INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

• Introducing Engine Terminology

• Four stroke engine

• Two stroke engine

• Air-Standard Otto Cycle

• Air-Standard Diesel Cycle

• Air-Standard Dual Cycle

• Modeling aspects

• Emissions
ME 306 Applied Thermodynamics 1
Terminology

2
Four stroke engine

Different strokes of
4-stroke engine

35
30
25
Pressure

20
15
10
5
0
-180 -120 -60 0 60 120 180
Crank angle Valve-time diagram
Theoretical p-q diagram
Two stroke engine

•Cycle is completed in 2 strokes

•Theoretically it should produce double the power of a four stroke
engine for the same swept volume; In reality it will be only 1.5 to 1.6
times.
•Design of port and piston crown should be good to reduce ‘scavenging
losses’
AIR STANDARD ANALYSIS

Working fluid is a fixed amount of air modelled as an ideal gas.

The combustion process is replaced by a heat transfer from an

external source.

There are no exhaust and intake processes as in an actual engine.

The cycle is completed by a constant-volume heat transfer process
taking place while the piston is at the bottom dead center position.

All processes are internally reversible.

5
Otto cycle

Otto Cycle: Spark Ignition engine works on this cycle

1-2 à Isentropic compression of air
2-3 à Constant volume heat addition
3-4 à Isentropic expansion of the heated air
4-1 à Constant volume heat rejection till original state is obtained

6
Otto cycle
Work done = Heat supplied - Heat rejected
= cv (T3 - T2 ) - cv (T4 - T1 )

Work done
Efficiency =
Heat supplied
cv (T3 - T2 ) - cv (T4 - T1 ) T4 - T1
= = 1-
cv (T3 - T2 ) T3 - T2
Otto cycle

T4 - T1
Efficiency = 1 -
T3 - T2

T2 = T1r k -1
T3 = T4 r k -1

1 Efficiency is a
Efficiency = 1 - k -1 function of r
r
and k
Otto cycle

Work done = Area within the p-v diagram

Work done for
p3v3 - p4 v4 p2 v2 - p1v1 isentropic
= - process
k -1 k -1
p3
Pressure ratio =rp =
p2

Obtain all pressures in terms of P1 & all volumes in terms of vc

Otto cycle

Work done = (Mean effecctive pressure, pm ) ´ vs

w p1r (r k -1 - 1)(rp - 1)
pm = =
vs (k - 1)(r - 1)
Numerical Problems
The temperature at the beginning of the compression process of an
air-standard Otto cycle with a compression ratio of 8 is 300 K, the
pressure is 1 bar, and the cylinder volume is 560 cm3. The maximum
temperature during the cycle is 2000 K. Determine (a) the temperature
and pressure at the end of each process of the cycle, (b) the thermal
efficiency, and (c) the mean effective pressure, in bar.

Assumptions:
1. The air in the piston–cylinder assembly is the closed system.
2. The compression and expansion processes are isentropic.
3. All processes are internally reversible.
4. The air is modelled as an ideal gas.
5. Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible.

11
Diesel Cycle

Diesel Cycle: Diesel engine works on this cycle

1-2 à Isentropic compression of air
2-3 à Constant pressure heat addition
3-4 à Isentropic expansion of the heated air
4-1 à Constant volume heat rejection till original state is obtained

12
Diesel or Constant Pressure cycle
Work done = Heat supplied - Heat rejected
= c p (T3 - T2 ) - cv (T4 - T1 )

Work done
h =
Heat supplied
c p (T3 - T2 ) - cv (T4 - T1 ) T4 - T1
= = 1-
c p (T3 - T2 ) k (T3 - T2 )
Diesel Cycle
1.6
1.5

Value in the bracket

1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
Cut-off ratio

>1

For a given CR, otto cycle has higher efficiency

14
Dual Cycle

Dual Cycle: Gas engine works on this

cycle
1-2 à Isentropic compression of air
2-3 à Constant volume heat addition
3-4 à Constant pressure heat addition
4-5 à Isentropic expansion of the
heated air
5-1 à Constant volume heat rejection
till original state is obtained

1 é rp c -1
r k
ù
Efficiency = 1 - k -1 ê ú
r êë (rp - 1) + rp k (rc - 1) úû

If rp=1, then the expression reduces to Diesel efficiency

If rc=1, then the expression reduces to Otto efficiency

15
Numerical Problems
At the beginning of the compression process of an air-standard Diesel cycle operating with a
compression ratio of 18, the temperature is 300 K and the pressure is 0.1 MPa. The cutoff ratio
for the cycle is 2. Determine (a) the temperature and pressure at the end of each process of the
cycle, (b) the thermal efficiency, (c) the mean effective pressure, in MPa.

At the beginning of the compression process of an air-standard dual cycle with a compression
ratio of 18, the temperature is 300 K and the pressure is 0.1 MPa. The pressure ratio for the
constant volume part of the heating process is 1.5:1. The volume ratio for the constant pressure
part of the heating process is 1.2:1. Determine (a) the thermal efficiency and (b) the mean
effective pressure, in MPa.

16
 RECAP (Ref: 6th Chapter M&S)
T2 dT p
Starting from TD basics, entropy s (T , p ) - s (T , p ) =
change between 2 states
2 2 1 1 òT1
c p (T )
T
- R ln 2
p1
T c p (T )
Defining a new variable s0 s (T ) = ò
0
dT
T' T
T2 c p (T ) T2 c p (T ) T1 c p (T )
Then òT1 T
dT = ò
T' T
dT - ò
T' T
dT = s 0 (T2 ) - s 0 (T1 )

Substituting in the first equation

p2
s (T2 , p2 ) - s (T1 , p1 ) = s (T2 ) - s (T1 ) - R ln
0 0

p1
For a constant entropy process
p2
0 = s (T2 ) - s (T1 ) - R ln
0 0

p1
 p2
Þ s (T2 ) = s (T1 ) + R ln
0 0

p1
é s 0 (T2 ) - s 0 (T1 ) ù
Þ p2 = p1 exp ê ú
ë R û
p2 exp é
ë s 0
(T2 ) / R ùû Only a function of
Þ = temperature
p1 exp éë s 0 (T1 ) / R ùû
p2 pr 2
= ( s1 = s2 , air only )
p1 pr1
where pr = exp éë s 0 (T ) / R ùû
v2 æ RT2 ö æ p1 ö
From ideal gas equation =ç ÷ç ÷
v1 è p2 ø è RT1 ø
v2 æ RT2 öæ pr (T1 ) ö vr 2
=ç ÷ç ÷= ( s1 = s2 , air only )
v1 è pr (T2 ) øè RT1 ø vr1
pr and vr are tabulated in Table A22