Reading - RO - V 3.1 PDF

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Reorder paragraph #ro
Real Exam Questions
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Contents
1. Jumbled paragraphs ………………………………………… 4-56

Answer key ………………….…………......……………………….. 56
2. In Correct Order ……………………………….……….…. 57-118
3. Coding (v.2.0) ……………………………….………………. 119-165
3
1Language of Chimpanzees
A. A simple way to disprove this Innateness Hypothesis, as linguists call it, is to demonstrate that
other species have the capacity to speak but for some reason simply have not developed speech.
B. Chimpanzees cannot speak because, unlike humans, their vocal cords are located higher in
their throats and cannot be controlled as well as human vocal cords.
C. Perhaps they can acquire grammar and speak if they could only use grammar some way other
than with a voice. The obvious alternative is sign language.
D. A logical candidate for such a species is the chimpanzee, which shares 98.4% of the human
genetic code.
E. It does not follow from their lack of speech, however, that chimpanzees are incapable of
language, that is, a human-like grammar.
2 Linguistics
A. For one thing, the use of language is universal—all normally developing children learn to speak
at least one language, and many learn more than one.
B. Because everyone is capable of learning to speak and understand language, it may seem to be
simple.
C. It is wrong, however, to exaggerate the similarity between language and other cognitive skills,
because language stands apart in several ways.
D. But just the opposite is true—language is one of the most complex of all human cognitive
abilities.
E. By contrast, not everyone becomes proficient at complex mathematical reasoning, few people
learn to paint well, and many people cannot carry a tune.
4
3 Central Banks
A. When this bank was founded in 1695, Scots coinage was in short supply and of uncertain value,
compared with English, Dutch, Flemish or French coin.
B. In most countries, it is only the government, through their central banks, who are permitted
to issue currency.
C. The first Scottish bank to do this was the Bank of Scotland.
D. But in Scotland, three banks are still allowed to issue banknotes.
E. To face growth of trade it was deemed necessary to remedy this lack of an adequate currency.
4 Sepahu in Peru
A. Instead, it auctioned 40-year concessions to areas ruled off on a map, with the right to log 5%
of the area each year. The aim was to encourage strict management plans and sustainable
extraction.
B. That pocket denotes a tiny patch of legally loggable land sandwiched between four natural
reserves, all rich in mahogany and accessible from the town.
C. In 2001 the government egged on by WWF, a green group, tried to regulate logging in the
relatively small part of the Peruvian Amazon where this is allowed.
D. It abolished the previous system of annual contracts.
E. Sepahua, a ramshackle town on the edge of Peru’s Amazon jungle, nestles in a pocket on the
map where a river of the same name flows into the Urubamba.
5
5 Market vs. Policy
A. Markets may be good at encouraging innovation, and following trends, but there were no good
at ensuring social inequality.
B. Mill was able to see an expanded role for the State in such legislation to protect us against
powerful interests.
C. There had already been some legislation to prevent such abuses such as various Factory Acts
to prevent the exploitation of child workers, or Acts designed to prevent manufacturers from
adulterating bread.
D. He was able to argue that the State was the only organ that was genuinely capable of
responding to social needs and social interests, unlike markets.
E. They had become rapidly dominated by powerful enterprises who were unable to act in their
own interests, against the interests of both workers and consumers.
6 International Dateline
A. For example, if an airplane were to travel westward with the sun, 24 hours would elapse as it
circled the globe, but it would still be the same day for those in the airplane while it would be
one day later for those on the ground below them.
B. Traveling eastward across the line, one subtracts one calendar day; traveling westward, one
adds a day.
C. The date line is necessary to avoid a confusion that would otherwise result.
D. The same problem would arise if two travelers journeyed in opposite directions to a point on
the opposite side of the earth, 180° of longitude distant.
E. The apparent paradox is resolved by requiring that the traveler crossing the date line change
his date, thus bringing the travelers into agreement when they meet.
F. International dateline, imaginary line on the earth’s surface, generally following the 180°
meridian of longitude, where, by international agreement, travelers change dates.
6
7 Sydney Fireworks
A. “It’s about how we’re all so affected by the harbor and its surrounds, how special it is to all of
us and how it moves us,” said the Welcome to Country’s creative director, Rhoda Roberts.
B. Fireworks and special effects, including a red “waterfall” from the bridge base, will turn the
structure built in 1932 into a giant Aboriginal flag shortly after the sun sets for the last time in
2015.
C. Fireworks and special effects will also turn the bridge into a giant Aboriginal flag before the
9pm fireworks display.
D. From 8:40pm, the bridge will be turned into a canvas showing the Welcome to Country
ceremony.
8 Boundary of Welfare
A. Inevitably, these discussions focus on present-day dilemmas.
B. It is also a recurrent theme in the press, from the highbrow pages of Prospect to the
populism of the Daily Mail.
C. But the issues themselves are not new and have historical roots that go much deeper than
have been acknowledged.
D. In the early years of the twenty-first century the impact of immigrants on the welfare state
and, specifically, the capacity of the welfare state to absorb large numbers of immigrants has
become a staple of discussion among policy makers and politicians.
9 Jet Stream
A. Since the progress of an airplane is aided or impeded depending on whether tail winds or head
winds are encountered, in the Northern Hemisphere the jet stream is sought by eastbound
aircraft, in order to gain speed and save fuel, and avoided by westbound aircraft.
B. Jet stream, narrow, swift currents or tubes of air found at heights ranging from 7 to 8 mi (11.3–
12.9 km) above the surface of the earth.
C. They are caused by great temperature differences between adjacent air masses.
D. Instead of moving along a straight line, the jet stream flows in a wavelike fashion; the waves
propagate eastward (in the Northern Hemisphere) at speeds considerably slower than the wind
speed itself.
7
10 Web Security
A. That may be changing.
B. Over the past year, a series of privacy gaffes and government attempts to gain access to
internet users’ online histories have, along with consolidation among online search and
advertising groups, thrust the issue of internet privacy into the spotlight.
C. In the lobby of Google’s headquarters in Mountain View, California, computer screens display
lists of the words being entered into the company’s search engine.
D. This presents a challenge to Google and other internet search companies, which have built a
multi-billion dollar industry out of targeted advertising based on the information users reveal
about themselves online.
E. Although Google says the system is designed to filter out any scandalous or potentially
compromising queries, the fact that even a fraction of searches can be seen by visitors to the
world’s biggest search company is likely to come as a shock to internet users who think of web
browsing as a private affair.
11 Pilot
A. After finishing first in his pilot training class, Lindbergh took his first job as the chief pilot of
an airmail route operated by Robertson Aircraft Co. of Lambert Field in St. Louis, Missouri.
B. After a crash, he even salvaged stashes of mail from his burning aircraft and immediately
phoned Alexander Varney, Peoria’s airport manager, to advise him to send a truck.
C. During his tenure on the mail route, he was renowned for delivering the mail under any
circumstances.
D. He flew the mail in a de Havilland DH-4 biplane to Springfield, Peoria and Chicago, Illinois.
12 Technology Pros and Cons

A. Technology has drawbacks but also benefits;
B. For example, mobile phone;
C. But we cannot deny the benefits of science and technology;
D. Someone driving a car and calling, causing an accident or hazard;

8
13 Brazilian Music
A. Then Brazilian
B. 1938, Brazil’s music and folk’s what
C. What is the record intension 1-16 the second
D. Their record is a natural voice, the voice of cattle and sheep
14 Vegetarian
A. Many vegetarians have been successful from these foods.
B. Many vegetarian also attract non vegetarians.
C. Vegetarian eat things which do not include meat.
D. The school restaurant according to their request to make the relevant food.
E. But this diet still has some risk.
15 Sick Scientist
A. A scientist is sick.
B. But when he is hungry at night, he is automatically finding the location of the kitchen.
C. The scientists have studied it confirmed that 100 years ago.
D. He lost his memory and does not know where the kitchen is
9
16 Arun Maria Boston Consulting

