Solutions for Math 311 Assignment #10

(1) By differentiating the Taylor series representation

∞
1 X
= z n (|z| < 1)
1−z n=0

obtain the expansions

∞
1 X
2
= (n + 1)z n (|z| < 1)
(1 − z) n=0

and
∞
1 X (n + 1)(n + 2)
= z n (|z| < 1).
(1 − z)3 n=0
2

Solution. We have
 0 X ∞
1 1
2
= = (z n )0
(1 − z) 1−z n=0
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
n−1 n−1
= nz = nz = (n + 1)z n
n=0 n=1 n=0

and
 0 ∞
1 1 1 1X
= = ((n + 1)z n )0
(1 − z)3 2 (1 − z)2 2 n=0
∞ ∞
1X 1X
= (n + 1)nz n−1 = (n + 1)nz n−1
2 n=0 2 n=1
∞
X (n + 2)(n + 1)
= zn
n=0
2
for |z| < 1.

(2) By substituting 1/(1 − z) for z in the expansion

∞
1 X
2
= (n + 1)z n (|z| < 1)
(1 − z) n=0

derive the Laurent series representation

∞
1 X (−1)n (n − 1)
= (1 < |z − 1| < ∞).
z2 n=2
(z − 1)n

1
2

Solution. When 1 < |z − 1| < ∞, |(1 − z)−1 | < 1 and hence

1 1 1 1
= =
z 2 ((1 − z) − 1)2 (1 − z) (1 − (1 − z)−1 )2
2
∞ ∞
1 X
−n
X n+1
= 2
(n + 1)(1 − z) =
(1 − z) n=0 n=0
(1 − z)n+2
∞ ∞
X n−1 X (−1)n (n − 1)
= =
n=2
(1 − z)n n=2
(z − 1)n

(3) Find the Taylor series expansions of cos z at z = ±π/2. Use

this to prove that if
cos z

 when z 6= ±π/2,
f (z) = z − (π/2)2
2
− 1 when z = ±π/2,
π

then f (z) is an entire function.

Proof. At z = π/2,
cos(z) = cos(z − π/2 + π/2) = − sin(z − π/2)
∞
X (−1)n  π 2n+1
=− z−
n=0
(2n + 1)! 2
∞
X (−1)n+1  π 2n+1
= z−
n=0
(2n + 1)! 2

for |z − π/2| < ∞. At z = −π/2,

cos(z) = cos(z + π/2 − π/2) = sin(z + π/2)
∞
X (−1)n  π 2n+1
= z+
n=0
(2n + 1)! 2

for |z + π/2| < ∞. To show that f (z) is entire, we need to show

that f (z) is analytic everywhere. Since f (z) = cos z/(z 2 −
(π/2)2 ) is analytic at all z 6= ±π/2, it suffices to prove that
f (z) is analytic at z = ±π/2.
Consider the power series
∞
X (−1)n+1  π 2n
g(z) = z− .
n=0
(2n + 1)! 2
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Since
∞
X (−1)n+1  π 2n+1
z−
n=0
(2n + 1)! 2
converges for |z − π/2| < ∞,
∞
X (−1)n+1  π 2n
z−
n=0
(2n + 1)! 2
converges for |z − π/2| < ∞. Therefore, g(z) is analytic at
π/2. Hence g(z)/(z + π/2) is analytic at π/2. Notice that
g(z) = cos z/(z − π/2) for z 6= π/2 by the Taylor series of
cos z/(z −π/2). Therefore, g(z)/(z +π/2) = f (z) for z 6= ±π/2.
And since g(π/2) = −1, g(π/2)/(π/2 + π/2) = −1/π and hence
g(z)/(z + π/2) = f (z) for all z 6= −π/2. Therefore, f (z) is
analytic at π/2. Similarly, we can show that f (z) is analytic at
−π/2. So f (z) is entire. 

(4) Prove that if f is analytic at z0 and f (z0 ) = f 0 (z0 ) = ... =

f (m) (z0 ) = 0, then the function g defined by means of the equa-
tions

f (z)
when z 6= z0 ,


(z − z0 )m+1

g(z) =
f (m+1) (z0 )
when z = z0



(m + 1)!
is analytic at z0 .

Proof. Since f (z) is analytic at z0 , f (z) is analytic in |z−z0 | < r

for some r > 0. Therefore,
∞
X f (n) (z0 )
f (z) = (z − z0 )n
n=0
n!

for |z − z0 | < r. And since f (z0 ) = f 0 (z0 ) = ... = f (m) (z0 ) = 0,

∞
X f (n) (z0 ) X f (n) (z0 )
f (z) = (z−z0 )n = (z−z0 )m+1 (z−z0 )n−m−1
n=m+1
n! n=m+1
n!

for |z − z0 | < r. Consider the power series

X f (n) (z0 )
h(z) = (z − z0 )n−m−1
n=m+1
n!
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It converges for |z − z0 | < r. Therefore, h(z) is analytic in

|z − z0 | < r. Since
( f (z)
m+1 when z 6= z0
h(z) = (z−z 0)
f (m+1) (z0 )
(m+1)!
when z = z0
g(z) = h(z) for all |z − z0 | < r. So g(z) is analytic at z0 . 

