Masters in Mechanics Antigravity:

Performance Notes

Imagine a world where there exist at least four versions of the "Paul
Gilbert Lick", each with identical sound and identical tablature, and yet
where each is still different from the others in significant ways. It is a
world in which we parse pivotal differences between playing strategies
that most guitarists don't even know exist. Ironically, this includes the
players who pioneered those strategies, who can neither hear nor feel
that they are using them. It is a world in which so many possibilities
abound for the playing of similar things, that choices must be made
about musical and technical goals lest you fall down a rabbit hole of
infinite practice.

This world of possibilities is real -- and we call it Antigravity. This pack

contains 62 examples of such possibilities that track the discussion of
the three-hour Antigravity seminar. It was quite a challenge to
assemble, again because of the many strategies that exist for playing
each example we examined in the talk. Each seminar is slightly
different, veering off on its own path based on the interactive flow of
the discussion, and the pack contains a representative sampling of all
this diversity.

In the pack, those examples now include a real-time, medium-speed

rendition of each lick alongside the high-speed version. Given the
difficulty of mastering the often subtle movements involved in two-way
pickslanting, the slower speed offers a look at how these movements
adapt to more practice-friendly tempos. Both speeds are of course
included in slow-motion capture as well.

The First Scale

In his Code Archive, Michael Angelo Batio describes his formative

experiences with alternate picking: "I taught myself how to alternate
pick. I would just do simple riffs like this -- just that riff, 1,000 times."
And that riff was the "First Scale". Considering its pivotal importance
in Mike's own technical development, it's probably no coincidence that
the First Scale was also the very same phrase that unlocked Mike's
approach to scalar picking for the rest of us. If we had to guess what
it was that Mike was teaching himself over the course of those
thousand repetitions, there's a good chance it was exactly what we
first noticed while watching him: two-way pickslanting.

The giveaway was the brief and highly distinctive forearm supination
that occurs at the sixth note of the phrase. We soon learned to
recognize this signature rotational blip not just in the "First Scale", but
everywhere in Mike's free-form playing, even without the aid of slow-
motion video. And it simultaneously communicated two incredible
facts. First, is the fact that Mike's default pickslant was, impossibly,
upward. On the heels of a decade of habituated Yngwie-style
downward pickslanting, this by itself was an almost incomprehensible
revelation to me. Second, is the fact that both upward and downward
pickslanting could be combined in the same phrase -- indeed, on the
same string, across a transition of just three notes -- to enable
switching strings after both downstrokes and upstrokes.

The sequence should be familiar by now. On the first string:

downstroke, upstroke, long downstroke. On the second string:
upstroke, downstroke, rotate. The rotational sixth note of the phrase
accomplishes the switch to downward pickslanting. It is timed to
coincide with the upstroke that allows the pick to complete its work on
the second string in the position we have now come to understand
from the Yngwie world: above the plane of the strings, thanks to
downward pickslanting.

Thus the Batio ascending scalar approach is distilled into a simple

sequence of six movements. And that's powerful: an alternate
picked, three-note-per-string scale isn't just a neverending stream of
alternate pickstrokes played randomly against any old fingering. It is a
highly choreographed sequence, each part of which is attached to a
specific pickstroke and fretted note. This sequence effectively
becomes a chunk -- a self-contained collection of movements
memorized as a unit and triggered by its initial pickstroke.

First Sixes

This six-note fundamental chunking unit of three-note-per-string scale

playing contains properties we are already intimately familiar with. It
starts on a downstroke. It is composed of an even number of notes.
And it ends on upstroke with upward pickslanting. This is precisely
the same set of attributes possessed by every Yngwie-style one-way
pickslanting pattern we learned in the first two episodes of Season 2,
from the Pop Tarts lick to the Yngwie six-note pattern, to the
ascending and descending fours single-string patterns. And because
of this, we should be able to treat this six-note chunk in exactly the
same manner as we do any even-numbered one-way pickslanting
pattern.

And this turns out to be true. Like Yngwie's six-note pattern, the six-
note 3nps scale chunk can be repeated in a single position. Initiating
the sequence with a comfortable downward pickslant honed over
years of Yngwie-style one-way playing, the slightly modified sequence
is this: down, up, rotate; up, down, rotate. This more portable
sequence both begins and ends with downward pickslanting, and thus
connects seamlessly with itself to form a perfectly looping pattern.

The fact that the pattern moves away from downward picklanting in its
center, to enable the string change, is properly ignored when
memorizing the chunk itself -- it's simply a series of movements like
any other lick. Once the movements are memorized, the pattern can
be repeated in place, across a pair of strings, and the string change in
the middle becomes unnoticeable, both by feel and sound.

