Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DESIGN
MANUAL
PART 5
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Part 5
Electrical Systems
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OF AMENDMENTS AND CORRIGENDA
CORRIGENDA
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Proper d e s i g n , i n s t a l l a t i o n and m a i n t e n a n c e of e l e c t r i c a l s y s t e m s f o r n a v i -
g a t i o n a i d s , b o t h v i s u a l and n o n v i s u a l , a r e p r e r e q u i s i t e s f o r t h e s a f e t y , r e g u l a r i t y ,
and e f f i c i e n c y of c i v i l a v i a t i o n . To t h i s e n d , t h i s manual p r o v i d e s g u i d a n c e on t h e
d e s i g n and i n s t a l l a t i o n of e l e c t r i c a l s y s t e m s f o r aerodrome l i g h t i n g and r a d i o n a v i g a -
tion aids.
The manual d o e s n o t d i s c u s s e l e c t r i c a l s y s t e m s f o r b u i l d i n g s l o c a t e d on a n
a i r p o r t o t h e r t h a n t h e e f f e c t of s u c h b u i l d i n g s on t o t a l power r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r p r i m a r y
and s e c o n d a r y power s u p p l i e s . S i m i l a r l y , t h e manual d o e s n o t d e a l w i t h t h e m a i n t e n a n c e
o f e l e c t r i c a l s y s t e m s . F o r g u i d a n c e on t h i s l a t t e r i s s u e t h e r e a d e r i s a d v i s e d t o r e f e r
t o t h e A i r p o r t S e r v i c e s Manual, (Doc 9 1 3 7 ) , P a r t 9, A i r p o r t Maintenance P r a c t i c e s .
F u t u r e e d i t i o n s of t h i s manual w i l l be improved on t h e b a s i s of e x p e r i e n c e
g a i n e d and of comments and s u g g e s t i o n s r e c e i v e d from u s e r s of t h i s manual. Readers of
t h i s manual a r e i n v i t e d t o g i v e t h e i r v i e w s , comments and s u g g e s t i o n s t o t h e S e c r e t a r y
G e n e r a l of ICAO.
Chapter 1 . Introduction ....................................................5-1
1.1 Purpose ............................................................5-1
1.2 O r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e manual ............................................ 5-1
Chapter 2. E l e c t r i c i t y S u p p l i e s ............................................5-2
3.7.1 Methods of m o n i t o r i n g
.......................... 5-51
M f n i t o r i n g of aerodrome l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s
5-51
................................
. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ e ~ e ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ p ~ t -e* 6 6 6 6 6 L i 5 i i
3.9.1 Application
................5-54
Acceptance t e s t i n g of aerodrome e l e c t r i c a l c i r c u i t s
.................................................5-54
3.9.2 Guarantee p e r i o d ............................................5-55
3.9.3 Inspection procedures .......................................5-55
3.9.4 .................5-57
E l e c t r i c a l t e s t of s e r i e s - c i r c u i t equipment
3.9.5
3.9.6
............................
.............................. 5-59
E l e c t r i c a l t e s t s of o t h e r c a b l e s
E l e c t r i c a l t e s t s of r e g u l a t o r s 5-60
3.9.7 Troubleshooting t e s t s .......................................5-61
3.9.8 .........*...........*...5-62
E l e c t r i c a l t e s t s of o t h e r equipment
3.9.9 ...........................................5-62
T e s t s of m o n i t o r s
T a b l e of C o n t e n t s (vii >
5.1
5.1.1 ...........5-77
F e a t u r e s of t h e c a b l e s . . . . . . e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e C e . . a e a e . O . I ) . . . . . . . . . . . .
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of c a b l e s f o r underground s e r v i c e 5-77
5.1.2
5.1.3
C l a s s e s of s e r v i c e
Causes of c a b l e damage
..........................................
......................................5-79
5-80
5.2 Cable c o n n e c t i o n s
5.2.1 Cable s p l i c e s
..................................................
...............................................5-82
5-82
5.2.2 Taped s p l i c e s ........................................a.....e5-83
5.2.3 Connector k i t s f o r aerodrome l i g h t i n g .......................5-85
5.2.4
5.2.5
Coaxial c a b l e s ..............................................
Connection of c o n d u c t o r s ....................................5-85
5-88
1.1 PURPOSE
1.1.1 To e n s u r e t h e r e g u l a r i t y and s a f e t y of a v i a t i o n , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t h a t a e r o -
drome l i g h t i n g and r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a l a i d s have h i g h i n t e g r i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y . It i s
c o n s i d e r e d t h a t t h e p r o b a b i l i t y of f a i l u r e of w e l l d e s i g n e d and m a i n t a i n e d l i g h t i n g and
r a d i o a i d s a t a c r i t i c a l moment i s e x t r e m e l y low,
2.1.1 General
Primary power s o u r c e s
2,1.2.2 T h i s power i s u s u a l l y s u p p l i e d a t h i g h e r v o l t a g e ( o v e r 5 0 0 0 v o l t s ) t o t h e
aerodrome main power s u b s t a t i o n .
P-
- WOAids
V i s u a l aids requiring ai
C l a s s lfication F r r % r
tine time
2.2.2.1 C e r t a i n t y p e s of lamps c a n n o t be r e s t a r t e d f o r s e v e r a l m i n u t e s i f t h e r e i s a
b r e a k i n t h e c u r r e n t t h r o u g h t h e lamp of more t h a n a few t e n t h s of a s e c o n d . Some t y p e s
of r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n and computer d e v i c e s a l l o w no i n t e r r u p t i o n of power, It i s n e c e s -
s a r y t o p r o v i d e a n u n i n t e r r u p t i b l e o r n e a r c o n t i n u o u s s o u r c e of power when t h e p r i m a r y
power s o u r c e f a i l s t o c a t e r t o s u c h equipment. Some d e v i c e s , s u c h a s some computers,
a r e c a p a b l e of accommodating o n l y v e r y l i m i t e d f l u c t u a t i o n s of f r e q u e n c y o r v o l t a g e and
r e q u i r e a t r u l y u n i n t e r r u p t i b l e power s u p p l y .
2.2.3 Methods of t r a n s f e r
- I 2 ~ i n u t et r a n s f e r t i m . m - e r e a 2 - m i n u t e t r a n s f e r t i m e i s p e r m i s s i b l e ,
l o c a l g a s o l i n e o r d i e s e l engine-generator o r gas turbine-generator s e t s
w i t h a u t o m a t i c o r remote s t a r t i n g and s w i t c h i n g are s a t i s f a c t o r y . In
t h i s 2--minute p e r i o d t h e e n g i n e o r t u r b i n e c a n be s t a r t e d and t h e s p e e d
and v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o a can be s t a b i l i z e d .
LC. i g u ~ e2-1,
o Example of a d o u b l e - l o o p o p e n - r i n g i n t e r - m e d i a t e v o l t a g e
d i s t r i b u t i o x network
P a r t 5.- E l e c t r i c a l Systems 5-7
f) Zero t r a n s f e r t i m e . For t h o s e f a c i l i t i e s r e q u i r i n g u n i n t e r r u p t i b l e
power and a c c e p t i n g o n l y l i m i t e d v a r i a t i o n s of v o l t a g e o r f r e q u e n c y ,
b a t t e r y - d r i v e n s t a t i c i n v e r t e r ( s ) o r g e n e r a t o r ( s ) ( s e e F i g u r e 2-2) may
be used. Although t h e s e c o n d a r y power t r a n s f e r s h o u l d u s u a l l y be
accomplished i n o n l y s e v e r a l s e c o n d s , t h e b a t t e r y s e t ( s ) s h o u l d be
c a p a b l e of o p e r a t i n g t h e f a c i l i t i e s f o r a minimum of 15 m i n u t e s w i t h o u t
recharging.
Component S
UPS MODULE
I
I
I
I
l
I
I
STATIC
-.
rlgure 2-2, T y p i c a l n o n r e d u n d a n t uninterruptibfe power s u p p l y
2.3,2.1 The b a s i c s e c o n d a r y power e n g i n e - g e n e r a t o r s e t c o n s i s t s of a p r i m e mover, a
g e n e r a t o r o r a l t e r n a t o r , a s t a r t i n g d e v i c e , s t a r t i n g c o n t r o l s , and a f u e l t a n k o r
supply. E n g i n e - g e n e r a t o r s e t s f o r s e c o n d a r y power u n i t s a r e u s u a l l y i n 1 0 0 t o
500 k i l o v o l t - a m p e r e s c a p a c i t i e s b u t may r a n g e f r o m 50 t o 1 000 k i l o v o l t - a m p e r e s i n
capacity .
a) Prime movers. The prime movers f o r most s e c o n d a r y power u n i t s a r e
g a s o l i n e , d i e s e l , o r g a s e n g i n e s o r t u r b i n e s , t h e c h o i c e b e i n g b a s e d on
c o s t and a v a i l a b i l i t y of f u e l s . These prime movers a r e u s u a l l y
a v a i l a b l e i n s t a n d a r d i z e d s i z e s w i t h a d e q u a t e power t o h a n d l e t h e
k i l o v o l t - a m p e r e r a t i n g of t h e g e n e r a t o r . The prime movers f o r most
major aerodromes a r e r a p i d - s t a r t t y p e s which can s t a r t a u t o m a t i c a l l y ,
s t a b i l i z e t h e s p e e d , and be c o n n e c t e d t o t h e l o a d w i t h i n 1 0 s e c o n d s .
b) Generators. The g e n e r a t o r , u s u a l l y a n a l t e r n a t o r , i s m e c h a n i c a l l y
c o u p l e d t o t h e prime mover and p r o v i d e s s e c o n d a r y e l e c t r i c a l power a t
t h e f r e q u e n c y , v o l t a g e , and power r a t i n g of t h e u n i t . These g e n e r a t o r s
may be e i t h e r s i n g l e p h a s e o r t h r e e phase. They s h o u l d h a v e h i g h
e f f i c i e n c y i n c o n v e r t i n g mechanical energy t o e l e c t r i c a l energy.
c) S t a r t i n g d e v i c e s . Most s e c o n d a r y power e n g i n e - g e n e r a t o r s e t s u s e
b a t t e r y packs t o s t o r e energy f o r s t a r t i n g . Because o f t h e i n f r e q u e n t
u s e , s h o r t o p e r a t i n g p e r i o d s , h i g h s t a r t i n g c u r r e n t demands, and c o s t ,
l e a d - a c i d t y p e b a t t e r i e s a r e used most f r e q u e n t l y f o r s t a r t i n g t h e s e
units. The b a t t e r y pack ( o f t e n a s e t of b a t t e r i e s c o n n e c t e d i n s e r i e s
a n d / o r p a r a l l e l ) must be c a p a b l e of p r o v i d i n g t h e v o l t a g e and c u r r e n t
needed t o s t a r t t h e e n g i n e w i t h i n t h e r e q u i r e d t i m e l i m i t s and u n d e r t h e
most s e v e r e c o n d i t i o n s ( u s u a l l y a low t e m p e r a t u r e of -7°C) a t which t h e
s e c o n d a r y power u n l t i s e x p e c t e d t o o p e r a t e . A b a t t e r y c h a r g e r w i t h
o v e r - c u r r e n t and over-charge c o n t r o l i s p e r m a n e n t l y c o n n e c t e d t o t h e
e l c t r i c a l power t o m a i n t a i n t h e s t o r e d e n e r g y i n t h e b a t t e r i e s . The
b a t t e r y pack s h o u l d b e w e l l v e n t i l a t e d t o p r e v e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n of
hydrogen g a s and s h o u l d be p r o t e c t e d f r o m a r c s , s p a r k s , o r f l a m e s which
c o u l d c a u s e a n e x p l o s i o n of any accumulated g a s . Nickel-cadmium
b a t t e r i e s may b e u s e d where s p e c i a l c o n d i t i o n s w a r r a n t t h e i r h i g h
i n i t i a l cost. Flywheels, pneumatic-pressure v e s s e l s , other-than-battery
stored-energy devices a r e used i n f r e q u e n t l y f o r engine s t a r t i n g because
of u n r e l i a b i l i t y o r c o s t .
d) S t a r t i n g c o n t r o l s . The c o n t r o l s f o r t h e e n g i n e - g e n e r a t o r s e t a r e
u s u a l l y a u t o m a t i c s t a r t w i t h t h e s e n s o r f o r primary power f a i l u r e a s
p a r t of t h e t r a n f e r s w i t c h i n g d e v i c e . Manual o r r e m o t e c o n t r o l s a r e
sometimes u s e d f o r f a c i l i t i e s w i t h low c r i t i c a l r e q u i r e m e n t s . Once i t
i s s t a r t e d , s p e e d and power a r e a u t o m a t i c a l l y r e g u l a t e d by t h e e n g i n e
and t h e e l e c t r i c a l l o a d i s c o n n e c t e d by t h e t r a n s f e r s w i t c h . The e n g i n e
generator should o p e r a t e automatically without adjustment o r o t h e r
a t t e n t i o n . T r a n s f e r of power back t o t h e p r i m a r y s o u r c e a n d s t o p p i n g
t h e e n g i n e may be a u t o m a t i c o r by remote c o n t r o l .
e1 . L i q u i d f u e l f o r s e c o n d a r y power i s u s u a l l y s t o r e d i n t a n k s
near t h e engine generator location. The c a p a c i t y of t h e f u e l t a n k s
s h o u l d be a d e q u a t e f o r t h e m a x i m u m o p e r a t i n g t i m e e x p e c t e d of t h e
engine-generator. Some a u t h o r i t i e s r e q u i r e a minimum of 72 h o u r s
supply. Others d e s i g n f o r a l e s s e r time p e r i o d , but t h e t i m e period
u s u a l l y s h o u l d be a t l e a s t t w i c e t h e maximum d u r a t i o n e x p e c t e d of
c o n d i t i o n s t h a t c o u l d r e q u i r e t h e u s e of s e c o n d a r y power. Fuel tanks
and c o n n e c t i o n s s h o u l d meet a l l s a f e t y r e q u i r e m e n t s and s h o u l d p r o v i d e
convenient access f o r r e f u e l l i n g . These t a n k s s h o u l d a l s o p r o v i d e
a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r t e s t i n g f o r c o n t a m i n a t i o n of t h e f u e l , e s p e c i a l l y t h e
a c c u m u l a t i o n of w a t e r i n t h e t a n k .
Power t r a n s f e r s w i t c h i n g
2.3.4.1 An u n i n t e r r u p t i b l e e l e c t r i c power s u p p l y i s n e c e s s a r y f o r e l e c t r o n i c o r
o t h e r equipment t h a t performs a c r i t i c a l f u n c t i o n and r e q u i r e s c o n t i n u o u s , d i s t u r b a n c e -
f r e e e l e c t r i c power t o o p e r a t e p r o p e r l y .
c > The b a t t e r y s h o u l d b e a h e a v y - d u t y i n d u s t r i a l u n i t of t h e
lead-cadmium t y p e h a v i n g a n ampere-hour r a t i n g s u f f i c i e n t t o s u p p l y
d i r e c t c u r r e n t t o t h e i n v e r t e r as r e q u i r e d by t h e UPS s y s t e m
manufacturer's i n s t a l l a t i o n instructions. The b a t t e r y i s u s u a l l y
f u r n i s h e d w i t h t w o - t i e r r a c k s ; however, w h e r e s p a c e i s l i m i t e d t h r e e -
t i e r r a c k s may b e n e c e s s a r y .
2.4.1 Shelters
2.4.1.1 Host e l e c t r i c a l e q u i p m e n t f o r a i r p o r t L i g h t i n g a n d o t h e r f a c i l i t i e s i s
l o c a t e d i n v a u i c s o r s p e c i a i s h e l t e r s f o r p r o t e c t i o n from t h e weather and f o r b e t t e r
security. S u b s t a t i o n s f o r h i g h v o l t a g e a r e u s u a l l y o u t d o o r s , and medium v o l t a g e
d i s t r i h ~ f i o nt r a n s f o r m e r % a r e o f t e n p o l e mounted o r p l a c e d o n f e n c e d t r a n s f o r m e r p a d s .