A. He suggests the country’s computer services industry can simply outsource research to foreign
universities if the capability is not available locally.
B. Indian businessmen have used IT to create new business models that enable them to provide services
in a more cost-effective way. This is not something that necessarily requires expensive technical
research.
C. Innovation in India is as much due to entrepreneurialism as it is to IT skills, says Arun Maria, chairman
of Boston Consulting Group in India.
D. “This way, I will have access to the best scientists in the world without having to produce them
myself,” says Mr. Maria.
17 Car Accident
A. Attention should be paid to the young people more concern, (More concern about them)
B. New measures, recommendations more qualifications for teenager to get license (Also there
is a system)
C. More car accident in the morning,
D. Examples and figures, (For example in port Macquarie)
E. In particular, teenage driver accidents, (They some other people) Link: these case
18 System
A. Well, there is a direct answer to the question.
B. It is a system .... (Note that the pronoun refers to the first sentence of the system),
C. This enables ... tools .... (This refers to the system and introduce tools)
D. Ask what system can be how?
E. These tools .......
10
19 Festival
A. What is a festival,
B. Finally how will the award be given
C. and then how this festival,
D. and then there are games,
20 Australia’s Immigration Policy

A. Australia used to have a generous immigration policy for refugees fleeing violence and
conflict.
B. At the same time, a raft of changes was introduced to alter Australia's migration law and
policy.
C. We took even more than our share of refugees on a population-weighted basic.
D. With the election of a new administration, all refugees were subject to detention while
waiting for a decision on their application.
E. The rate of refugee arrivals has indeed slowed; but, as some argue, at the expense of our
human rights reputation.
21 Book List
A. The lists also has other publications...;
B. it sorted by dates and ***;
C. A German writer has books list for ***,
D. but it doesn’t provide search function
11
22 Railway Development
A. Changed to steel,
B. Finally, how can this wagon look like
C. First said before the rail with wood,
D. A few years later a personal invention of the wagon,
E. Later industrialized,
23 Cook and Debt

A. Leave it to the cook for X years，
B. Take a company to do an example,
C. pull money, there are mentioned debt,
D. That is the recipe of many....companies.
24 Environment Revolution
A. Then a series of highly visible ecological problems created a groundswell of support for strict
government regulation.
B. In the United States, Lake Erie was dead. In Europe, the Rhine was on fire. In Japan, people
were dying of mercury poisoning.
C. Today many companies have accepted their responsibility to do no harm to the environment.
D. In the 1960s and 1970, corporations were in a state of denial regarding their impact on the
environment.
E. The Environmental Revolution has been almost three decades in the making, and it has
changed forever how companies do business.
12
25 German Invasion
A. They lacked compact defense lines and additionally their supply line were also poorly
protected.
B. Meanwhile, the world had woken up to the potential of atomic energy and countries were
conducting tests to exploits the same.
C. But Polish forces could not defend long a border.
D. German invasion of Poland officially triggered the Second World War.
E. In the beginning, Britain and France were hopeful that Poland should be able to defend her
borders.
26 Ocean Floors
A. However, the floor of Atlantic is becoming fairly well known as a result of special surveys since
1920.
B. The topography of the ocean floors is none too well known, since in great areas, the available
surroundings are hundreds or even thousands of miles apart.
C. Closely spaced surroundings show that many parts of the ocean floors are as rugged as
mountainous regions of the continents.
D. A broad, well-defined ridge - the Mid-Atlantic ridge - runs north and south between Africa and
the two Americas.
E. Numerous other major irregularities diversify the Atlantic floor.
13
27 Health
A. It is natural to be healthy, but we wandered so far astray that disease is the rule and good
health the exception.
B. There is too much illness, too much suffering.
C. Of course, most people are well enough to attend to their work, but nearly all are suffering
from some ill, mental or physical, acute or chronic.
D. The average individual is of less value to himself, to his family and to society than he could
be.
E. We are losing every year a vast army of individuals who are in their productive prime.
28 Top Executives
A. They assume that the stock market automatically penalizes any corporation that invests it
resources poorly.
B. In short, stock market performance and the company’s financial performance are inexorably
linked.
C. They assume that they’re using their shareholders’ resources efficiently if the company’s
performance - especially ROE and earnings per share - is good and if the shareholders don’t
rebel.
D. The top executives of the large, mature, publicly held companies hold the conventional view
when they stop to think of the equity owners’ welfare.
E. So companies investing well grow, enriching themselves and shareholders alike, and ensure
competitiveness; companies investing poorly shrink, resulting, perhaps in the replacement of
management.
14
29 Purpose of Military
A. The idea is to destroy the enemy’s productive capacity, and depending upon the economic
foundation, that productive capacity is different in each case.
B. So in the agrarian era, if you need to destroy the enemy’s productive capacity, what you want to do is
bum his fields, or if you’re really vicious, salt them.
C. With regard to defense, the purpose of the military is to defend the nation and be prepared to do
battle with its enemy.
D. How do you battle with your enemy?
E. But in the industrial era, destroying the enemy’s productive capacity means bombing the factories
which are located in the cities.
F. Now in the information era, destroying the enemy’s productive capacity means destroying the
information infrastructure.
30 Ants
A. And it is a lesson to us that no one has ever yet seen quarrel between any two ants belonging
to the same community.
B. It is evident, therefore, that the ants of each community all recognize one another, which is
very remarkable.
C. The communities of ants are sometimes very large, numbering even to 500,000 individuals.
D. However, they are in hostility not only with most other insects, including ants of different
species, but even with those of the same species if belonging to different communities.
E. I have over and over again introduced ants from one my nets into another nest of the same
species, and they were invariably attacked, seized by a leg or an antenna, and dragged out.
15
31 Recipe for Companies
A. Add some generous helpings of debt, a few spoonful of management incentives and trim all
the fat.
B. Leave to cook for five years and you have a feast of profits.
C. Take an underperforming company.
D. That has been the recipe for private-equity groups during the past 200 years.
32 Retired Engineer
A. It offered proof of what the US psychologists William James noticed more than a century ago
– that humans “are mere walking bundles of habits”.
B. Yet whenever he was hungry he got up and propelled himself straight to the kitchen to get
something to eat.
C. In 1992, a retired engineer in San Diego contracted a rare brain disease that wiped out his
memory.
D. Every day he was asked where the kitchen was in his house, and every day he didn’t have the
foggiest idea.
E. Studies of this man led scientists to a breakthrough: the part of our brains where habits are
stored has nothing to do with memory or reason.
33 Barnes’s Books
A. Unlike Barnes’ previous books, Mother of Storms has a fairly large cast of viewpoint characters.
B. They’re not all necessarily good guys, either, although with the hurricanes wrecking wholesale
destruction upon the world’s coastal areas, ethical categories tend to become irrelevant.
C. But even the Evil American Corporate Magnate is a pretty likable guy.
D. This usually irritates me, but I didn’t mind it here, and their interactions are well-handled and
informative, although occasionally in moving those about the author’s manipulation are a bit
blatant.
16
34 Asian Paradox
A. The compounds may work in several ways to improve cardiovascular health, including
preventing blood platelets from sticking together and improving cholesterol levels.
B. In May 2006 researchers a Yale University School of Medicine weighed in on the issue with a
review article that looked at more than 100 studies on the health benefits of green tea.
C. They theorized that the 1.2 liters of green tea that is consumed by many Asians each day
provides high levels of polyphenols and other antioxidants.
D. Specifically (to be more specific), green tea may prevent the oxidation of LDL cholesterol (the
bad type), which, in turn, can reduce the buildup in arteries, the researchers wrote.
E. They pointed to what they called an “Asian paradox” which refers to lower rates of heart
disease and cancer in Asia despite high rates of cigarette smoking.
35 Literacy Project
A. Julia Bocking’s Literacy and Dads (LADS) project aims to increase the number of fathers
participating as literacy helpers in K-2 school reading programs at Queanbeyan Primary Schools.
B. Having worked as a literacy tutor with teenagers, Ms. Bocking saw the need for good attitudes
towards reading to be formed early on-with the help of more male role models.
C. A University of Canberra student has launched the nation’s first father- led literacy project, to
encourage fathers to become more involved in their children’s literacy.
D. “There’s no program like this in Australia,” Ms. Bocking said, who devised the project as the
final component of her community education degree at the University.
17
36 Volkswagen
A. Despite posting healthy profits, Volkswagen shares trade at a discount to pears, due to bad
reputation among investors.
B. Volkswagen shares trade at about nine times the 2002 estimated earnings, compared to BMW
‘s 19 and are the second cheapest in the sector.
C. The main problem with Volkswagen is the past.
D. Many investors have been disappointed and frightened away.
E. A disastrous capital hike, an expensive foray into truck business and uncertainty about the
reason for a share buyback has in recent years left investors bewildered.
37 Advertisement
A. Another reason could be the burgeoning number of companies, which means an exponential
increase in the number of ads that are being made.
B. Although there is a huge shift in the quality of ads that we come across on daily basis thanks
essentially to improvement in technology 0 I somehow can’t help but feel that the quality of
communication of the message has become diluted.
C. Over the years, I have had the opportunities to observe and understand the thought process
behind the ads that have been flooding both the print and the TV.
D. Proportionally, the numbers of ads that lack in quality have gone up exponentially as well
E. There is an increasing attempt by most companies to be seen as cool and funky.
18
38 Money Transactions
A. To support e-commerce, we need effective payment systems and secure communication
channels and data integrity.
B. Electronic transactions are happening in closed group networks and Internet. Electronic
commerce is one of the most important aspects of internet to emerge.
C. The whole structure of traditional money is built on faith and so will electronic money have to
be.
D. Moreover, money is worth what it is because we have come to accept it.
E. Cash transactions offer both privacy and anonymity as it does not contain information that can
be used to identify the parties nor the transaction history. Moreover, money is worth it is because
we have come to accept it.
39 NASA
A. Four of these planets are so-called super-Earths, larger than our own planet, but smaller than
even the smallest ice giant planet in our Solar System.
B. These new super-Earths have radii of 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, and 1.9 times that of Earth. In addition, one
of the five was a roughly Mars-sized planet, half the size of Earth.
C. A team of scientists has discovered two Earth-like planets in the habitable orbit of Sun-like
star.
D. Using observations gathered by NASA’s Kepler Mission, the team found five planets orbiting a
Sun-like star called Kepler-62.
19
40 Marquez
A. The town had flourished, nearing 400 residents, since its establishment more than a decade
earlier in 1566 by Pedro Menendez de Aviles who had founded La Florida and St. Augustine the
year before.
B. Marquez arrived in October 1577 at the abandoned town of Santa Elena with two ships
carrying pre-fabricated posts and heavy planking.
C. In 1571, it became the capital of La Florida.
D. He erected fort San Marcos in six days in defense against a Native American attack such as the
one that forced the abandonment of the town a year earlier.
41 Evolution Progress
A. Today, many years later, many believe that evolution has progressed at the same steady rate
and that the absence of transitional forms can be explained by Darwin’s argument that there are
huge gaps in the fossil record and that transition usually occurred in one restricted locality.
B. Others, however, believe that the fossil evidence suggests that, at various stages in the history
of life, evolution progressed rapidly, in spurts, and that major changes occurred at these points.
C. Paleontologists still argue about the origins of major groups, though new fossil finds since
Darwin’s time have cleared up many of the disparities in the fossil record. Even during Darwin’s
lifetime, some transitional forms were found.
D. An evolving group may have reached a stage at which it had an advantage over other groups
and was able to exploit new niches in nature. Climate change may also have produced a “spurt”,
as might the extinction of other groups or species, leaving many niches vacant.
42 Foreign Aid
A. Today, the projects of organizations like the World Bank are meticulously inspected b
watchdog groups.
B. Although the system is far from perfect, it is certainly more transparent than it was when
foreign aid routinely helped ruthless dictators stay in power.
C. But beginning in the 1990s, foreign aid had begun to slowly improve.
D. Scrutiny by the news media shamed many developed countries into curbing their bad
practices.
20
43 Progress in Aviation
A. One of the most successful designs of this period was the Douglas DC-3, which became the
first airliner that was profitable carrying passengers exclusively, starting the modern era of
passenger airline service.
B. Great progress was made in the field of aviation during the 1920s and 1930s, such as Charles
Lindbergh’s transatlantic flight in 1927, and Charles Kingsford Smith’s transpacific flight the
following year.
C. By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built airports, and there were
numerous quailed pilots available.
D. The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first jet aircraft and the first liquid-
fueled rockets.
44 3-D Print
A. Structure built with this system could be produced faster and less expensively than traditional
construction methods allow.
B. Even the internal structure could be modified in new ways; different materials could be
incorporated as the process goes along.
C. Ultimately, the scientist say, this approach could enable the design and the construction of
new buildings that would not be feasible with traditional building methods.
D. Researchers have developed a system that can 3-D print the basic structure of an entire
building.
45 Carbon Detox
A. In his fascinating book Carbon Detox, George Marshall argues that people are not persuaded
by information.
B. He proposes that instead of arguing for sacrifice, environmentalists should show where the
rewards might lie.
C. We should emphasize the old-fashioned virtues of uniting in the face of a crisis, of

