1 inch margin

.5 inch for page number 1

INFLUENCE OF pH ON Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense TROPICAL RACE 4 AND

FUSARIUM WILT INCIDENCE ON ‘CAVENDISH’ MERIPLANTS

14 single spaces (depending on

the number of lines of the title)

MICHAEL JAMES L. ABREA

Margin

1.25” left side

1.0” Top, Bottom, right side 14 single spaces

THESIS MANUSCRIPT SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE AGRICULTURE

DEPARTMENT, COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND RELATED SCIENCES,
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHEASTERN PHILIPINES, TAGUM-MABINI
CAMPUS, TAGUM CITY, DAVAO DEL NORTE PROVINCE
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE OF

4 single spaces - fixed

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE

(Plant Pathology)

4 single spaces - fixed

DATE (MONTH & year)

 1 inch margin
.5 inch for page number 2

INFLUENCE OF pH ON Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense TROPICAL RACE 4 AND

FUSARIUM WILT INCIDENCE ON ‘CAVENDISH’ MERIPLANTS

14 single spaces (depending on

the number of lines of the title)

MICHAEL JAMES L. ABREA

Margin

1.25” left side

1.0” Top, Bottom, right side 14 single spaces

THESIS MANUSCRIPT SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE AGRICULTURE

DEPARTMENT, COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND RELATED SCIENCES,
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHEASTERN PHILIPINES, TAGUM-MABINI
CAMPUS, MABINI, COMPOSTELA VALLEY PROVINCE
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE OF

4 single spaces - fixed

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE

(Plant Pathology)

4 single spaces - fixed

DATE (MONTH & year)

 3

APPROVAL SHEET

3 single spaces
spaces
Thesis manuscript attached hereto, entitled “INFLUENCE OF pH ON Fusarium
oxysporum f. sp. cubense TROPICAL RACE 4 AND FUSARIUM WILT INCIDENCE ON
‘CAVENDISH’ MERIPLANTS”, prepared and submitted by MICHAEL JAMES L. ABREA, in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
(Plant Pathology), is hereby accepted.

3 single spaces

XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX
Panel Member Panel Member
2 single spaces
____________ ____________
Date Signed Date Signed

3 single spaces

XXXXXXXXX
Adviser
2 single spaces
________________
Date Signed
3 single spaces

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF

SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE (Plant Pathology).

3 single spaces

MECHELLE R. MANGMANG
Program Head, BSA
2 single spaces
______________
Date Signed

3 single spaces

CESAR A. LIMBAGA, JR.

Dean, CARS
2 single spaces
________________
Date Signed
 4

TABLE OF CONTENTS
3 single spaces

TITLE PAGE
2 single spaces

TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES ix
ABSTRACT xii

INTRODUCTION (1o heading) 1

Objectives of the Study (2o heading) 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE (1o heao 3

Panama Disease of ‘Cavendish’ Banana 5
Disease Epidemiology

MATERIALS AND METHODS (1 o heading) 10

Location and Duration of the Study (2 o heading) 10
Experimental Design and Treatments (2 o heading) 10
In Vitro Test 10
Isolation of the Causal Pathogen (3 o heading) 10
Bioassay Test Procedure 10
In Vivo Test 11
Preparation of Test Materials 11
Inoculation of the Pathogen 12
Data Gathered 13
Zone of Growth (mm) 13
Spore Count
Statistical Analysis 15

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (1o Heading)

Zone of Growth (mm) ( 2o heading) 17
Sporulation of Foc TR4 as Influenced by Different pH Levels (2o heading) 19
Incidence of Fusarium Wilt on Cavendish Meriplants cv. Grand Nain (2o heading)21

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION (1o Heading) 30

LITERATURE CITED 31

APPENDICES 33

iii
 5

NOTES:

> Headings of preliminary pages

>Center, FULL CAPS, 1.5 inches or 6 single spaces from topside margin)
> 1.5 inches left, 1 inch right and 1 inch bottom margins

> Text of succeeding pages have margins of 1 inch at the top and bear page numbers
placed at bottom of center , written in small Roman numerals

iv
 6

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

1 Mean zone of growth (mm) of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense 17

Tropical Race 4 as affected by different pH levels at 24, 48 and
72 hours of incubation

2 Sporulation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4

as affected by different pH levels at 72 hours of incubation 22

TABLE, TITLE, PAGE have the same font

iv
 7

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

1 In vivo experimental set-up located at the Biology Laboratory 12

In USeP, Mabini Unit

2 Mycelial Growth of Foc TR4 on PDA medium at 24 hours of 19

Incubation as influenced by different pH levels

3 Sample plant showing yellowing symptom due to Foc TR4 22

v
 8

LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

TABLE NO.

