Haplogroup R1a - Wikipedia PDF

Haplogroup R1a - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a
Haplogroup R1a, or haplogroup R-M420, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup which is

Haplogroup R1a
distributed in a large region in Eurasia, extending from Scandinavia and Central Europe to southern
Siberia and South Asia.[3][2]
Possible time 22,000 YBP [1] to
of origin 25,000[2] years
While R1a originated ca. 22,000[1] to 25,000[2] years ago, its subclade M417 (R1a1a1) diversified ca. 5,800 ago
years ago.[4] The distribution of M417-subclades R1a-Z282 (including R1a-Z280)[5] in Central and Eastern Possible Eurasia (see text).
Europe and R1a-Z93 in Asia[5][2] suggests that R1a1a diversified within the Eurasian Steppes or the place of origin
Middle East and Caucasus region.[5] The place of origin of these subclades plays a role in the debate about
Ancestor Haplogroup R1
the origins of Proto-Indo-Europeans.
Descendants Haplogroup R1a-
The SNP mutation R-M420 was discovered after R-M17 (R1a1a), which resulted in a reorganization of the Z282 (Europe),
lineage in particular establishing a new paragroup (designated R-M420*) for the relatively rare lineages R1a-Z93 (Asia)
which are not in the R-SRY10831.2 (R1a1) branch leading to R-M17. Defining R1a: L62, L63,
mutations L120, M420,
M449, M511, M513
Contents R1a1a: M17,
M198, M512,
Origins
M514, M515,
R1a origins
L168, L449, L457,
Diversification of R1a1a1 (M417) and ancient migrations
Steppe origins L566
Proposed steppe dispersal of R1a1a Highest See List of R1a
Source of R1a1a1 in Corded Ware culture frequencies frequency by
Transcaucasia & West Asian origins and possible influence on Indus Valley Civilisation population
Proposed South Asian origins
Phylogeny
Topology
Haplogroup R
R-M173 (R1)
R-M420 (R1a)
R-SRY1532.2 (R1a1)
R-M17/M198 (R1a1a)
R-M417 (R1a1a1)
R-Z282 (R1a1a1b1a) (Eastern Europe)
R-M458 (R1a1a1b1a1)
R-L260 (R1a1a1b1a1a) (Gwozdz's cluster P)
R-M334
R1a1a1b1a2 (S466/Z280, S204/Z91)
R1a1a1b1a2b3* (Gwozdz's Cluster K)
R1a1a1b1a2b3a (R-L365)
R1a1a1b2 (R-Z93) (Asia)
Geographic distribution of R1a1a

Historical
Europe
Asia
Central Asia
South Asia
East Asia
West Asia
Popular science
Historic naming of "R1a"
See also
Y-DNA R-M207 subclades
Y-DNA backbone tree
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Haplogroup R1a - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a
Notes
References
Sources
Further reading
External links
Origins
R1a origins
Tatiana et al. (2014) "rapid diversification process of K-M526 likely occurred in Southeast Asia, with subsequent westward expansions of the
ancestors of haplogroups R and Q." [6]
The split of R1a (M420) is computed to ca. 22,000,[1] or 25,000[2] years ago, which is the time of the last glacial maximum. A large, 2014 study by
Peter A. Underhill et al., using 16,244 individuals from over 126 populations from across Eurasia, concluded that there was compelling evidence that
"the initial episodes of haplogroup R1a diversification likely occurred in the vicinity of present-day Iran."[2]
Diversification of R1a1a1 (M417) and ancient migrations

According to Underhill (2014), the downstream R1a-M417 subclade diversified into Z282 and Z93 circa
5,800 years ago.[4][note 1] Even though R1a occurs as the most frequent Y-chromosome haplogroup among
populations speaking a wide variety of languages such as Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Dravidian, Turkic and
Finno-Ugric, the question of the origins of R1a1a is relevant to the ongoing debate concerning the
urheimat of the Proto-Indo-European people, and may also be relevant to the origins of the Indus Valley
Civilisation. R1a shows a strong correlation with Indo-European languages of Southern and Western Asia
and Central and Eastern Europe,[9][3] being most prevalent in Eastern Europe, West Asia, South Asia and
Central Asia. In Europe, Z282 is prevalent particularly while in Asia Z93 dominates. The connection R1a origins (Underhill 2010;[7]
R1a1a origins (Pamjav 2012);
between Y-DNA R-M17 and the spread of Indo-European languages was first noted by T. Zerjal and
possible migration R1a to Baltic
colleagues in 1999.[10]
coast; and R1a1a oldest expansion
and highest frequency (Underhill
Steppe origins 2014)
Proposed steppe dispersal of R1a1a

Kivisild et al. (2003) have proposed either south or west Asia,[11][note 2] while Mirabal et al. (2009) see support for both south and central Asia.[9]
Other studies suggest Ukrainian,[12] Central Asian[13] and West Asian origins for R1a1a.[14][3][15][5][2]
Ornella Semino et al. (2000) proposed Ukrainian origins, and a postglacial spread of the R1a1 gene during the Late Glacial Maximum, subsequently
magnified by the expansion of the Kurgan culture into Europe and eastward.[16] Spencer Wells proposes central Asian origins, suggesting that the
distribution and age of R1a1 points to an ancient migration corresponding to the spread by the Kurgan people in their expansion from the Eurasian
steppe.[13] According to Pamjav et al. (2012), R1a1a diversified in the Eurasian Steppes or the Middle East and Caucasus region:
Inner and Central Asia is an overlap zone for the R1a1-Z280 and R1a1-Z93 lineages [which] implies that an early differentiation zone of
R1a1-M198 conceivably occurred somewhere within the Eurasian Steppes or the Middle East and Caucasus region as they lie between
South Asia and Central- and Eastern Europe."[5]
Three genetic studies in 2015 gave support to the Kurgan theory of Gimbutas regarding the Indo-European Urheimat. According to those studies,
haplogroups R1b and R1a, now the most common in Europe (R1a is also common in South Asia) would have expanded from the Russian steppes,
along with the Indo-European languages; they also detected an autosomal component present in modern Europeans which was not present in
Neolithic Europeans, which would have been introduced with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as Indo-European languages.[17][18][19]
Source of R1a1a1 in Corded Ware culture