resourcefulness and community action.
D. Our views are formed by the views of the people with whom we mix. Of the narratives that
might penetrate these circles, we are more likely to listen to those which offer us some reward.
21
46 Healthy Food
A. This is giving us the message that we need new and enhanced efforts to increase fruit and
vegetable intake that we haven’t been doing in the past.
B. Ultimately, Teens in middle adolescence are eating fewer fruits and vegetables than in 1999,
Larson and colleagues found.
C. Fruit and vegetable intake is important for the prevention of future chronic disease. So it’s
important to know whether intakes of teens are approaching national objectives for fruit and
vegetable consumption.
D. Larson and colleagues from the University of Minnesota undertook the study to examine
whether or not teens in the state were increasing their intake of fruits and vegetables. The study
gathered information about fruit and vegetable intake among 944 boys and 1,161 girls in 1999
and again in 2004.
47 Piano Keys
A. But since ivory-yielding species are now endangered and protected by treaty, plastics are
now almost exclusively used.
B. Piano keys are generally made of spruce or basswood.
C. Spruce is normally used in high-quality pianos.
D. Traditionally, the sharps (black keys) were made from ebony and the flats (white keys) were
covered with strips of ivory.
48 Young People and Money
A. Now, young people are getting more and more money.
B. spend money faster than making money
C. and then have to be repayment.
22
49 UN
A. … called UN;
B. UN … ;
C. … those problems will otherwise not able to …
D. it … to focus on world problems;
E. for example, it invites presidents etc. to attend the conference and discuss problems as …
50 Piano Keys
A. Today they are usually made of spruce or basswood.
B. Also, ivory tends to chip more easily than plastic.
C. However, since ivory-yielding species are now endangered and protected by treaty, makers
use plastics almost exclusively.
D. Spruce is typically used in high-quality pianos.
E. In the early years of piano construction, keys were commonly made from sugar pine.
F. Black keys were traditionally made of ebony, and the white keys were covered with strips of
ivory.
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51 Engineers
A. “Not only are there some good career opportunities, but there’s a lot of money going into
the research side, too.
B. With the pressures of climate change and the energy gap, in the last few years funding from
the research councils has probably doubled.”
C. “The energy sector has a fantastic skills shortage at all levels, both now and looming over it
for the next 10 years,” he says.
D. Engineers are much needed to develop greener technologies, he says.
52 The town of Liberal