1 Mean zone of growth (mm) of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense 33

(Foc) TR4 as affected by different Ph levels at 24 hours of incubation

2 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of zone of growth (mm) of Fusarium

oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) TR4 as affected by different Ph levels
at 24 hours of incubation 33

Use Separate page for LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES &

LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES

vi
 9

ABSTRACT

ABREA, MICHAEL JAMES L. 2018. INFLUENCE OF pH ON Fusarium

oxysporum f. sp. cubense TROPICAL RACE 4 AND FUSARIUM WILT INCIDENCE ON
‘CAVENDISH’ MERIPLANTS. University of Southeastern Philippines, Tagum-Mabini
Campus, Mabini, Compostela Valley Province.
Title: ALL CAPS, bold
2 single spaces
Name: ALL CAPS, bold
Adviser: Xxxxy X. Xxxxxx School: Not Bold. Sentence
2 single spaces
case
Global banana production is seriously threatened by Fusarium wilt or Panama
disease caused by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race
4 (Foc TR4). Soil pH affects the occurrence and severity of soil-borne pathogens and growth
and sporulation of many fungi. Hence, in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to
determine the influence of pH on the growth and sporulation of Foc TR4 and on the
incidence of Fusarium wilt on ‘Cavendish’ meriplants cv. Grand Nain using hydroponics
system. Five pH levels were evaluated (pH 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8). Unadjusted pH served as
control. All treatments were replicated three times and arranged in Completely Randomized
Design. In vitro test showed that growth and development of Foc TR4 was significantly
inhibited at pH 8 and at lower pH of 4 and 5 but favored at pH 7 and 6. Microconidia
production was significantly reduced at pH 4 and 5 and most abundant at pH 6.
Macroconidia production was not significantly influenced by pH with least macroconidia
produced at pH 4 and most abundant at pH 6. In the in vivo test, Fusarium wilt incidence
and disease severity was significantly reduced at pH 8 with highest disease severity index
at pH 7. Based on the results, slightly alkaline and acidic pH are inhibitory to Foc TR4
resulting to lower Fusarium wilt incidence and severity in ‘Cavendish’ meriplants. Neutral pH
or pH slightly below neutral favours growth. Acidic medium reduced sporulation of Foc TR4
while slightly acidic medium favors conidial production.

Keywords: Plant pathology, pH, Foc TR4, Fusarium wilt, Cavendish banana
(3 to 6 words)

250 words

Single Space

1 paragraph only

vii
 10

INTRODUCTION

Bananas (Musa spp.) are among the most important crops in the world, serving as

staple food and source of income in many developing countries (Aurora et al., 2009). ……...

Global banana production, however, is seriously threatened by the re-emergence of

Fusarium wilt. The disease is caused by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.

cubense (Foc) and is also known as ‘Panama disease’ which can cause devastating

economic losses to banana production worldwide…………………………………………………

Additionally, banana tolerates a wide range of soil pH, from a strong acidity of pH 3.4

to a medium alkalinity of pH 7.8 (PCAARD, 2006). Various reports indicated that Fusarium

spp. Grow at different pH levels (Souramma and Singh, 2004; Groenewald, 2005). …………

……………… Hence, this study was proposed to determine the influence of pH on

the growth and sporulation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense and on the incidence of

Fusarium wilt on ‘Cavendish’ banana meriplants cv. Grand Nain.

Objectives of the Study

This study was conducted with the following objectives:

1. To determine the influence of different pH levels on the growth and sporulation of

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense ‘Tropical’ Race 4 (Foc TR4); and

2. To evaluate the incidence of Fusarium wilt on Cavendish banana meriplants cv.

Grand Nain as influenced by different pH levels using hydroponics system.

Use number to enumerate objectives;

Use semi-colon (;) after stating each objective; and

Use period (.) after stating the last objective.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE (1o Heading)
 11

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Importance of ‘Cavendish’ Banana (2 o Heading: bold, words must start with capital letter)

The ‘Cavendish’ banana is the most widely grown banana cultivar. It is the

Philippine’s prime fruit commodity in terms of area planted and commercial value (PCAARD,

2009)………..