Host e l e c t r i c a l v a u l t s & r e a b o v e ground aad made of f i r e ~ r o ~materials. f Peinforced
5-1 2 Aerodrome D e s i n n I?lanual
BATTERY PACK
NONAUTOMATIC
CIRCUIT BREAKER
UPS OUTPUT T
CRITICAL BUS
2.4.2 Location
2=4+3.1 A s s p e c i a l p u r p o s e b u i l d i n g s , e l e c t r i c a l v a u l t s may r e q u i r e s p e c i a l f e a t u r e s
t o p r o v i d e s a f e t y and r e l i a b l e performance of t h e equipment. Some of t h e s e f e a t u r e s a r e
a s follows:
b) Access. Adequate a c c e s s s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d f o r r e p a i r s , m a i n t e n a n c e ,
i n s t a l l a t i o n , and removal of equipment.
dj S e c u r i t y . Each e l e c ~ r i c a lv a u i c s h o u l d b e e q u i p p e d t o d e t e r i n a d v e r t e n t
o r p r e m e d i t a t e d a c c e s s by u n a u t h o r i z e d p e r s o n s . T h i s s e c u r i t y i s
n e c e s s a r y t o p r e v e n t i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h equipmeat o p e r a t i o n and t o
p r o t s c t t h o s s persGns f r o m p ~ s s i b l ee l e c t r i c s h ~ c k . Some rnerhods u s e d
a r e b a r r e d and s c r e e n e d windows, heavy-duty m e t a l d o o r s w i t h p a d l o c k s ,
and s e c u r i t y fencing.
e > . E l e c t r i c a l v a u l t s s h o u l d be w e l l i l l u m i n a t e d f o r u s e
e i t h e r day o r n i g h t . T h i s l i g h t i n g i s u s u a l l y p r o v i d e d by i n t e r i o r
l i g h t s of a s i z e , t y p e , and l o c a t i o n t o p r o v i d e good v i s i b i l i t y i n a l l
a r e a s . Poor v i s i b i l i t y c a n i n c r e a s e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r a c c i d e n t s
r e s u l t i n g i n e l e c t r i c a l shock o r improper c o n t r o l and a d j u s t m e n t s .
g) E l e c t r i c a l conduits. E l e c t r i c a l v a u l t s s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d w i t h a
s u f f i c i e n t number of c o n d u i t s and c a b l e e n t r a n c e a c c e s s e s t o a v o i d l a t e r
m o d i f i c a t i o n of t h e s t r u c t u r e t o p e r m i t t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n of a d d i t i o n a l
i n p u t o r o u t p u t c i r c u i t s . These c a b l e s e n t r a n c e s a r e u s u a l l y t h r o u g h
underground c o n d u i t s which may be c o n n e c t e d t o e x i s t i n g c a b l e d u c t s ,
d i r e c t - b u r i a l c a b l e s , o r unused c o n d u i t s a v a i l a b l e f o r f u t u r e e x p a n s i o n .
Unused c o n d u i t s s h o u l d be p l u g g e d , and c o n d u i t s w i t h c a b l e s s h o u l d be
sealed.
2.5.1 General
2.5.3.1 The f o l l o w i n g f a c t o r s s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e d e s i g n of a n o v e r h e a d
power d i s t r i b u t i o n system:
a) Application. Use o v e r h e a d d i s t r i b u t i o n i n l i e u of u n d e r g r o u n d d i s t r i b u -
t i o n wherever f e a s i b l e .
b) Capacity. P r o v i d e f o r s p a r e c a p a c i t y i n e a c h p o r t i o n of t h e c i r c u i t .
Peak l o a d s do n o t r e l a t e d i r e c t l y t o s p a r e c a p a c i t y .
2.5.4.1 R e g u l a t o r s a r e u s e d f o r c o r r e c t i o n of 1 i n e v o Z t a g e v a r i a t i o n s r e s u l t i n g f r o m
c h a n g i n g l o a d s o r u t i l i t y company i n p u t v o l t a g e changes. Do n o t u s e t h e s e r e g u l a t o r s t o
c o r r e c t f o r excessive voltage drops. B o o s t e r t r a n s f o r m e r s which c o r r e c t f o r v o l t a g e
d r o p s h o u l d be used o n l y i n r a r e i n s t a n c e s a s , i n most c a s e s , c o r r e c t d e s i g n e l i m i n a t e s
e x c e s s i v e v o l t a g e drop.
a) Rating. Choose t h e r a t i n g of t h e r e g u l a t i n g d e v i c e s i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h
t h e amount of r e b w l a t i o n r e q u i r e d .
b) Selection. Choose t h e t y p e of r e g u l a t o r s f r o m f i x e d c a p a c i t o r s ,
s w i t c h e d c a p a c i t o r s , m u l t i s t e p (motor-driven t a p c h a n g i n g ) r e g u l a t o r s ,
and i n d u c t i o n ( s t e p l e s s v o l t a g e c h a n g e ) r e g u l a t o r s .
2.5.5.1 S e l e c t t h e t y p e of power l i n e s i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e t y p e o f c i r c u i t
i n v o l v e d and t h e c o n d i t i o n s t o which i t i s s u b j e c t e d f r o m t h e f o l l o w i n g :
a) Open w i r e ( b a r e o r w e a t h e r p r o o f ) on i n s u l a t o r s .
b) A e r i a l c a b l e , s e l f s u p p o r t e d o r s u p p o r t e d by a h i g h s t r e n g t h s t e e l
( m e s s e n g e r ) c a b l e , c o n s i s t i n g of i n s u l a t e d , b u n d l e d , s i n g l e - c o n d u c t o r
cable o r multiple-conductor cable.
a) Poles.
P
Wood, c o n c r e t e ( r e i n f o r c e d w i t h p r e s t r e s s i n g o r p o s t
t e n s i o n i n g ) , o r m e t a l ( s t e e l o r aluminum) may be used. Concrete or
m e t a l p o l e s s h o u l d b e u s e d o n l y where t h e y a r e more e c o n o m i c a l o r
s p e c i a l considerations warrant t h e i r use.
b) Footings. P r o v i d e f o o t i n g s , o r r e i n f o r c e m e n t s of t h e p o l e b u t t - e n d , a s
r e q u i r e d by f o u n d a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s .
c) C o n f i g u r a t i o n . Armless c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r a e r i a l l i n e s i s u s u a l l y l e s s
c o s t l y t h a n c r o s s a r m c o n s t r u c t i o n and i t s u s e i s p r e f e r r e d , as i s m u l t i -
corlductor s e c o n d a r y c a b l e w i t h a l a r g e n e u t r a l c o n d u c t o r a s t h e s u p p o r t -
i n g member o v e r i n d i v i d u a l s u p p o r t e d c o n d u c t o r s . Use c r o s s a r m s mainly
f o r equipment s u p p o r t .
2.5.6 Conductors
2.5.6.1 S i z e l i m i t a t i o n s . L i m i t t h e u s e of p o l e - l i n e c o n d u c t o r s i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h
T a b l e 2-2 f o r an econom%cal s y s t e m f r o m t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n , o p e r a t i o n a l , and m a i n t e n a n c e
p o i n t s of view. S p e c i a l i r l s t a n c e s may r e q u i r e l a r g e r c o n d u c t o r s . I n a l l i n s t a n c e s be
s u r e t h a t t h e t y p e and s i z e of c o n d u c t o r s u s e d p r o v i d e s a d e q u a t e s t r e n g t h f o r t h e s p a n
l e n g t h s and l o a d i n g c o n d i t i o n s .
T a b l e 2-2
Conductor t y p e
2.5.6.2 Base w i r e s i z e on t h e r a n g e s shown i n Table 2-2. Primary w i r e
s i z e s u s u a l l y s h o u l d n o t be l e s s t h a n 13.0 mm2 copper o r 33.0 mm2 aluminum. For primary
c o n d u c t o r s , s e l e c t from t h e f o l l o w i n g :
a) Bare c o p p e r c o n d u c t o r , s t r a n d e d o r s o l i d c o p p e r .
c) Bare aluminum c o n d u c t o r , s t e e l r e i n f o r c e d .
d) Bare h i g h s t r e n g t h all-aluminum a l l o y c o n d u c t o r .
a) I n s u l a t e d c o n d u c t o r , c o p p e r o r aluminum, p r e a s s e m b l e d n o n - m e t a l l i c -
sheathed o r metallic-sheathed, steel-cable-supported (messenger-
s u p p o r t e d ) a e r i a l c a b l e i s u s e d where n e c e s s a r y t o a v o i d e x p o s u r e t o
open w i r e h a z a r d s , f o r example, h i g h r e l i a b i l i t y s e r v i c e i n heavy s t o r m
areas.
b) Compound c o n d u c t o r m a t e r i a l s s u c h a s c o p p e r - c l a d s t e e l , aluminum-clad
s t e e l , g a l v a n i z e d s t e e l , o r b r o n z e a r e u s e d t o p r o v i d e h i g h s t r e n g t h and
corrosion resistance.
2.5.7 Insulators
a) Suspension t y p e , s i n g l e o r m u l t i p l e .
b) Spool t y p e .
c) L i n e - p o s t t y p e ( o n e - p i e c e p o r c e l a i n on a b o l t f o r mounting on c r o s s a r m s
o r on a s a d d l e on t h e s i d e of a p o l e ) .
2.5.8 Locknuts
2.5.9 Transformers
2.5.9.1 Mount t r a n s f o r m e r s on p o l e s o r a t g r o u n d l e v e l .
When s h e e t m e t a l e n c l o s u r e s a r e n o t t a m p e r p r o o f , ground
- mounted u n i t s s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d
with a fenced enclosure. A c o n c r e t e o r b r i c k s t r u c t u r e s h o u l d be u s e d where a d v e r s e
w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s make s u c h a n i n s t a l l a t i o n a d v i s a b l e .
a1 For s i n g l e - p o l e mounting, l i m i t t h e s i z e o f
single-phase o r three-phase u n i t s i n accordance w i t h approved p r a c t i c e s .
a) high-fire-point, liquid-immersed;
b) dry-type , ventilated;
c) dry-type, s e a l e d t a n k ; and
d) nonhazardous g a s - i n s u l a t e d .
2.5.9.4 T o x i c i n s u l a t i o n f l u i d s . The t r a n s f o r m e r s s h o u l d n o t u s e p o l y - c h l o r i n a t e d
b i p h e n y l (PCB) o r o t h e r h i g h l y t o x i c i n s u l a t i o n f l u i d s . Leakage o r m i s h a n d l i n g of t h e s e
c h e m i c a l s d u r i n g m a i n t e n a n c e t e s t i n g c a n be h a z a r d o u s t o p e r s o n n e l .
2.5.10 Capacitors
c) Capacitor switching. S e l e c t a t y p e of c a p a c i t o r s w i t c h i n g t h a t i s
s u i t a b l e f o r t h e c o n d i t i o n a t hand. P o s s i b l e c h o i c e s i n c l u d e remote
c o n t r o l of t h e c a p a c i t o r s w i t c h i n g d e v i c e , time-clock c o n t r o l , power-
factor relay control o r voltage-sensitive relay control.
2.5.11.1 F u s e s . A f t e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h e n e c e s s a r y c u r r e n t - c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t i e s ,
i n t e r r u p t i n g d u t i e s , and t i m e - c u r r e n t m e l t i n g and c l e a r i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , s e l e c t f u s e s
from t h e f o l l o w i n g t y p e s :
a) open f u s i b l e l i n k ;
b) expulsion type;
c) b o r i c - a c i d t y p e ; and
d) current-limiting type.
2.5.12.1 To d e t e r m i n e t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r l i g h t n i n g p r o t e c t i o n , c o n s i d e r o v e r h e a d
ground w i r e , open o r e x p u l s i o n g a p s , and d i s t r i b u t i o n - t y p e s u r g e ( l i g h t n i n g ) a r r e s t e r s .
The w e a t h e r s h o u l d a l s o be c o n s i d e r e d . P r o t e c t i o n f o r l i g h t n i n g - i n d u c e d s u r g e s may be
u n n e c e s s a r y i n a r e a s where a n n u a l l i g h t n i n g s t o r m s a r e few. A d m i n i s t r a t i v e p o l i c y o r
l o c a l e l e c t r i c power company p r a c t i c e s h o u l d u s u a l l y be f o l l o w e d . Select t h e proper
a r r e s t e r i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e c h o s e n b a s i c i m p u l s e i n s u l a t i o n l e v e l f o r which t h e
c i r c u i t must be b u i l t .
2.5.13 Clearances
2.5.13.1 P r o v i d e t h e n e c e s s a r y h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l c l e a r a n c e s f r o m a d j a c e n t
p h y s i c a l o b j e c t s , s u c h a s b u i l d i n g s , s t r u c t u r e s , and o t h e r e l e c t r i c l i n e s , a s r e q u i r e d
by t h e a p p l i c a b l e e l e c t r i c a l s a f e t y code. Provide a g a i n s t contingency i n t e r f e r e n c e s ,
s u c h as b r o k e n p o l e s , b r o k e n c r o s s a r m s , and b r o k e n c i r c u i t c o n d u c t o r s . Provide f o r
c l e a r a n c e c o n d i t i o n s a r i s i n g f r o m mu.ltipurpose j o i n t u s e of p o l e s . !%e t h e a p p l i c a b l e
e l e c t r i c a l s a f e t y code f o r c l i m b i n g s p a c e c l e a r a n c e s , j o i n t u s e , and s u p p l y c o n d u c t o r
protection.
2.5.14 Grounding
2.5.14.1 For i n f o r m a t i o n on g r o u n d i n g of o v e r h e a d d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m s , u s e t h e
a p p l i c a b l e e l e c t r i c a l s a f e t y code o r A d m i n i s t r a t j v e p o l i c y . For s a f e t y p r o v i d e grnund-
i n g f o r a l l equipment and s t r u c t u r e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h e l e c t r i c a l s y s t e m s t o p r e v e n t s h o c k
f r o m s t a t i c o r dynamic v o l t a g e s . Maximum ground r e s i s t a n c e s h o u l d n o t e x c e e d v a l u e s
s p e c i f i e d i n t h e a p p l i c a b l e e l e c t r i c a l s a f e t y code. C o n s i d e r t h e s o u r c e of e l e c t r i c
power, c a p a c i t y , magnitude of f a u l t c u r r e n t , and method of s y s t e m g r o u n d i n g , a s t h e y
affect t h i s resistance.
Underground d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m s
2.5.15.2 D e t a i l s of t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n of underground d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m s a r e g i v e n i n
C h a p t e r 4 , and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of c a b l e s u i t a b l e f o r underground s e r v i c e a r e g i v e n i n
C h a p t e r 5.
EUeTRZGBL CIRCUITS FOR AEBO L I G H T W m W I O WIGBTZON B I D S
3.1.1.1 E l e c t r i c a l power f o r a e r o d r o m e l i g h t i n g a i d s i s a l m o s t e n t i r e l y a l t e r n a t i n g
current (ac). (Some c o n t r o l c i r c u i t s are d i r e c t c u r r e n t ( d c ) a n d e n e r g y f o r s t a r t i n g
s e c o n d a r y power e n g i n e s o r f o r some u n i n t e r r u p t i b l e power s y s t e m s i s s t o r e d i n b a t t e r -
ies.) T h i s a l t e r n a t i n g c u r r e n t i s u s u a l l y 50 t o 60 h e r t z . Both s e r i e s a n d p a r a l l e l
c i r c u i t s a r e u s e d i n t h e s e l i g h t i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n s . Most o f t h e a e r o d r o m e l i g h t s a r e
e n e r g i z e d by s e r i e s c i r c u i t s , b u t t h e i n c o m i n g power i s d i s t r i b u t e d by p a r a l l e l cir-
c u i t s , a n d some s i n g l e u n i t s o r s h o r t e r c i r c u i t s o f l i g h t s may b e e n e r g i z e d by p a r a l l e l
circuits. S e q u e n c e - f l a s h i n g l i g h t s o f a p p r o a c h l i g h t i n g s y s t e m s , some f l o o d l i g h t s , a n d
some o b s t a c l e l i g h t s a r e t h e more i m p o r t a n t l i g h t i n g s y s t e m s u s i n g p a r a l l e l c i r c u i t s .