(5) Use multiplication of series show that

ez 1 1 5 2
= + 1 − z − z + ...
z(z 2 + 1) z 2 6
for 0 < |z| < 1.
Solution. Since ∞
z
X zk
e =
k=0
k!
for |z| < ∞ and
∞ ∞
1 1 X
2 l
X
= = (−z ) = (−1)l z 2l
z2 + 1 1 − (−z 2 ) l=0 l=0

for |z| < 1, we have

∞
! ∞
!
ez 1 X zk X
2
= (−1)l z 2l
z(z + 1) z k=0
k! l=0
∞
X
= an z n
n=−∞

for 0 < |z| < 1, where

X (−1)l X (−1)l
an = = .
k+2l−1=n
k! (n + 1 − 2l)!
0≤l≤(n+1)/2
k,l≥0

So an = 0 for n < −1,

(−1)0 (−1)0 (−1)0 (−1)1 1
a−1 = = 1, a0 = = 1, a1 = + =−
0! 1! 2! 0! 2
and
(−1)0 (−1)1 5
a2 = + =− .
3! 1! 6
Therefore,
∞
ez 1 1 5 2 X
= +1− z− z + an z n
z(z 2 + 1) z 2 6 n=3
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for 0 < |z| < 1.

(6) Use division to obtain the Laurent series representation

1 1 1 1 1 3
z
= − + z− z + ...
e −1 z 2 12 720
for 0 < |z| < 2π.
Solution. Since
∞ ∞
z
X zn X zn
e −1= −1=
n=0
n! n=1
n!
∞ ∞
!
X z n−1 X z n−1
=z =z 1+
n=1
n! n=2
n!
∞
!
X zn
=z 1+
n=1
(n + 1)!
we have
∞
!−1
1 1 X zn
z
= 1+
e −1 z n=1
(n + 1)!
∞ ∞
!k
n
1X X z
= (−1)k
z k=0 n=1
(n + 1)!
2
z2 z3 z4 z2 z3
  
1 1 z 1 z
= − + + + + ... + + + + ...
z z 2! 3! 4! 5! z 2! 3! 4!
3
z2

1 z 1z 4
− + + ... + + ... + ...
z 2! 3! z 2!
   
1 1 1 1 1 2 1
= − + − + z+ − + − z2
z 2! 3! (2!)2 4! (2!)(3!) (2!)3
  ∞
1 2 1 3 1 3
X
+ − + + − + z + an z n
5! (2!)(4!) (3!)2 (2!)2 (3!) (2!)4 n=4
∞
1 1 1 1 3 X
= − + z− z + an z n .
z 2 12 720 n=4

Since 1/(ez − 1) is analytic in {z : ez − 1 6= 0} = {z 6= 2nπi :

n integers}, it is hence analytic in 0 < |z| < 2π. Therefore, the
above Laurent series converges in 0 < |z| < 2π.

(7) Find the residue at z = 0 of the function

6

1
(a) 2
;
z + z 
1
(b) z cos ;
z
sinh z
(c) 4 .
z (1 − z 2 )
Solution. (a) Since
∞
1 1 1 1X
= = (−z)n
z + z2 z1+z z n=0
∞
1 X (−1)n
= + ,
z n=1 z n−1
Resz=0 1/(z + z 2 ) = 1.
(b) Since
∞
(−1)n
 
1 X
z cos =z
z n=0
(2n)!z 2n
∞
X (−1)n
=
n=0
(2n)!z 2n−1
X (−1)n ∞
1
=z− + ,
2z n=2 (2n)!z 2n−1
Resz=0 z cos(1/z) = −1/2.
(c) Since
∞ ∞
! !
sinh z ez − e−z 1 X zn X zn X
4 2
= 4 2
= 4 − (−1)n z 2n
z (1 − z ) 2z (1 − z ) 2z n=0
n! n=0 n! n=0
∞
! !
1 X 2z 2n+1 X
= z 2n
2z 4 n=0
(2n + 1)! n=0
∞
! !
2n
1 X z X
= z 2n
z3 n=0
(2n + 1)! n=0
z2
 
1
+ ... 1 + z 2 + ...


= 1+
z3 6
we obtain
sinh z 1 7
Resz=0 = 1 + =
z 4 (1 − z 2 ) 6 6
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(8) Evaluate the integral of each of these functions around the circle
|z| = 3 oriented counterclockwise:
exp(−z)
(a) ;
z2
z+1
(b) 2 .
z − 2z
Solution. (a) By Cauchy Integral Theorem,
Z Z
exp(−z) exp(−z) exp(−z)
dz = dz = 2πi Res z=0 .
|z|=3 z2 |z|=r z2 z2
And since
∞ ∞
exp(−z) 1 X (−z)n X (−1)n z n−2
= 2 =
z2 z n=0 n! n=0
n!
Resz=0 exp(−z)/z 2 = −1 and hence
Z
exp(−z)
dz = −2πi.
|z|=3 z2
(b) By Cauchy Integral Theorem,
Z Z Z
z+1 z+1 z+1
2
dz = 2
+ 2
|z|=3 z − 2z |z|=r z − 2z |z−2|=r z − 2z
z+1 z+1
= 2πi Resz=0 2 + 2πi Resz=2 2 .
z − 2z z − 2z
And since
z+1 1 3
= − +
z 2 − 2z 2z 2(z − 2)
 
z+1 1 3
Resz=0 2 = Resz=0 − + Resz=0
z − 2z 2z 2(z − 2)
 
1 1
= Resz=0 − =−
2z 2
and
 
z+1 1 3
Resz=2 2 = Resz=2 − + Resz=2
z − 2z 2z 2(z − 2)
 
3 3
= Resz=2 = .
2(z − 2) 2
Therefore,
Z  
z+1 3 1
2
dz = 2πi − = 2πi.
|z|=3 z − 2z 2 2