Panama Disease of ‘Cavendish’ Banana (3-heading)

Fusarium wilt, also known as Panama disease, is regarded as one of the most

devastating diseases of banana, affecting plantations in almost all banana-growing countries

of the world (Ploetz et al., 1990)………

Disease Epidemiology (2-heading; bold; each word must start with a capital letter)

Foc is most commonly spread by the movement of infected planting materials,

rhizomes and suckers to new uninfected areas. These infected planting materials often do

not exhibit symptoms of Fusarium wit (is asymptomatic)……..

Disease Cycle

The soil-borne fungus enters only through the roots and grows and abundantly in the

xylem vessels. The transport of the spore upward in the transmission stream facilitates the

fungal invasion of the entire vascular system. The growth of the fungus blocks the vascular

system causing the plant to wilt (PCAARD, 2006)………

Effect of pH

Influence of pH on diseases had been reported. ………….

Follow the Harvard System: (Author, year)

 12

Fig.1. Panama disease cycle (Lifted from Ploetz, 1997).

Figure is abbreviated to Fig.

If from literature, use the word lifted from to cite the reference.

Headings are left justified, not centered, not bold, indented and ends with
a period.

Figure titles must be written below the figure.

Picture size is 3 in x 5 in or 3R.

Use letters to indicate the part of the picture being discussed.

The text that mentioned the picture, figure or table must appear before the
figure, picture or table being described or must appear on the same page
as the figure, picture or table.
 13

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Time and Place of Study

The study was conducted from May to July, 2018 at USeP, Tagum-Mabini Campus,

Mabini Unit, Mabini, Pindasan, Compostela Valley Province.

In Vitro Test

Mass Production of the Pathogen

Two hundred ml of PDA medium was dispensed in sterilized empty plates. Pure

culture of Foc TR4 was mass-produced on PDA at the Research Laboratory of USeP-Mabini

Unit. Agar discs were obtained from pure cultures of Foc TR4 and were planted on fresh

PDA medium using sterile transfer needle.

In Vivo Test

In vivo test was carried-out using hydroponics system (Figure 1). The pH was

adjusted and maintained to assess the incidence of Fusarium wilt in ‘Cavendish’ banana

meriplants cv. Grand Nain.

Fig 1. The in vivo experimental set-up at the Biology Laboratory, USeP Mabini.
 14

Adjustment of Different pH Levels in Hydroponics System

The pH of water was adjusted and maintained at pH 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0

using 0.1 N HCL and 0.1 N NaoH. The pH was determined with Bench top meter.

Unadjusted sterile distilled water served as control.

 15

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In Vitro Test

Zone of growth (mm)

The mean diameter of the zones of growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense

(Foc) TR4 causing Fusarium wilt of ‘Cavendish’ banana as influenced by different pH levels

at 24, 48 and 72 hours of incubation are shown in Table 1. The growth of Foc TR4 on PDA

medium with adjusted pH at 72 hours of incubation is presented in Figure 2.

Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among treatment means. The

growth of the fungus was drastically reduced at alkaline condition with pH 8 at 24, 48 and 72

hours of incubation with mean colony diameter of 26.78 mm, 35.11 mm and 45.28 mm,

respectively. At pH 4 and 5, growth of Foc TR4 was likewise significantly inhibited at 24, 48

and 72 hours of incubation with mean zones of growth of 39.67 and 47.22 mm, 53.78 and

61.22 mm and, 62.32 and 72.28 mm, respectively. Zones of growth of Foc TR4 at pH 6.0

and 7.0 were comparable to control (non-acidified PDA medium) at 24, 48 and 72 hours of

incubation with respective colony diameter of 55.44 mm, 72.67 mm, and 77.44mm. It

appeared that Foc TR4 grew optimally at pH 7.0 and 6.0 while growth was significantly

inhibited at higher pH of 8 and at low pH of 4.0 and 5.0.

Moreover, pH 7 supported the best growth of Foc TR4 having the widest zone of

growth of 80.71 mm after 72 hours of incubation. Further observation showed that at pH 6

and 7, Foc TR4 produced dense aerial mycelial growth on acidified PDA medium (Figures

2d-e). Growth at pH 4 and 5 was not too dense and were semi-aerial. At pH 8, Foc TR4 did

not grow aerially on the PDA medium. Data further showed that Foc TR4 could tolerate a

wide range of pH.

 16

Table 1. Mean zones of growth (mm) of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense ‘Tropical’ Race
4 as affected by different pH levels at 24, 48 and 72 hours of incubation1.