The smoothness of this repetition can be polished by taking

advantage of the full three-note transition phase on each string to
make the rotation happen. Now it's worth noting that Mike's trademark
"blip" is more aggressive than this. The rotational movement on the
second string of the "First Scale" is shoved closer to the last note of
the string, and the transition back to upward pickslanting on the
subsequent string is nearly instantaneous. It's harder to do this
without unnecessarily accenting the initial note on the new string, and
Mike's use of high gain and the neck pickup helps smooth this. As
you can see in the Code Archive, his movements are uniformly small,
with minimal pick against the string, and this also minimizes the
potential negative impact of overly aggressive pickslanting
movements. His choice of the Jazz III makes a lot of sense for this
small movement approach, since it is rigid enough to still produce a
confident attack even with only a small amount of pick on the string.

Circular Sixes

But a small pick isn't strictly necessary to make these movements

work, and neither for that matter is a small attack. As a general rule,
any desired dynamic, from small and delicate to large and aggressive,
can be achieved by modulating three factors: the transition phase, the
degree of pickslant, and the degree of edge picking. This is done by
both feel and sound, and not by looking at the picking hand. A good
starting point is to shoot for the midpoint of all three, since that allows
some headroom to modulate both more aggressively and more
delicately as your musical choices dictate.

Attaining this type of dynamic control is one of the fundamental

challenges of picking technique, and indeed all musicianship. When it
comes to two-way pickslanting, the two-string sixes pattern is the
place to begin dynamic practice. In the "Circular Sixes" clip, I'm using
a somewhat more aggressive Batio-esque transition phase where the
movement is biased toward the final note on the B string. This is a
rough approximation of Mike's own circular sixes clip in his Code
Archive. From this starting point I'm dialing the attack and speed
down and back up again to practice dynamic control.
Interestingly, you'll notice that although the lick's speed is variable, the
size of the movements really isn't. The commonly-held belief that fast
playing equates to smaller picking movements in many cases turns
out not to hold up under real-world observation. Very often, speed
within broad limits is achieved by simply making the same movements
faster. Dynamics, on the other hand, are commonly modulated by a
combination of movement size, force of attack, and pick grip. A lighter
touch and smaller movements produce a more delicate sound, while
the most aggressive attack is produced by a heavy pick with a strong
grip, and larger, more forceful movements.

First Sixes - Positions & Connected

Just as the loopable nature of the sixes scalar chunk allows it to be

repeated in a single position, it also allows the chunk to be repeated in
separate positions on the same pair of strings. Even more powerfully,
the same chunk can be repeated across different pairs of strings, in
effect producing a scale. The transition from a scale fragment to a
true, one-octave-plus scale would seem to entail a leap in difficulty.
But really, how much more difficult is this in actual practice? The
single-position repeating figure already switches strings. The final
note of the pattern is an upstroke that uses downward pickslanting.
The first note of the pattern is a downstroke, also using downward
pickslanting, that occurs one string higher. Since both notes utilize the
same pickslant -- one we're already comfortable with -- it's not a huge
leap to move from one to the other. And the distance in question is
just that of a single string. Well, what if instead of one string higher,
we simply moved one string lower? Doing so produces the aural
illusion of unbroken scale playing, but the compartmentalized,
chunked nature of the underlying process is unchanged.

Full Scale 2wps, Nylon & Jazz III

Continuing this sequence to a third pair of strings encompasses the
entire instrument. And in so doing, it achieves a feat of uninterrupted
scalar travel that is rarely heard in flatpicked guitar music. This is
especially true in the descending direction, since downward
pickslanters -- arguably the guitar majority, whether or not they know it
-- avoid switching strings after downstrokes, and especially so when
it's against their pickslant. In truth, of course, the instrument is entirely
symmetrical, and ascending and descending scales are mechanically
identical. Any perceived difference is one you yourself introduce by
way of your choice of pickslant.

To maintain picking symmetry, these six-string licks employ position

shifts at the turnaround points. This ensures that both the descending
and ascending legs start on downstrokes. It also makes metric
notation simpler, since each leg can start on a downbeat given the
right time signature.

Finally, two versions are included, with two different pick choices. I
noticed I had a couple different takes in the can when I sat down to
edit the footage, filmed on different days with whatever pick was at
arm's reach. And since pick choice is a common question from
viewers of the show, I included them both. In actual practice I don't
have strong feelings about pick choice for scalar playing like this, and
have used a wide variety of gauges and materials in filming our clips
and lessons.

Sixes and Threes

World War I was originally called the "Great War", only because
nobody dreamed there'd be another one. Similarly, I never thought of
Yngwie's ingenious picking strategy as a "one-way" strategy. It was
simply pickslanting, and for all I knew it was the only way to play
anything. For sure, it was the way I'd played for a solid ten years.
And this allowed ample time to discover and fully inhabit a wide range
of stock patterns and fingerings that worked well with even-numbered
note groupings. In combination with both sweeping and legato, the
practical applications of this system were nearly endless. And it's why,
even today, it is probably still the strategy I reach for first.