David Anthony considers the Yamnaya culture to be the Indo-European Urheimat.[20][21] According to Haak et al. (2015), a massive migration from
the Yamnaya culture northwards took place ca. 2,500 BCE, accounting for 75% of the genetic ancestry of the Corded Ware culture, noting that R1a
2 de 24 28/06/19 00:33
and R1b may have "spread into Europe from the East after 3,000 BCE".[22] Yet, all their seven Yamnaya
samples belonged to the R1b-M269 subclade,[22] but no R1a1a has been found in their Yamnaya samples.
This raises the question where the R1a1a in the Corded Ware culture came from, if it was not from the
Yamnaya culture.[23]
Semenov and Bulat do argue for such an origin of R1a1a in the Corded ware culture, noting that several
publications point to the presence of R1a1 in the Comb Ware culture.[24][note 3]
Haak et al. (2015) found that part of the Yamnaya ancestry derived from the Middle East, and that
neolithic techniques probably arrived at the Yamnaya culture from the Balkans.[note 4] The Rossen culture
(4,600–4,300 BC), which was situated on Germany and predates the Corded Ware culture, an old European middle-Neolithic period.
subclade of R1a, namely L664, can still be found.[note 5] Comb Ware culture ca. 4200 BCE –
ca. 2000 BCE
Transcaucasia & West Asian origins and possible influence on Indus Valley Civilisation
Part of the South Asian genetic ancestry derives from west Eurasian populations, and some researchers
have implied that Z93 may have come to India via Iran[26] and expanded there during the Indus Valley
Civilisation.[2][27]
Mascarenhas et al. (2015) note that the roots of Z93 lie in West Asia, and propose that "Z93 and L342.2
expanded in a southeasterly direction from Transcaucasia into South Asia,"[26] noting that such an
expansion is compatible with "the archeological records of eastward expansion of West Asian populations
in the 4th millennium BCE culminating in the so-called Kura-Araxes migrations in the post-Uruk IV Corded Ware culture (ca. 2900 BCE
period."[26] Yet, Lazaridis noted that sample I1635 of Lazaridis et al. (2016), their Armenian Kura-Araxes – ca. 2350 BCE
sample, carried Y-haplogroup R1b1-M415(xM269)[note 6] (also called R1b1a1b-CTS3187).[28]
According to Underhill et al. (2014/2015) the diversification of Z93 and the "early urbanization within the Indus Valley [...] occurred at [5,600 years
ago] and the geographic distribution of R1a-M780 (Figure 3d[note 7]) may reflect this."[2][note 8] Poznik et al. (2016) note that 'striking expansions'
occurred within R1a-Z93 at ~4,500–4,000 years ago, which "predates by a few centuries the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilisation."[30][note 9]
Yet, according to Narasimhan et al. (2018), steppe pastoralists are a likely source for R1a in India.[31][note 10]
Proposed South Asian origins

Kivisild et al. (2003) have proposed either South or West Asia,[11][note 2] while Mirabal et al. (2009) see support for both South and Central Asia.[9]
South Asian populations have the highest STR diversity within R1a1a,[32][33][9][3][1][34] and subsequent older TMRCA datings,[note 11] and R1a1a is
present among both higher (Brahmin) castes and lower castes, although the presence is substantially higher among Brahmin castes.[1][34] From these
findings some researchers have concluded that R1a1a originated in South Asia,[33][1][note 12] excluding a substantial genetic influx from Indo-
European migrants.[33][32][3]
However, this diversity, and the subsequent older TMRCA-datings, can also be explained by the historically high population numbers, which
increases the likelihood of diversification and microsatellite variation.[37][38] According to Sengupta et al. (2006), "[R1a1 and R2] could have actually
arrived in southern India from a southwestern Asian source region multiple times."[32][note 13] Silva et al. (2017) noted that R1a in South Asia most
"likely spread from a single Central Asian source pool, there do seem to be at least three and probably more R1a founder clades within the
Subcontinent, consistent with multiple waves of arrival."[38] According to Martin P. Richards, co-author of Silva et al. (2017), "[the prevalence of R1a
in India was] very powerful evidence for a substantial Bronze Age migration from central Asia that most likely brought Indo-European speakers to
India."[39][note 14]
Phylogeny
The R1a family tree now has three major levels of branching, with the largest number of defined subclades within the dominant and best known
branch, R1a1a (which will be found with various names; in particular, as "R1a1" in relatively recent but not the latest literature.)
Topology
The topology of R1a is as follows (codes [in brackets] non-isogg codes):[40][8][41][42][43] Tatiana et al. (2014) "rapid diversification process of K-M526
likely occurred in Southeast Asia, with subsequent westward expansions of the ancestors of haplogroups R and Q." [6]
P P295/PF5866/S8 (also known as K2b2).
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R (R-M207)[40][8]
R*
R1 (R-M173)
R1*[40]
R1a (M420)[40] (Eastern Europe, Asia)[42]
R1a*[8]
R1a1[40] (M459/PF6235,[40] SRY1532.2/SRY10831.2[40])
R1a1 (M459)[40][8]
R1a1a (M17, M198)[40]
R1a1a1 (M417, page7)[40]
R1a1a1a (CTS7083/L664/S298)[40]
R1a1a1b (S224/Z645, S441/Z647)[40]
R1a1a1b1 (PF6217/S339/Z283)[40]
R1a1a1b1a (Z282)[40] [R1a1a1a*] (Z282) (Europe)[44]
R1a1a1b1a1[40] [The old topological code is R1a1a1b*，which is outdated and might lead to some confusion.][44]
(M458)[40][44] [R1a1a1g] (M458)[43]
[R1a1a1g*][43]
[R1a1a1g1] (M334)[43]
R1a1a1b1a1a (L260/S222)[40] [R1a1a1g2][43]
R1a1a1b1a2[40] (S466/Z280, S204/Z91)[40]
R1a1a1b1a2a[40]
R1a1a1b1a2b (CTS1211)[40] [R1a1a1c*] (M558)[44] [R-CTS1211] (V2803/CTS3607/S3363/M558,
CTS1211/S3357, Y34/FGC36457)[8]
R1a1a1b1a2b3* (M417+, Z645+, Z283+, Z282+, Z280+, CTS1211+, CTS3402, Y33+, CTS3318+, Y2613+)
(Gwozdz's Cluster K)[41]
R1a1a1b1a2b3a (L365/S468)[40]
R1a1a1b1a3 (Z284)[40] [R1a1a1a1] (Z284)[44]
R1a1a1b2 (F992/S202/Z93)[40] [R1a1a2*] (Z93, M746)(Asia)[44]
R1a1a1b2a (F3105/S340/Z94, L342.2/S278.2)[40] [R1a1b2a*] (Z95)[44] R-Z94 (Z94/F3105/S340, Z95/F3568)[8]
R-Z2124 (Z2121/S3410, Z2124)[8]
[R1a1b2a*] (Z2125)[44]
[R1a1b2a*] (M434)[44] [R1a1a1f] (M434)[43]
[R1a1b2a*] (M204)[44]
[R1a1b2a1*] (M560)[44]
[R1a1b2a2*] (M780, L657)[44] (India)[42]
[R1a1b2a3*] (Z2122, M582)[44]
[R1a1a1c] (M64.2, M87, M204)[43]
[R1a1a1d] (P98)[43]
[R1a1a1d2a][45]
[R1a1a1e] (PK5)[43]
R1b (M343) (Western Europe)
R2
Haplogroup R
Haplogroup R phylogeny
R-M173 (R1) M420 R1a
 