HOURS OF INCUBATION (mm)

pH LEVELS __________________________________
24** 48** 72**

Control (non-acidified) 55.44 c 72.67 c 77.44 c

4.0 39.67 b 53.78 b 62.32 b

5.0 47.22 b 61.22 b 72.28 b

6.0 55.61 c 72.22 c 79.16 c

7.0 56.80 c 73.28 c 80.71 c

8.0 26.78 a 35.11 a 45.28 a

C.V. (%) = 5.18 5.17 2.47

1
Mean of three replications at five plates per replicate.

**Significant; means having the same letter superscripts are not significantly different at
1% Level using Tukey’s HSD.

Stover (1962) listed several investigations in Central America. It was reported that

acidic soils increase Fusarium wilt of banana, and that alkaline soils decreased the disease

incidence. Woltz and Jones (1981)………………

Note: If Tables of Figures are longer than the entire space in the short bond
paper, continue the Table/Figure in the succeeding page with this notation:

Table 1 (cont.)
 17

Fig. 2. Mycelial growth of Foc TR4 on PDA medium at 72 hours of

incubation as influenced by pH levels: (a) Control (non-acidified);
(b) pH 4; (c) pH 5; (d) pH 6; (e) pH 7; and (f) pH 8.

In vivo Test

Incidence of Fusarium wilt on Grand Nain meriplants

The influence of pH levels on Fusarium wilt incidence is presented in Table

3. The analysis of variance showed significant differences among treatment means.

Result showed that at pH 8, disease incidence was significantly reduced to

64.28%. A significantly lower Panama incidence on the meriplants was noted at pH 4

to pH 7 with means varying from 78.57% to 80.95% compared to the positive control

(unadjusted pH of aqueous conidial suspension) with 100% Panama incidence.

The result showed that pH affected the disease development due to Foc TR4.

It appeared that disease was favored by acidic pH of 4.0 to neutral pH of 7.0 and

raising it to slightly alkaline condition reduced disease incidence (Table 3). This data
 18

was supported by the results in the in vitro test where growth and sporulation of Foc

TR4 were most favored at pH 6.0 and 7.0.

Fig. 3. Txt txt txt………

 19

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The study was conducted to determine the influence of different pH levels on the

growth and sporulation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense ‘Tropical’ Race 4 (Foc TR4)

as well as the incidence of Fusarium wilt on ‘Cavendish’ banana meriplants cv. Grand Nain

using hydroponics system. In vitro and in vivo experiments were set-up at the Research

Laboratory and Biology Laboratory, respectively of the University of Southeastern

Philippines, Mabini Unit, Mabini, Compostela Valley Province.

The experiments were laid-out in completely randomized design. In vitro assay

consisted of five pH levels (pH 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8) and a non-acidified control replicated three

times at five plates per replication. In vivo test consisted of the same pH levels and a

positive control (unadjusted pH; Foc-inoculated) replicated three times with seven sample

meriplants per replication.

The results of the study can be summarized as follows:

1. Foc TR4 grew more abundantly in slightly acidic to neutral pH medium (pH 6.0 and

7.0). At Ph 8, growth of Foc TR4 was significantly inhibited with a diameter of 45.28

mm after 72 hours of incubation.

2. Conidial production of Foc TR4 was significantly influenced by pH levels. Highest

conidial production was recorded at pH 6 comparable to pH 7 and 8 and the control.

Macroconidial production was not significantly influenced by pH levels.

3. Panama incidence on ‘Cavendish’ meriplants cv. Grand Nain was significantly

reduced at pH 8…….

Based on the results, it can be concluded that the different pH levels significantly

influenced growth and conidial production of Foc TR4, and disease incidence and severity

index in Cavendish meriplants cv. Grand Nain. Zone of growth was significantly inhibited at
 20

pH 8.0 and pH 4.0 and 5.0 while growth was significantly favored at pH 7.0 and 6.0.

Microconidial production was significantly increased at pH 6.0. Macroconidial production was not

significantly influenced by pH but was highest at pH 6.0. Panama incidence and disease severity

index (DSI) on Cavendish meriplants cv. Grand Nain were significantly reduced at pH 8 (64.28%)

while 100% incidence was recorded in the positive control. The lowest disease severity index (DSI) of

1.42 was noted at pH 8.0 while the highest DSI (2.77) was at pH 7.

The researcher recommends integration of pH slightly above neutral for an

integrated approach in the management of Fusarium wilt of Cavendish banana.

Brief, no more introductory phrases.

Summary of objectives, materials and methods, major results and main

conclusion.

Include relevant recommendation.