3.1.2 Series c i r c u i t s
3.1.2.1 The c i r c u i t e l e m e n t s o f s e r i e s c i r c u i t s a r e c o n n e c t e d i n a s t r i n g w i t h t h e
same c u r r e n t f l o w i n g i n e a c h e l e m e n t . The c i r c u i t i s o n e c o n t i n u o u s l o o p s t a r t i n g a n d
e n d i n g a t t h e i n p u t power s o u r c e . I f a f i x e d i n p u t v o l t a g e were c o n n e c t e d t o t h e l o a d ,
t h e c u r r e n t i n t h e c i r c u i t would v a r y w i t h t h e c o n n e c t e d l o a d ; however, c o n s t a n t - c u r r e n t
r e g u l a t o r s w i l l maintain a constant c u r r e n t independent of t h e load on t h e c i r c u i t .
Thus t h e same c u r r e n t w i l l f l o w i n a l o n g c i r c u i t a s i n a s h o r t e r c i r c u i t a n d w i l l
r e m a i n t h e same e v e n i f some o f t h e lamps f a i l . T h i s c o n s t a n t c u r r e n t means t h a t a
s h o r t - c i r c u i t a c r o s s t h e o u t p u t of a c o n s t a n t - c u r r e n t r e g u l a t o r i s a no-load c o n d i t i o n
and a n open-circuit i s an overload. I n a s i m p l e d i r e c t - c o n n e c t e d series c i r c u i t , a lamp
f a i l u r e c a u s e s a n o p e n - c i r u i t ; h e n c e , i t i t n e c e s s a r y t o p r o v i d e a by-pass d e v i c e , s u c h
as a f u s e d f i l m c u t o u t o r a n i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r , as p a r t o f e a c h l i g h t i n g f i x t u r e .
I s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e p r e f e r r e d f o r aerodrome l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s .
3.1.2.2 . Some o f t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f s e r i e s
c i r c u i t s f o r aerodrome l i g h t i n g a r e :
c) i n t e n s i t y c o n t r o l of t h e l i g h t s can be o b t a i n e d o v e r a wide r a n g e ;
d) t h e c i r c u i t may h a v e a s i n g l e g r o u n d f a u l t a t a n y p o i n t a l o n g t h e
c i r c u i t without a f f e c t i n g t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e l i g h t s ; and
e) ground f a u l t s a r e e a s y t o l o c a t e .
b) poor e f f i c i e n c y , p r i m a r i l y of t h e moving-coil t y p e c o n s t a n t - c u r r e n t
r e g u l a t o r , i n u s e of e l e c t r i c a l power;
d) a n o p e n - - c i r c u i t f a u l t anywhere i n t h e c i r c u i t makes t h e e n t i r e c i r c u i t
i n o p e r a t i v e and p o s s i b l y may damage t h e c a b l e i n s u l a t i o n o r t h e
c o n s t a n t - c u r r e n t r e g u l a t o r ; and
e) l o c a t i o n of f a u l t s , e s p e c i a l l y o p e n - c i r c u i t f a u l t s , may b e d i f f i c u l t .
3.1.3.1 The c i r c u i t e l e m e n t s of p a r a l l e l ( m u l t i p l e ) c i r c u i t s a r e c o n n e c t e d i n
p a r a l l e l a c r o s s t h e c o n d u c t o r s t o which t h e i n p u t v o l t a g e i s a p p l i e d . In theory the
same v o l t a g e i s a p p l i e d t o e a c h l i g h t ; however, t h e c u r r e n t t h r o u g h t h e c o n d u c t o r s
c a u s e s a d e c r e a s e i n v o l t a g e ( l i n e d r o p ) which f o r l o n g e r c i r c u i t s may r e d u c e a p p r e c i -
a b l y t h e v o l t a g e t o , and c o n s e q u e n t l y t h e i n t e n s i t y o f , t h e l i g h t s a t t h e f a r e n d of t h e
circuit. In d i s t r i b u t i o n c i r c u i t s where t h e v o l t a g e may be h i g h and t h e c u r r e n t low,
t h e v o l t a g e d r o p i n t h e l i n e s i s l e s s i m p o r t a n t , and p a r a l l e l c i r c u i t s a r e o f t e n u s e d
f o r such c i r c u i t s . If i n t e n s i t y c o n t r o l of t h e l i g h t s i s required, tapped transformers
of i n d u c t i o n - v o l t a g e r e g u l a t o r s may be u s e d , b u t t h e s e i n c r e a s e t h e c o s t of t h e i n s t a l l -
a t i o n and r e d u c e t h e e f f i c i e n c y of t h e c i r c u i t .
3.1.3.2 Some of t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f
p a r a l l e l c i r c u i t s f o r aerodrome l i g h t i n g a r e :
a) l o w e r c o s t of t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y i f v ~ l t a g er e g u l a t i o n a n d
i n t e n s i t y c o n t r o l a r e not required;
b) more e f f i c i e n t u t i l i z a t i o n of e l e c t r i c a l power;
c) e a s y t o add t o o r r e d u c e a n e x i s t i n g c i r c u i t ;
d) t h e c i r c u i t s a r e more f a m i l i a r t o most p e o p l e ;
f) an open-circuit may n o t d i s a b l e t h e e n t i r e c i r c u i t ; a n d
3.1.3.3 D i s a d v a n t a g e s of p a r a l l e l l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s . Some of t h e m a j o r d i s a d v a n t -
a g e s of p a r a l l e l c i r c u i t s f o r aerodrome l i g h t i n g a r e :
a) t h e i n t e n s i t y of t h e l i g h t s d e c r e a s e s w i t h l i n e d r o p a l o n g t h e c i r c u i t .
T h i s may be m i s i n t e r p r e t e d i f i t i s n o t i c e a b l e i n a p a t t e r n o f l i g h t s ;
b) two c o n d u c t o r s a r e r e q u i r e d a l o n g t h e c o m p l e t e c i r c u i t , a n d l a r g e r
c o n d u c t o r s may be needed t o r e d u c e t h e l i n e v o l t a g e d r o p ;
d) i n t e n s i t y c o n t r o l , e s p e c i a l l y a t t h e l o w e r i n t e n s i t i e s , i s more d i f f i -
c u l t t o f u r n i s h a c c u r a t e l y , o r t h e equipment c o s t a d d s a p p r e c i a b l y t o
t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n cos t ;
e) a s i n g l e ground f a u l t on t h e h i g h - v o l t a g e f e e d e r w i l l d i s a b l e t h e
c i r c u i t s ; and
f) ground f a u l t s a r e d i f f i c u l t t o l o c a t e .
Comparison of s e r i e s and p a r a l l e l l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s
F a c t o r s t o be c o n s i d e r e d
3.2.1.1 If a s e r i e s c i r c u i t i s t o be u s e d , c e r t a i n o p t i o n s on t h e equipment t o b e
u s e d s h o u l d be e v a l u a t e d . O f t e n when one c h o i c e i s made i t r e d u c e s t h e o p t i o n s of o t h e r
equipment. F i r s t , t h e c o m p l e t e c i r c u i t s h o u l d be a n a l y s e d f o r c r i t i c a l p e r f o r m a n c e ,
r e l i a b i l i t y , economy of i n s t a l l a t i o n s and o p e r a t i o n s , e a s e of m a i n t e n a n c e , and how t h e
s e v e r a l t y p e s of equipment a r e i n t e r r e l a t e d . Some o p t i o n a l f a c t o r s a r e t h e f o l l o w i n g
items.
3.2.1.3 The p r e f e r r e d a r r a n g e m e n t f o r a e r o d r o m e l i g h t -
i n g c i r c u i t s i s a number of h i g h v o l t a g e s e r i e s c i r c u i t l o o p s w i t h a s e r i e s i s o l a t i n g
t r a n s f o r m e r f o r e a c h f i t t i n g , and e a c h c i r c u i t f e d f r o m a n e l e c t r i c a l s u p p l y s u b s t a t i o n
a d j a c e n t t o t h e runway end. One s u b s t a t i o n p e r runway end i s p r e f e r r e d f o r a l l a e r o -
dromes.
b Every a p p r o a c h a n d runway l i g h t -
i n g s y s t e m s h o u l d be i n t e r l e a v e d o v e r a t l e a s t two c i r c u i t s . Examples
of c i r c u i t i n t e r l e a v i n g t o improve i n t e g r i t y a r e shown i n F i g u r e s 3-1 t o
3-7. Each c i r c u i t i n a n i n t e r l e a v e d s e r v i c e s h o u l d e x t e n d t h r o u g h o u t
t h e whole of t h a t s e r v i c e and be s o a r r a n g e d t h a t a b a l a n c e d s y m m e t r i c a l
l i g h t i n g p a t t e r n r e m a j n s i n t h e e v e n t of f a i l u r e of o n e o r more of t h e
c i r c u i t s . T h r e s h o l d l i g h t s a r e u s u a l l y on s e p a r a t e c i r c u i t s . Runway
c e n t r e l i n e l i g h t s must be i n t e r l e a v e d i n a way t h a t w i l l n o t d e s t r o y
t h e c o l o u r c o d i n g of t h e s e l i g h t s . S e c t i o n s of t h e c e n t r e l i n e s y s t e m
c o n s i s t i n g of w h i t e l i g h t s o n l y and of r e d l i g h t s o n l y may be i n t e r -
l e a v e d a s shown on F i g u r e 3-5a. Annex 1 4 r e q u i r e s t h e c e n t r e l i n e
l i g h t s i n t h e s e c t i o n of t h e runway from t h e p o i n t 900 m f r o m t h e runway
end ( o r f r o m t h e m i d p o i n t of t h e runway f o r runways l e s s t h a n 1 800 m i n
l e n g t h ) t o t h e p o i n t 300 m from t h e runway end b e a l t e r n a t e l y v a r i a b l e
w h i t e and r e d l i g h t s e x c e p t t h a t f o r runway c e n t r e l i n e l i g h t s s p a c e d a t
7.5 n a l t e r n a t e p a i r of v a r i a b l e w h i t e and r e d l i g h t s a r e r e q u i r e d .
Examples of c i r c u i t i n t e r l e a v i n g which w i l l m a i n t a i n t h e r e q u i r e d c o l o u r
c o d i n g a r e shown i n F i g u r e s 3-5b and 3-5c. When one c i r c u i t f a i l s where
t h e p a t t e r n of l i g h t s and i n t e r l e a v i n g a r e a s shown i n F i g u r e 3-5c, a
p a t t e r n of a l t e r n a t i n g r e d and w h i t e l i g h t s u n i f o r m l y s p a c e d a t t w i c e
t h e normal i n t e r v a l w i l l show. T h i s s p a c i n g i s t h e same a s t h a t of t h e
a l l w h i t e and a l l r e d s e c t i o n s when one c i r c u i t f a i l s . With t h e p a t t e r n
of l i g h t s and i n t e r l e a v i n g shown i n F i g u r e 3-5b, t h e s p a c i n g would be
a l t e r n a t e l y t h r e e t i m e s t h e normal i n t e r v a l and t h e n t h e n o r m a l
interval.
1) t h e u s e of a c o n t r o l s w i t c h f o r e a c h segment. The p r e f e r r e d
l o c a t i o n of s u c h s w i t c h e s i s on a f a c s i m i l e d i a g r a m on t h e c o n t r o l
p a n e l i n t h e c o n t r o l tower w i t h e a c h s w i t c h l o c a t e d on t h e segment
which i t c o n t r o l s ;
2) i n t e r c o n n e c t i n g t h e c o n t r o l s which e n e r g i z e t h e r e g u l a t o r s o r
s e l e c t o r r e l a y so t h a t actuating a single switch w i l l cause a l l
segments on a d e s i g n a t e d r o u t e t o be l i g h t e d ; and
f) Grounding, A l l t h e equipment i n t h e c o n t r o l / d i s t r i b u t i o n c e n t r e s h o u l d
be bonded t o e a r t h . A ground w i r e ( c o u n t e r p o i s e ) s h o u l d a l s o be r u n
from t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n c e n t r e s w i t h t h e s e r i e s c i r c u i t c a b l e s . The
s e c o n d a r y s i d e of a l l i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s and t h e s u p p o r t s of a l l
e l e v a t e d l i g h t s should be connected t o t h i s w i r e . The g r o u n d w i r e
s h o u l d be p o s i t i o n e d above t h e c i r c u i t c a b l e s i n a c o n d u i t nearer t h e
s u r f a c e o r i n t h e same r r e n c l ~n o r l e s s t h a n 10 c m above t h e cop, cable..
U s u a l l y u n i n s u l a t e d c o n d u c t o r s a r e used a s ground w i r e s .
0 CIRCUIT 1
Q) CIRCUIT 2
0 CIRCUIT 3
@ CIRCUIT 4
RUNWAY THRESHOLD
0 CIliChiiT i
0 CIRCUIT 2
-*
r ' l g u r e 3-3. P r e c i s i o n approach lighting s y s t e m t y p e B
(system with b a r r e t t e c e n t r e l i n e )
0 CIRCUIT 1
6 CIRCUIT 2
0 CIRCUIT 1.
$ CIRCUIT 2
F i g u r e 3-3. P r e c i s i o n a p p r o a c h iighting s y s t e m t y p e B
( s y s t e m w i i h b a r r e t c e c e n t r e iinej
RUNWAY THRESHOLD RUNWAY THRESHOLD
e..
CIRCUIT 2 @ CIRCUIT 2
CIRCUIT 2
CIRCUIT l
B. INTERLEAVING I N S E C T I O N S
C O N S I S T I N G O F ALTERNATING RED
AND WHITE L I G H T S FOR L I G H T
S P A C I N G S O F 15 AND 30 METERS
0 WHITE L I G H T
C I R C U I T I.
@ 'WfiITE EIZHT
CIRCUIT 2
CIRCUIT l
A. INTERLEAVING I N S E C T I O N S
I N WHICH ALL L I G H T S ARE
O F T H E SAME COLOUR C. INTERLEAVING I N S E C T I O N S
C O N S I S T I N G O F ALTERNATE TWO RED
AND TWO WHITE L I G H T S FOR L I G H T
S P A C I N G S O F 7.5 METERS
0 CIRCUIT 1
@ CIRCUIT 2
c) Compensation s t a t i c - t y p e r e g u l a t o r s . By s e n s i n g t h e s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t
f r o m t h e r e g u l a t o r , a d j u s t m e n t may be made i n t h e m o n o c y c l i c s q u a r e o r
i n t h e c u r r e n t - r e g u l a t i n g network t o compensate f o r p r i m a r y v o l t a g e
v a r i a t i o n s and f o r harmonic f r e q u e n c i e s c a u s e d by o p e n - c i r c u i t e d second-
a r i e s of i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s . T h i s compensation p r o v i d e s improved
current r e g u l a t i o n and p r e v e n t s s h o r t e n i n g of lamp l i f e f r o m above r a t e d
secondary current.