But if the discovery of two-way pickslanting in Mike's playing opened a

door to a world of odd-numbered note groupings, it also
simultaneously redefined the existing downward pickslanting world as
a specific choice to use one and only one pickslant. And that world
now had a twin: upward pickslanting.

The implications of such a thing were immediate and profound. If

upward pickslanting exists, then every single downward pickslanting
pattern I already knew could be learned all over again. By simply
flipping the pick structure, and using the opposite pickslant, I could
play those very same patterns mechanically inverted.

The Yngwie six-note pattern is an obvious starting point if only thanks

to its nearly universal role among rock players as a gateway to
chunking and downward pickslanting. And by starting it on an
upstroke, and using upward pickslanting, we can now play it just as
efficiently with inverted mechanics. In fact, we can take either version
-- the dwps version or the uwps version -- and play it across all six
strings, both descending and ascending, by employing the position-
shift tactic to keep the picking structure uniform across both legs of the
journey.

Soon after discovering downward pickslanting, I had realized that

simply repeating any three-note fingering would produce a compact
six-note pattern with the same properties as Yngwie's pattern. I had
heard players like Vinnie Moore do this before, but it just sounded like
a pattern of threes, repeated indiscriminately in various positions. Of
course in a post-Yngwie world, I understood the deeper structure.
This pattern of threes was precisely two repetitions of a given
fingering. It started on a downstroke, contained precisely six notes,
and then moved either to a new position, or if I wanted, to a new
string. Likewise, in a one-way upward world, the same transformation
to upward pickslanting was now possible by repeating the same
sequence on an upstroke.

Gilbert Sixes

I then realized that the threes pattern could, with a small modification,
be spread across two strings to present the illusion of a six-note scale
fragment. In the descending example of this, you'd start on an
upstroke, play three notes on the first string, then play three more
notes on the next lower string. Then, without moving to a third string,
you'd start the pattern over. That second string would ultimately
contain six notes, or one complete iteration of the threes pattern. And
so would every subsequent string of the lick. In fact, with the
exception of the first string, this new sixes pattern, and the threes
patterns, were not just similar -- they were identical.

The threes and sixes patterns possessed all the same properties,
except that conceptually, the sixes pattern "started" on an upstroke. If
this seemed unusual, the truth is that starting on a downstroke was an
artificial requirement. The only real requirement of a one-way
pickslanting lick is that every string terminate on the same pickstroke.
If the pattern is repetitive, then the pattern must contain an even
number of notes to make consistent termination possible. But -- and
here's the key -- this could just as easily be achieved by displacing
some of the notes in the pattern to another string, so that each string
contains an odd number of notes. Although counterintuitive, this
actually works out fine. This sixes pattern was three and three. But it
could also have been one and five. Or five and one. As long as the
pattern starts over on the same string on which it finishes, those two
units of odd numbers -- the tail end of one pattern, and the head end
of the next one -- will always add up to an even number, and all will be
well. To put this another way, any two odd numbers when summed
will always produce an even number. Cool right?

All of which is to say that displaced patterns could also be flipped to

begin with the opposite pickstroke and still retain their one-way
properties. And when you did this with the sixes pattern, and flipped it
to start on a downstroke, you inadvertently created one of the bedrock
cliches of virtuoso rock picking: Paul Gilbert sixes.

I had actually never watched Intense Rock in college -- Yngwie's

instructional tape was where I had spent my time, and my summer job
money. So I didn't know that I had stumbled across someone else's
relatively famous scale pattern. I also never thought much of its
difficulty. Despite its displacement, and the requirement that you start
it on an upstroke with dwps, the overlapping Gilbert sixes pattern was
perhaps even easier to play than Yngwie's six-note pattern because
each string involved simply repeating the same three-note fingering.

Flipped to the opposite pickslant, and now starting on a downstroke,

the lick became only marginally more difficult. But this was only
thanks to the unfamiliarity of upward pickslanting itself. Over time,
playing it this way became second nature -- particularly in the
descending direction, which is its more popular and classic
configuration.

What's interesting about this is that Paul is often quoted as saying that
he prefers outside picking to inside for reasons of difficulty. But the
descending Gilbert sixes lick is entirely inside picking. And it is of
course no more difficult than its ascending counterpart, which is
entirely outside picking. And why should it be? It's the same pattern
in both directions, and it's a one-way pickslanting lick at all times.

And this reveals a quirk in the common thinking about picking

technique. Most of the time, players who express a preference for
outside patterns over inside patterns are not really thinking about
inside and outside picking at all. Instead, what they're really
describing is two-way pickslanting. And not just any occurrence of
two-way pickslanting, but a particularly specific instance of two-way
pickslanting in which a lick moves back and forth repeatedly between
two strings. This is a pretty isolated case that does not occur in
straight-line scale playing. In fact, it is not a common occurrence at all
unless you want it to be. Consider that players like Yngwie and Eric
Johnson almost never play these types of sequences without the aid
of legato or sweeping.