A. Liberal’s mayor, Joe Denoyer, who was raised in a Democratic family near Chicago and
moved to Liberal in search of work.
B. Mr Denoyer voted for Mr Trump by being impressed by his promise, though he thinks it
unlikely that the president will keep his promises.
C. The town of Liberal is said to have been named for an early settler famous among travelers
for being free with drinking water.
D. This should make the town receptive to Democrats, but Mr Trump easily won the county of
which it forms part.
E. Liberal is conservative in a moderate Midwestern kind of way which is changing fast due to
big National Beef Packing plant which relies on Hispanic migrants and thus four-fifths of the
children in Liberal’s public-school system are Hispanic.
24
53 Mr Bloomberg
A. And they pointed to Mr Bloomberg’s aggressive style as an example of what not to do.
B. All this must be weighed up by the New York state legislature in 2009, when mayoral control
is up for renewal—or scrapping.
C. Education scholars generally agree that mayors can help failing districts, but they are starting
to utter warnings.
D. Last summer the editors of the Harvard Educational Review warned that mayoral control
can reduce parents’ influence on schools.
E. Mr Bloomberg's small-schools initiative has drawn criticism, yet the mayor, when faced with
complaints, has usually forged ahead.
54 Roads of rails
A. In 1813 The ‘Puffing Billy’ was built by William Hedley to pull coal wagons at the Wylam Colliery
in Northumberland.
B. In 1825, George Stephenson designe d locomotives that could pull 21 coal wagons 25 miles at
8mph – unheard of at the time.
C. Roads of rails called Wagonways were being used in Germany as early as 1550.
D. These primitive railed roads consisted of wooden rails over which horse-drawn wagons or carts
moved with greater ease than over dirt roads.
55 Fibres
A. The fibres are as strong and soft as wool and silk, but up to 30 times cheaper. Narenda Reddy
and Yiqi Yang, who produced the fibres at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, say that because
they are biodegradable they might be used in biomedical applications such as surgical sutures.
B. Vista includes software for better handling of audio and video files, and for searching and
sorting digital images.
C. After five years and $6 billion in development, plus months of delay, Microsoft finally launched
its Vista operating system on 30 January.
D. Fibres suitable for clothing have been made for the first time from the wheat protein gluten.
E. It has home and business versions, as well as a premium version called Vista Ultimate, which
allows people to use video rather than still images as wallpaper on their PCs.
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56 The ignorance of the poor

A. In this landmark account, first published over twenty years ago, the author argues that the
ignorance and lethargy of the poor are the direct result of the whole situation of economic, social
and political domination, by being kept in a situation in which critical awareness and response
are practically impossible the disadvantaged are kept ‘submerged’.
B. Karl Marx is arguably the most of the most famous political philosopher of all time, but he was
also one of the great foreign correspondents of the 10-century. During his qq years writing for
the New York Tribune – their collaboration began in 1852 – Marx tackled an abundance of topics,
from issues of class and the state to world affairs.
C. Historically, the low level of political autonomy of the cities in China is partly a result of the
early development of the state bureaucracy, The bureaucrats played a major role in the growth
of urbanization, but were also able to control its subsequent development and they never
completely gave up this control.
D. Welfare has a special political meaning to the United States it refers to how the poor receives
financial aid. In comparison, welfare services are regarded as a universal right in other regions
like Europe, Where it is believed that all citizens should be able to obtain a minimal level of social
support and well-being.
57 Weakness and disease

A. The average individual is of less value to himself, to his family and to society than he could be.
B. It is natural to be healthy, but we have wandered so far astray that disease is the rule and good
C. His bad habits, of which he is often not aware, have brought weakness and disease upon him.
D. These conditions prevent him from doing his best mentally and physically.
E. Of course, most people are well enough to attend to their work, but nearly all are suffering
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58 Chimpanzees (2)
A. A simple way to disprove this Innateness Hypothesis, as linguists call it, is to demonstrate that
A logical candidate for such a species is the chimpanzee, which shares 98.4% of the human
genetic code.
B. Chimpanzees cannot speak because, unlike humans, their vocal cords are located higher in
C. The obvious alternative is sign language. All primates have extremely dexterous hands and sign
language is a language. You have probably already read about the regular chimpanzees Washoe
and Nim Chimpsky, and the lowland gorilla, Koko, all of whom learned to sign and interact very
naturally with their trainers.
D. It does not follow from their lack of speech, however, that chimpanzees are incapable of
language, this is, a human-like grammar. Perhaps they can acquire grammar and speak if they
could only use grammar some way other than with a voice.
E. All of these animals were taught to sign in order to get food, tickling, grooming, and toys and
to get out of their cages. The question, then, is whether chimpanzee and gorilla signing is
language; is it based on grammatical rules?
59 A map in the ticket hall
A. This is because it chops the world up equally by longitude, without regard the reality of either
political divisions or the changing seasons.
B. This is somewhat surprising given the London Underground's historic difficultly in grasping the
concept of punctuality.
C. For as long as I can remember, there has been a map in the ticket hall of Piccadilly Circus tube
station supposedly showing night and day across the time zones of the world.
D. But this map has always fascinated me, and still does, even though it now seems very primitive.
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60 Nomadic hunter-gatherers
A. A consequence of a settled existence is that it permits one to store food surpluses, since
storage would be pointless if one didn't remain nearby to guard the stored food.
B. So, while some nomadic hunter-gatherers may occasionally bag more food than they can
consume in a few days, such a bonanza is of little use to them because they cannot protect it.
C. Hence nomadic hunter- gatherer societies have few or no such full-time specialists, who
instead first appear in sedentary societies.
D. But stored food is essential for feeding non-food-producing specialists, and certainly for
supporting whole towns of them.
61 The hypothesis
A. Ideally, the experimenter is open to the possibility that the hypothesis is correct or incorrect.
B. Sometimes, however, a scientist may have a strong belief that the hypothesis is true (or
false), or feels internal or external pressure to get a specific result.
C. There are numerous examples of this, dating from the Greek philosophers to the present
day. One common mistake is to ignore or rule out data which do not support the hypothesis.
D. The lesson is that all data must be handled in the same way.
E. In that case, there may be a psychological tendency to find "something wrong", such as
systematic effects, with data which do not support the scientist's expectations, while data
which do agree with those expectations may not be checked as carefully.
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62 September
A. As a result dust was everywhere and the city’s trees and flowers all looked as if they had
been lightly sprinkled with talcum powder.
B. Normally in Delhi, September is a month of almost equatorial fertility and the land seems
refreshed and newly-washed.
C. But in the year of our arrival, after a parching summer, the rains had lasted for only three
weeks.
D. Nevertheless, the air was still sticky with damp-heat, and it was in a cloud of perspiration
that we began to unpack.
63 False memories
A. Of course, because we can implant false childhood memories in some individuals in no way
implies that all memories that arise after suggestion are necessarily false.
B. Put another way, although experimental work on the creation of false memories may raise
doubt about the validity of long-buried memories, such as repeated trauma, it in no way
disproves them.
C. False memories are constructed by combining actual memories with the content of
suggestions received from others.
D. During the process, individuals may forget the source of the information.
E. This is a classic example of source confusion, in which the content and the source become
dissociated.
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64 Communal card
A. In fact, the caste and communal cards have been fine-tuned to an art form in the political
games that are played in this country
B. Since independence, every political party has played communal card whenever election time
draws near
C. When each party carefully selects political candidates on the basis of religion or caste, it is
encouraging and continuing the divide-and-rule tactics of its colonial masters
D. This was seen when the Youth Congress(I) goons were given a free hand to terrorise Sikhs all
over the country after Indira Gandhi's assassination
E. And no political party can absolve itself on this count; worse, political parties take on board
hoodlums and gangsters who use their clout in political circles to settle scores and extract
money.
65 Educational system
A. It is tough proposition when most of the other sectors are influenced by self-interests and
material pursuits everywhere
B. However, teacher education needs to emphasise that teachers alone can kindle the value-
based growth.
C. With all the limitations and deficiencies inherent in our educational system has to be
achieved only through combined effort of teachers and community
D. A value based approach must form the backbone of educational system and also the teacher
education system
E. Teacher preparation must ensure development of commitment amongst teachers
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66 Capitalism
A. In capitalism, wealth is concentrated in the hands of a few
B. The domination of the capitalist class today is justified in the name of economic growth and
population efficiency
C. The resultant deprivations are variable even in the developed countries
D. In the West, men are only capable of seeing the external aspects of things
E. In the US about 12 million people are homeless, one-third of the people cannot afford
primary health care, 20 percent of the children live below the poverty line, and about 23
percent of the people are illiterate with no security of either job or life
67 Teens
A. To a large extent, it also fulfils the need for an substitutionalized system of gathering
information on the dynamic market segment on a regular basis.There is a lot of justification in
making the NFOCoke Teen perspective report an annual exercise.
B. Teen personal durable ownership is up.
C. Thus, the presence of a teen in the home accelerate and influences purchase of
entertainment durables
D. The study goes on to profile Indian teens, segments them on their mind-set, media
preferences, attitudes and how they behave in the market place
68 Economic life
A. I think even more urgent than privatizing existing state-owned firms is to allow the entry of
private firms into sectors earlier reserved for the state
B. Indian thinking has traditionally been encumbered by a zero-sum view of the economy
C. In reality, economic life is full of complementarities
D. A government that facilitated private business was assumed to be working against the
interest of the workers and the public sector.
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69 Manage yourself
A. It was not designed for the entire organizations.
B. Nevertheless, Dishu organized a team and implemented, tested and gathered data to
measure results in the corporate environment
C. Earlier on, Dishu had applied his expectancy theory in a step by step process used mainly as a
oneon- one approach between the manager and the employees
D. In his second book ‘Manage yourself’, Dishu explained how the expectancy theory convinced
managers and employees that managing the individual works better than treating everyone the
same
E. Everyone was flabbergasted by his success
70 Grenada
A. Around 2,000 US Marines "fought" for a week, destroying a mental hospital, killing 84
Cubans building an airstrip, and 400 Grenadians.
B. In 1979, Grenada witnessed the establishment of a socialist government by Maurice Bishop,