R1a is distinguished by several unique markers,
R1 (M173) M343 R1b
including the M420 mutation. It is a subclade of  
 
Haplogroup R-M173 (previously called R1). R1a has
M173(xM420, M343) R1*
the sister-subclades Haplogroup R1b-M343, and  
the paragroup R-M173*. R (M207)   R2 (M479)
   
  R* M207(xM173, M479)
R-M420 (R1a)  
R-M420, defined by the mutation M420, has two
branches: R-SRY1532.2, defined by the mutation
SRY1532.2, which makes up the vast majority; and R-M420*, the paragroup, defined as M420 positive but SRY1532.2 negative. (In the 2002 scheme,
this SRY1532.2 negative minority was one part of the relatively rare group classified as the paragroup R1*.) Mutations understood to be equivalent to
M420 include M449, M511, M513, L62, and L63.[3][46]
Only isolated samples of the new paragroup R-M420* were found by Underhill 2009, mostly in the Middle East and Caucasus: 1/121 Omanis, 2/150
Iranians, 1/164 in the United Arab Emirates, and 3/612 in Turkey. Testing of 7224 more males in 73 other Eurasian populations showed no sign of
this category.[3]
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R-SRY1532.2 (R1a1)
R1a1 is defined by SRY1532.2 or SRY10831.2 (understood to always include SRY10831.2, M448, L122, M459, and M516[3][47]). This family of lineages
is dominated by M17 and M198. In contrast, paragroup R-SRY1532.2* lacks either the M17 or M198 markers.
The R-SRY1532.2* paragroup is apparently less rare than R1*, but still relatively unusual, though it has been tested in more than one survey.
Underhill et all. (2009) reported 1/51 in Norway, 3/305 in Sweden, 1/57 Greek Macedonians, 1/150 Iranians, 2/734 ethnic Armenians, and 1/141
Kabardians.[3] Sahoo et al. (2006) reported R-SRY1532.2* for 1/15 Himachal Pradesh Rajput samples.[33]
R-M17/M198 (R1a1a)
The following SNPs are associated with R1a1a:
SNP Mutation Y-position (NCBI36) Y-position (GRCh37) RefSNP ID
M17 INS G 20192556 21733168 rs3908
M198 C->T 13540146 15030752 rs2020857
M512 C->T 14824547 16315153 rs17222146
M514 C->T 17884688 19375294 rs17315926
M515 T->A 12564623 14054623 rs17221601
L168 A->G 14711571 16202177 -
L449 C->T 21376144 22966756 -
L457 G->A 14946266 16436872 rs113195541
L566 C->T - - -
R-M417 (R1a1a1)
R1a1a1 (R-M417) is the most widely found subclade, in two variations which are found respectively in Europe (R1a1a1b1 (R-Z282) ([R1a1a1a*] (R-
Z282) (Underhill 2014/2015)[42]) and Central and South Asia (R1a1a1b2 (R-Z93) ([R1a1a2*] (R-Z93) Underhill 2014/2015)[42]).
R-Z282 (R1a1a1b1a) (Eastern Europe)