Ultimately, this highly specific description of inside picking is quite a

different proposition than something like Gilbert sixes. The many
variations of Gilbert sixes -- ascending, descending, uwps, dwps --
move only in one direction across the strings, and never vary their
pickslant. And this is why Gilbert sixes in all its forms, even the
"inside" ones, are as dead simple to play as any of Yngwie's one-way
pickslanting patterns.

To summarize: Any lick containing an even number of notes per

string, when played in one direction across the strings, will be outside
picking. That same pattern, played in the opposite direction, becomes
inside picking. Neither of these observations has any relation to the
difficulty of the lick. The only thing that matters is the final pickstroke
on each string. If it's an upstroke, then you need downward
pickslanting to play it. If it's a downstroke, you'll need upward
pickslanting. That's really all there is to it!

Two-Way Sixes and Threes

The threes and sixes cliches were not just academic, redundant ways
of playing the same patterns. They were simulations of what would
happen in real-world playing when a lick which ended on an
unpredictable pickstroke must be connected to another phrase.
Developing true picking hand freedom meant being able to move
seamlessly from one phrase to another regardless of the pickslant or
pickstroke required. Learning each of the cliches in each of its
variants was a way to experience this various connection possibilities.

It was also a vehicle or the controlled practice of two-way pickslanting.

One point we make continuously in Cracking the Code is the ironic
status of scale playing for guitarists. Scale practice is an elementary
exercise on other instruments, but it is seemingly an elite feat on
guitar. And now, we're beginning to understand why. Scale playing
not only requires the mixing of opposing pickstrokes, but also
opposing pickslants. And it demands that this be done nearly
continuously. Because each string contains only three notes, there is
never really a point where the pickslant is static. You may notice in
some of these clips that the middle note on each string can sometimes
appear to have no pickslant at all. But this is really just the
coincidence of the pickslanting movement passing through the zero-
degree pickslant point in perfect phase with the melodic flow of the
lick.

The end result of this is that three note per string sequences move
pretty quickly from one string to the next, and it is challenging to do
this while maintaining continual and correct pickslant alteration. But
by taking one-way patterns and linking them into monster licks of
opposing slants, we can slow down the pickslanting frequency as
much as we'd like, without altering the frequency of the actual picking
motion itself.

In the two-way cliche examples, we've avoided the position-shift tactic

at each turnaround point. This forces the number of notes on that
string to become odd, and triggers the switch to the opposite pickslant.
What this means is that the pickslant only needs to change once for
each leg of the journey. Whether you see this as a true two-way
pickslanting lick, or simply two different licks played back-to-back, is
semantic. The real value here is the opportunity to practice
pickslanting angle changes without having to do so at every single
string change.

The Rusty Cooley Patterns: Fives and Sevens

But what if you did want to practice two-way pickslanting at every

string change? One way to do this of course is to play 3nps scales at
slower tempos. But there's only so slow you can go before the
movements themselves are no longer accurate reflections of the form
you'd use at more realistic playing speeds. This is because the
association of one specific pickslant with one specific picked note is
actually not the best way to practice two-way pickslanting. This kind
of robotic strategy is really only possible at very slow speeds, and
quickly breaks down as tempos increase and movements naturally
blend together.

Instead, at medium and fast tempos, pickslanting changes track

phrases rather than individual notes. In fact, the pickslanting
movement itself becomes a kind of metronomic chunking that helps
coordinate the entire system of picked notes and string changes: one
rotation for one string, the opposite rotation for the next string, and so
on. This kind of smooth rotation is hard to do at super slow tempos.

One solution that does work is to increase the number of notes per
string, while keeping the total number of those notes odd. This way,
each string change triggers a pickslanting change, but at a slower
frequency than it would in a 3nps sequence. Any odd number will
work. Rusty Cooley's vocabulary of interesting odd-numbered scalar
sequences is a great starting point for this.

You can think of these patterns like a variable gear ratio, capable of
slowing down the frequency of string changes by different amounts.
The sevens patterns provide the greatest geardown, with over double
the number of notes per pickslant change compared to traditional
scale playing. The fives patterns, less so -- one and two thirds slower.
And again, the idea here is to use these patterns to make it easier to
maintain a faster picking speed without having to encounter the hurdle
of string changes as often.

They're also fun to play. If you've done any amount of three-note-per

string practice, you'd probably like to break out of that rut, and these
patterns are a cool way to do that. The fingerings can feel unusual at
first, but will become second nature within a relatively short amount of
time. And they really are easier than straight 3nps scale passages
from a string-changing perspective -- the sevens pattern especially.
Sevens are just about at the limit of chunking efficiency. And even at
really fast picking speeds, this large of a chunk allows you to spend a
fair amount of time on a single string before switching to the next
string.