which survived four years of US-engineered incursions
C. This government was overthrown in an internal power struggle among left-wing groups and,
within three weeks of the Bishop’s ouster and assassination, Reagan launched Operation
Urgent Fury against Grenada, claiming that the invasion was "forced on us by events that have
no precedent in the eastern Caribbean."
D. This was duly appreciated, with some 7, 000 US servicemen being designated as heroes and
given decorations
E. In the end Grenada, just like Cuba and Nicaragua, was no more than the Chomskian "threat
of a good example" to other Third World countries in the region
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71 Wait and see

A. Others are too busy bailing themselves out of troubles already caused by the changes that
have taken place around them to have any time to reflect on the future
B. Like a driver changing a tyre in the middle of the highway they hope an oncoming vehicle will
not hit them before their work is done
C. Some business executives have adapted a 'wait and see' attitude.Like deer caught in the
headlights of an oncoming truck, they risk being turn over.
D. Discussions with several executives in both situations show that they recognize the danger is
not applying themselves to understanding the shape of future. Traditional ways of forecasting
and strategic planning are not effective any longer.
72 Foreign investment
A. In view of the higher risk, a firm contemplating foreign investment would naturally expect a
higher rate of return
B. Risk-stemming from fluctuations in exchange rate loans hover constantly on the horizon of
foreign investment
C. In addition, a foreign investment is subject to discriminatory treatment and selection control

in various forms.
D. A multinational company may be accused of 'profiteering' even when it may simply be

following the sound financial practice of asking for a higher rate of return commensurate with
risks characterizing the project
73 Behaviour
A. The turning test, one may say, is seriously flawed.
B. Thus you can act as if you are in pain and not really be in pain
C. The view that a mind can be reduced to patterns in behaviour is a hypothesis long
abandoned
D. Behaviour is just the evidence for mind, not its very nature
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74 Investors
A. Everytime such a thing happens you wish to include in your portfolio some of the stocks
scaling the new highs every day
B. There are times when one is not sure of the direction in which a sector will move. Picking a
winner even within a booming sector is tough.
C. Most investors feel they lose out when the market rallies. While the index and several scripts
may be running with each passing day, the investor may find that the specific shares in his
portfolio are hardly moving
D. All this can lead to rash decisions.
75 Wonder
A. Of course, wonder is costly because it is the antithesis of the anxiously worshipped security
B. The Magian World View, in so far as it exists, has taken flight into science
C. We have educated ourselves into a world from which wonder has been banished.
D. Wonder is marvellous, but it is also cruel, cruel, cruel
E. We have paid a terrible price for our education, such as it is
76 Children's depression
A. Just as with adults, pessimistic ways of interpreting defeats seem to feed the sense of
helplessness and hopelessness at the heart of children's depression.That people who are
already depressed think in these ways has long been known
B. One line of evidence comes from studies of children's belief about their own ability to control
what happens in their lives- for example, being able to change things for the better. This
assessed by children's rating of themselves in such term as : 'when I have problems at home I'm
better than most kids at helping to solve problems' and 'When I work hard, I get good grades'.
C. This insight suggests a window of opportunity for inoculating them against depression before
it strikes.
D. What has only recently emerged, though, is that children's beliefs about their own ability to
control what happens in their lives
34
77 Credit rating agencies

A. It seems a bond rating tells you even less about the price that investors are willing to pay
B. In 1999 two-third of the debt rated triple B by standard and poor was priced within 20 basis
points of the average bond with the same rating.
C. The credit rating agencies use legions of high trained analyst with access to top management
D. Lately, the credit-rating agencies have struggled to keep up
E. Their meticulous reports giving ratings for corporate bonds are designed to give an accurate
picture of the bonds riskiness and ultimately the probability of default
78 Cargo handling
A. The impetus for change in cargo handling, after years of operational inefficiency has come
from new private sector facilitators
B. In terms of cargo handling efficiency, some of India's ports have lately undergone a sea
change.
C. And the government agrees this is having a cascading effect on the functioning of other ports
D. Other ports, both major and minor, have spurred into action
79 Entrepreneurial knowledge
A. Ignorance is the opposite of knowledge, i.e., want of knowledge
B. Like some ancient priest-king, the entrepreneur ‘knows’ the future and leads his people
C. Entrepreneurial knowledge is essentially intuitive
D. It involves seeing and realizing a vision of future markets, products and/or other
opportunities.
E. To deal with uncertainty and ignorance economists have recognized the entrepreneur as
possessing this non-rational form of knowledge
35
80 Fiscal deficit
A. A good budget is one which makes a sincere attempt to change the policy environment
B. The fiscal deficit has deteriorated.
C. The current reforms pace is too slow

D. There are big gaps in perception and capability of managers
E. Government finances are terminally impaired with uncontrolled fiscal deficits
F. Industry too is not ready to deliver growth, should even the government pursue the right
policies
81 The Armada
A. So contrary to popular belief it was the crew of the Victoria who were the first men to have
sailed around the globe
B. Its cargo consisted of 38 sacks of spices and Magellan himself had been hacked to pieces on
the beach of Mactan in the Philippines
C. It was to sail to the spice islands of the Malayan Archipelago where they were to exchange an
assortment of bells, mirrors and scissors for cinnamon and cloves.
D. In September 1519 the Armada de Molucca of five ships and 250 sailors has set out from San
lucar de Barrameda under the command of Fernando de Magellan
E. In September 1522 Victoria , the sole survivor of the Armada, limped into the Spanish port
San Lucar , manned by a skeleton crew of 15, so weak they could not talk
36
82 Employees
A. They must establish a meaningful corporate culture that encourages a sense of
entrepreneurship. If all goes well, natural leaders will 'emerge' to move the organization
forward.
B. Employees need to follow a meaningful set of guidelines designed to minimize risks while
encouraging creativity. Seniors managers have a large role to play in this balancing act
C. They have to find ways of encouraging mass experiments while limiting possible threats to
the company's existence
D. They need to make sure the workers they hire have the skills necessary to drive the company
forward.
83 Transformation in businesses
A. Clearly, we all aspire to live in the domain of transformation even if we presently are in the
domain of change.
B. More organisations today seek a transformation in their businesses, yet most of them think
of and talk about managing change
C. The implications of this conflict will not be fully appreciated until we learn to distinguish
between change and transformation
D. Change is characterised by 'reactivity'. Most of us live in the domain of change both as

individuals and as organisations
E. The characteristics of transformation are positive and actually creative. They stem from a
new found sense of purposefulness, once a higher purpose is discovered
84 Two-week vacation
A. And it kept right on ringing with questions from people back at the office about the most
mundane matters
B. Of course, sitting out in the country I possessed less information than anyone else at
headquarters about was going on, but they called me anyway
C. In the summer of 1992, the first year I became president of XYZ, I decided to take a two-week
vacation.
D. But as soon I arrived at my country house, the telephone began ringing
37
85 Priority sectors
A. The government of India directs substantial bank credit to what it deems are 'priority sectors'
for the Indian economy
B. In my view, a priority sector should be an area of market failure
C. Economics say that a market has failed when the market does not provide efficient outcomes
for society
D. Priority sectors include agriculture, small scale industries, housing, exports, etc
E. It is not clear how sectors get identified for the priority tag, as there is no clearly articulated
logic
F. Markets fail for a variety of reasons.
86 Trade
A. Eventually, people got a greater variety of things to choose from
B. Merchants soon grew rich as the demand for products increased
C. People found work in transporting the goods or selling them.
D. Trade started from person to person but grew to involve different towns in different lands
87 Procter & Gamble

