1.

UTILITARIAN ETHICS
2. Utilitarianism is the right action is the one that produces the most overall happiness.
3. According to the Ethics Unwrapped, Utilitarianism is ethical theory that determines right from
wrong by focusing on outcomes. It is a form of consequentialism: the right action is understood
entirely in terms of consequences produced.

However, because we cannot predict the future, it’s difficult to know with certainty whether the
consequences of our actions will be good or bad. This is one of the limitations of utilitarianism.
4. It was founded by Jeremy Bentham (English Philosopher 1748-1832) with John Austin (British
Philosopher 1790-1859) and John Stuart Mill (British Philosopher 1806-1873).
5. According to Bentham, individuals view their interests accordingly to pleasure and pain.
They seek to “maximize” their happiness expressed by the surplus of pleasure over pain.

Sinabi rin ni Benthma na nasa sa atin kung what we ought to do pati na rin to determine
what we shall do. On the one hand the standard of right and wrong on the other hand is the
causes and effects. Eto yung mga nag gogovern sa lahat ng ating mga ginagawa, sinasabi,
mga iniisip.
6. The quality of moral action or any action that proceeds from our deliberate will is determined
by the intensity, duration, purity and extend of the pleasure and pain na nararanasan ng
mga tao. These are the criteria in measuring pleasure and pain. He would know whether the
actions was right or wrong, sound or unsound.
7. Para kay Bentham, Pleasure and Pain which ensue during or after the act are the sole and
ultimate norm of morality. these are the
8. Sabi niya sa babae on June 22, 1830.
9. Utilitarianism for John Stuart Mill ay yung mga actions ay tama kapag yung outcome nito is
happiness at wrong as they tend to produce pain.
10. 2 types of utilitarianism
Act utilitarianism is the belief that yung mga action becomes morally right when it produces
the greatest good for the greatest number of people, while Rule utilitarianism is the belief
that the moral correctness of an action depends on the correctness of the rules that allows it
to achieve the greatest good.
11. Example
12. Mill also states that human beings are not simply satisfied with the pleasure of the body; “they seek
the higher pleasure of the mind’. Sinasabi rin ni mill na tayong mga tao we are simply satisfied with
the pleasure of our body, we are seeking to the higher pleasure of the mind. It is in the nature of the
people to live in a higher level.
13. Read.
14. Para kay Mill, yung mga actions is recognized as good kapag if it is useful in promoting the happiness
of all kaysa sa well-being of an individual. Utilitarian ethics seeks to identify individual happiness
with the welfare of the group to which the individual belongs. It can also called collectivism. Also
sinabi niya na the conviction that the rightfulness or wrongfulness of human action is not
determined by anything else, but the act can do to promote the pleasure.
15. Example
16. Pragmathic Ethics
17. This theory explains that the morality of human acts depends on consequences or result. Lahat ng
action ay tama if this leads to good consequences, mali naman kapag bad. According also to the
theory, walang acts ang right or wrong, good or bad. All actions are judged according to the utility or
usefulness.
18. The word, Pragmatism, comes from the Greek “pragma” which means “practical”.
19. Pragmatism originated in the United States around 1870, Its first generation was initiated by the so-
called ‘classical pragmatists’ Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914), who first defined and defended
the view, and his close friend and colleague William James (1842–1910), who further developed and
ably popularized it. During this initial period, pragmatists focused significantly on theorizing inquiry,
meaning and the nature of truth, although James put these themes to work exploring truth in
religion.
20. William James claims that an idea, theory or dispute, has significance only if it moves us to
satisfactory results. He said that:
“Everything in the world is relative, the worth of ideas, doctrine, principles, and practice depends
on how they function in the given situation. If they work well they may be judged true, good, right
and beautiful, etc..; if they do not work well, they may be judged false, evil, wrong, ugly, etc…”
21. Pragmatism is sometimes called “Instrumentalism for the reason na it considers ideas, hypothesis,
therories as mere instruments for solving concrete problems.
22. For pragmatist, the truth value as well as the goodness of any idea, conduct and belief lies in their
utility or usefulness in contributing to personal and social progress. In pragmatism, what is true is
good and what is good is also true. Truth and goodness are not distinct categories; they are one.
23. Prof. John Dewey (1895-1925) who contributed much to the popularization of Pragmatic Ethics,
views intelligence as a tool in the struggle for existence.
24. Accordingly; there are three ways by which man can cope with the problem of adjustment. First, by
accommodation, we can encounter bad conditions which cannot be altered the wisest thing to do is
to welcome them.
25. Second by reconstruction, that is, we must try to alter existing conditions to suit our needs.
26. And third, religiosity, to transpose the beliefs in supernatural beings into a loyalty to values which
can contribute to the progress of humanity towards greater freedom and happiness in the here and
now. For Dewey, religion is a form of an idealized social morality.
27. The ethics of Pragmatism is what is sought is not simply the “happiness” but also the welfare of the
society.