You'll notice that I do not typically utilize the entire seven-note window
to make the transition, instead biasing the movement toward the final
notes on the string. I have practiced extending the rotation over the
full seven notes, and the results are indeed smooth. But its feel
somewhat unnecessary, and in actual practice what you see here
under the camera is typical of the type of rotational window to which I
default when not thinking too consciously about the process.

Primary Pickslant - Up, Down, and Neutral

The issue of primary orientation is fascinating, extending the already

mysterious topic of two-way pickslanting into a realm of subtlety that
honestly took me years to fully grasp. The crux is not simply the
tendency of some players to prefer a particular pickslanting
orientation. That much was clear from the beginning, with Yngwie's
downward pickslant, and later with Mike's use of upward pickslanting.

What was also clear almost immediately, is that simply flipping these
preferences upside down did not feel the same.

Theoretically, once we enter the topsy turvy world of two-way

pickslanting, the difference between upward and downward
pickslanters should be neutralized by the immutable requirements of
two-way string changes. After all, regardless of which pickslant you
"prefer", you're still obligated to use the opposite pickslant every other
string in a typical 3nps sequence. And yet, when I began Mike's six-
note chunking sequence with upward pickslanting -- which was still
new and awkward to me -- I found that the resulting scale wasn't
nearly as smooth or fluid as when I began the process with downward
pickslanting and played the scale backwards. The end result was the
same -- dwps for upstroke string changes, and uwps for downstroke
string changes. But the feel of the two systems was entirely different.
What gives?

The difference, as it turns out, was relative. While the primary down
player still switches to upward pickslanting on occasion, this occurs
with much less of an upward pickslant than the primary up player.
Similarly, although the primary up player must become a downward
pickslanter to enable upstroke string changes, this happens with much
less of downward pickslant than the primary down pickslanter. The
actual range of motion is the same in both cases -- it is simply the
absolute values which have been shifted either north or south of the
equator.

What makes this all possible is the great flexibility of pickslanting to

the precise degree of angle used. We've seen even in S2E1 that
varying degrees of downward pickslant are possible, from Yngwie's
nearly undetectable slant, to the great forearm arch of the gypsy
players. In truth, the only practical definition of downward pickslanting
that really matters is that the pickstroke clears the plane of the strings
on the upstroke. This turns out to be possible starting from the
slightest slant below the perpendicular, and extending all the way to
the almost comically aggressive, nearly flat pickslant employed by
players like Marty Friedman.

In actual practice the factors that influence primary up and down

orientation are numerous, and intertwined with the motion mechanic a
given player uses. Mike's bridged forearm stance, and the long
fingers he uses to achieve it, likely help him maintain the upward
pickslant with extremely high consistency across even the lowest
strings on the guitar. It's also likely that this approach prevents him
from using the sometimes aggressive degree of downward
pickslanting you'll see in bridge-anchored players like Yngie, Eric, and
my own playing in this pack.
2wps Advanced: Nines, Twelves, and the Batio
Trademark Skip

I included these patterns in the demo pack mainly as a way of

illustrating, up close, what true two-way playing actually looks like,
since we had not yet covered any of this material in the show itself.
We also uploaded two of these clips -- Nines, and the Antigravity Lick
-- in full slow-motion regalia to our YouTube channel. If you've never
seen these movements before, they really are quite striking. They are
also quite obvious. Several non-guitarists to whom I've played these
clips were easily able to identify the pickslanting movements once I
pointed them out, and this despite their general invisibility in normal
high-speed playing.

To this collection I've added a Batio signature lick: his 3nps scalar
string skip. You'll notice that despite the intimidation factor of the
string skips, the actual picking pattern is the same sequence used in
the "First Sixes" clips. The fact that there are strings in between is
largely irrelevant. The increased difficulty of the lick -- if any -- stems
from the slightly greater distance that the pick needs to travel between
strings. But again, the fact of the "string skip" is really a red herring
that does not change the approach in this lick or any other lick that
involves "skipping" strings.

As a point of interest, you'll notice I'm using the Nylon in this clip. It's
much larger than the Jazz III. Not only is this not a hindrance
compared to the smaller pick, it actually helps to cover that that
greater distance thanks to its longer reach. If you take a quick browse
through the Mike Stern code archive, you'll see a larger pick used to
similar advantage. Mike plays a number of truly adventurous 1nps
2wps patterns for which the greater reach of a longer pick -- provided
you allow more pick to reach past your grip, like Mike does -- is a
definite advantage.
The Mystery Change: Kickback Connection, Dorian Loop

No sooner had we deduced Mike's formula for two-way pickslanting

than we began to notice something very strange: not all his playing
seemed to conform to it. The "Kickback Connection" featured
segments of four-string scale playing where no two-way rotation was
visible at all. The "Dorian Loop" was a pristine example of circular
three-string scale playing whose cleanliness was as awe-inspiring as it
was perplexing. The descending side of the Dorian Loop seemed to
feature no two-way rotation at all. What was going on here?