This large subclade appears to encompass most of the R1a1a found in Europe.[48]
R1a1a1b1a [R1a1a1a* (Underhill (2014))] (R-Z282*) occurs in northern Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia at a frequency of ~20%. (Underhill et al.
2014 (https://web.archive.org/web/20160816180616/http://thebigone.stanford.edu/papers/Underhill_phylogenetic_March-2014.pdf))
R1a1a1b1a3 [R1a1a1a1 (Underhill (2014))] (R-Z284) occurs in Northwest Europe and peaks at ~20% in Norway. (Underhill et al. 2014
(https://web.archive.org/web/20160816180616/http://thebigone.stanford.edu/papers/Underhill_phylogenetic_March-2014.pdf))
R1a1a1c (M64.2, M87, M204) is apparently rare: it was found in 1 of 117 males typed in southern Iran.[14]
R-M458 (R1a1a1b1a1)
R-M458 is a mainly Slavic SNP, characterized by its own mutation, and was first called cluster N.
Underhill et al. (2009) found it to be present in modern European populations roughly between the Rhine
catchment and the Ural Mountains and traced it to "a founder effect that [...] falls into the early Holocene
period, 7.9±2.6 KYA."[49] M458 was found in one skeleton from a 14th-century grave field in Usedom,
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.[50] The paper by Underhill et al. (2009) also reports a surprisingly
high frequency of M458 in some Northern Caucasian populations (for example 27.5% among Karachays
and 23.5% among Balkars, 7.8% among Karanogays and 3.4% among Abazas).
Frequency distribution of R-M458
R-L260 (R1a1a1b1a1a) (Gwozdz's cluster P)

R1a1a1b1a1a (R-L260), commonly referred to as West Slavic or Polish, is a subclade of the larger parent group R-M458, and was first identified as an
STR cluster by Pawlowski 2002 and then by Gwozdz 2009. Thus, R-L260 was what Gwozdz 2009 called cluster "P." In 2010 it was verified to be a
haplogroup identified by its own mutation (SNP).[51] It apparently accounts for about 8% of Polish men, making it the most common subclade in
Poland. Outside of Poland it is less common (Pawlowski 2002). In addition to Poland, it is mainly found in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and is
considered "clearly West Slavic."[52] The founding ancestor of R-L260 is estimated to have lived between 2000 and 3000 years ago, i.e. during the
5 de 24 28/06/19 00:33
Iron Age, with significant population expansion less than 1,500 years ago.[53]
R-M334
R-M334 ([R1a1a1g1],[43] a subclade of [R1a1a1g] (M458)[43] c.q. R1a1a1b1a1 (M458)[40]) was found by Underhill et al. (2009) only in one Estonian
man and may define a very recently founded and small clade.[3]
R1a1a1b1a2 (S466/Z280, S204/Z91)
R1a1a1b1a2b3* (Gwozdz's Cluster K)

R1a1a1b1a2b3* (M417+, Z645+, Z283+, Z282+, Z280+, CTS1211+, CTS3402, Y33+, CTS3318+, Y2613+) (Gwozdz's Cluster K)[41] is a STR based
group that is R-M17(xM458). This cluster is common in Poland but not exclusive to Poland.[53]
R1a1a1b1a2b3a (R-L365)
R1a1a1b1a2b3a (R-L365)[40] was early called Cluster G.
R1a1a1b2 (R-Z93) (Asia)
This large subclade appears to encompass most of the R1a1a found in Relative frequency of R-M434 to R-M17
Asia.[48] R-M17 R-M434
Region People N Freq. Freq.
R-Z93* or R1a1a1b2* (R1a1a2* in Underhill (2014)) is most common Number Number
(%) (%)
(>30%) in the South Siberian Altai region of Russia, cropping up in
Pakistan Baloch 60 9 15% 5 8%
Kyrgyzstan (6%) and in all Iranian populations (1–8%).[54]
Pakistan Makrani 60 15 25% 4 7%
R-Z2125 occurs at highest frequencies in Kyrgyzstan and in Afghan
Pashtuns (>40%). At a frequency of >10%, it is also observed in other Middle Oman 121 11 9% 3 2.5%
Afghan ethnic groups and in some populations in the Caucasus and East
[54]
Iran. Pakistan Sindhi 134 65 49% 2 1.5%
R-M434 is a subclade of Z2125. It was detected in 14 people (out Table only shows positive sets from N = 3667 derived from 60
of 3667 people tested), all in a restricted geographical range from Eurasian populations sample.[3]
Pakistan to Oman. This likely reflects a recent mutation event in
Pakistan.[7]
R-M560 is very rare and was only observed in four samples: two Burushaski speakers (north Pakistan), one Hazara (Afghanistan), and one
Iranian Azerbaijani.[54]
R-M780 occurs at high frequency in South Asia: India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Himalayas. The group also occurs at >3% in some Iranian
populations and is present at >30% in Roma from Croatia and Hungary.[54]
Geographic distribution of R1a1a
Historical
Haplogroup R1a has been found in ancient fossils associated with the Corded Ware culture[55][56] and
Urnfield culture;[57] as well as the burial of the remains of the Sintashta culture,[58] Andronovo
culture,[59] the Pazyryk culture,[60] Tagar culture[59] and Tashtyk culture,[59] the inhabitants of ancient
Tanais,[61] in the Tarim mummies,[62] the aristocracy Xiongnu,[63] in two ancient Khazar fossils. The
skeletal remains of a father and his two sons, from an archaeological site discovered in 2005 near Eulau
(in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany) and dated to about 2600 BCE, tested positive for the Y-SNP marker
SRY10831.2. The Ysearch number for the Eulau remains is 2C46S. The ancestral clade was thus present in
Europe at least 4600 years ago, in association with one site of the widespread Corded Ware culture.[64]
R1a among other European