 21

LITERATURE CITED

In general the format is:

Author. Year. Title. Publisher, Place of Publication. Pagination.

Author. Year. Title. Journal. Volume (Issue Number): Pagination.
Name of author, editor, compiler, or translator of the source. Year of electronic publication,
latest update, or posting. Title. Date (day, month, year) author accessed the source.
Complete electronic address.

Do remember that:
 if duplicate author names would appear, they have to be arranged chronologically.
Jones, B.F., T.C. Weeson, and J.E. Smith. 1989. Hollies.Wiley, New York.
Jones, B.F., C.C. Weeson, and J.E. Smith. 1998. Holly berries. Wiley, New York.

 If more than one work by the same author or set authors is cited, and the year of the
publication is also identical, lowercase letters must be inserted (in alphabetical
sequence) after the date, according to the order which they are cited in the text:
Jones, B.F., T.C. Weeson, and J.E. Smith. 1989a. Hollies. Wiley, New York.
Jones, B.F., T.C. Weeson, and J.E. Smith. 1989b. Holly berries. Wiley, New York.

 Authors are listed first by sensor author, last name first then followed by the initials
and then additional authors with initials first.

Sample Literature Cited Form

 Journal Article

ZAFARALLA, MT and JB PANTASTICO. 1974. Polar responses in

Cladophoraaegaropila. Phil. Agr. 57:290-207.

YOKOSHIKAMI, SW, E ROBINSON and WA HAGINS. 1974. Topology of the outer

Segment of retinal rods and cones revealed by a fluorescent probe. Science 185
(4157): 1176-1179.

 Abstract, original not seen

FAHN, A. 1949. Nectaries of honey plants in Israel, Palestine. Journal of Botany,

Jerusalem. Series 4:206-224. (Abstract in the Bee World 33:68).

 Bulletin

HUMPHREY, RR. 1960. Forage production on Arizona Renges V. Pima, Pinal and
Santa Cruz Countries. Arizona Agric. Exper. Sta. Bull. 30.
 22

 Book Chapter

STOKES, IL. 1971. Influence of temperature on the growth and metabolism of yeasts. In.
A. H. Rose and J.S. Harison (eds.). In the Yeasts, Vol.2, Physiology and
biochemistry of yeasts. London: Academic Press, Ltd., p 93-105.

 Paper in a Proceeding

BRADLEY, A. 1966. Protein synthesis in maize endosperm. In Edwin T. Martz and Olivier E.
Nelson. Ed. Proceedings of the symposium on High Lysine Corn, 1965 May 12-16.
Washington, D.C., p. 73-80.

 Organization as Author

[ABC] ASSOCIATION OF BIOLOGICAL EDITORS. Committee on Form and Style. 1974.

Style manual for biological journals. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C., American Institute
of Boiological Sciences. 117 p.

 Monograph Series

GARDNER, ELDON J. 1960. Organic Evolution and the Bible. Logan: Utah, Utah State
University Press. Monograph series 8(1): 1-45.

 Anonymous Author

ANON. 1951. Radioactivity and nuclear physics. Jour. Chem. Phys. 13:63-71.

Editor

LODDING, W. (ed.). 1967. Gas effluent analysis. New York: M. Dekker, Inc., 220 p.

Article cited in a journal or a book, original not seen

JIMENEZ, J. R. 1968. The effect of the opaque-2 and floury-2 genes on the production of
proteins in maize endosperm. In Nelson, O.E. 1969, Genetic modification of protein
quality in plants. Adv. Agron. 21:171-194.

 Thesis

SALAZAR, CD. 1995. Genetic trends of bodyweight at birth of water buffaloes. [DVM Thesis]
College, Laguna, Philippines: University of the Philippines. 74 p.
(Available at the University Library).
 23

Electronic References (Adapted from Plonsky 2000).

1. E-mail communications are cited as personal communications. Always check the

accuracy of an e-mail communication before citing them.

2. It is sufficient to give the address of the website in the text if you need to direct the
reader to the entire site, not to a specific document in the site
(http://www.bspp.org.uk).

3. The citation for a web document follows a format similar to that for prints with
additional information.

Retrieved January 11, 2001 (date of retrieval) from the World Wide Web:
(http://www.bspp.org.uk).

4. If no publication date is available for a document, use n.d. (stands for no date) in its
place.

5. For information retrieved from CD-ROM databases use the same format as that of a
printed plus:

Retrieved from [source] database (name of database), CD-ROM (release

date), (item no. –if applicable).