Swiping was of course the answer, hypothesized through a process of

deduction when no other option seemed possible. Although I first
failed to produce the effect with left-hand muting alone, I later
stumbled across the missing ingredient via hands-on experimentation:
upward pickslanting. The combination of simultaneous left-hand
muting and right hand upward pickslanting allowed the pick to flop
over the muted lower string with comparatively little sonic penalty.
The brunt of the attack of the muted string was drowned out by the
ringing fundamental of the masking note. This instantly enabled the
rotation-free execution of the descending portion of patterns like the
Kickback Connection and the Dorian Loop, and a new era of alternate
picked efficiency was upon us.

Swipe Power: Eights and Fours

Suddenly, licks on Speed Kills which were formerly impossible feats of

athleticism, were now a fascinating combination of impossible
athleticism and impossible finesse. Eights is the simpler of the two
patterns. This circular eight-note sequence is roughly similar to the
famous "Paul Gilbert Lick", save for the addition of an additional note
on the second string to change the rhythm from triplets to sixteenths.
As such it requires only one swipe on the descending side as the lick
returns to the loop point.
Fours is another matter entirely. The circular version of the pattern, as
featured here in its "First Scale" attachment, contains two swipes on
the 8th and 14th notes of the repeating circular pattern. In between is
a beautifully choreographed sequence of string changes that are all
enabled by upward pickslanting, and require no two-way rotation at all
to work their magic. Particularly ingenious is the way upward
pickslanting powers the string changes on notes 9 through 13 -- a
sequence that would be avoided at all costs by downward pickslanters
thanks to the way its two descending string changes occur after
downstrokes.

As we've discussed, string changes which are candidates for swiping

are traditionally the outside string changes that move in the same
direction as the pickslant. In Mike's case, this would mean
descending outside string changes -- in other words, up-down, from
the higher string to the lower string. Very simply, just imagine that the
pick is likely to hit the strings in the direction of its slant, so long as it
also picking in that direction. The fascinating corollary to this is that
the pickslant which creates the swipe also helps execute it. It is the
pick's slant in the direction of the swipe which helps it slide over the
string rather than slamming through it. In the fours pattern, you'll see
that all these factors converge on notes 8 and 14 as indicated above.

In practice, however, there's catch. You'll also notice here in the fours
licks the occasional swipe on ascending outside string changes as
well. In other words, you may notice that during down-up string
changes from a lower string to a higher string, the pick may graze the
upper string as passes over. This is less systematic than the
descending outside swiping that more commonly occurs in upward
pickslanting, and does not happen on all repetitions of the pattern. It
is also a much less direct hit, and as a result, much less likely to make
any kind of noticeable sound. In fact, I wasn't even aware I was doing
this until I filmed the lick. And yet, as it turns out, this is actually
consistent with the way Mike plays the lick in the Code Archive.
Ascending outside sweeping is clearly visible on many of the
repetitions in his version of the pattern as well.

In fact, with so much swiping going on, sometimes back-to-back in

both directions, it is pretty amazing that the descending fours pattern
can be made to sound as clean as it does. And that's really the point.
When done properly, swiping is neither audible nor even physically
detectable by the player. And this is why it remains perhaps the most
mysterious and unheralded of all the Code techniques. In this light,
the fact of its use in Mike's playing is even more remarkable. It is far
from a random mistake. Instead, it is a highly consistent -- and highly
ingenious -- engineering solution.

Swiping Revealed: Swipe Sixes

Despite my ability to replicate swiping in my own playing, it wasn't until

my interview with Mike that I was able to confirm with certainty that
this was really what was going on in his technique. Unlike two-way
pickslanting, swiping is absolutely invisible in traditional filming
situations, and this includes even the many revealing close-up camera
angles on Speed Kills. The lick that revealed swiping once and for all
was this one: Swipe Sixes. For a one-way upward pickslanter,
swiping is the necessary outcome of ascending sixes that begin on a
downstroke. In such a case, it's the sixth and final pickstroke of that
pattern that grazes the low string on its way back to the loop point. If
the muting isn't tight, this can produce obvious open-string noise, and
we've heard the sonic effects of this in Vinnie Moore's playing and in
DiMeola's playing. Swiping in Mike's playing, although slightly audible
at various points in the Code Archive and on Speed Kills, is harder to
detect thanks to the systematic muting that Mike himself mentions in
the "Muting Mystery" clip. But we were able to spot it with the original
ShredCam rig, and of course we can see it clearly here in this
intentional recreation.

Reverse Batio
What goes up... must come down. If swiping can work for upward
pickslanters, then the same rules, inverted, can also work for
downward pickslanters. In many cases, they can even work better.
As we've discussed, the rule of swiping is the outside string change
that matches the pickslant. In the case of downward pickslanting, that
means the ascending outside string change -- in other words, the
downstroke that moves from a lower string to a higher string. And
thanks to the natural muting that occurs when fretting-hand fingers
rest on higher strings, the dwps swiper has an even greater cushion to
deaden the attack of a swiped string change. This series of seven
dwps inversions of Batio uwps licks explores precisely this possibility.

