Scalogram

ALTAMIRANO.MALABANAN.MANEGDEG.
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
• Introduction
-Definition of Terms
• Scalogram Method
- Brief Historical Overview
- Basic Concept
- Methodology
- Use in Land Use Planning
- Advantages & Limitations
• Case Example: Application of Scalogram in Land Use
Planning
• Summary & Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION

www.dictionary.com

• Scalogram
- An attitude scale in which a positive answer to
an item implies agreement with items
appearing lower on the scale.
 INTRODUCTION

www.merriam-webster.com

• Scalogram
- An arrangement of items in ascending order
so that the presence or accomplishment of an
item at one level implies the presence of or the
capability to accomplish items at all lower
levels.
 INTRODUCTION

Scalogram Analysis

- The purpose of scalogram analysis is to

establish a one-dimensional continuum for a
concept you wish to measure.
 BASIC HISTORICAL
OVERVIEW
• Louis Guttman
- Born on February 10, 1916 in New York City
and grew up in the Jewish Community of
Minneapolis, Minnesota and died there on
October 25, 1987 while sabbatical.
- He founded and until his death, headed, the
Israel Institute for Applied Social Research,
later renamed the Guttman Institute.
 BASIC HISTORICAL
OVERVIEW
- His work left a legacy of major developments in
the theory and practice of:
a. scale & factor analysis
b. multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS)
c. Facet theory
d. Guttman Scale
 BASIC HISTORICAL
OVERVIEW
- Guttman was described as a brilliant innovator
who “saw theory in method and method in
theory”, was “informed by high sophistication in
mathematics, statistics, sociology and
psychology” and as someone who “made a major
contribution to democratic policy-making in the
new state” and “was concerned with the well-
being of individuals, groups, and society”
(from a posthumous award ceremony by the World
Association of Public Opinion Research, 1988)
 BASIC CONCEPT
- The Scalogram is manual, primarily graphic and
non-statistical device that arrays functions by
ubiquity (frequency of presence) and ranks by
functional complexity on a matrix.
- It consists of statements to which a respondent
expresses his agreement or disagreement.
- It assesses the extent of the subject’s
agreement with items, where the items are
meant to represent a continuum.
 METHODOLOGY
1. On the left side of the worksheet, list
settlements as rows in descending order of their
population.
 METHODOLOGY
2. Across the top of the worksheet, list the
functions found in the region in their descending
order of ubiquity (frequency of presence).
 METHODOLOGY
3. Draw row and column lines so that the worksheet
becomes a matrix in which each cell represents a
function that may appear in the settlement.
 METHODOLOGY
4. Fill in with a dark color all cells in which a function is
actually found in a settlement, leave cells for which a
function does not appear in a settlement blank.
 METHODOLOGY
5. Re-order the rows and columns so as to
visually maximize the blank cells appearing in the
dark pattern found in the upper left section of the
matrix.
6. The scalogram is complete when no shifting of
a settlement row or function column can reduce
the number of blank cells in this pattern.
7. The final order of settlement rows identifies a
ranking of settlements which can be interpreted
as an ordinal centrality score.
USE IN LAND USE PLANNING

- It can be used to categorize settlements into

levels of functional complexity and determine
the types and diversity of services and
facilities located in central places at various
levels of hierarchy.

- It shows rough associations among services

and facilities in specific locations and
potential linkages among them.
USE IN LAND USE PLANNING
- It indicates the sequence in which
settlements accumulate functions and the
implications for sequencing complementary
or catalytical investments.

- It can be used to make determinations about

the adequacy of services and facilities in the
region.
USE IN LAND USE PLANNING
- “Missing” or “unexpectedly absent functions”
are clearly identified and investigations can
be made.

- “Unexpectedly present functions” are also

identified, and the reason for the appearance
of services and facilities can be determined.
USE IN LAND USE PLANNING
- It can be used to make decisions about
appropriate “packages” of investments for
settlements at different levels in the spatial
hierarchy.
 ADVANTAGE

- It assures that only a single dimension is

being measured. Researcher’s subjective
judgment is not allowed to creep in the
development of scale since the scale is
determined by the replies of the respondent.