Example: Retrieved from Seed Abstracts (AGRICOLA) CD-ROM (5 May

2010).

6. For on-line database, retrieval statement is:

Retrieved (month, day, year), from (source): on-line database (name of

database), (item no. –if applicable)

Example: Retrieved December 2010 from Biological Abstracts (AGRIS) or

http://www.Plantphynol.org

7. For databases accessed via the Web, the retrieval statement is:

Retrieved (month, day, year), from (source) database (name of database),

(item, no. –if applicable) or the World Wide Web: http://www.ebgco.com.

Example: Retrieved December 6 from Biological Abstracts (AGRIS) or

http://www.Plantphynol.org

Examples:

Federal Bureau of Investigation, (2008, March). Encryption: Impact on law

enforcement. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from SIRS database (SIRS
Government Reporter, CD-ROM, Fall 1988 release)
 24

Schneiderman, R.A. (2007). Librarians can make sense of the Net. San Antonio
Business Journal, 11 (31), pp. 58+. Retrieved January 27, 2010, from EBSCO
database (Masterfile) on the World Wide Web: http://www.ebsco.com

OTHER POINTS TO REMEMBER

 Text on the BOOK COVER should be Times New Roman size 14.

 Title should contain a maximum of 15 words only, including scientific names.

 One indention is one tab. One tab is ½ inch.

 Titles in the List of Tables/Figures/Appendices should not have period.

 Space between paragraphs is two single spaces.

 Font for page numbers is Arial size 11. Page number for preliminaries is at bottom

center in small Roman numerals. Page number for main body is at upper right

corner. Do not reflect page number on main chapters.

 Acknowledgement should be one page only and single-spaced.

 Instead of a BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH, a comprehensive 1-2 page CV should be

attached as the last pages of the manuscript, with colored latest passport-sized ID

picture on the upper right corner.

 In the APPENDICES, attach scanned copy of all the signed/approved letters and

other proofs of conduct of the study.

 THESIS MANUSCRIPT / OJT NARRATIVE REPORT / OIP ENTERPRISE REPORT

 FOR OUTLINES:

1. All tenses of VERBS must be in the FUTURE TENSE.

2. Use THESIS OUTLINE instead of THESIS MANUSCRIPT

 25

PARTS OF THE OUTLINE:

1. Fly Leaf
2. Title Page
3. Approval Sheet
4. Table of Contents
5. Introduction (state clearly the problem in the last paragraph of the introduction)
Objectives
6. Review of Related Literature
7. Materials and Methods
(Include data to be gathered)
8. Literature Cited
9. Appendices
a. Dummy Table(s) and Pre-ANOVA Table(s)
b. Experimental lay-out
c. Forms:
c1. Approved application for research title
c2. Approved application for composition of thesis advisory committee
c3. Budgetary requirements
c4. Approved application for and result of thesis outline defense
10. Fly Leaf

PARTS OF A MANUSCRIPT

1. Fly Leaf
2. Title Page
3. Approval Sheet
4. Acknowledgment
5. Table of Contents
6. List of Tables
7. List of Figures (if any)
8. List of Appendix Tables/Figures (if any)
9. Abstract
10. Introduction
11. Review of Literature
12. Materials and Methods
13. Results and Discussion
14. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
15. Literature Cited
16. Appendices
a. Appendix tables
b. Appendix figures (if any)
c. Approved application for and result of thesis manuscript defense
d. Certification of English critic and statistician
e. Curriculum Vitae (CV)
17. Fly Leaf

NOTE: All Chapter titles in FULL CAPS; no page number.

 26

Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHEASTERN PHILIPPINES
College of Agriculture and Related Sciences
Mabini Unit, Mabini, ComVal Province

AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT

BUDGETARY REQUIREMENTS

Proposed Budget

I. Personnel Services
1. Wages (No. of laborers, rate) ______________
2. Honoraria (committee members) ______________
Total for Personnel Services ______________

II. Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses

1. Travel ______________
2. Supplies and Materials (itemized) ______________
3. Communication ______________
4. Typing, Printing, Reproduction, Binding ______________
5. Contingency ______________
Total for MOOE ______________

Prepared and Submitted by

____________________

Name & Signature of Student

Recommending Approval:

___________________________ _________________________

Adviser Department Chair

Approved:

__________________________

College Dean

THIS FORM WAS PREPARED INORDER FOR PARENTS TO KNOW THE ESTIMATED
EXPENSES OF THEIR SON OR DAUGHTER FOR THESIS CONDUCT.