rdk; cH&vGef;tm;BuD;aom wynfhom;orD;rsm;onf BuD;yGm;wdk; wufrI
r&Sdawmhacs/
xdaYk Mumifh q&mrdbrsm;uvnf; wynfEh iS hf om;orD;rsm;udk ud, k hf tm;ud,k f ud;k vdak om pdw"f mwfrsm; ay:aygufvmatmif olwEYkd iS hf
wef&m wm0efrsm; tvkyrf sm;udk vGwv f yfpmG vkyEf ikd &f ef tcgtm;avsmfpmG cGaJ 0ay; oifo h nf/ aEG&moD ausmif;ydw&f ufrsm;wGif rdr0d goemyg&m
toufarG;0rf; ausmif;ynm wpfcck u k kd oifxm;oifo h nf/
txl;tm;jzifh &mxl;BuD;BuD; &xm;aom om;orD;rsm;? uawmf rsm;onf b0 ydak rhwwfonf/ ]rif;ca,mufsm;? urf;em;opfyif}
qdo k nfh twdik ;f ,aeY tBuD;qk;H t&m&SBd uD;onf aemufaeY tedrq hf ;Hk omrefvw l pf a,muftjzpfoYkd cPcsif; a&mufomG ;Edik o f nfukd owdjyKNyD;
xGuv f mrnfh avmbç a'goç arm[ç rmersm; rxGuaf tmif *½kpu kd o
f ifo
h nf/
tavmif;o,faom bk&ifcHuawmf
tdE, d´ Edik if \H aemufq;Hk bk&ifcH avmharmifb h ufwef\ZeD; tuf 'Gief marmifb h ufwefonf bk&ifcu H awmfjzpfaomfvnf; rmeudk
y,fowfEikd f ol[k qdo k if\h / tdE, d´ Edik if H vGwv
f yfa&; &cgeD;tcsdeu f rlqvif? [dEL´ ta&;tcif;aMumifh vltawmfrsm;rsm; aoMu&onf/
wpfcgwGif bk&ifcH uawmfonf udpöwpfckjzifh tjyifxGuf&if; vrf;ab;wGif ykyfyG aoqkH;ae aom tavmif;wpfckudk awGU&ojzifh
um;&yfcikd ;f um qif;Munfo h nf/
xdt k csderf mS yif vlemwif,mOfwpfp;D udk jrifojzifh vSr;f ac:um tavmif;udk aq;½ko H Ykd ydcYk ikd ;f onf/ ,mOfarmif;u wifray;Ekid [
f k
twif; jiif;onf/ taMumif;udk ar;Munfhaomtcg olu ZmwfjrifhNyD; aoqkH;olu ZmwfedrfhaomaMumifh [l\/ rmeBuD;aom
pdw"f mwferd uhf saom bk&ifcH uawmf wpfa,mufomqdv k sif xd'k ½kid b
f mudk atmf[pf aigufirf;NyD; zrf;csKyfcikd ;f rnf xifonf/
avmharmifb h ufwefuawmfonf rnfoYkd jyKvkyo f nfxifyg oenf;/ tavmif;udk ud, k w f ikd f rçNyD; vlemwif,mOfay: wifay;vdu k f
ygownf;/ pmtkyaf &SUydik ;f wGif a&;cJo h nft h wdik ;f ½kyo
f nf pdw\ f aemufvu dk jf zpf&m pdw"f mwferd u hf svQif ½ky"f mwfvnf;edru hf s\/ vlemwif
,mOfarmif;onf pdw"f mwferd u hf saomaMumifh aoonft h xd vlemwif ,mOfuo kd m armif;oGm;&\/
pdw"f mwfjrifv h Qif ½ky"f mwfvnf; vdu k jf rif\h / bk&ifcu H awmf onf pdw"f mwfjrifah omaMumifh bk&ifcu H awmfb0odYk a&muf&jcif;
jzpf\/ olwdkY ZeD;armifESHESpfa,muf EdkifiHa&;rS tem;,lonftxd jrefrmESifh tdEd´, jynfoltrsm;pk\ cspfcifav;pm;rIudk &onfrSm
&mxl;aMumifh r[kwf/ olwdkY\ jrifhjrwf,Ofaus;aom pdwf"mwfaMumifhjzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;\/ pm&dwåowdåpmtkyfwGif azmfjycJhzl;aom
q&maZmf*sD\ 'óe uAsmuav;udk xyfqifh azmfjyvdu k cf sifygao;\/

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tumESifhtESpf
aqG*P k rf sdK;*kP?f &mxl;*kPu
f m;
vlb Y aHk vmu? tumrQwnf;/
olujiLpl? rMunfjzLí
cGm,lv&Ykd ? uGmíus/
½k;d *kPaf jzmif*h P k ?f ,Ofaus*kPuf m;
vlbkHavmu? ESpfçom&wnfh
olujiLpl? rMunfjzLvnf;
cGm,lr&? uGmrus/ /
ÄÄÄ
u½kPmoufzG,f a[mifaumiftaysmfr,f
urÇmt h qifeh ;D yg; csrf;omoGm;aom jrefrmEdik if o
H m; wpfa,muf &Scd zhJ ;l \/ oltrnfukd ]atmfbeG af [m} [kac:\/ usm;brf;y½kyq f D
a&mif;cs jcif;jzifh csrf;omvmjcif; jzpfonf/
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- 85 -
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- 88 -
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Mandalay Monestry Computer - Shwepyithar

Mandalay Monestry Computer - Shwepyithar

Mandalay Monestry Computer - Shwepyithar

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Mandalay Monestry Computer - Shwepyithar

Mandalay Monestry Computer - Shwepyithar

Mandalay Monestry Computer - Shwepyithar

Mandalay Monestry Computer - Shwepyithar

Mandalay Monestry Computer - Shwepyithar

Mandalay Monestry Computer - Shwepyithar

Mandalay Monestry Computer - Shwepyithar

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Mandalay Monestry Computer - Shwepyithar

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Mandalay Monestry Computer - Shwepyithar

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Mandalay Monestry Computer - Shwepyithar

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Mandalay Monestry Computer - Shwepyithar

Mandalay Monestry Computer - Shwepyithar

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Mandalay Monestry Computer - Shwepyithar

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Mandalay Monestry Computer - Shwepyithar

Mandalay Monestry Computer - Shwepyithar

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Mandalay Monestry Computer - Shwepyithar

Mandalay Monestry Computer - Shwepyithar

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