A. Several years ago, senior executives from Procter & Gamble and Wal-Mart met for two days
B. Wal-Mart has increased its Procter & Gamble diaper business by 50 percent and cut
inventory by 70 percent because of this collaboration
C. They wanted to explore how they could jointly apply quality management principles to the
disposable diaper business.
D. As a result of this meeting, a team of Procter & Gamble employees moved to Bentonville,
Arkansas, Wal-Mart's headquarters, to work with Wal-Mart executives on productivity and
quality issues
38
88 The obligation to kill
A. The situations in which violence occurs and the nature of that violence tends to be clearly
defined at least in theory, as in the proverbial Irishman’s question: ‘Is this a private fight or can
anyone join in?’
B. Probably the only uncontrolled applications of force are those of social superiors to social
inferiors and even here there are probably some rules
C. So the actual risk to outsiders, though no doubt higher than our societies, is calculable
D. However binding the obligation to kill, members of feuding families engaged in mutual
massacre will be genuinely appalled if by some mischance a bystander or outsider is killed.
89 Mass marketing
A. The lack of significant players with national reach is only one of the factors that explains the
relatively low attention given to mass marketing by the retail sector in India
B. Advertising then tends to focus significantly on announcement of in store promotions and

events, where the payoffs in terms of immediate increases in customer entry and average cash
memo size are more visible.
C. The focused brand image which leads to pithy, punchy advertising has been difficult because
most retailers have not been focused in terms of their own vision for their retail brand. Most
advertising has tended to focus on the presence of locations or the range
D. Mass marketing by Indian retail chains has hitherto been the exception rather than the rule
E. The inherent expectations of a high short-term return on advertising investment that is

common to most traders who are attempting to scale up operations is not conductive to a long-
term consistency in advertising direction
39
90 Nonperforming assets
A. Description such as 'deceased portfolio' and figures running into thousands of crores have all
led to treating the problem as a major one-time aberration requiring emergency treatment
B. The one major cause for the current weakened state of Indian banks is the level and volume
of nonperforming assets. The problem has not been looked at in its proper perspective.
C. Yet, the fact remains that the banks allowed themselves to be pressurized into lowering their
guard in the one area of business that is and should be their bread and butter of existence- risk
assessment. The response from the banks is to concentrate on somehow reducing the amount
and number of accounts in this category.
D. The causal explanations - political interference, wilful defaults, targeted lending and even
fraudulent behaviours by banks - have some grain of truth in them
91 Exchange control
A. Indeed, unless they are willing to take open positions, they will cease to be market-makers.
Large overbought or oversold positions are often deliberately built up in the hope of profiting
from price movements
B. Exchange control does not altogether prohibit Indian banks keeping open positions during
the course of a day. Thus, depending on the policy of a bank, dealers may be allowed to take
intra-day positions in order to make profit
C. For instance, a dealer expecting the dollar to weaken during the day might deliberately
create, through customer transactions and transaction in the inter-bank market, an oversold
position in the hope of squaring it later during a day at a profit, should his expectation about
the dollar weakening materialise.
D. For market-makers offering two-way quotes in the international markets, open positions are
far more common.
40
92 Vanilla
A. The bigger your cafe, the more is the need for additional mean of income
B. Some cafes can get away with being plain vanilla
C. But others cannot.
D. These fruits will make your clients spend more time with you and also add to your profits
E. This is because the returns from browsing cover only a percentage of your costs
F. Thrills, ranging from video games to burgers cover the rest
93 Sales negotiators
A. Think back to the last time you were discussing completing an assignment with one of your
colleagues: you may have suggested that you both come in on Saturday to finish the work and
your colleague may have counter proposed that you could stay back on Friday evening and
finish it instead.
B. I may have suggested that my son buy a pair of trousers at a certain price whereas my son
would have made a counterproposal that he would rather buy two pairs at half price each
C. Research conducted across several negotiators ranging from sales negotiators to purchase
and labour negotiators shows that average negotiators tend to counter propose more often
than skilled negotiators
D. This happens in everyday life too
E. A difference in the frequency of usage of counter proposing between skilled and average
negotiators suggests that counter proposing may not be, as effective one tends to think it
would be
41
94 Karl Marx & television

A. If Karl Marx was alive today, he would say that television is the opiate of the people
B. Marx thought that religion was the opiate, because it soothed people’s pain and suffering
and prevented them from rising in rebellion
C. If you are used to having your stimulation come in from outside, your mind never develops
its own habits of thinking and reflecting
D. Television and similar entertainments are even more of an opiate because of their addictive
tendencies.
95 Food product
A. Food manufactures spend more on advertising than any other manufacturing group and the
nation's grocery stores rank first among all retailers
B. Food product lead in expenditures for network and spot television advertisements, discount
coupons, trading stamps, contests, and other forms of premium advertising
C. Foods are overwhelming the most advertised group of all consumer products in the U.S
D. In other media- newspapers, magazines, newspaper supplements, billboard and radio, food
advertising expenditures rank near the top.
96 John F. Kennedy
A. On television, in a series of debates with opponent Richard Nixon, he appeared able,
articulate and energetic
B. John F. Kennedy, Democratic victor in the election of 1960, was at 43, the youngest man ever
to win the presidency
C. In the campaign, he spoke of moving aggressively into the new decade, for 'the New Frontier
is here whether we seek it or not'.
D. In his first inaugural address he concluded with an eloquent plea; "Ask not what your country
can do for you--- ask what you can do for your country."
42
97 Mr D Gautam
A. Nothing is too small for his attention
B. This is what makes him a different guy.
C. Mr D Gautam's personality sets him apart the rest
D. He has a fanatical devotion to detail
98 Infosys and Wipro

A. Even as Indians leftists think Bill Clinton is coming to take over India, Indian companies are
preparing to take over American ones on a gargantuan scale
B. To put this in perspective, recall that when Chandan sold his Parle brands to Coca-Cola
amidst much swadeshi wringing of hands, he got a reported Rs 200 crore
C. Infosys and Wipro, our two most glamorous infotech companies, both want automatic
permission from FIPB to take over foreign companies worth - hold your breath - $ 15 billion
each
D. Now Infosys and Wipro propose of Rs 54,000 crore each
99 A wealthy man
A. Even though he was tired, he kept going all afternoon because he did not want to miss this
once in a lifetime opportunity to gain more wealth
B. Late in the afternoon he realized the condition he had to fulfil to get the land was to get back
to the starting point by sundown
C. There is a story about a wealthy who was once offered all the land he could walk on in a day,
provided he come back by sundown to the point where he started.
D. To get a head start, early the next morning the farmer started covering ground quickly
because he wanted to get as much land as he could
43
100 Feelings
A. The general impressions that skilled negotiators seem to convey is they are people who keep
their cards close to their chest and do not reveal their feelings
B. Feelings are in themselves not observable and Huthwaite's researchers could not measure
them directly.
C. Hence, they used a surrogate method- they countered the number of times that the
negotiators talked about their feelings or motives
D. The results showed that contrary to the general impressions, skilled negotiators are more
likely to give information about internal events than are average negotiators
E. This contrasts sharply with the amount of information given about external events such as
facts, clarifications and general expressions of opinion
101 Just in time

A. The Japanese are very efficient and such concepts as "just in time" are a witness to their
efficiency
B. the main difference is that efficiency is a ration and effectiveness is not
C. But they reach efficiency in a different way than American businesses
D. They reach efficiency through the route of effectiveness.
102 Dubai-based Win Gautam
A. accused in the Rs 50 crore Before guns kickback case
B. Dubai-based Win Gautam who is the
C. arrived here on Sunday by an early morning flight
D. He is scheduled to appear in the trial court By Wednesday