3.2.1.5 Constant-current
r e g u l a t o r s s u p p l y i n g power t o aerodrome l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s s h o u l d h a v e t h e f o l l o w i n g
capabilities:
b) i n d i c a t e a g r o u n d i n g f a u l t on t h e c i r c u t t w h i l e p e r m i t t i n g t h e c i r c u i t
t o o p e r a t e n o r m a l l y when a s i n g l e ground f a u l t p r e v a i l s ;
c) h a v e a h i g h d e g r e e of r e l i a b i l i t y and t h e r e f o r e h a v e n o moving p a r t s ;
d) i n c o r p o r a t e a n o p e n - c i r c u i t d e v i c e which l o c k s o u t t h e p r i m a r y v o l t a g e
w i t h i n two s e c o n d s a n d r e q u i r e s r e s e t t i n g of t h e r e g u l a t o r ;
e) respond t o c i r c u i t changes w i t h i n 15 c y c l e s ;
f) i n c o r p o r a t e a s e c u r i t y device t h a t s e t s t h e r e g u l a t o r o u t of s e r v i c e o r
a s s u r e s a r e d u c t i o n of t h e c u r r e n t i n e a s e of a n o v e r c u r r e n t ;
g) p r o v i d e t h e r e q u i r e d number of i n t e n s i t y s e t t i n g s o r a c o n t i n u o u s l y
v a r i a b l e c o n t r o l a s required. The r e g u l a t o r s h o u l d be d e s i g n e d s o t h a t
t h e i n t e n s i t y s e t t i n g c a n be changed w i t h o u t d e e n e r g i z i n g t h e r e g u l a t o r ;
h) e l e c t r i c a l l y i s o l a t e t h e p r i m a r y power c i r c u i t f r o m t h e s e c o n d a r y l i g h t -
i n g c i r c u i t ; and
c) Frequency. A s r e q u i r e d by t h e f r e q u e n c y of t h e p r i m a r y power, u s u a l l y
5 0 o r 60 h e r t z .
a > An i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r c o n s i s t s of a p r i m a r y a n d
a s e c o n d a r y c o i l wound on a m a g n e t i c c o r e i n a w a t e r p r o o f c a s e w i t h
p r i m a r y and s e c o n d a r y l e a d s f o r c o n n e c t i n g t h e s e r i e s c i r c u i t t o t h e
lamp. The p r i m a r y and s e c o n d a r y c o i l s a r e i s o l a t e d e l e c t r i c a l l y b u t
l i n k e d by t h e m a g n e t i c c i r c u i t . The s e c o n d a r y c i r c u i t i s s u b j e c t e d t o a
l e s s e r e l e c t r i c a l p o t e n t i a l and one s i d e of t h e s e c o n d a r y s h o u l d be
brought o u t t o a grounding connection. The c o r e of a n i s o l a t i n g t r a n s -
f o r m r i s m a g n e t i c a l l y u n s a t u r a t e d i n o p e r a t i o n b u t becomes s a t u r a t e d i f
t h e lamp f a i l s o r t h e s e c o n d a r y c i r c u i t i s o p e n - c i r c u i t e d , t h u s main-
t a i n i n g t h e i n t e g r i t y o f t h e primary c i r c u i t . I f t h e lamp c i r c u i t
s h o u l d be s h o r t - c i r c u i t e d , t h e i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r would b e i n a no-
l o a d c o n d i t i o n and h a v e minimum e f f e c t on t h e s e r i e s c i r c u i t . These
t r a n s f o r m e r s s h o u l d b e c a p a b l e of c o n t i n u o u s o p e r a t i o n a t r a t e d l o a d ,
o p e n - c i r c u i t , o r s h o r t - c i r c u i t w i t h o u t damage. The t u r n s r a t i o of t h e
p r i m a r y c o i l t o t h e s e c o n d a r y c o i l of a s e r i e s l s e r i e s t r a n s f o r m e r i s 1 : 1
i f t h e lamp c u r r e n t i s t h e same a s t h e s e r i e s c i r c u i t c u r r e n t b u t i s
i n v e r s e l y proportional t o t h e c u r r e n t r a t i o otherwise.
c) Ambient t e m p e r a t u r e . These t r a n s f o r m e r s s h o u l d be c a p a b l e of o p e r a t i n g
i n t e m p e r a t u r e s between -55°C and +65 "C.
d) S e r i e s l s e r i e s i s o l a t i n g transformer r a t i n g s . R a t i n g s of i s o l a t i n g
t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e by o u t p u t power, p r i m a r y and s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t , t h e
f r e q u e n c y , and t h e i n s u l a t i o n v o l t a g e of p r i m a r y and s e c o n d a r y c i r c u i t s .
These t r a n s f o r m e r s may be e a s i l y manufactured f o r a l m o s t a n y d e s i r e d
rating. Seme ccmr",cnly a v a i l a b l e r a t i n g s a r e a s f o l l o w s :
1) Power. R a t i n g s o f 3 0 / 4 5 , 6 5 , 1 0 0 , 2 0 0 , 3 0 0 and 5 0 0 w a t t s a r e
f r e q u e n t l y used and sometimes 1 0 0 0 and 1 500 w a t t u n i t s a r e used.
2) Current. C u r r e n t r a t i n g s a r e u s u a l l y g i v e n a s a r a t i o of p r i m a r y t o
s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t . Common c u r r e n t r a t i n g s a r e 6 . 6 / 6 . 6 , 2 0 1 2 0 , 6.6,'-
2 0 and 2 0 / 6 . 6 amperes.
4) I n s u l a t i o n . Most i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e i n s u l a t e d f o r 5 0 0 0
v o l t s on t h e p i i m a r y c i r c u i t and 6 0 0 v o l t s on t h e s e c o n d a r y . L a r g e r
power s i z e s of t r a n s f o r m e r s may r e q u i r e a h i g h e r s e c o n d a r y i n s u l a -
t i o n b e c a u s e of t h e i r h i g h e r o p e n - c i r c u i t v o l t a g e .
e) S e v e r a l lamps from a s i n g l e t r a n s f o r m e r . P r e f e r a b l y e a c h l i g h t is
s u p p l i e d by i t s own i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r . Sometimes t o r e d u c e t h e
i n s t a l l a t i o n c o s t s , s u c h a s f o r i n s t a l l i n g c e n t r e l i n e l i g h t s on e x i s t -
i n g ninways, o r t o r e d u c e t h e mass and s t r e n g t h of c a b l e s , as f o r t a l l
f r a n g i b l e a p p r o a c h l i g h t s u p p o r t s , s e v e r a l lamps may be connected i n a
s e r i e s across a s i n g l e i s o l a t i n g transformer. Of c o u r s e t h e t r a n s f o r m e r
must have t h e c a p a c i t y t o s u p p l y t h e t o t a l lamp l o a d p l u s l i n e l o s s e s .
Two problems of t h i s arrangement a r e : f i r s t , i f one lamp f a i l s c a u s i n g
a n o p e n - c i r c u i t , t h e o t h e r lamps a r e i n o p e r a t i v e u n l e s s s u i t a b l e by-pass
d e v i c e s a r e u s e d ; and s e c o n d l y , at t h e i n s t a n t of t h e o p e n - c i r c u i t
f a i l u r e t h e i n s t a n t a n e o u s s e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e may become v e r y g r e a t
e s p e c i a l l y f o r t h e l a r g e r s i z e s of i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s . These
problems a r e d i s c u s s e d below.
f) E f f e c t s of o p e n - c i r c u i t e d s e c o n d a r i e s of i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s . The
d e s i g n of most i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s l i m i t s t h e r o o t m e a n - s q u a r e (rms)
v o l t a g e of o p e n - c i r c u i t e d s e c o n d a r i e r s t o 3 0 0 v o l t s o r l e s s . However,
t h e i n s t a n t a n e o u s v o l t a g e of some i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s a t t h e t i m e t h e
o p e n - c i r c u i t o c c u r s may e x c e e d 1 0 0 0 v o l t s . I s o l a t i n g transformers with
magnetic cores designed t o s a t u r a t e a t a v o l t a g e only s l i g h t l y g r e a t e r
t h a n t h e i r o p e r a t i n g v o l t a g e u s u a l l y have l o w e r r m s and i n s t a n t a n e o u s
peak o p e n - c i r c u i t s e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e s t h a n do l e s s s a t u r a t e d t r a n s f o r m -
e r s . High r m s o p e n - c i r c u i t v o l t a g e s r e q u i r e h i g h e r s e c o n d a r y i n s u l a t i o n
and p r e s e n t a g r e a t e r e l e c t r i c a l shock h a z a r d , b u t t h e y a l s o make f i l m
c u t o u t o p e r a t i o n s more r e l i a b l e . The r e a c t a n c e of s e r i e s / s e r i e s i s o l a t -
i n g transformers with open-circuit secondaries d i s t o r t s the primary
c u r r e n t waveform, and t h e r e s u l t i n g harmonic f r e q u e n c i e s may a f f e c t t h e
r e g u l a t i o n of some t y p e s of c o n s t a n t - c u r r e n t r e g u l a t o r s .
a) p a r a l l e l c i r c u i t s u s u a l l y e n t a i l a much more e x p e n s i v e c a b l i n g i n s t a l l -
a t i o n t h a n does a high-voltage s e r i e s c i r c u i t ;
b) a c c u r a t e b r i l l i a n c y b a l a n c e of a l l l i g h t s i n t h e p a t t e r n c a n n o t b e
o b t a i n e d e a s i l y ; and
2 2 1 2
J O J - I e J E f f e c t s ~f f a u l t s . If t h e l i g h t f i x t u r e s are connected across t h e l i g h t i n g
c i r c u i t ,a L laiiiip
UUL,lc~-O iit o r a n opt.n-cireuit f a u l t in a f i x t u r ed o e s :lot s e r i o i ; s l y
a f f e c t t h e l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t , but a s h o r t - c i r c u i t f a u l t w i l l be a n overload c o n d i t i o n
a n d , d e p e n d i n g on which p r o t e c t i v e d e v i c e ( f u s e o r c i r c u i t b r e a k e r ) o p e r a t e s , may make
t h e c i r c u i t of l i g h t s i n o p e r a t i v e . To p r o t e c t t h e l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t , o f t e n e a c h lamp i s
c o n n e c t e d t o t h e l i n e v o l t a g e s i d e of t h e c i r c u i t by a f u s e .
3.3.1.4 Most p a r a l l e l - t y p e l i g h t f i x t u r e s a r e d e s i g n e d f o r
low a p p l i e d v o l t a g e s ( l e s s t h a n 300 v o l t s ) , and t h e c i r c u i t v o l t a g e i s t h a t r e q u i r e d by
t h e lamps o r step-down t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e u s e d . The l i g h t s may be s u p p l i e d f r o m a s i n g l e
c i r c u i t c o n n e c t e d between t h e l i n e and n e u t r a l o r by a l t e r n a t i n g between n e u t r a l and
l i n e v o l t a g e on e a c h s i d e of t h e n e u t r a l . Examples of t h e s e c i r c u i t s a r e 120 v o l t s
l i n e - t o - n e u t r a l and 2401120 v o l t (240 v o l t s l i n e - t o - l i n e and 120 v o l t s l i n e - t o - - n e u t r a l )
circuits. Other v o l t a g e s a r e o f t e n u s e d . Usually t h e c a b l e i n s u l a t i o n of p a r a l l e l
l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s i s r a t e d a t 600 v o i t s , which limits t h e v o l t a g e f o r p a r a l l e l l i g h t i n g
c i r c u i t s t o n o t more t h a n 500 v o l t s .
3.3.1.6 The u s e of a c o n s t a n t v o l t a g e t r a n s f o r m e r a t
the location of a l i g h t s u p p l i e d by a l o n g f e e d e r c a b l e t o compensate f o r l i n e - v o l t a g e
d r o p changes may be a d v a n t a g e o u s . For example, a n aerodrome beacon s u p p l i e d by a l o n g
feeder cable which a l s o s u p p l i e s a number of i n t e r m i t t e n t l o a d s which c a u s e s t h e l i n e -
v o l t a g e drop t o f l u c t u a t e widely.
Control panels
3.4.3 Use of r e l a y s
3.4.3,2 Some i n d i v i d u a l v i s u a l a i d s o r s h o r t l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s
(aerodrome beacons, wind d i r e c t i o n i n d i c a t o r s , s e c t i o n s of o b s t a c l e l i g h t s , s i m p l e
a p p r o a c h l i g h t i n g s y s t e m s , e t c . ) may o b t a i n power from a l i g h t i n g v a u l t o r f r o m a l o c a l
s o u r c e o f power. If t h e power is; froin a l o c a l scjurce, t h e r e l a y f o r c o n t r o l l i n g t h e s e
l i g h t s is u s u a l l y l o c a t e d a t o r t h e l i g h t o r s o i i r c e o f r u w c r , If t h e
c a b l e s a r e l o n g , t h e c o n d u c t o r s of t h e c o n t r o l c a b l e may need t o be l a r g e t o r e d u c e t h e
v o l t a g e d r o p . The r e l a y s h o u l d be s e l e c t e d t o o p e r a t e f r o m t h e c o n t r o l v o l t a g e a v a i l -
a b l e when t h e r e l a y i s a c t u a t e d . Also i f t h e r e l a y i s t o be l o c a t e d o u t d o o r s , i t w i l l
need t o be p r o v i d e d w i t h p r o t e c t i o n from t h e most s e v e r e w e a t h e r t o which i t w i l l be
subjected. It s h o u l d have a p r o v i s i o n t o l o c k i t f o r s e c u r i t y .
3.4.4 I n t e r c o n n e c t i o n of c o n t r o l s
c) t h e s e q u e n c e d - f l a s h i n g l i g h t s of t h e a p p r o a c h l i g h t i n g s y s t e m c a n b e
u s e d o n l y when t h e i n c a n d e s c e n t l i g h t s of t h e s y s t e m a r e a t t h e h i g h e r
intensity steps;
d) s e t t i n g of t h e i n t e n s i t y c o n t r o l f o r a g i v e n a t m o s p h e r i c c o n d i t i o n may
o p e r a t e t h e a p p r o a c h l i g h t i n g s y s t e m a t one i n t e n s i t y s t e p , t h e runway
l i g h t s a t a n o t h e r i n t e n s i t y s t e p , and t h e t a x i w a y l i g h t s a t y e t a n o t h e r
i n t e n s i t y s t e p ; and
e) i n t e r s e c t i n g runways s h o u l d n o t be l i g h t e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y . Only by
p r o p e r l y i n t e r c o n n e c t i n g t h e c o n t r o l s and c o n t r o l c i r c u i t s , c a n t h e
d e s i r e d c o m b i n a t i o n s be o b t a i n e d o r u n d e s i r e d c o m b i n a t i o n s p r o h i b i t e d
w i t h s i m p l e r o p e r a t i o n s by t h e c o n t r o l l e r and l e s s e r c h a n c e of e r r o r ;
Each aerodrome s h o u l d c o n s i d e r p o s s i b l e c o n t r o l i n t e r c o n n e c t i o n
c o m b i n a t i o n s i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e i r i n s t a l l a t i o n s and o p e r a t i n g
procedures.
3.4.5 Automatic c o n t r o l s
3.5 LAMPS
output
- -
OUTPUT
LIFE
- -
[A.MPEmJ
amperes
-
AMPERES
b) b e c a u s e of t h e i r d i f f e r e n c e s i n d e s i g n t o l e r a n c e s , s e r i e s lamps s h o u l d
n o t be u s e d i n p a r a l l e l c i r c u i t s , and m u l t i p l e lamps s h o u l d no'% be u s e d
I n series c i r c u i t s ; and
E3
,
m. 5.
; l20
2.
F';,w
*3
Z a
LY W
u n 80
.(m
F i g u r e 3-8. E f f e c t s of c u r r e n t and v o l t a g e v a r i a t i o n s o n
o p e r a t i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of i n c a n d e s c e n t lamps
3.5.2.2 . The h i g h e r e f f i c i e n c y of g a s e o u s d i s c h a r g e
lamps e n c o u r a g e s t h e i r use. Types of t h e s e lamps i n c l u d e f l u o r e s c e n t , mercury-vapour,
m e t a l - h a l i d e , and low- o r h i g h - p r e s s u r e s o d i u m - v a p o u r l i g h t s . The u s e of l i g h t s of
these types is usually l i m i t e d t o i l l u m i n a t i o n of a r e a s s u c h a s a p r o n a r e a s , e x c e p t f o r
t h e u s e of f l u o r e s c e n t lamps i n some t a x i w a y e d g e l i g h t s and f o r i l l u m i n a t i n g s i g n s .
When c o n s i d e r i n g u s i n g l i g h t s of t h e s e t y p e s t h e f o l l o w i n g a r e f a c t o r s t h a t s h o u l d be
investigated.
a) R e s t a r t i n e Some of t h e s e lamps c a n n o t b e r e s t a r t e d f o r s e v e r a l s e c o n d s
t o minutes a f t e r t h e a r c i s extinguished. Power i n t e r r u p t i o n s o r
s w i t c h i n g c a n c a u s e l o s s of l i g h t s a t c r i t i c a l t i m e s . Emergency l i g h t -
i n g by o t h e r t y p e s of lamps may be d e s i r a b l e .
e) T y p i c a l l y t h e l i g h t e m i t t e d f r o m t h e s e lamps c o v e r s a
l i m i t e d p a r t of t h e v i s u a l spectrum. T h i s makes r e c o g n i t i o n of c o l o u r
c o d i n g d i f f i c u l t a s c o l o u r s may n o t h a v e t h e i r o r d i n a r y a p p e a r a n c e when
i l l u m i n a t e d by g a s e o u s - d i s c h a r g e lamps. The c o l o u r " r e d " i s par-
ticularly affected.