Europe haplogroups
In Europe, the R1a1 sub-clade is found at highest levels among peoples of Central and Eastern European
descent, with results ranging from 35-65% among Czechs, Hungarians, Poles, Slovaks, western Ukrainians (particularly Rusyns), Belarusians,
Moldovans, and Russians.[65][66][12] In the Baltics, R1a1a frequencies decrease from Lithuania (45%) to Estonia (around 30%).[67][68][69][12][70]
There is a significant presence in peoples of Scandinavian descent, with highest levels in Norway and Iceland, where between 20 and 30% of men are
in R1a1a.[71][72] Vikings and Normans may have also carried the R1a1a lineage westward; accounting for at least part of the small presence in the
6 de 24 28/06/19 00:33
British Isles.[73][74] In East Germany, where Haplogroup R1a1a reaches a peak frequency in Rostock at a
percentage of 31.3%, it averages between 20 and 30%.[75]
In Southern Europe R1a1a is not common, but significant levels have been found in pockets, such as in the
Pas Valley in Northern Spain, areas of Venice, and Calabria in Italy.[76] The Balkans shows lower
frequencies, and significant variation between areas, for example more than 30% in Slovenia, Croatia and
Greek Macedonia, but less than 10% in Albania, Kosovo and parts of Greece.[77][69][12]
R1a is virtually composed only of the Z284 subclade in Scandinavia, which is only found in single sample
of a Slovenian in Eastern Europe, where the main subclade is Z282 (Z280 and M458) and there is a
negligible representation of Z93 in each region other than Turkey.[42] The West Slavs and Hungarians are Distribution of R1a in Europe
characterized by a high frequency of the subclade M458 and a low Z92, a subclade of Z280. Hundreds of
samples of each Slovenians, and Czechs lack the Z92 subclade of Z280, while Poles, Slovaks, Croats and
Hungarians only show a very low frequency of Z92.[42] The Balts, East Slavs, Serbs, Macedonians,
Bulgarians and Romanians demonstrate a ratio Z280>M458 and a high, up to a prevailing share of
Z92.[42] Balts and East Slavs have the same subclades and similar frequencies in a more detailed
phylogeny of the subclades.[78][79] The Russian geneticist Oleg Balanovsky speculated that there is a
predominance of the assimilated pre-Slavic substrate in the genetics of East and West Slavic populations,
according to him the common genetic structure which contrasts East Slavs and Balts from other
populations may suggest the explanation that the pre-Slavic substrate of the East Slavs consisted most Distribution of R1a (purple) and R1b
(red).
significantly of Baltic-speakers, which at one point predated the Slavs in the cultures of the Eurasian
steppe according to archaeological and toponymic references.[80]
Asia
Central Asia
In Central Asia, R1a1a is found at 64% among the Tajiks of Tajikistan and 63% among the Kyrgyz of Kyrgyzstan.[81]
In Afghanistan, R1a1a is found at 51% among the Pashtuns and 30% among the Tajiks. It is found at 18% among the Uzbeks and 7% among the
Hazaras.[82]
South Asia
In South Asia, R1a1a has often been observed with high frequency in a number of demographic groups.[33][32]
In India, high frequencies of this haplogroup is observed in West Bengal Brahmins (72%)[32] to the east, Gujarat Lohanas (60%) [3] to the west,
Khatris (67%)[3] in the north and Iyengar Brahmins (31%)[32] in the south. It has also been found in several South Indian Dravidian-speaking
Adivasis including the Chenchu (26%) and the Valmikis of Andhra Pradesh, Kota (22.58%)[83] and the Kallar of Tamil Nadu suggesting that R1a1a is
widespread in Tribal Southern Indians.[11]
Besides these, studies show high percentages in regionally diverse groups such as Manipuris (50%)[3] to the extreme North East and among Punjabis
(47%)[11] to the extreme North West.
In Pakistan it is found at 71% among the Mohanna tribe in Sindh province to the south and 46% among the Baltis of Gilgit-Baltistan to the north.[3]
Among the Sinhalese of Sri Lanka, 23% were found to be R1a1a (R-SRY1532) positive.[84] Hindus of Chitwan District in the Terai region Nepal show
it at 69%.[85]
East Asia
The frequency of R1a1a is comparatively low among some Turkic-speaking groups like Yakuts, yet levels are higher (19 to 28%) in certain Turkic or
Mongolic-speaking groups of Northwestern China, such as the Bonan, Dongxiang, Salar, and Uyghurs.[13][86][87]
A Chinese paper published in 2018 found R1a-Z94 in 38.5% (15/39) of a sample of Keriyalik Uyghurs from Darya Boyi/Darya Boye Village,
Yutian/Keriya County, Xinjiang (于⽥县达⾥雅布依乡), R1a-Z93 in 28.9% (22/76) of a sample of Dolan Uyghurs from Horiqol township, Awat
County, Xinjiang (阿⽡提县乌鲁却勒镇), and R1a-Z93 in 6.3% (4/64) of a sample of Loplik Uyghurs from Karquga/Qarchugha Village, Yuli/Lopnur
County, Xinjiang (尉犁县喀尔曲尕乡). R1a(xZ93) was observed only in one of 76 Dolan Uyghurs.[88] Note that Darya Boyi Village is located in a
remote oasis formed by the Keriya River in the Taklamakan Desert.
7 de 24 28/06/19 00:33
In a 2014 paper, R1a1a has been detected in 1.8% (2/110) of Chinese samples. These two samples (R-M17, R-M198, R-M434, R-M458 for both)
belonged to Han individuals from Fujian and Shanxi provinces.[89]
In Eastern Siberia, R1a1a is found among certain indigenous ethnic groups including Kamchatkans and Chukotkans, and peaking in Itel'man at
22%.[90]
West Asia
R1a1a has been found in various forms, in most parts of Western Asia, in widely varying concentrations, from almost no presence in areas such as
Jordan, to much higher levels in parts of Kuwait and Iran. The Shimar (Shammar) Bedouin tribe in Kuwait show the highest frequency in the Middle
East at 43%.[91][92][93])
Wells 2001, noted that in the western part of the country, Iranians show low R1a1a levels, while males of eastern parts of Iran carried up to 35%
R1a1a. Nasidze 2004 found R1a1a in approximately 20% of Iranian males from the cities of Tehran and Isfahan. Regueiro 2006 in a study of Iran,
noted much higher frequencies in the south than the north.
A newer Study has found 20.3% R-M17* among Kurdish samples which were taken in the Kurdistan Province in western Iran, 9.7% among
Mazandaranis in North Iran in the province of Mazandaran, 9.4% among Gilaks in province of Gilan, 12.8% among Persian and 17.6% among
Zoroastrians in Yazd, 18.2% among Persians in Isfahan, 20.3% among Persians in Khorasan, 16.7% Afro-Iranians, 18.4% Qeshmi "Gheshmi", 21.4%
among Persian Speaking Bandari people in Hormozgan and 25% among the Baloch people in Sistan and Baluchestan Province.[94]
Haplogroup R1a1a was found at elevated levels among a sample of the Israeli population who self-designated themselves as Levites and Ashkenazi
Jews (Levites comprise approximately 4% of Jews). Behar reported R1a1a to be the dominant haplogroup in Ashkenazi Levites (52%), although rare
in Ashkenazi Cohanim (1.3%).[66]
Further to the north of these Middle Eastern regions on the other hand, R1a1a levels start to increase in the Caucasus, once again in an uneven way.
Several populations studied have shown no sign of R1a1a, while highest levels so far discovered in the region appears to belong to speakers of the
Karachay-Balkar language among whom about one quarter of men tested so far are in haplogroup R1a1a.[3]
The frequency of R1a1a is comparatively low among some Turkic-speaking groups including Turks and Azeris.
Popular science
Bryan Sykes in his book Blood of the Isles gives imaginative names to the founders or "clan patriarchs" of major British Y haplogroups, much as he
did for mitochondrial haplogroups in his work The Seven Daughters of Eve. He named R1a1a in Europe the "clan" of a "patriarch" Sigurd, reflecting
the theory that R1a1a in the British Isles has Norse origins.
Historic naming of "R1a"