44
103 NCP
A. I suggested that Ford should buy up a company called NCP, which owned most of the car
parks in the city centres throughout the UK
B. At one time I was giving a seminar for the British marketing department of Ford, the biggest
Ford operation outside of Detroit.
C. We were discussing competing in the European market
D. If NCP became a Ford company, a notice could be placed at the entrance to all city centres
car parks indicating that only Ford cars could use them
104 Economic reform

A. Otherwise the Congress would not have opposed PSU disinvestment today
B. It is clear that there is not consensus on economic reform
C. All this would stop India from becoming the next superpower.
D. Nor would allies of ruling NDA opposes privatization
105 The RBI governor

A. What came out was very large garland made out of currency notes
B. When the RBI governor came to inaugurate the new printing press, the local unit of the BJP
handed him a gift wrapped box
C. There was a twist – the notes were all as tattered as notes could get
D. The unsuspecting governor opened the box in full view of the gathering
106 Computer users

A. But cures are elusive , because repetitive stree injuries present a bag of ills that often defy
easy diagnosis.
B. Most computer users develop disorders because they ignore warnings like tingling fingers, a
numb hand or a sore shoulder
C. They keep pointing and dragging until tendons chafe and scar tissue forms, along with bad
habits that are almost impossible to change
D. Thus begins the search for relief: painkillers, ice, yoga, herbs, even surgery
45
107 Traditional bank
A. Let us take a look at the manner in which the traditional bank adds value to the custome
B. The bank's basic job is risk absorption- it takes money, which has a lot of attached risk, and
provides the customer an assured rate of return
C. The ability to retain deposits, in itself, is not enough to ensure long-term survival and growth
D. The ability to deploy invested funds into productive economic activity at a higher rate of
return, hence contributing to the prosperity of both the economy and the institution, is the
other loop in the banking cycle.
E. Further, as only a small portion of the actual deposit base is retained with the bank in a liquid
form, the very survival of the bank lies in building enough trust with its clientele so as to
prevent the occurrence of a sizeable chunk of simultaneous customer withdrawal (a run on the
bank)
108 Democracy in America
A. No visitor to the US left a more enduring record of his travels and observations than the
French writer and political theorist Alexis de Tocqueville, whose ‘Democracy in America’, first
published in 1835, remains one of the most trenchant and insightful analyses of American social
and political practices
B. Tocqueville was far too shrewd an observer to be uncritical about the US, but his verdict was
fundamentally positive
C. "The government of democracy brings the nation of political rights to the level of the
humblest citizens. He wrote," Just as the dissemination of wealth brings the notion of property
within the reach of all the members of the community"
D. Nonetheless, Tocqueville was only one of the first of a long line of thinkers to worry whether
such rough equality could survive in the face of a growing factory system that threatened to
create divisions between industrial workers and a new business elite
46
109 book stories
A. This book is chock-a-block full of intrusive stories and practical advice, describing Carton’s
activities at Vingresor (where he assumed his first presidency at age 32), Linjeflug, and SAS in
particular
B. By the time he got to Linjeflug four years later, he had learned many lessons, in fact, he
began his second stint as top dog by calling the entire company together in a hanger and asking
for help, a far cry from his barking out commands just 48 months back
C. He began at Vingresor as an order giver, not a listener – neither to his people nor to his
customers and made every mistake in the book.
D. At SAS, he arrived at a time crisis
110 Sports administrators

A. In the case of sports persons, there is room for some sympathy, but the apathy of the
administrators, which has even led to sanctions from international bodies, is unpardonable
B. The potential exchanges between the officials of IBBF and the Maharashtra Body-Building
Association has all the trappings of a drama we are accustomed to
C. A case in the point is the hefty penalty of US $10,000 slapped on the Indian Body-Building
Federation for not fulfilling its commitment for holding the Asian Championships in Mumbai in
October
D. It is a matter of deep regret and concern that the sports administrators often cause more
harm to the image of the country than sportsmen and sportswomen do through their dismal
performances.
47
111 The Fifth pay Commission

A. It reminds us of the political shenanigans during the implementation of the Fifth pay
Commission
B. They argue that it is this, which has led to the bankruptcy in many states
C. How many times have you heard experts, politicians and the finance minister refer to the
implementation of the pay hikes following the commission's report as the singular cause for the
increase in government expenditure
D. Here was a commission whose members worked very hard, did exemplary research and
homework, before coming up with a list of recommendations that balanced economic
efficiency with safety nets for disadvantaged labour
E. Barring P. Chidambram, who was then the finance minister, every single political party and
politician opposed the implementation of the recommendations and are directly responsible
for the current fiscal crises in the Centre and the states.
112 Policy of open encouragement

A. While the overwhelming thrust has all along been towards the goal of a self-sufficient economy and
of freeing national economic and industrial policy from the dictates and manipulates of foreign capital,
the compulsions of an economy of scarcity and chronic foreign exchange deficiency also had an effect in
shaping official policy towards foreign investment and foreign collaboration.
B. During the seventies and eighties, official view has been inevitably influenced by the controversy the
world over on the role of multinational corporations in relation to third world countries
C. Since Independence the policy of the government of India towards private foreign investment and
collaboration has moved from cautious encouragement through a brief spell of near 'open door' in the
fifties, a long phase of rigorous selectivity from 1968 to 1991 onto current post-1991 policy of open
encouragement of direct investment specially in priority areas even with 51 percent participation in
equity. Independent India started with a legacy of well-established foreign capital and all the fear and
prejudice associated with it
D. Based on the exposure of a series of misdeeds perpetrated on some third countries by some of the
multinational like International Telephone and Telegraph corp. (ITT), United Fruit, Union Miniere and
Lockheed, criticism welled up against the MNCs in the Indian parliament and outside. On the other
hand, there was also a realisation that all foreign enterprises operating in India should not be tarred
with the same brush and that there were some amongst them who were performing a useful role in the
economy by their import-substitution or export-oriented operation, or by making valuable contribution
to the technological skill and capability of our country.
48
113 Journalists
A. Journalists try to be fair and objective by presenting all sides of a particular issue.
B. Practically speaking, however, it is about as easy to present all sides of an issue as it is to

invite candidates from all political parties to a presidential debate.
C. Although experts like journalists are expected to be unbiased they invariably share the
system biases of the disciplines and cultures in which they work.
D. Some perspectives ultimately are not included.
114 An underperforming company
A. Leave to cook for five years and you have a feast of profits.
B. Take an underperforming company.
C. Add some generous helpings of debt, a few spoonful of management incentives and trim all
the fat.
D. That has been the recipe for private-equity groups during the past 20 years.
115 Dietary supplements
A. But over the past several years, regulators have detected prohibited substances in some of
these products that aren’t included on the labels.
B. The drug sibutramine is one of these substances

C. Dietary supplements can appear to be a healthful option for treating certain health
conditions.
D. Their labels list herbs or other natural ingredients that consumers assume are safe to take.
E. It was once approved for weight loss but was withdrawn after concerns arose that the
medication could increase the risk of heart attacks.
49
116 House prices

A. Americans bought far fewer new homes last month, according to government data released
on Wednesday that showed sales fell at the fastest rate in 13 years.
B. Stephen Stanley, chief economist at RBS Greenwich Capital, said: "Builders will probably have
to continue to work off bloated stocks of finished homes for most of 2007."
C. However, the Federal Reserve views the overhang of unsold homes as cause for concern but
remains cautiously.
D. House prices also eased as the median cost of a new home fell 2.1 per cent from a year ago
to $239,800.
E. The pace of sales fell to 937,000 from a rate of 1.1m the previous month, while inventories of
unsold homes stood at 537,000.
F. The biggest drop was in the west, where sales fell 37 per cent to an annual rate of 166,000.
117 A review
A. It is a review of what you are supposed to accomplish not what you are going to do.
B. A review is a survey of what you have covered.
C. Rereading is an important part of the review process.
D. Reread with the idea that you are measuring what you have gained from the process.
50
118 Watching elephants

A. While watching elephants in the Samburu National Reserve in northern Kenya, I noticed one
that walked very slowly.
B. They would walk a while and then stop and look around to see where she was.
C. Depending on how she was doing, they would either wait or go on.
D. Elephant expert lain Douglas-Hamilton told me that this female elephant, Babyl, had been
crippled for years, but the other members of the herd never left her.
E. Sometimes the matriarch even fed Babyl.
119 The Highway Code