- Requires only a small number of items that

make such a scale easy to administer.
 LIMITATION

- Not frequently used method because its

development procedure is tedious and
complex.
 CASE EXAMPLE 1:
APPLICATION IN LAND USE
PLANNING

Portion of a Scalogram
for Settlements
In the Bicol River Basin
 CASE EXAMPLE 1:
SETTLEMENTS IN THE BICOL RIVER BASIN
All settlements were included – a total of 1,419 built-
up areas and barangays. The data collection and
calculation include:
1. List of all settlement in the study area
2. Population size of all settlements in the region
3. A map pinpointing the location of all settlements in
the study area
4. An inventory showing the presence or absence of
functions (services, organizations, facilities,
establishments and or other activities) in each
settlement
 FUNCTIONS ANALYZED IN
BICOL RIVER BASIN UFRD PROJECT

CATEGORY FUNCTIONS

Economic Activities • Shopping center or Supermarket

Social Services and Facilities
• Public market
• Appliance store
• Farm supply or agro-chemicals store
• Banks and financial institutions other than Rural banks
• Rural bank
• Manufacturing or Processing plant other than cottage-industry
• Cottage industry
• Nursing school
• College
• Vocational school
• High school
• Private hospital
• Government hospital (Operational)
• Private clinic
• Drugstore
 FUNCTIONS ANALYZED IN
BICOL RIVER BASIN UFRD PROJECT

CATEGORY FUNCTIONS

Transport and Communications • Airport

Services and Facilities
Infrastructure and Maintenance
Services
• Port
• Train station
• Bus station
• Newspaper publisher
• Radio station
• Telephone exchange
• Telecommunication office
• Functioning power plant
• Piped water system
• Hardware supply store
• Farm equipment repair shop
• Housing estate or subdivision
• Surveyor’s office
• Construction supply store
• Auto repair shop
 FUNCTIONS ANALYZED IN
BICOL RIVER BASIN UFRD PROJECT

CATEGORY FUNCTIONS

Recreational Activities • Bowling alleys

• Gymnasium or auditorium
• Cinema with daily showings
• Nightclub
• Playground with facilities
• Cock-fighting pit
• Cinema with periodic showings
• Concrete-paved basketball court
Personal Services • Optometrist or optical shop
• Xerox copying services
• Photo studio
• Restaurant
• Cemetery
• Funeral parlor
• Hotel
• Lodging house
 FUNCTIONS ANALYZED IN
BICOL RIVER BASIN UFRD PROJECT

CATEGORY FUNCTIONS

Community Organization • Credit union or cooperation

• Other cooperative “Paluwagan” (welfare society)
• Labor union
• Professional Organization
• Civic organization
• Sports Association
• Farmers Association
Extension and Protective • Security agency (private)
Services • Philippine Constabulary station
• Red Cross office
• Fire truck
• Bureau of Animal Industry agent
• Bureau of Agricultural Extension agent
• Bureau of Plant Industry agent
• Department of Local Government and Community Development
office
 CASE EXAMPLE 2:
APPLICATION IN LAND USE
PLANNING

Scalogram for Services

In the Zambales Province
 INTERPRETATION:

San Felipe
Candelaria

Cabangan

Castillejos
Marcelino
Sta. Cruz

Masinloc

Botolan

Antonio

Narciso
Palauig
Subic

San

San

San
Iba
Tax service 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1. Subic has the most
Men’s and women’s apparel 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
Meat market 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
number of establishments
Tailor 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 that could support the needs
Shoe repair 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
Health food store 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 of the population in the area.
Used merchandise 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Attorney 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Drugstore 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2. Next to Subic, Iba (capital
Gas station 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Bar 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
of the province) is the most
Cleaners and Laundry 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 convenient area for the
Local grocery 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
Liquor store 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
people to settle due to its
Restaurant 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 location as government
Hair stylist 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
T.V. & electronics sales & repair 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
center.
Florist 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
Jewelry store 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ice cream parlor 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3. Dentist can be found in 7
Locksmith 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(seven) municipalities in the
Podiatrist 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Auto repair 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 province but is classified as
Game house 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 outlier.
Travel agency 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dentist 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
Printing shop 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Furniture store 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4. Supermarket, Hotel and
Barber shop 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 Theater are absent to all the
Super market 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hotel 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
municipalities in the province
Theater 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 as Zambales is not interested
Delicatessen 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
with these services.
26 24 20 15 14 13 10 10 9 6 5 5 4
 SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
SUMMARY:

The Scalogram was founded by Louis

Guttman.

It is a manual, primarily graphic and non-

statistical device that arrays functions by
ubiquity (frequency of presence) and ranks by
functional complexity on a matrix.
 SUMMARY & CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION:

Scalogram is applied in determining the

value of spaces in a planning task. In this
method, the data for the spaces such as
natural, economic and population data are
selected to determine the hierarchy of
settlement and degree of development.
 REFERENCES

• www.dictionary.com
• www.merriam-webster.com
• www.socialresearchmethods.net
• https://en.wikipedia.org
• https://www.wisdomjobs.com/e-university/research-methodology-
tutorial-355/measurement-and-scaling-techniques-1854/scale-
construction-techniques-11486.html
• http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80166e/80166E08.htm
• http://en.idi.org.il/tools-and-data/the-guttman-center-for-public-
opinion-and-policy-research/a-biography-of-louis-guttman/