The historic naming system commonly used for R1a was inconsistent in different published sources, because it changed often; this requires some
explanation.
In 2002, the Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC) proposed a new naming system for haplogroups (YCC 2002), which has now become standard. In this
system, names with the format "R1" and "R1a" are "phylogenetic" names, aimed at marking positions in a family tree. Names of SNP mutations can
also be used to name clades or haplogroups. For example, as M173 is currently the defining mutation of R1, R1 is also R-M173, a "mutational" clade
name. When a new branching in a tree is discovered, some phylogenetic names will change, but by definition all mutational names will remain the
same.
The widely occurring haplogroup defined by mutation M17 was known by various names, such as "Eu19", as used in (Semino 2000) in the older
naming systems. The 2002 YCC proposal assigned the name R1a to the haplogroup defined by mutation SRY1532.2. This included Eu19 (i.e. R-M17)
as a subclade, so Eu19 was named R1a1. Note, SRY1532.2 is also known as SRY10831.2 The discovery of M420 in 2009 has caused a reassignment of
these phylogenetic names.(Underhill 2009 and ISOGG 2012) R1a is now defined by the M420 mutation: in this updated tree, the subclade defined by
SRY1532.2 has moved from R1a to R1a1, and Eu19 (R-M17) from R1a1 to R1a1a.
More recent updates recorded at the ISOGG reference webpage involve branches of R-M17, including one major branch, R-M417.
Contrasting family trees for R1a, showing th

2002 Scheme proposed in (YCC 2002) 2009 Scheme as per
As M420 went undetected, M420 lineages were classified as either R1* After 2009, a new layer was inserted c
or R1a (SRY1532.2, also known as SRY10831.2) closest known re
8 de 24 28/06/19 00:33
All cases without M343 or SRY1532.2 (including a minority M420+ R1* All cases without M343 or M420 (smalle
R1*  
  cases)
  R1a* All cases with M
  R1a*
 
      R
  R1a1*    
   
 
M56 R1a1a
  M56
R1a M157  
R1 SRY1532.2 R1a1b
M173 R1a1   M15
(SRY10831.2)
    M17, M198  
M87, M204
  M64.2 M64.
R1a1c
   
R1b P98
M343 sibling clade to R1a
 
  PK5
R1a  
R1 M420 R1a1
R1a1a M43
M173   SRY1532.2
  M17, M198  
 
 
M45
 
Page
 
R1b
M343 Sibling clade to R1a (same as be
 
9 de 24 28/06/19 00:33
See also
List of R1a frequency by population Genetics and Archaeogenetics of South Asia
Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
Neanderthal Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups Haplogroup Q-M242 (Y-DNA)
Genetic history of Europe
Y-DNA R-M207 subclades

R-L21 R-M207
R-L295 R-M342
R-M124 R-M420
R-M167 R-M479
R-M17 R-U106
R-M173
Y-DNA backbone tree

Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1 [χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1 F2 F3 GHIJK
G HIJK
IJK H
IJ K
I J LT [χ 5] K2 [χ 6]
L T K2a [χ 7] K2b [χ 8] K2c K2d K2
K-M2313 [χ 10] K2b1 [χ 11] P [χ 12]
NO S [χ 13] M [χ 14] P1 P2
N O Q R
Y-DNA by population · Y-DNA haplogroups of historic people
10 de 24 28/06/19 00:33
Footnotes
1 Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". H
Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhumu.22468). PMID 24166809 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24166809). · 2 Internation
Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015 (http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_YDNATreeTrunk.html). (Access date: 1 February 2015.) · 3
Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4). · 4 Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4. · 5 Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplo
K1. · 6 Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT. · 7
Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. (This followed the publication of: Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez F
al. (2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4884158).
Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–9. doi:10.1038/ng.3559 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng.3559). PMC 4884158 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4884158). PMID 2711
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27111036). In the past, other haplogroups, including NO (M214) and K2e had also been identified with the name "K2a". · 8 Haplogroup K
(M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS. · 9 Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the pr
K2a). · 10 K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition,
K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335"
(https://www.yfull.com/tree/K-M2335/), and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (http://www.phylotree.org/Y/marker_list.htm) (Access
of these pages: 9 December 2017) · 11 Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure. · 12 Haplogro
Notes
1. According to Family Tree, they diversified ca. 5,000 years ago.[8]
2. Kivisild et al. (2003): "Haplogroup R1a, previously associated with the putative Indo-Aryan invasion, was found at its highest frequency in Punjab
but also at a relatively high frequency (26%) in the Chenchu tribe. This finding, together with the higher R1a-associated short tandem repeat
diversity in India and Iran compared with Europe and central Asia, suggests that southern and western Asia might be the source of this
haplogroup."[11]
3. Semenov and Bulat refer to the following publications:
5. Haak W. et al. Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. doi:10.1101/013433 (https://doi.org
/10.1101%2F013433).
6. Mathieson I et al. Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe. doi:10.1101/016477 (https://doi.org/10.1101%2F016477)
8. Chekunova Е.М., Yartseva N.V., Chekunov М.К., Мazurkevich А.N. The First Results of the Genotyping of the Aboriginals and Human Bone
Remains of the Archeological Memorials of the Upper Podvin’e. // Archeology of the lake settlements of IV—II Thousands BC: The chronology of
cultures and natural environment and climatic rhythms. Proceedings of the International Conference, Devoted to the 50-year Research of the
Pile Settlements on the North-West of Russia. St. Petersburg, 13–15 November 2014.
9. Eppie R. Jones et al. Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians. Nature Communications. doi:10.1038/ncomms9912
(https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms9912) PMID 26567969 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26567969)
4. Yet, Haak et al. also explicitly state: "...a type of Near Eastern ancestry different from that which was introduced by early farmers."[25]
5. According to Family Tree DNA, L664 formed 4,700 ybp, that is, 2,700 BCE.[8]
6. Lazaridis, Twitter, 18 juni 2016 (https://twitter.com/iosif_lazaridis/status/744192603424456704): "I1635 (Armenia_EBA) is R1b1-M415(xM269).
We'll be sure to include in the revision. Thanks to the person who noticed! #ILovePreprints."
See also Eurogenes Blog, Big deal of 2016: the territory of present-day Iran cannot be the Indo-European homeland
(http://eurogenes.blogspot.nl/2016/11/big-deal-of-2016-territory-of-present.html), for a discussion of the same topic.
7. See map for M780 distribution at Dieneke's Anthropology Blog, Major new article on the deep origins of Y-haplogroup R1a (Underhill et al.
2014)[29]
8. According to Family Tree DNA, M780 formed 4700 ybp.[8] This dating coincides with the eastward movement between 2800 and 2600 BCE of
the Yamnaya culture into the region of the Poltavka culture, a predecessor of the Sintashta culture, from which the Indo-Iranians originated.
M780 is concentrated in the Ganges Valley, the locus of the classic Vedic society.
9. Poznik et al. (2026) calculate with a generation time of 30 years; a generation time of 20 years yields other results.
10. "The evidence that the Steppe_MLBA [Middle to Late Bronze Age] cluster is a plausible source for the Steppe ancestry in South Asia is also
supported by Y chromosome evidence, as haplogroup R1a which is of the Z93 subtype common in South Asia today [Underhill et al 2015, M.
Silva et al 2017] was of high frequency in Steppe_MLBA (68%) (16), but rare in Steppe_EMBA [Early to Middle Bronze Age] (absent in our
data)."[31]
11 de 24 28/06/19 00:33
11. Lucotte (2015) dates the origin in the subcontinent to approximately 15,500 year before present[35] Datations show that the Z93 Pakistano-Indian
group is the most ancient (about 15,5 K years); in Europe, the Eastern populations are the most ancient (about 12,5 K years) and the Northern
ones the most recent.
12. Qutes:
Sahoo et al. (2006): "... one should expect to observe dramatically lower genetic variation among Indian Rla lineages. In fact, the opposite is
true: the STR haplotype diversity on the background of R1a in Central Asia (and also in Eastern Europe) has already been shown to be lower
than that in India (6). Rather, the high incidence of R1* and Rla throughout Central Asian European populations (without R2 and R* in most
cases) is more parsimoniously explained by gene flow in the opposite direction, possibly with an early founder effect in South or West
Asia.[36]
Sharma et al. (2009): "A peculiar observation of the highest frequency (up to 72.22%) of Y-haplogroup R1a1* in Brahmins hinted at its
presence as a founder lineage for this caste group. Further, observation of R1a1* in different tribal population groups, existence of
Y-haplogroup R1a* in ancestors and extended phylogenetic analyses of the pooled dataset of 530 Indians, 224 Pakistanis and 276 Central
Asians and Eurasians bearing the R1a1* haplogroup supported the autochthonous origin of R1a1 lineage in India and a tribal link to Indian
Brahmins. However, it is important to discover novel Y-chromosomal binary marker(s) for a higher resolution of R1a1* and confirm the
present conclusions."[1]
13. Sengupta et al. (2006): "The widespread geographic distribution of HG R1a1-M17 across Eurasia and the current absence of informative
subdivisions defined by binary markers leave uncertain the geographic origin of HG R1a1-M17. However, the contour map of R1a1-M17
variance shows the highest variance in the northwestern region of India [...] The question remains of how distinctive is the history of L1 relative to
some or all of R1a1 and R2 representatives. This uncertainty neutralizes previous conclusions that the intrusion of HGs R1a1 and R2 from the
northwest in Dravidian-speaking southern tribes is attributable to a single recent event. [R1a1 and R2] could have actually arrived in southern
India from a southwestern Asian source region multiple times, with some episodes considerably earlier than others. Considerable archeological
evidence exists regarding the presence of Mesolithic peoples in India (Kennedy 2000), some of whom could have entered the subcontinent from
the northwest during the late Pleistocene epoch. The high variance of R1a1 in India (table 12), the spatial frequency distribution of R1a1
microsatellite variance clines (fig. 4), and expansion time (table 11) support this view."[32]
14. See also eurogenes, "Heavily sex-biased" population dispersals into the Indian Subcontinent (Silva et al. 2017) (http://eurogenes.blogspot.com
/2017/03/heavily-sex-biased-population.html).
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80. П, Балановский О. (2015-11-30). Генофонд Европы (https://books.google.com/?id=sNYPCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA208&lpg=PA208&dq=%D0