3.6.1 D e f i n i t i o n s of t e r m s
a) f a i l u r e of t h e c i r c u i t ;
b) f a i l u r e of t h e power s u p p l y ; a n d
c) f a i l u r e of t h e c o n t r o l c i r c u i t .
3.6.2.1 Reducing f a i l u r e of t h e c i r c u i t . A s t a n d a r d p r a c t i c e i s t o u s e s e v e r a l
c i r c u i t s t o p r e v e n t a f a i l u r e of one c i r c u i t b l a c k i n g o u t a n e n t i r e l i g h t i n g system.
Four c i r c u i t s a r e sometimes employed f o r l i g h t i n g t h e a p p r o a c h and t h r e s h o l d . One
c i r c u i t i s u s e d f o r t h e t h r e s h o l d l i g h t s and t h r e e f o r t h e a p p r o a c h l i g h t i n g system.
The l a t t e r t h r e e c i r c u i t s a r e s o d e s i g n e d t h a t i f one s h o u l d f a i l o n l y e v e r y t h i r d
b a r r e t t e would be o u t of o p e r a t i o n . Where a l i g h t i n g p a t t e r n i s f e d by s e v e r a l
c i r c u i t s , t h e p r a c t i c e of e a c h c i r c u i t f e e d i n g o n e p a r t i c u l a r g e o g r a p h i c a l s e c t i o n o f
t h e p a t t e r n i s n o t recommended b e c a u s e l o s s of one c i r c u i t c a n t h e n change t h e p a t t e r n
i n t o something e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t . For example, a n a p p r o a c h l i g h t i n g p a t t e r n c o m p r i s i n g
a c e n t r e l i n e and f i v e c r o s s b a r s i f f e d i n two d i s t i n c t h a l v e s by two c i r c u i t s c o u l d
change f r o m a c e n t r e l i n e and f i v e b a r s y s t e m t o a c e n t r e l i n e and t h r e e b a r s y s t e m w i t h
t h e l o s s of one c i r c u i t .
3.7.1 Methods o f m o n i t o r i n g
3.7.2 Desien o f m o n i t o r i n g d e v i c e s
3.7.3 C l a s s e s of m o n i t o r s
* A u t o m t $ c r e s e t t i n g of t h e i n t e n s i t y Is n o t d e s i r a b l e s i r l c e t h e change e ~ u l c "be
; made
-L .," a pi:ot is L L L i C-
i:-I a c-'"' a i- '-
p a-. .Ll ?'L W
.-.C I l
n --F;
l LILO L aypLua%-I-Il.
c o n d i t i o n o c c u r s and does n o t change any of t h e systems o p e r a t i o n s . A human o p e r a t o r
must e v a l u a t e t h e meaning of t h e s i g n a l and t a k e t h e a p p r o p r i a t e a c t i o n . Examples of
p a s s i v e m o n i t o r i n g a r e t h e s e q u e n c e - f l a s h i n g l i g h t s m o n i t o r which a l e r t s when a
p r e s e l e c t e d number of l i g h t s i s i n o p e r a t i v e , o r t h e i n d i c a t o r lamp which shows t h a t
s p e c i f i c c i r c u i t s a r e e n e r g i z e d and o p e r a t i n g .
3.7.4 Monitor o v e r r i d e c o n t r o l s
3.8.1 Types of r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s
3.8.2.1 E l e c t r i c a l power f o r r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s i s u s u a l l y a l t e r n a t i n g c u r r e n t
(ac). B a t t e r i e s may be used t o p r o v i d e power f o r s t a r t i n g s e c o n d a r y power s o u r c e s and
t o s u p p l y energy f o r some u n i n t e r r u p t i b l e power s y s t e m s . T h i s a c power i s u s u a l l y
e i t h e r 50 o r 60 h e r t z .
M o n i t o r i n g of r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s
3.3.1.2 The t e s t p r o c e d u r e s d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n a p p l y t o t h e a c c e p t a n c e t e s t s
of new i n s t a l l a t i o n s and s h o u l d be performed b e f o r e making t h e s y s t e m o p e r a t i o n a l .
3.9.2.1 Each i n s t a l l a t i o n c o n t r a c t s h o u l d i n c l u d e a g u a r a n t e e c l a u s e s p e c i f y i n g a
p e r i o d of a t l e a s t one y e a r d u r i n g which t h e i n s t a l l i n g c o n t r a c t o r c a n be h e l d r e s p o n s i -
b l e f o r r e p a i r i n g and r e p l a c i n g a l l c a b l e and equipment f a i l u r e s r e s u l t i n g f r o m poor
work o r d e f e c t i v e m a t e r i a l s and equipment. (Damp o r d i r t y c a b l e c o n n e c t o r s and c a b l e
damage due t o f a u l t y i n s t a l l a t i o n p r a c t i c e s o f t e n f a i l s e v e r a l months a f t e r
installation. )
a) c o r r e c t n e s s of e x t e r n a l c o n n e c t i o n s ;
b) good work p e r f o r m a n c e ;
c) c l e a n l i n e s S;
d) s a f e t y hazards; and
e) s p e c i f i c requirements f o r i n d i v i d u a l items.
A l l equipment manufactured u n d e r s p e c i f i c a t i o n s s h o u l d p a s s s t r i c t f a c t o r y t e s t s p r i o r
t o s h i p m e n t , b u t i t s h o u l d be v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d f o r s h i p p i n g damage i m m e d i a t e l y upon
receipt.
b) t h a t t h e c o n n e c t o r s a r e c o m p l e t e l y plugged t o g e t h e r . A f t e r i n i t i a l
p l u g g i n g , t r a p p e d a i r p r e s s u r e may p a r t i a l l y d i s e n g a g e t h e p l u g and
receptacle. I f t h i s h a p p e n s , w a i t a few s e c o n d s and push them t o g e t h e r
a g a i n . Apply two o r t h r e e t u r n s of t a p e t o h o l d them i n p l a c e ;
c) t h a t t h e c a b l e s h a v e n o t been c u t by s h o v e l s , k i n k e d , c r u s h e d by
v e h i c l e w h e e l s , b r u i s e d by r o c k s , o r damaged i n any way d u r i n g h a n d l i n g
and i n s t a l l a t i o n ;
d) t h a t t h e c a b l e s a r e b u r i e d t o t h e s p e c i f i e d d e p t h below f i n i s h e d g r a d e
and a l l o t h e r d e t a i l e d r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n s p e c i f i c a t i o n
a r e accomplished;
e) t h a t t h e c a b l e s do n o t d i r e c t l y c r o s s e a c h o t h e r and a r e s e p a r a t e d by
t h e required distances;
g) t h a t t h e c a b l e s h a v e n o t been b e n t s h a r p l y where t h e y e n t e r ( o r l e a v e ) a
c o n d u i t and a r e s u p p o r t e d p r o p e r l y by tamped ground, s o f u t u r e s e t t l i n g
c a n n o t c a u s e s h a r p bends.
3.9.3.4 An i n s p e c t i o n s h o u l d be made t o
d e t e r m i n e t h a t t h e c o l o u r , q u a n t i t y , and l o c a t i o n s of l i g h t s a r e i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e
i n s t a l l a t i o n d r a w i n g s . Each l i g h t s h o u l d be i n s p e c t e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h a t i t i s o p e r a b l e ,
t h a t g l a s s i s n o t broken o r c r a c k e d , t h a t c o r r e c t iamps a r e i n s t a l l e d , and t h a t -it h a s
been p r o p e r l y l e v e l e d and aimed.
a) e a c h s w i t c h of t h e l i g h t i n g p a n e l s i n t h e c o n t r o l tower s h o u l d b e
o p e r a t e d s o t h a t e a c h s w i t c h p o s i t i o n i s r e a c h e d a t l e a s t t w i c e , During
t h i s p r o c e s s , a l l L i g h t s and v a u l t equipment s h o u l d be o b s e r v e d t o
determine t h a t each switch properly c o n t r o l s t h e corresponding c i r c u i t ;
P a r t 5. - E l e c t r i c a l Svstems 5-57
b) t h e above t e s t should be r e p e a t e d u s i n g t h e p a n e l s i n t h e a l t e r n a t e
c o n t r o l s t a t i o n ( v a u l t ) and t h e n r e p e a t e d a g a i n u s i n g t h e l o c a l c o n t r o l
s w i t c h e s on t h e r e g u l a t o r s ; and
c) e a c h l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s h o u l d b e t e s t e d by o p e r a t i n g i t c o n t i n u o u s l y a t
maximurn i n t e n s i t y f o r a t l e a s t 6 h o u r s . Visual i n s p e c t i o n should be
made a t t h e b e g i n n i n g a n d a t t h e e n d o f t h i s t e s t t o d e t e r m i n e t h a t t h e
c o r r e c t number of l i g h t s are o p e r a t i n g a t f u l l i n t e n s i t y . Dimming of
some o r a l l o f t h e l i g h t s i n a c i r c u i t i s a n i n d i c a t i o n o f g r o u n d
faults. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e l a m p - t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e s h o u l d be measured o n a t
l e a s t one l i g h t t n e a c h m u l t i p l e c i r c u i t , t o d e t e r m i n e t h a t i t i s w i t h i n
t 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e r a t e d lamp v o l t a g e a s marked o n t h e l a m p .
3.9.4 E l e c t r i c a l tests o f s e r i e s - c i r c u i t e q u i p m e n t
3.9.4.2 E l e c t r i c a l t e s t s on c a b l e . Cables b u r i e d i n e a r t h ( t h a t i s , n o t i n d u c t )
s h o u l d be t e s t e d b e f o r e and a f t e r b a c k f i l l i n g t h e c a b l e t r e n c h .
3.9.4.4 Each s e r i e s c i r c u i t s h o u l d b e s u b j e c t e d t o h i g h v o l t a g e i n s u l a t i o n r e s i s t -
a n c e t e s t s t o d e t e r m i n e c o m p l e t f r e e d o m f r o m g r o u n d s . Whenever p o s s i b l e , t h e s e t e s t s
s h o u l d b e p e r f o r m e d when t h e g r o u n d i s t h o r o u g h l y w e t . E x p e r i e n c e h a s shown t h a t c i r -
c u i t s which p a s s i n s u l a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e t e s t s d u r i n g d r y w e a t h e r may f a i l a f t e r a heavy
rain. Each c i r c u i t , i n c l u d i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s , s h o u l d be t e s t e d a s f o l l o w s :
b) Each c i r c u i t s h o u l d b e t e s t e d i m m e d i a t e l y a E t e r i n s t a l l a t i o n , i n a c c o r d -
a n c e w i t h " F i r s t T e s t F o r New C i r c u i t s " d e s c r i b e d i n s u b - p a r a g r a p h e ) .
Any c i r c u i t which h a s b e e n i n s t a l l e d f o r 60 d a y s o r more, e v e n i f i t h a s
n o t been o p e r a t e d , s h o u l d b e t e s t e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h " S u c c e e d i n g T e s t
a n d Old C i r c u i t s ". (See s u b - p a r a g r a p h e ) . )
c) The maximum a c c e p t a b l e l e a k a g e c u r r e n t , i n m i c r o a m p e r e s , s h o u l d n o t
e x c e e d t h e v a l u e s i n d i c a t e d i n p a r a g r a p h 3.9.4.7.
e) Connect b o t h c o n d u c t o r s , a n d a p p l y t h e t e s t v o l t a g e i n d i c a t e d b e l o w f o r
a p e r i o d o f 5 m i n u t e s between c o n d u c t o r s and g r o u n d .
-
F i r s t : T e s t on Succeeding T e s t s
New C i r c u i t s a n d Old C i r c u i t s
Complete a p p r o a c h l i g h t i n g
system (transformers with
5 OOO-volt p r i m a r y l e a d s )
Touchdown z o n e a n d c e n t r e
line light circuits
( t r a n s f o r m e r s w i t h 5 000-
v o l t primary l e a d s )
3.9.4.5 The t e s t s o u t l i n e d a b o v e s h o u l d b e p e r f o r m e d w i t h a s u i t a b l e h i g h - v o l t a g e
t e s t e r which h a s a s t e a d y , f i l t e r e d d c o u t p u t v o l t a g e . The h i g h - v o l t a g e t e s t e r s h o u l d
c o n t a i n a n a c c u r a t e v o l t m e t e r a n d microammeter f o r r e a d i n g t h e v o l t a g e a p p l i e d t o t h e
c i r c u i t and t h e i n s u l a t i o n l e a k a g e c u r r e n t .
3.9.4.7 D u r i n g t h e l a s t m i n u t e of t h e t e s t s t h e i n s u l a t i o n l e a k a g e c u r r e n t i n m i c r o -
a m p e r e s f o r e a c h c o m p l e t e c i r c u i t s h o u l d be measured a n d s h o u l d n o t e x c e e d t h e v a l u e
c a l c u l a t e d f o r e a c h c i r c u i t as f o l l o w s :
a) a l l o w 2 micorampere f o r e a c h s e r i e s t r a n s f o r m e r ;
b) a l l o w 1 microampere f o r e a c h 1 0 0 m e t e r s o f c a b l e ( T h i s v a l u e i n c l u d e s
a l l o w a n c e s f o r t h e n o r m a l number o f c o n n e c t o r s a n d s p l i c e s . ) ; a n d
c) add t h e v a l u e s o b t a i n e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e t o t a l a l l o w a b l e microampere
leakage f o r each complete c i r c u i t .
3.9.4.8 Lf t h e l e a k a g e c u r r e n t e x c e e d s t h e v a l u e c a l c u l a t e d a s o u t l i n e d a b o v e , t h e
c i r c u i t s h o u l d b e s e c t i o n a l i z e d arid t h e t e s t s r e p e a t e d f o r e a c h s e c t i o n . I k f e c t i v e
components must b e l o c a t e d a n d r e p a i r e d , o r r e p l a c e d u n t i l t h e e n t i r e c i r c u i t p a s s e s t h e
test.
3.9.4.9 Make s u r e t h a t t h e t e s t v o l t a g e s p e c i f i e d i n p a r a g r a p h 3.9.4.4 e ) i s
a c t u a l l y a p p l i e d t o t h e c i r c u i t a t t h e t i m e t h e l e a k a g e c u r r e n t i s measured. The v o l t -
age should be adjusted s o t h e voltmeter reads t h e desired value before t h e leakage
c u r r e n t i s read. I f any d i f f i c u l t y i s encountered i n o b t a i n i n g t h e d e s i r e d v o l t a g e ,
e i t h e r t h e c i r c u i t b e i n g t e s t e d o r t h e test s e t i s d e f e c t i v e , and s h o u l d be c o r r e c t e d
before t h e t e s t i s continued.
3.9.5 E l e c t r i c a l t e s t s of o t h e r cables
12 p a i r o r less All
Over 1 2 p a i r t o 25 p a i r , A l l , e x c e p t one p a i r
inclusive
Over 25 p a i r A l l , except 2 p a i r
a) E l e c t r i c a l t e s t . A h i g h - v o l t a g e i n s u l a t i o n t e s t e r w i t h microammeter
c u r r e n t - l e a k a g e m e t e r s h o u l d be u s e d and 3 0 0 0 v o l t s d c a p p l i e d between
t h e i n n e r and o u t e r c o n d u c t o r s f o r a minimum p e r i o d of t h r e e m i n u t e s .
While t h i s v o l t a g e i s a p p l i e d no n o t i c a b l e c u r r e n t s h o u l d f l o w between
t h e conductors a f t e r charging c u r r e n t has s t a b i l i z e d .
3.9.6.2
-..w r t h l o a d d i s c o n n e c t e d , e n e r g i z e t h e r e g u l a t o r o n c e , and watch t h e open-
c i r c u i t p r o t e c t o r t o s e e t h a t i t deenergizes t h e r e g u l a t o r w i t h i n 2 o r 3 seconds.
c) Use a r e c o r d i n g v o l t m e t e r o r t a k e r e a d i n g s d u r i n g b o t h d a y and n i g h t a t
s u f f i c i e n t i n t e r v a l s t o o b t a i n an average supply voltage.
d) I f r e g u l a t o r h s s i n p u t v o l t a g e t a p s , s e l e c t t h e t a p w h i c h most n e a r l y
corresponds t o average supply voltage. The o u t p u t c u r r e n t f o r e a c h
i n t e n s i t y s e t t i n g t a p s h o u l d be wfchfn IL 2 p e r c e n t of t h e n a m e p l a t e
v a l u e s a f t e r a n y necessary s u p p l y v o l t a g e c o r r e c t i o n i s made.