And nowhere is this possibility greater than in the case of fours.

Thanks to the comparatively large degree of pickslant available in the
downward direction, swiping in dwps fours really only ever happens in
the one instance it's supposed to: the ascending outside string
change. In fact, the two-way swiping that we see in the uwps version
of the pattern is now entirely eliminated here. The aggressiveness of
the pickslant also enhances the effectiveness of the swipes that do
occur. You can see clearly in the slow-motion clips how the sloped
shoulder of the pick slides over the swipe string. The string still
vibrates, but it's more of a glance rather than a distinct pickstroke, and
the sound is easily deadened by the fretting hand fingers. While it's
tough to compare apples to apples in terms of performance, the dwps
version of swiped fours is certainly at least as capable as the
descending uwps version -- and likely even more so given its more
aggressive slant, and extra muting power.

Moore Minimal Pickslant

Vinnie Moore's primary up technique is paragon of pickslanting

economy, and really shines on a thorny inside-picking sequence like
the Pepsi Lick. Built around a descending sixes primary up picking
sequence, we could notice only the smallest of temporary dwps
rotation between the fifth and sixth notes of the pattern. This was just
enough dwps rotation to get over the B string, and back to the loop
point. And it was only via massive 10% slow motion that we could
spot it. This type of hyper 2wps economy would have been all but
invisible to VHS viewers in the '80s, as it most likely is to Vinnie
himself.

This clip is an experiment to see just how small I can make 2wps
movements in a descending sixes downstroke sequence while still
switching cleanly between the strings. Because this is an inside
picking pattern, swiping is not really an option and it essentially absent
from this clip. But I'm not thinking specifically about pickslanting
motions -- I'm intentionally tuning them out. In fact, I couldn't tell how
much, if any, 2wps I was actually using when I filmed the clips. Across
three fast takes and two slow takes, the pickslanting movements
become gradually smaller. They are still clearly evident under the
closeup camera, but as they were in the Pepsi Lick and so many other
classic instructional videos, they are almost totally invisible to the
wide-angle camera.

The Gilbert

Ah, the Paul Gilbert Lick. Have four notes ever been more
obsessively repeated by generations of aspiring rock guitar players?
It is hard to explain the enduring popularity of the famous Gilbert
pattern. It is neither particularly commonplace as a sequence in most
melodic playing, nor particularly instructive about its two-way
pickslanting requirements. In fact, for a picking exercise of such
ubiquity, it probably ranks with the four-note chromatic exercise in
terms of the sheer number of guitarists who have played it -- often
very well -- without really understanding how it works.

Make no mistake: the Gilbert is certainly a two-way pickslanting lick.

Yet because it's a phrase built around outside picking, it is also easily
swiped -- as it is, audibly, by Paul himself on Intense Rock. You can
hear this particularly clearly in repetitions on the lower strings, where
the descending-outside swipe sounds the open string aggressively on
its way back down. Because of the Gilbert's susceptibility to swiping,
it's almost impossible to draw conclusions from traditional instructional
material about the proper way to play it.

In practice, there are a few common solutions.

In the first 2wps example, I'm intentionally re-creating the instructional

"worst-case scenario": a primary neutral pickslant, with the smallest
possible 2wps movements that occasionally slip into swiping. It's
remarkable just how small the pickslanting movements can be, even
under close examination with the slow motion camera, and still clear
the strings. The swiping that does occur -- outside-ascending, as per
dwps -- is utterly inaudible. Were it not for the slow-motion camera,
we would never even know it existed. I certainly couldn't feel it when I
was playing it.

The next two examples illustrate the classic deliberate swiping

variants of the lick. The first is the Batio uwps strategy, based around
one-way uwps and descending outside swiping. The final two
repetitions of the pattern feature two-way swiping -- both descending-
outside and ascending-outside. As in the uwps fours clips, this
occurrence was unplanned and also inaudible. And again, this is
consistent with Mike's own uwps strategy in fours and other Code
Archive clips.

The second is the reverse Batio strategy, with a fixed downward

pickslant and no two-way pickslanting. I'm making no effort to avoid
hitting the G string, and instead allowing the pickslant and the fretting
hand fingers to work their swiping magic. Of all the Gilbert variants,
this is the simplest for experienced downward pickslanters. And I'm
sure many dwps players who practice the Gilbert probably already do
it this way without realizing it.

The third example is a hybrid approach that reflects my particular style

of primary down 2wps. Compared to the dwps swiping example, with
its fixed downward pickslant, the pronounced two way pickslanting
rotation in this approach is obvious even in the wide angle clip. And it
becomes only more obvious under the slow-motion camera.