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f=false) (in Russian). KMK Scientific Press. ISBN 9785990715707. "Прежде всего, это преобладание в славянских популяциях
дославянского субстрата — двух ассимилированных ими генетических компонентов – восточноевропейского для западных и восточных
славян и южноевропейского для южных славян...Можно с осторожностью предположить, что ассимилированный субстратмог быть
представлен по преимуществу балтоязычными популяциями. Действительно, археологические данные указыва ют на очень широкое
распространение балтских групп перед началом расселения славян. Балтскийсубстрату славян (правда, наряду с финно-угорским)
выявляли и антропологи. Полученные нами генетические данные — и на графиках генетических взаимоотношений, и по доле общих
фрагментов генома — указывают, что современные балтские народы являются ближайшими генетически ми соседями восточных
славян. При этом балты являются и лингвистически ближайшими род ственниками славян. И можно полагать, что к моменту
ассимиляции их генофонд не так сильно отличался от генофонда начавших свое широкое расселение славян. Поэтому если
предположить,что расселяющиеся на восток славяне ассимилировали по преимуществу балтов, это может объяснить и сходство
современных славянских и балтских народов друг с другом, и их отличия от окружающих их не балто-славянских групп Европы...В
работе высказывается осторожное предположение, что ассимилированный субстрат мог быть представлен по преимуществу
балтоязычными популяциями. Действительно, археологические данные указывают на очень широкое распространение балтских групп
перед началом расселения славян. Балтский субстрат у славян (правда, наряду с финно-угорским) выявляли и антропологи.
Полученные в этой работе генетические данные — и на графиках генетических взаимоотношений, и по доле общих фрагментов генома
— указывают, что современные балтские народы являются ближайшими генетическими соседями восточных славян."
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Further reading
South Asia
Tony Joseph (june 2017), How genetics is settling the Aryan migration debate (https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/how-genetics-is-
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External links
DNA Tree
FTDNA R1a Y-chromosome Haplogroup Project (http://www.familytreedna.com/public/R1aY%2DHaplogroup/)

R1a1a1 and Subclades Y-DNA Project – Background (http://www.familytreedna.com/public/R1a/default.aspx) Family Tree DNA R1a1a1
TMRCA
TMRCA = Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor (http://taylorfamilygenes.info/TMRCA.shtml)
Various
23 de 24 28/06/19 00:33
Danish Demes Regional DNA Project: Y-DNA Haplogroup R1a (http://danishdemes.org/YDNA-results-HgR1a.shtml)

Eurogenes Blog, The Poltovka outlier (http://eurogenes.blogspot.nl/2016/01/the-poltavka-outlier.html)
Avotaynu Online, The Y-DNA Fingerprint of the Shpoler Zeida, a Tzaddik Who Touched the World (http://www.avotaynuonline.com/2016/07
/identifying-the-genetic-fingerprint-of-a-tzaddik-that-touched-the-world-the-shpoler-zeida/)
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Haplogroup R1a - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

Haplogroup R1a, or haplogroup R-M420, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup which is

Geographic distribution of R1a1a

Diversification of R1a1a1 (M417) and ancient migrations

Proposed steppe dispersal of R1a1a

Source of R1a1a1 in Corded Ware culture

Proposed South Asian origins

P P295/PF5866/S8 (also known as K2b2).

SNP Mutation Y-position (NCBI36) Y-position (GRCh37) RefSNP ID

M17 INS G 20192556 21733168 rs3908

M198 C->T 13540146 15030752 rs2020857

M512 C->T 14824547 16315153 rs17222146

M514 C->T 17884688 19375294 rs17315926

M515 T->A 12564623 14054623 rs17221601

L168 A->G 14711571 16202177 -

L449 C->T 21376144 22966756 -

L457 G->A 14946266 16436872 rs113195541

R-Z282 (R1a1a1b1a) (Eastern Europe)

R-L260 (R1a1a1b1a1a) (Gwozdz's cluster P)

R1a1a1b1a2 (S466/Z280, S204/Z91)

R1a1a1b1a2b3* (Gwozdz's Cluster K)

R1a1a1b2 (R-Z93) (Asia)

Geographic distribution of R1a1a

R1a among other European

Historic naming of "R1a"

Contrasting family trees for R1a, showing th

Y-DNA R-M207 subclades

Y-DNA backbone tree

Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhumu.22468). PMID 24166809 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24166809). · 2 Internation

80. П, Балановский О. (2015-11-30). Генофонд Европы (https://books.google.com/?id=sNYPCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA208&lpg=PA208&dq=%D0

World, Princeton University Press

Balanovsky, O; Rootsi, S; Pshenichnov, A; Kivisild, T; Churnosov, M; Evseeva, I; Pocheshkhova, E; Boldyreva, M; et

FTDNA R1a Y-chromosome Haplogroup Project (http://www.familytreedna.com/public/R1aY%2DHaplogroup/)

TMRCA = Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor (http://taylorfamilygenes.info/TMRCA.shtml)

Danish Demes Regional DNA Project: Y-DNA Haplogroup R1a (http://danishdemes.org/YDNA-results-HgR1a.shtml)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_R1a&oldid=902914765"

This page was last edited on 22 June 2019, at 06:42 (UTC).

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