3.9.6,3 I n a l l c u r r e n t r e g u l a t o r s which have i n p u t v o l t a g e t a p s , t h e o u t p u t c u r r e n t
w i l l v a r y i n p r o p o r t i o n t o i n p u t v o l t a g e changes. I f a s u p p l y v o l t a g e of 2 350 i s
a p p l i e d t o t h e 2 4 0 0 v o l t t a p , t h e o u t p u t c u r r e n t v a l u e s s h o u l d b e 2 p e r c e n t below t h e
nameplate values.
3.9.6.4 R e g u l a t o r s which h a v e a u t o m a t i c s u p p l y v o l t a g e c o r r e c t i o n i n l i e u of i n p u t
t a p s do n o t change t h e o u t p u t c u r r e n t a s t h e s u p p l y v o l t a g e v a r i e s .
a) I f t h e o u t p u t c u r r e n t on f u l l i n t e n s i t y d e v i a t e s f r o m t h e n a m e p l a t e
v a l u e by more t h a n 2 p e r c e n t (and i f t h e r e g u l a t o r i s n o t o v e r l o a d e d ) ,
t h e i n t e r n a l a d j u s t m e n t s h o u l d be checked, a s d e s c r i b e d o n t h e r e g u l a t o r
instruction plate. S i n c e t h e a d j u s t m e n t may be d e l i c a t e , i t i s
recommended t h a t a d e v i a t i o n of +- 5 p e r c e n t h e a l l o w e d o n l o w e r s e t -
tings before a t t e m t i n g t o readjust the regulator.
b) F u r t h e r m o r e , a check s h o u l d be made t o s e e w h e t h e r t h e a d j u s t m e n t h a d
been changed p u r p o s e l y f o r a n u n u s u a l l o c a l f l i g h t o p e r a t i o n a l
requirement.
3.9.7.1 The f o l l o w i n g t e s t s h o u l d h e l p l o c a t e t h e f a u l t i n t h e e v e n t t h a t t h e t e s t s
i n d i c a t e improper operation.
3.9.7.2 Disconnect t h e l o a d , s h o r t - c i r c u i t r e g u l a t o r o u t p u t t e r m i n a l s t h r o u g h a n
ammeter, and measure o u t p u t c u r r e n t . I f measured v a l u e s a r e e q u a l t o o r s l i g h t l y h i g h e r
t h a n n a m e p l a t e v a l u e s , t h e r e g u l a t o r i s o p e r a t i n g s a t i s f a c t o r i l y and t h e l o a d c i r c u i t
s h o u l d be checked f o r f a u l t s .
a) S a c i s f a c t o r y o p e r a t i o n i s i n d i c a t e d by c o r r e c t o u t p u t c u r r e n t and a n
o u t p u t v o l t a g e which i s s l i g h t l y h i g h e r t h a n t h a t e s t i m a t e d f o r t h e
l o a d , b u t which d o e s n o t exceed t h e r a t e d o u t p u t v o l t a g e . The v o l t a g e
r e q u i r e d f o r t h e l o a d may be e s t i m a t e d by m u l t i p l y i n g t h e i s o l a t i n g
transformer primary v o l t a g e a t r a t e d load ( w a t t s d i v i d e d by primary
c u r r e n t ) by t h e number of t r a n s f o r m e r s c o n n e c t e d i n s e r i e s i n t h e l o a d
circuit .
b) A c o r r e c t output c u r r e n t with an output v o l t a g e a p p r e c i a b l y l e s s t h a n
t h e e s t i m a t e d l o a d v o l t a g e i n d i c a t e s c o m p l e t e o r p a r t i a l s h o r t i n g of t h e
load.
d) A reduced o u t p u t c u r r e n t w i t h an o u t p u t v o l t a g e i n d i c a t i n g a n o v e r l o a d
i s p o s s i b l y caused by a poor c o n n e c t i o n i n t h e l o a d c i r u i t . The
r e g u l a t o r s h o u l d be d e e n e r g i z e d immediately t o p r e v e n t damage.
e) A reduced o u t p u t c u r r e n t w i t h a n o u t p u t v o l t a g e n o t exceeding t h e r a t e d
o u t p u t v o l t a g e i n d i c a t e s a f a u l t y r e g u l a t o r o r reduced s u p p l y v o l t a g e .
f) A z e r o o u t p u t c u r r e n t w i t h e x c e s s i v e o u t p u t v o l t a g e i n d i c a t e s a n open i n
t h e l o a d c i r c u i t and f a i l u r e o f t h e o p e n - c i r c u i t p r o t e c t o r i n t h e
regulator. I n t h i s c a s e , t h e r e g u l a t o r must be d e e n e r g i z e d i m m e d i a t e l y
t o p r e v e n t s e r i o u s damage.
T e s t s of m o n i t o r s
4.1.1 I n i t i a l considerations
4.1.1.1 I n s t a l l a t i o n of e l e c t r i c a l c a b l e s underground i s e x p e n s i v e a n d t e c h n i q u e s t o
a s s u r e l o n g and e f f e c t i v e s e r v i c e w i t h a minimum of m a i n t e n a n c e s h o u l d b e used. All
work s h o u l d be done by e x p e r i e n c e d p e r s o n n e l r e g u l a r l y engaged i n t h e i r t y p e of work.
Most underground c a b l e s w i l l be l o c a t e d o n , o r v e r y c l o s e t o , t h e manoeuvring a r e a of
t h e aerodrome. Hence, a t a c t i v e aerodromes g r e a t c a r e must be e x e r c i s e d t o e n s u r e t h a t
t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n does n o t p r e s e n t a hazard t o a i r c r a f t o r t o t h e i n s t a l l e r s .
4.1.2 P r e c o n s t r u c t i o n arrangements
4.1.3 Methods of i n s t a l l a t i o n
4.2.2 Trenching
4.2.3 S e p a r a t i o n between c a b l e s
f) C o n t r o l , t e l e p h o n e , and c o a x i a l c a b l e s may be l a i d i n t h e t r e n c h w i t h o u t
h o r i z o n t a l s e p a r a t i o n from each o t h e r .
g) V e r t i c a l s e p a r a t i o n s s h o u l d be s i m i l a r t o t h o s e g i v e n i n a ) t h r o u g h f )
e x c e p t t h a t c a b l e s which do n o t r e q u i r e h o r i z o n t a l s e p a r a t i o n s h o u l d be
s e p a r a t e d a minimum of 6 cm v e r t i c a l l y . No c a b l e s h o u l d d i r e c t l y o v e r -
l a p a n o t h e r c a b l e b e c a u s e compacting may damage t h e c a b l e .
h) Ground w i r e s and c o u n t e r p o i s e s s h o u l d be a p p r o x i m a t e l y 15 cm a b o v e t h e
uppermost l e v e l of t h e c a b l e s .
4.2.4 I n s t a l l a t i o n of d i r e c t - b u r i a l cables
4.2.4.1 .
B e f o r e p l a c i n g any c a b l e s , b a c k f i l l and compact a 5 cm
l a y e r of e i t h e r e a r t h o r s a n d c o n t a i n i n g n o m a t e r i a l a g g r e g a t e p a r t i c l e s l a r g e r t h a n
6 mm i n d i a m e t e r .
4.2.4.2 Wherever p o s s i b l e , c a b l e s h o u l d be r u n i n o n e p i e c e ,
without s p l i c e s , from connection t o connection. Use t h e l o n g e s t p r a c t i c a b l e l e n g t h s of
c a b l e i n o r d e r t o minimize s p l i c i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s . When c a b l e c u t t i n g i s r e q u i r e d , c a b l e
e n d s s h o u l d be e f f e c t i v e l y s e a l e d a g a i n s t m o i s t u r e i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r c u t t i n g . Bends of
a r a d i u s l e s s t h a n e i g h t t i m e s t h e d i a m e t e r f o r r u b b e r - o r p l a s t i c - c o v e r e d c a b l e and
t w e l v e t i m e s t h e d i a m e t e r f o r m e t a l l i c - a r m o r e d c a b l e s h o u l d n o t be made. Cable t h a t has
been k i n k e d s h o u l d n o t be i n s t a l l e d . A man s h o u l d be s t a t i o n e d a t t h e r e e l t o o b s e r v e
and r e p o r t any i r r e g u l a r i t i e s i n t h e c a b l e when t h e c a b l e i s b e i n g u n r e e l e d . Cable f o r
d i r e c t e a r t h b u r i a l s h o u l d be u n r e e l e d i n p l a c e i n t h e open t r e n c h o r u n r e e l e d n e a r t h e
t r e n c h and c a r e f u l l y p l a c e d i n t h e t r e n c h bottom. P u l l i n g t h e c a b l e i n t o t h e t r e n c h by
d r a g g i n g o v e r t h e ground s h o u l d n o t be p e r m i t t e d .
a) B a c k f i l l s e p a r a t i n g c a b l e s s h o u l d be f i r m l y tamped i n p l a c e . The c a b l e
s e p a r a t i o n s g i v e n i n 4.2.3 .should be m a i n t a i n e d . These s e p a r a t i o n s may
be e i t h e r h o r i z o n t a l , v e r t i c a l , o r a c o m b i n a t i o n of t h e two.
b) The f i r s t l a y e r of b a c k f i l l i n g s h o u l d be n o t l e s s t h a n 7.5 cm d e e p ,
l o o s e measurement, and s h o u l d be e i t h e r e a r t h o r s a n d c o n t a i n i n g no
m a t e r i a l a g g r e g a t e p a r t i c l e s l a r g e r t h a n 6 mm d i a m e t e r . This l a y e r
s h o u l d n o t be compacted, e x c e p t f o r tamping t o m a i n t a i n s e p a r a t i o n of
cables.
c) The s e c o n d l a y e r s h o u l d be n o t l e s s t h a n 12 cm d e e p , l o o s e measurement,
and s h o u l d c o n t a i n n o p a r t i c l e s l a r g e r t h a n 25 mm d i a m e t e r .
d) The r e m a i n d e r of t h e b a c k f i l l i n g may be e x c a v a t e d o r i m p o r t e d m a t e r i a l
and s h o u l d n o t c o n t a i n s t o n e s o r a g g r e g a t e l a r g e r t h a n 1 0 0 mm i n
diameter. The t h i r d and s u b s e q u e n t l a y e r s of t h e b a c k f i l l i n g s h o u l d n o t
e x c e e d 2 0 cm i n maximum d e p t h , l o o s e measurement. The s e c o n d and
s u b s e q u e n t l a y e r s s h o u l d be t h o r o u g h l y tamped and compacted t o a t l e a s t
t h e d e n s i t y of t h e a d j a c e n t u n d i s t u r b e d s o i l . If necessary t o o b t a i n
t h e d e s i r e d compaction, t h e b a c k f i l l m a t e r i a l may be m o i s t e n e d o r
a e r a t e d a s required. T r e n c h e s s h o u l d n o t be e x c e s s i v e l y w e t and s h o u l d
n o t c o n t a i n p o o l s of w a t e r d u r i n g t h e b a c k f i l l i n g o p e r a t i o n s . The
t r e n c h s h o u l d be c o m p l e t e l y b a c k f i l l e d and tamped l e v e l w i t h t h e
adjacent surface.
e) When s o d i s t o be p l a c e d o v e r t h e t r e n c h , t h e b a c k f i l l i n g s h o u l d be
s t o p p e d a t a d e p t h e q u a l t o t h e t h i c k n e s s of t h e s o d t o b e u s e d . Any
e x c e s s e x c a v a t e d m a t e r i a l s h o u l d be removed.
I n s t a l l a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s and p r o c e d u r e s
4.3.1,l S e l e c t i o n of r o u t e s . D u c t - l i n e r o u t e s s h o u l d be s e l e c t e d t o b a l a n c e maxirnum
f l e x i b i l i t y w i t h minimum c o s t and t o a v o i d f o u n d a t i o n s f o r f u t u r e b u i l d i n g s a n d o t h e r
s t r u c t u r e s . Where i t may be n e c e s s a r y t o r u n communication l i n e s a l o n g w i t h e l e c t r i c
power d i s t r i b u t i o n l i n e s , two i s o l a t e d s y s t e m s i n s e p a r a t e rnanhole compartments s h o u l d
be provided. Where p o s s i b l e , d u c t s s h o u l d be i n s t a l l e d i n t h e same c o n c r e t e e n v e l o p e .
E l e c t r i c and communication d u c t s s h o u l d be k e p t c l e a r of a l l o t h e r u n d e r g r o u n d
u t i l i t i e s , e s p e c i a l l y high-temperature water o r steam pipes.
4.3.1,2 Duct m a t e r i a l s . A c c e p t a b l e s t a n d a r d m a t e r i a l s f o r d u c t s i n c l u d e f i b e r ,
a s b e s t o s - c e m e n t , t i l e , and p l a s t i c . K g i d s t e e l c o n d u i t may a l s o be i n s t a l l e d below
g r a d e and s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d w i t h f i e l d o r f a c t o r y a p p l i e d c o a t i n g s where r e q u i r e d .
4.3.1.5 L n s t a l l a t i o n of d u c t s e n c a s e d i n c o n c r e t e . Al.]. d u c t s i n s t a l l e d i n c o n c r e t e
encasement s h u u l d be p l a c e d on a L a y e r of c o n c r e t e n o t l e s s t h a n 9 - 5 c m thick. Where
(measured f r o m o u t s i d e w a l l t o o u t s i d e w a l l ) . A s t h e d u c t l a y i n g p r o g r e s s e s , c o n c r e t e
n o t l e s s t h a n 7.5 cm t h i c k s h o u l d be p l a c e d around t h e s i d e s and t o p of t h e d u c t bank.
F l a r e d e n d s of d u c t s o r c o u p l i n g s s h o u l d b e i n s t a l l e d f l u s h w i t h t h e c o n c r e t e encasement
o r i n s i d e w a l l s of manholes o r h a n d h o l e s . I n t e r l o c k s p a c e r s s h o u l d be u s e d a t n o t more
t h a n 1.5 m e t r e s p a c i n g t o i n s u r e u n i f o r m s p a c i n g between d u c t s . Joints i n adjacent
d u c t s s h o u l d be s t a g g e r e d a minimum of 6 0 cm a p a r t and s h o u l d b e made w a t e r p r o o f p r i o r
t o c o n c r e t i n g . No d u c t h a v i n g a d e f e c t i v e j o i n t s h o u l d be i n s t a l l e d . Concrete-encased
d u c t o r r i g i d s t e e l c o n d u i t s h o u l d b e i n s t a l l e d s o t h a t t h e t o p of t h e c o n c r e t e e n v e l o p e
o r c o n d u i t i s n o t l e s s t h a n 4 0 cm below t h e bottom of t h e p a v i n g where i t i s i n s t a l l e d
under roadways, r a i l r o a d s , runways, t a x i w a y s , o t h e r paved a r e a s , and d i t c h e s and n o t
l e s s t h a n 4 0 cm below t h e f i n i s h e d g r a d e e l s e w h e r e .
4.3.1.10 S u f f i c i e n t d u c t s f o r planned i n s t a l l a t i o n s , f u t u r e
e x p a n s i o n , p l u s a minimum of 2 5 p e r c e n t of s p a r e d u c t s , s h o u l d be i n c l u d e d f o r a l l new
underground s y s t e m s .
4.4.1 Selection
1.5 cm TYPICAL
1.25 cm BARS AT 15 cm
TO 20 cm ON CENTRES$
7.5 cm TYPICAL
(2.5 cm WIRE HOOP)
APPROXIMATELY 20 cm
ON C E N T R E S ~
4.4.3 Stubs
4.4.4 Hardware
Two-section manholes
4.4.5.1 T w o s e c t i o n manholes s h o u l d be u s e d t o m a i n t a i n s e p a r a t i o n of t h e c i r c u i t s
w h e r e e l e c t r i c power a n d communication l i n e s a r e i n s t a l l e d i n t h e same d u c t bank o r u s e
t h e same manhole.