Interestingly, you'll notice that what the continuous 2wps in my

standard approach actually does not do is eliminate swiping. In fact,
you can see clearly in the slow motion clip that swiping occurs on
every repetition of the pattern. Instead, what it does do is lessen the
impact, so that any contact with the swiped string is incidental, and
any sound produced is inaudible. The resulting performance is
cleaner sounding than the fixed dwps / swiping version, and as is
almost always the case when swiping is done gently like this, I can
neither feel it nor hear it as I'm playing.

In the subsequent "Stacked Gilberts" clip, I'm applying this same

hybrid approach to Paul's extended, six-string, overlapping Gilbert
pattern. Swiping is occasionally present on ascending-outside string
changes, although not on every repetition. And again, its effects aren't
simply small -- they're inaudible.

The "Reverse Gilbert" clip flips the picking structure of the traditional
Gilbert to inside picking. And in so doing, it creates the perfect storm
that most players complain about when they think of inside picking.
And what's the problem, exactly? Swiping, of course. Or, more
appropriately, the lack of it. Swiping is generally less possible in
inside picking sequences. And when it does occur, it is felt much more
obviously by the player as a mistake.

To be clear, you're no more likely to hit the strings in the reverse

Gilbert than you are in the standard Gilbert. You're just more likely to
feel it, and also to hear it. As a result, the Reverse Gilbert isn't really
more difficult. It is simply more specific. It requires that your two-way
pickslanting movements be completely correct, and it will telegraph
clearly when they are not. The real problem with this, and the source
of its perceived difficulty, is simply the inability of most players to
determine exactly what those movements need to be. And again, it's
not that the solution to the standard, outside Gilbert is any different --
the standard version is just more forgiving when you get it wrong.

Our final Gilbert concoction, "Stacked Flipped Gilberts", is simply a

stacked sequence of standard and reverse Gilberts. Its combination
of both Gilbert variants makes it the most Gilberty lick possible. If it is
played precisely at midnight on Paul's birthday, it is said he will
suddenly appear in your living room. I take no responsibility for what,
if anything, he may be wearing when this happens.

Gilbert Arps

Paul's scalar two-way pickslanting is notable for his incredible

economy of motion, where two-way pickslanting movements are small
and difficult to see, especially from traditional camera angles. By
contrast, his approach to Yngwie-style three-string arpeggio shapes is
interesting because it affords the opportunity to examine his two-way
pickslanting technique in a larger, more visible movement. And while
the lick is indeed included on Intense Rock, the front-facing wide angle
camera makes this type of analysis much less easy to do than the
awesome backstage historical clip we examine in the seminar.

Like Yngwie's solution, Paul's approach is neither swept nor alternate-

picked: it's both. The top string is two alternate-picked notes, starting
on a downstroke, that lead into the three-string, descending sweep.
The final swept note then reconnects to the loop point via an alternate-
picked string skip downstroke, and the pattern begins anew.

The lick is a fantastic exercise in balancing the athletic demands of

alternate picking with the fluidity challenges of sweeping. The final
pickstroke that simultaneously rotates to dwps and string-tracks back
to the first string is the athletic challenge. Immediately dialing down
the energy of that downstroke into a smoothly flowing sweeping
motion is the exercise in control. Doing this at a moderate tempo, with
a focus on fluidity and looseness, and not speed, is the way to go.

McLaughlin Arps

Last but certainly not least, John McLaughlin's contribution to two-way

pickslanting is a very cool two-string arpeggio sequence executed with
his typical laser-like precision. These are fragments of seventh chords
that evoke various flavors in the underlying chord progression, from
Dmaj7 to Bmin/maj7, by simply altering a melody note above a
repeating pedal figure.

Mechanically, what's interesting about the picking pattern is that it is

precisely the same picking pattern we've seen numerous times
already in service of descending sixes and other scalar licks. It is
simply three notes on the top string, followed by three notes on the B
string. If the top string begins on a downstroke, we have the classic
inside 2wps sequence from First Sixes, the Pepsi Lick, and so many
others.

Its use here in an arpeggiated context is notable because it feels

entirely different to play. And this is a testament to the holistic way in
which we learn. We do not learn hands separately and then merge
them -- and this makes sense because we would likely need two
brains to do so. Instead, we learn by memorizing the sensation of
everything that is happening in a given instant. By cycling through
these sensations sequentially, like images in a flipbook, we can
recreate complicated sequences and patterns that may sound like
they require more limb independence, or polyrhythmic sensibility, than
they actually do.

In other words, the reason trill figures like the ones present in so many
of John's awesome two-finger 2nps licks may feel different at first, is
because as far as your brain is concerned, they are different. The fact
that the picking sequence may be shared with other licks you already
know is incidental. When a picking pattern you've already mastered is
combined with a novel fingering, the overall experience of practicing
the lick is then partially new. As a result, it must be re-learned the
same way you initially learned everything: at a slower speed, until the
movements are burned in. The good news is this second time around,
the work you've already done in mastering the right hand will translate
to faster learning overall for both hands.