4.5.1 P r e ~ a r a t i o nof d u c t s
4.5.1.1 A f t e r t h e d u c t i n s t a l l a t i o n i s c o m p l e t e d , t h e c a b l e s a r e i n s t a l l e d by
d r a w i n g o r p u l l i n g i n t o t h e d u c ~ s . The d u c t s h o u l d be open, c o n t i n u o u s , a n d c l e a r of
debris before the cable is installed. The c a b l e s h o u l d be i n s t a l l e d i n a manner t o
p r e v e n t h a r m f u l s t r e t c h i n g o f t h e c o n d u c t o r , i n j u r y t o t h e i n s u l a t i o n , o r damage t o t h e
o u t e r p r o t e c t i v e c o v e r i n g . The e n d s of a l l c a b l e s s h o u l d b e s e a l e d w i t h m o i s t u r e s e a l
t a p e b e f o r e i n s t a l l i n g , and t h e y s h o u l d b e k e p t s e a l e d u n t i l c o n n e c t i o n s are made.
Where more t h a n one c a b l e i s t o b e i n s t a l l e d i n a d u c t o r c o n d u i t , a l l c a b l e s h o u l d be
i n s t a l l e d a t t h e same t i m e . In no c a s e s h o u l d a s p l i c e o r c o n n e c t i o n be p l a c e d i n a
duct o r conduit.
4.5.2 Cable p u l l i n g i n d u c t s
I n s t a l l a t i o n of c a b l e s i n manholes and h a n d h o l e s
4S.3.2 Cable t e r m i n a t i o n s . T e r m i n a t i o n of a l l c o n t r o l , t e l e p h o n e , a n d c o a x i a l
c a b l e s s h o u l d be a s r e q u i r e d . T e r m i n a t i o n of a l l power c a b l e s r a t e d above 5 000 v o l t s
s h o u l d be made w i t h a s t r e s s r e l i e f d e v i c e . Where p o t h e a d s a r e u s e d , s t r i c t conformance
t o m a n u f a c t u r e r ' s recommendations s h o u l d be f o l l o w e d . Where t e r m i n a t i o n s a r e made a t
t r a n s f o r m e r b u s h i n g s , exposed c o a d u c t i n g s u r f a c e s on b o t h h i g h - and l o w - v o l r a g e s i d e s
s h o u l d be t a p e d f o r f u l l v o l t a g e and p a i n t e d w i t h a h i g h i n s u l a t i o n w a t e r - r e s i s t a n t
coa t i n g e
4.5.3.3 The f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s a p p l y t o t h e g r o u n d i n g o f
cables.
a) A l l s h i e l d e d power c a b l e s s h o u l d h a v e t h e s h i e l d grounded a t e a c h e n d .
The g r o u n d i n g c o n d u c t o r s h o u l d be c o n n e c t e d t o a ground r o d by means o f
a grounding connector s p e c i f i c a l l y designed f o r t h i s purpose. The
s h i e l d s o r armor on d i r e c t e a r t h - b u r i e d power c a b l e s s h o u l d be grounded
on e a c h e n d , b u t n o t a t t h e s p l i c e s .
b) A l l s h i e l d e d c o n t r o l c a b l e s s h o u l d h a v e t h e s h i e l d grounded a t e a c h e n d .
The s h i e l d a t e a c h s p l i c e s h o u l d have i n s u l a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e f r o m ground
e q u a l t o t h a t of t h e o r i g i n a l c a b l e .
c) -
Telephone c a b l e s s h o u l d have t h e s h i e l d s grounded a t one end o n l y . The
s h i e l d a t e a c h s p l i c e s h o u l d have i n s u l a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e f r o m ground
e q u a l t o t h a t of t h e o r i g i n a l c a b l e .
d) C o a x i a l c a b l e s h i e l d s s h o u l d be i n s u l a t e d f r o m ground t h r o u g h o u t t h e
l e n g t h of t h e c a b l e r u n . The s h i e l d s s h o u l d be grounded o n l y a t t h e
c o a x i a l c o n n e c t o r t e r m i n a t i n g i n t o t h e equipment on e a c h end o f t h e
c a b l e run,
4.5.4.1 Precautions. S p e c i a l p r e c a u t i o n s s h o u l d be o b s e r v e d d u r i n g t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n
of g a s - f i l l e d c o a x i a l c a b l e s . These c a b l e s s h o u l d be f u r n i s h e d and i n s t a l l e d i n one
p i e c e u n d e r n i t r o g e n g a s p r e s s u r e w i t h c a b l e and s e a l s k e p t s e c u r e l y i n p l a c e a t a l l
t i m e s d u r i n g c a b l e h a n d l i n g , s h i p p i n g , and i n s t a l l a t i o n . Do n o t c u t o r s p l i c e t h i s
c a b l e a t a n y t i m e . A s t h e c a b l e i s unwound from t h e r e e l , a s u p p l e m e n t a r y d e v i c e f o r
s t r a i g h t e n i n g t h i s c a b l e i s d e s i r a b l e , Utmost c a r e s h o u l d be e x e r c i s e d a t a l l t i m e s t o
p r e v e n t k j n k i n g a n y p a r t of t h e c a b l e d u r i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n .
4.5.4.2 P r e - i n s t a l l a t i o n c h e c k , I n o r d e r t o d e t e r m i n e whether t h e c a b l e h a s b e e n
damaged o r p u n c t u r e d , d e t e r m i n e i f t h e n i t r o g e n g a s s h i p p i n g p r e s s u r e i s s t i l l r e t a i n e d
i n the cable. I f t h i s g a s p r e s s u r e r e a d i n g h a s d e c r e a s e d and t h e l o s s i s n o t due t o
t e m p e r a t u r e change, a n i t r o g e n g a s t e s t s h o u i d be conducted.
4.5.4.3 .
S t y r o f l e x c o a x i a l c a b l e of 4 5 mm d i a m e t e r
s h o u l d n o t be s u b j e c t e d t o a bending r a d i u s of l e s s t h a n one m e t r e d u r i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n
o r l e s s t h a n 0.6 m e t r e r a d i u s when s e c u r e d i n p l a c e . The maximum a l l o w a b l e p u l l i n g
t e n s i o n f o r t h i s s i z e of c a b l e i s 800 kg. H e l i a x c o a x i a l c a b l e s h o u l d n o t b e s u b j e c t e d
t o a b e n d i n g r a d i u s of l e s s t h a n 0.75 m e t r e d u r i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n n o r l e s s t h a n a 0.5
m e t r e r a d i u s when s e c u r e d i n p l a c e . The maximum a l l o w a b l e p u l l i n g t e n s i o n f o r t h i s s i z e
of c a b l e i s 380 kg.
4.5.4.4 S l a c k c o i l c a b l e l o o p s s h o u l d n o t be used f o r p r e s s u r i z e d c o a x i a l c a b l e s .
The c a b l e end s h o u l d be f e d t h r o u g h t h e o p e n i n g p r o v i d e d a t t h e b u i l d i n g f r o m t h e r e e l
located outside the building. The c a b l e between t h e s t r u c t u r e e n t r a n c e and t h e
r e s p e c t i v e c a b l e end s h o u l d c o n t i n u e i n t o t h e b u i l d i n g on r e l a t i v e l y t h e same h o r i z o n t a l
plane. Bends s h o u l d n o t be l e s s t h a n t h e minimum p r e s c r i b e d above. T e m p o r a r i l y s u p p o r t
t h e c a b l e end s o t h a t t h e c a b l e w i l l n o t "droop" o r "hang", p e n d i n g f i n a l c o n n e c t i o n t o
the e l e c t r o n i c apparatus.
Cable i n s t a l l a t i o n i n saw c u t s
4.5.6.1 A l l c a b l e s a n d c a b l e r o u t e s s h o u l d b e marked f o r e a s y i d e n t i f i c a t i o n i n t h e
future.
4.5.6.2 C a b l e t a g g i n g . A l l c a b l e s s h o u l d b e t a g g e d i n e a c h manhole o r h a n d h o l e w i t h
n o t less t h a n two t a g s p e r c a b l e , o n e n e a r e a c h d u c t e n t r a n c e h o l e . Tags s h o u l d be
a t t a c h e d t o t h e c a b l e immediately a f t e r i n s t a l l a t i o n . Cable t e r m i n a t i o n s and p o t h e a d s
s h o u l d be tagged a s t o f u n c t i o n , f a c i l i t y which i t s e r v e s , and o t h e r p e r t i n e n t d a t a .
Tags s h o u l d be o f s u i t a b l e s i z e a n d t h i c k n e s s , p r e f e r a b l y o f c o p p e r . They s h o u l d b e
s e c u r e l y a t t a c h e d t o t h e c a b l e u s i n g n y l o n c o r d . Marking o f t a g s s h o u l d c o n s i s t o f a n
a b b r e v i a t i o n o f t h e name of f a c i l i t y o r f a c i l i t i e s s e r v e d by t h e c a b l e , t h e l e t t e r
i n d i c a t i n g t h e t y p e of s e r v i c e (power, t e l e p h o n e , c o n t r o l and r a d i o f r e q u e n c y ( c o a x ) )
p r o v i d e d by t h e c a b l e . Where t e l e p h o n e t y p e c a b l e i s u s e d f o r c o n t r o l f u n c t i o n s , i t
s h o u l d b e marked a s a c o n t r o l c a b l e , n o t a t e l e p h o n e c a b l e . Where two o r more i d e n t i c a l
c a b l e s are u s e d t o s e r v e t h e same f a c i l i t y , t h e y may b e b u n d l e d u n d e r o n e t a g .
b) t h e name of t h e f a c i l i t y s e r v e d ;
d) arrows t o i n d i c a t e t h e d i r e c t i o n o r change of d i r e c t i o n o f t h e c a b l e
run;
e) t h e l e t t e r s s h o u l d n o t be less t h a n 10 cm h i g h , 7 c m w i d e a n d 1 c m d e e p ;
g) manholes a n d h a n d h o l e s s h a l l b e i d e n t i f i e d by p u r p o s e .
4.5.7.1 I n s t a l l a t i o n of e n c l o s u r e s . Most c a b l e c o n n e c t i o n s t o t h e i s o l a t i n g
t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e i n t r a n s f o r m e r e n c l o s u r e s , i n b a s e s f o r l i g h t i n g f i x t u r e s which a r e
below t h e s u r f a c e a t t h e e d g e o f paved runways o r t a x i w a y s , o r i n t h e pavement.
P r e f e r a b l y , t h e s e e n c l o s u r e s a r e i n s t a l l e d a t t h e d e s i g n a t e d l o c a t i o n s i n a poured
c o n c r e t e f o u n d a t i o n w h i c h e n c a s e s t h e e n c l o s u r e c o n t a i n e r by n o t l e s s t h a n 1 0 t o 1 5 cm
of c o n c r e t e around t h e bottom and s i d e s . Metal c o n d u i t s connected t o e n t r a n c e s of t h e
c o n t a i n e r f o r a d m i t t i n g t h e c a b l e s of t h e c i r c u i t s h o u l d e x t e n d t h r o u g h t h e c o n c r e t e
walls. T h e s e c o n d u i t s s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d w i t h clamps f o r c o n n e c t i n g t h e g r o u n d w i r e s o r
c o u n t e r p o i s e s . The t o p o f t h e c o n t a i n e r must be l e v e l a n d a t t h e p r o p e r d e p t h below t h e
t o p s u r f a c e of t h e c o n c r e t e f o r m o u n t i n g t h e l i g h t f i x t u r e o r c o v e r p l a t e . A holding
d e v i c e o r j i g s h o u l d be used t o m a i n t a i n l e v e l , a l i g n m e n t , and p r o p e r d e p t h of t h e t o p
o f t h e e n c l o s u r e c o n t a i n e r d u r i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n a n d c u r i n g of t h e c o n c r e t e . The e n d s of
c a b l e s a r e p u l l e d i n t o t h e e n c l o s u r e c o n t a i n e r a n d t h e e n d of t h e c o n d u i t o u t s i d e t h e
c o n c r e t e f o u n d a t i o n i s s e a l e d a r o u n d t h e c a b l e w i t h a s u i t a b l e compound t o k e e p t h e
e n c l o s u r e f r e e of w a t e r . The e l e v a t e d l i g h t s , s e m i - f l u s h l i g h t s , o r b l a n k c o v e r s
mounted on t h e s e c o n t a i n e r s s h o u l d i n c l u d e a g a s k e t o r o t h e r means o f s e a l i n g t o p r e v e n t
water from e n t e r i n g t h e c o n t a i n e r .
4.5.7.2 I n s t a l l a t i o n i n e x i s t i n g pavement. I f l i g h t s a r e t o be i n s t a l l e d i n
e x i s t i n g p a v e m e n t s , i n s t a l l i n g t h e t r a n s f o r m e r e n c l o s u r e s i n c o n c r e t e f o u n d a t i o n s may
n o t be p r a c t i c a l . Usually t h e t r a n s f o r m e r e n c l o s u r e i s l o c a t e d a t t h e e d g e of t h e
pavement a n d t h e s e c o n d a r y c a b l e s t o t h e l i g h t a r e i n s t a l l e d i n saw c u t s . A transformer
e n c l o s u r e , j u n c t i o n box, o r t h e l i g h t f i x t u r e may b e i n s t a l l e d a t t h e l o c a t i o n f o r t h e
l i g h t f o r making t h e c o n n e c t i o n s t o t h e l i g h t by b o r i n g a h o l e of t h e p r o p e r s i z e a n d
d e p t h i n t h e pavement. The l i g h t f i x u t r e may b e mounted o n a n e n c l o s u r e o r b e of a t y p e
s u i t a b l e f o r i n s t a l l i n g d i r e c t l y i n t h e h o l e . H o l e s of p r o p e r d i a m e t e r f o r r h e f i x t u r e s
o r e n c l o s u r e s s h o u l d b e b o r e d i n t h e pavement w i t h diamond-edged b i t s . The b o t t o m o f
t h e h o l e f o r j u n c t i o n b o x e s and l i g h t E i x t u r e s s h o u l d b e f l a t o r s l i g h t l y c o n c a v e e x c e p t
t h a t a n a r e a 2.5 cm wide a r o u n d t h e p e r i m e t e r s h o u l d b e f l a t , If t h e holes a r e d r i l l e d
t o o d e e p , t h e y s h o u l d b e f i l l e d w i t h s e a l a n t compound t o t h e d e s i r e d d e p t h a n d t h e
compound p e r m i t t e d t o c u r e b e f o r e p r o c e e d i n g w i t h t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n .
a) C r o s s - l i n k e d p o l y e t h y l e n e (XLP). T h i s t h e r m o - s e t t i n g compound h a s
e x c e l l e n t e l e c t r i c a l p r o p e r t i e s , good c h e m i c a l r e s i s t a n c e , good p h y s i c a l
s t r e n g t h c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , a n d r e m a i n s f l e x i b l e a t low t e m p e r a t u r e s .
b) E t h y l e n e - p r o p y l e n e r u b b e r (EPR). T h i s compound h a s e l e c t r i c a l p r o p e r -
ties which a r e c o n s i d e r e d e q u a l t o c r o s s - l i n k e d p o l y e t h y l e n e ; there-
f o r e , t h e c o n t r a c t o r should be given t h e option t o provide e i t h e r type.
P a p e r i n s u l a t e d . Use p a p e r i r l s u l a t e d c a b l e f o r low i o n i z a t i o n , l o n g
l i f e , h i g h d i e l e c t r i c s t r e n g t h , low d i e l e c t r i c l o s s e s , a n d good s t a b l e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s under temperature v a r i a t i o n s . As w i t h varnished-cambric
i n s u l a t i o n , paper i n s u l a t i o n requires a s u i t a b l e p r o t e c t i v e m e t a l l i c
sheath. It may b e s p e c i f i e d a s a n o p t i o n when e x i s t i n g c a b l e s a r e p a p e r
i n s u l a t e d , o r as a r e q u i r e m e n t when t h e e x t r a c o s t i s j u s t i f i e d b e c a u s e
n e i t h e r cross-linked polyethylene o r ethylene-propylene rubber provide
the required qualities.
5.1.1.3 Cable s h e a t h s
a) Nonmetallic. Nonmetallic s h e a t h s s h o u l d be f l e x i b l e , m o i s t u r e r e p e l -
l a n t , and l o n g l a s t i n g . Neoprene, w h i c h i s o f t e n u s e d as n o n m e t a l l i c
c a b l e s h e a t h s , i s u n s u i t a b l e i n many l o c a t i o n s . T h i s material f r e -
q u e n t l y a b s o r b s e x c e s s i v e amounts o f w a t e r w h i c h may p e n e t r a t e t h r o u g h
t o the insulation. Some n o n m e t a l l i c s h e a t h m a t e r i a l s , e s p e c i a l l y i n
some t r o p i c a l a r e a s , are r e p o r t e d t o b e damaged by m i c r o - o r g a n i s m s ,
i n s e c t s , and p l a n t l i f e . Some s h e a t h materials, w h i c h p e r f o r m w e l l
where i n s t a l l e d u n d e r g r o u n d o r i n c o n d u i t s , d e t e r i o r a t e r a p i d l y i f
i n s t a l l e d where i t i s e x p o s e d t o s u n l i g h t . M a t e r i a l s w h i c h become b r i t -
t l e a t low t e m p e r a t u r e s s h o u l d n o t b e u s e d i n c o l d r e g i o n s . I n some
l o c a t i o n s , r o d e n t s f r e q u e n t l y damage n o n m e t a l l i c - s h e a t h e d c a b l e . In
t h e s e a r e a s t h e c a b l e s h o u l d be i n s t a l l e d i n d u c t s o r m e t a l l i c - s h e a t h e d
c a b l e s h o u l d be u s e d *
b) Metallic. C a b l e s e x p o s e d t o m e c h a n i c a l damage o r h i g h i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e
r e q u i r e a m e t a l l i c s h e a t h , s u c h a s l e a d , aluminurn, o r s t e e l . Certain
i n s u l a t i o n s , s u c h as p a p e r a n d v a r n i s h e d c a m b r i c , r e q u i r e s u c h
protection i n a l l cases.
5.1.2.1 L o w v o l t a g e c a b l e s -- i n s u l a t i o n r a t e d a t 600 v o l t s o r
less -- a r e u s e d t o c o n n e c t t h e s e c o n d a r i e s of s e r i e s / s e r i e s i s o l a t i n g transformers t o
t h e lamps i n t h e f i x t u r e s , f o r l o w v o l t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n c i r c u i t s , a n d as l o w v o l t a g e
f e e d e r c i r c u i t s t o s i n g l e u n i t s a n d t h e s h o r t e r c i r c u i t s . The c o n d u c t o r s are u s u a l l y
c o p p e r b u t may b e aluminum, a n d e i t h e r s i n g l e - o r m u l t i - c o n d u c t o r c a b l e s are u s e d . Both
s o l i d and s t r a n d e d c o n d u c t o r s a r e u s e d b u t s t r a n d e d i s p r e f e r r e d i f f r e q u e n t f l e x i n g o f
t h e c a b l e i s expected. The c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f t h e c o n d u c t o r may v a r y f r o m 2 mm2 t o
8 mm 2 o r l a r g e r i f n e c e s s a r y t o d e c r e a s e t h e v o l t a g e d r o p .
5.1.2.3 S e r i e s a e r o d r o m e l i g h t i n g c a b l e s . The r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e c a b l e s f o r t h i s
p u r p o s e h a v e b e e n s t a n d a r d i z e d more t h a n h a v e t h e c a b l e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r m o s t power
c i r c u i t s . The s e r i e s c u r r e n t u s e d i n t h e s e c i r c u i t s i s b e t w e e n 6 a n d 20 a m p e r e s . The
c o n d u c t o r s i z e commonly u s e d i s 8.4 mm2 i n c r o s s - s e c t i o n b u t some 3.3 mm2 c a b l e i s a l s o
used. These c a b l e s a r e s i n g l e - c o n d u c t o r . The c o n d u c t o r i s u s u a l l y s t r a n d e d b u t s o l i d
c o n d u c t o r c a n a l s o be used. The i n s u l a t i o n i s u s u a l l y 5 O O O v o l t r a t e d . A non-metallic
j a c k e t o v e r t h e i n s u l a t i o n i s commonly u s e d . M e t a l l i c - t a p e s h i e l d i n g b e t w e e n t h e i n s u l -
a t i o n a n d j a c k e t o r between t h e j a c k e t a n d n o n - m e t a l l i c c o v e r i n g i s o f t e n u s e d b u t may
n o t b e r e q u i r e d f o r some i n s t a l l a t i o n . The p r e f e r r e d s e r i e s - l i g h t i n g c a b l e s a r e
s t r a n d e d , c o p p e r , 8.3 mm2 c o n d u c t o r ; c r o s s - l i n k e d p o l y e t h y l e n e , e t h y l e n e - p r o p y l e n e - r u b -
ber, o r bunarubber insulation; chlorosulfonated polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride,
p o l y e t h y l e n e , o r heavy d u t y n e o p r e n e j a c k e t e d ; m e t a l - t a p e s h i e l d e d t y p e s .
a) Nicks and s c r a p e s of t h e i n s u l a t i o n .
b) Over s t r e s s i n g of t h e c a b l e when p u l l i n g i n t o d u c t s o r u n r o l l i n g t h e
cable for d i r e c t burial.
c) Stones o r f o r e i g n o b j e c t s i n t h e beds o r b a c k f i l l s of t r e n c h e s .
d) I n a d e q u a t e s l a c k a t e n t r a n c e s t o o r i n s i d e of h a n d h o l e s , m a n h o l e s , l i g h t
bases, c o n d u i t s , f i x t u r e s , connections t o equipment, c o n n e c t o r s ,
s p l i c e s , a l o n g t r e n c h e s o r c o n d u i t , o r o t h e r l o c a t i o n s where s e t t l i n g ,
m a i n t e n a n c e , i n s t a l l a t i o n s , o r w e a t h e r may i n c r e a s e s t r e s s e s .
e) Nicking of t h e c o n d u c t o r a t s p l i c e s o r c o n n e c t o r j o i n t s may l a t e r b r e a k
t h e conductor.
f) I n a d e q u a t e s e p a r a t i o n of c a b l e s i n t r e n c h e s , e i t h e r v e r t i c a l l y o r h o r i -
z o n t a l l y , a t s l a c k l o o p s of c a b l e , o r p l a c e s where e a r t h c o m p a c t i o n o r
f r e e z i n g a c t i o n may f o r c e two s e c t i o n s of c a b l e i n t o d i r e c t c o n t a c t .
g) Freezing o r f r o s t heaves f o r c i n g t h e c a b l e a g a i n s t i c e , f r o z e n e a r t h , o r
any o t h e r s o l i d o b j e c t o r m a t e r i a l . P r o p e r c u s h i o n i n g and s l a c k t o
reduce s t r e s s a t t h e s e p o i n t s i s necessary.
b) I n o r d e r t o a v o i d w a t e r p e n e t r a t i o n a t t h e e n d s of c a b l e , t h e s e e n d s
s h o u l d be k e p t c l e a n and f r e e from m o i s t u r e b e f o r e a s w e l l a s a f t e r
c o n n e c t i n g t o t h e equipment. The e n d s of s p a r e c a b l e s s h o u l d be
similarly protected. Some t y p e s of i n s u l a t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y p a p e r and
m i n e r a l f i l l e d , may a t t r a c t m o i s t u r e f r o m t h e a t m o s p h e r e d u r i n g p e r i o d s
of h i g h h u m i d i t y . The ends of t h e c a b l e s of t h e s e t y p e s s h o u l d be k e p t
s e a l e d a t a 1 1 t i m e s even a f t e r c o n n e c t i n g t o t h e e q u i p m e n t .
e) E x c e s s i v e v o l t a g e may be a p p l i e d t o a c a b l e , e i t h e r a c c i d e n t a l l y o r f r o m
f a u l t y operation. Damage t o t h e c a b l e may n o t be n o t i c e a b l e
immediately.
5,!.3,9 C a b l e d e t e r i o r a t i o n , Nosh c a b l e I n s u l a t i o n d e t e r i ~ r z t e ss l o w l y -
s e r v i c e L i f e of u n d e r g r o u n d c a b l e s s h o u l d b e 1 0 t o 20 y e a r s .
5.2.1 Cable s p l i c e s
5.2.1.1 A l l c a b l e s p l i c e s s h o u l d b e p e r f o r m e d by e x p e r i e n c e d a n d q u a l i f i e d c a b l e
s p l i c e r s u s i n g h i g h s t a n d a r d s o f workmaSlship. S p l i c i n g methods and m a t e r i a l s s h o u l d b e
of t y p e s recommended by t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r o f t h e s p l i c i n g m a t e r i a l f o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r
t y p e of c a b l e b e i n g s p l i c e d . A 1 1 c a b l e s p l i c e s s h o u l d meet t h e f o l l o w i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s .
5.2.1.5 C o n t r o l and t e l e p h o n e c a b l e s . A t y p e of r e - e n t e r a b l e f i l l e d s p l i c e e n v e l o p e
is availabl u l a t e d non-pressurized cables. Splices t o
e x i s t i n g p r e s s u r i z e d , lead-covered, o r paper-insulated c a b l e s should b e l la c c o r d a n c e
i
w i t h t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e a u t h o r i t y i n v o l v e d .
5.2.2 Taped s p l i c e s
5.2.2.2 Keep t h e e n d s o f t h e c a b l e s t o b e j o i n e d c l e a n a n d p r o t e c t e d f r o m m o i s t u r e
a t a l l times.
5.2.2.3 C a r e f u l l y t a p e r a n d remove t h e c o v e r i n g , j a c k e t , m e t a l l i c s h i e l d , s h e a t h ,
a n d i n s u l a t i o n f r o m t h e e n d s o f t h e c a b l e s t o be j o i n e d . Remove a l l t r a c e s o f i n s u l a -
t i o n f r o m t h e c o n d u c t o r s f o r a l e n g t h of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 cm b e i n g v e r y c a r e f u l n o t t o
nick t h e conductor, Smoothly t a p e r t h e i n s u l a t i o n b a c k f r o m t h e c o n d u c t o r f o r 2 cm o r
more. Remove t h e s h e a t h , m e t a l t a p e , j a c k e t , e t c . b a c k a l o n g t h e o u t e r s u r f a c e of t h e
i n s u l a t i o n layer f o r an a d d i t i o n a l 2 c m ( s e e Figdze S-la), This o f f s e t of t h e t a p e r i n g
s h o u l d b l o c k p a t h s of w a t e r p e n e t r a t i n g a l o n g t h e t a p e r i n g . Keep i n t a c t t h e metal t a p e
f o r shielding, i f involved, over the e n t i r e length of t h e s p l i c e . Similarly, taper the
n o n m e t a l l i c s h e a t h f o r 2 cm o r more. Remove a n y s t e e l o r m e t a l a r m o r o r o u t e r metal
covering but leave s t u b s o r ends f o r reconnecting across t h e s p l i c e .
5.2.2.6 I f s h i e l d i n g t a p e i s u s e d o v e r t h e i n s u l a t i o n , c o n n e c t t h e metal t a p e , w h i c h
s h o u l d h a v e b e e n k e p t i n t a c t , a c r o s s t h e s p l i c e by s o l d e r i n g o r u s i n g s u i t a b l e
c o n n e c t o r s . Wrap w i t h e x t r a m e t a l t a p e of s i m i l a r t y p e i f n e e d e d .
(a) TAPERING INSULATION.
CONNECTOR*
WEATHER-RESISTANT P L A S T I C TAPE
T
:
r r g u r e 5-i. s p l i c e of s ~ . n g i e - c o n d u c t o r c a b l e
5.2.2.7 Continue t o wrap t h e r u b b e r t a p e a s i n 5.2.2,5 t o n o t l e s s t h a n 1.5 t i m e s
t h e d i a m e t e r of t h e c a b l e . C a r e f u l l y a p p l y t e n s i o n on t h e t a p e t o p r e v e n t a n y v o i d s and
o b t a i n good a d h e s i o n t o t h e c a b l e s u r f a c e s and e a c h i n s i d e l a y e r of t a p e .
5.2.2.9 If t h e c a b l e h a s a s t e e l - a r m o r o r o t h e r m e t a l l i c c o v e r , c o n n e c t a l e n g t h o f
g r o u n d i n g b r a i d a c r o s s t h e s p l i c e and f a s t e n t o t h e armor on t h e c a b l e w i t h s u i t a b l e
clamp c o n n e c t o r s a n d / o r s o l d e r on e a c h s i d e of t h e s p i i c e s ( s e e F i g u r e 5-2a). If t h e
c a b l e i s l e a d e n c a s e d , make a s u i t a b l e wiped-lead j o i n t o v e r t h e s p l i c e t o p r o v i d e a
w a t e r p r o o f s e a l t o t h e l e a d c o v e r i n g on t h e c a b l e . If t h e metal covering i s p r o t e c t e d
f r o m c o r r o s i o n by a c o a t i n g , a p p l y a c o a t i n g of s i m i l a r m a t e r i a l o v e r t h e e n t i r e s u r f a c e
of t h e c a b l e and s p l i c e i n t h e a r e a of t h i s work.
5.2.3.2 I n s t a l l a t i o n of c o n n e c t o r s . The c a b l e e n d s s h o u l d be p r e p a r e d c a r e f u l l y i n
a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s , k e e p i n g b o t h t h e c a b l e e n d s and t h e c o n n e c t o r s u r f a c e s
f r e e of d i r t and m o i s t u r e , Make c e r t a i n t h a t a n y c a v i t i e s b e t w e e n . t h e c a b l e and
i n i e t i o r o i t h e c o n n e c t o r a r e f i l l e d w i t h t h e g e l p r o v i d e d CO p r e v e n t v o i d s . A f t e r
j o i n i n g t h e c o n n e c t o r s e n s u r e t h a t a i r i s n o t t r a p p e d which may t e n d t o f o r c e t h e con-
nection apart. Taping o v e r t h e j o i n t w i t h v i n y l e l e c t r i c t a p e t o keep t h e a r e a c l e a n
and f r o m s e p a r a t i n g i s s u g g e s t e d .
5.2.4.1 Non-pressurized c o a x i a l c a b l e s . C o a x i a l c a b l e s h o u l d be j o i n e d u s i n g a p p r o -
p r i a t e c o a x i a l connectors. Each c o n n e c t o r s h o u l d be c o v e r e d w i t h a 1 5 cm m i n i m m l e n g t h
of h e a t s h r i n k a b l e t u b i n g h a v i n g a 3 : 1 o r h i g h e r s h r i n k r a t i o . A s u i t a b l e s p r a y c a b l e
a d h e s i v e may be s p r a y e d on t h e c a b l e b u t n o t t h e c o n n e c t o r p r i o r t o s h r i n k i n g . A flame-
l e s s h e a t gun s h o u l d be used f o r s h r i n k i n g t h e h e a t s h r i n k a b l e t u b i n g . An a l t e r n a t e
c o v e r i n g may be p r e s t r e t c h e d , m e c h a n i c a l l y s h r i n k a b l e t u b i n g a p p l i e d as recommended by
the manufacturer.
WEATHER-RESISTANT P L A S T I C TAPE
( 4 LAYERS-1/2 LAPPED, WITH L I Q U I D
ELECTRICAL COATING A P P L I E D )
-_-
METAL SOCKET
-
PIN SOCKET
5.2.5.2 C o n t r o l and t e l e p h o n e c a b l e s . J o i n i n g of t e l e p h o n e o r c o n t r o l c o n d u c t o r s
s h o u l d be done w i t h a t w i s t e d and s o l d e r e d s p l i c e o r a n a p p r o p r i a t e s e l f - s t r i p p i n g ,
p r e i n s u l a t e d c o n n e c t o r i n s t a l l e d w i t h t h e s p e c i f i c t o o l d e s i g n e d t o crimp t h e c o n n e c t o r .
Color coding of t h e c o n d u c t o r s s h o u l d be f o l l o w e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n .