A. An analogy can be made to the Highway Code for driving. Drivers know the Code and have
indeed been tested on it to obtain a driving license.
B. In language learning, there is a dis nc on between ―competence‖ and ―performance‖.
Competence is a state of the speaker's mind - what he or she knows.
C. Separate from actual performance - what he or she does while producing or comprehending
language. In other words, competence is put to use through performance.
D. Knowing the Highway Code is not the same as driving.
E. In actual driving, however, the driver has to relate the Code to a continuous flow of changing
circumstances, and may even break it from time to time.
120 A German sociologist

A. The material has been catalogued, cross-referenced and organized by date.
B. There is, however, no search facility.
C. This site contains a comprehensive listing of the works of Norbert Elias, a German sociologist.
D. The site lists not only his published books and articles but also manuscripts and oral
communications, in a variety of media and including reprints and translations.
51
121 A happy home

A. The finest asset any child can have is a happy home.
B. If he exhibits good judgement in later years, much of the credit must go to those who trained
him.
C. Such environment will enable him to develop strength and stability of character thereby
teaching him to face the future without fear or undue anxiety.
D. It also will give him something worthwhile to live for.
E. If he fails, it may have been due to troubles in his home, his school or unsympathetic and
hostile relative.
122 Master Hugh's family

A. Mrs. Hugh, who had kindly consented to instruct me, had, in compliance with the advice and
direction of her husband, not only ceased to instruct, but had set her face against my being
instructed by anyone else.
B. I lived in Master Hugh's family for seven years.
C. During this time, I succeeded in learning to read and write.
D. I had no regular teacher.
E. In accomplishing this, I was compelled to resort to various stratagems.
123 De-industrialisation
A. Policy should therefore focus on removing obstacles (such as trade barriers and regulation),
to such productivity growth, and creating a labour market in which workers can move freely
from factory employment to services.
B. De-industrialisation causes problems in economies unable to absorb the workers released by
manufacturing.
C. Protection and subsidies push just the wrong way.
D. But those who would tackle this by subsidies or trade barriers are missing the point.
E. As manufacturing continues to shrink in an economy, overall growth will increasingly depend

on boosting productivity in services.
52
124 Innovation
A. Innovation is about doing what delights the customer, not just satisfying the customer.
B. But you can't invent revolutionary products in a conservative environment.
C. It's giving the customer something they didn't expect. They can't ask for it because they can't
know what it is before it is created.
D. Once it has been invented, customers can't imagine ever having lived without it.
E. You have to let people think and act outside their corporate ―boxes‖. You have to create an
atmosphere of innovation.
125 The extinct animal

A. The findings have been published in the journal open access Peer J.
B. It then spent decades in the collection of the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History in
Washington DC.
C. The fossil, a partial skull about 22cm (9ins) long, was discovered in southeastern Alaska by
geologist Donald J Miller in 1961.
D. The extinct animal has been described through re-examination of a specimen that's been in a
museum collection since 1951.
E. Researchers think it is a relative of the endangered South Asian river dolphin, offering clues to
the evolutionary history of modern species.
126 The destruction of the forests

A. The earth is losing its forests. Presently, trees cover about 30 percent of the earth's surface,
but they are being destroyed at an alarming rate, especially in the tropics.
B. The timbers are used for building houses, making furniture, and providing pulp for paper
products, such as newspapers and magazines.
C. At least 40 hectares of rainforest are being felled every minute, mostly in order to extract the
valuable timber.
D. Another way that man is destroying the world's forests is by burning them down. In the
Amazon, for example, rainforests are being burnt down at a rate of 20 hectares a minutes.
E. Timber harvesting is a major reason for the destruction of the forests.
53
127 Wholesales
A. Unless they are licensed or authorised to do so under the Poisons and Therapeutic Goods
Regulation 2002, no one may supply these Schedule 2 substances.
B. A person or company located in New South Wales may not supply by wholesales any substance
which is for their therapeutic use and included in Schedule 2 of the Poisons List.
C. Additionally, wholesales have an obligation to ensure that the persons or companies they
supply are licensed or authorised, to obtain, use, supply or possess the substance.
D. Any breach of these regulations will result in immediate termination employment.
128 Historical records

A. However, when archaeologists want know the absolute date of a site, they can often go
beyond simple stratigraphy.
B. The series of strata in an archaeological dig enables an excavator to date recovered objects
relatively, if not absolutely.
C. For example, tree rings, Dendrochronology (literally, ―tree me‖) dates wooden artefacts by
matching their ring patterns to known records, which, in some areas of the world, span several
thousand years.
D. Historical records, coins, and other date-bearing objects can help - if they exist. But even
prehistoric sites contain records - written in nature's hand.
129 Festival in The Desert

A. The "Festival in The Desert" is a celebration of the musical heritage of the Touareg, a fiercely
independent nomadic people.
B. Reaching it tests endurance, with miles of impermanent sand tracks to negotiate.
C. The reward of navigating this rough terrain comes in the form of a three-day feast of music
and dance.
D. It is held annually near Essakane, an oasis some 40 miles north-west of Timbuktu, the ancient
city on the Niger River.
54
130. Native English speaker
A. Anyone wanting to get to the top of international business, medicine or academia (but
possibly not sport) needs to be able to speak English to a pretty high level.
B. Equally, any native English speaker wanting to deal with these new high achievers needs to
know how to talk without baffling them.
C. Because so many English-speakers today are monoglots, they have little idea how difficult it
is to master another language.
D. Many think the best way to make foreigners understand is to be chatty and informal.
E. This may seem friendly but, as it probably involves using colloquial expressions, it makes
comprehension harder.
131 Embryonic stem cells

A. These stem cells have been found in tissues such as the brain, bone marrow, blood, blood
vessels, skeletal muscles, skin, and the liver.
B. Some example cited for a possible treatment using these cells are diabetes, motor neuron
disease and Parkinson's disease.
C. They might thus be used as treatments for diseases that require the replacement of a
particular, lost cell type.
D. Embryonic stem cells are valued by scientists because the cells' descendant can turn into any
other sort of body cell.
55
132 Educational Media Services

A. Educational Media Services runs a Filming Coordinating service which acts as a starting point
for film companies wishing to use the University as a location, and provides advice and support
for those parts of the University which receive requests to act as location for commercial
filming.
B. The Filming Coordinator draws on 20 years experience of filming around these locations, and
has knowledge of the needs of crews and the requirements of the owners of locations.
C. Oxford University has a vast collection of buildings and rooms dating from the 11th century
to the present day, and designed by architects such as Wren and Cockerell, Arne Jacobsen and
Norman Foster.
D. As part of the service, based on knowledge of the University year, he will also advise on the
likely availability of rooms.
Answer key:
1 ADBEC 26 BADEC 51 DCAB 76 ADCB 101 ACDB 126 AEBCD
2 CAEBD 27 ACBED 52 CEDAB 77 CEDAB 102 BACD 127 BACD
3 BDCAE 28 DCAEB 53 ECDAB 78 BACD 103 BCAD 128 DBAC
4 EBCDA 29 CDABEF 54 CDAB 79 CDAEB 104 BADC 129 ADBC
5 AECBD 30 CADEB 55 DACBE 80 BCFDEA 105 BDAC 130 ABCDE
6 FBCADE 31 CABD 56 BACD 81 DCEBA 106 BCDA 131 DACB
7 BADC 32 CDBEA 57 BEACD 82 BDCA 107 ABECD 132 ACBD
8 DBAC 33 ADBC 58 ABDCE 83 BCDEA 108 ABCD
9 BCDA 34 BECAD 59 CBDA 84 CDAB 109 ACBD
10 CEABD 35 CADB 60 ABDC 85 ADEBCF 110 DACB
11 ADCB 36 AECDB 61 CABED 86 DCBA 111 ACBDE
12 ABDC 37 CBEAD 62 BCAD 87 ACDB 112 CABD
13 BADC 38 EDCBA 63 CDEAB 88 DACB 113 CABD
14 CDBAE 39 CDAB 64 BCAED 89 DACEB 114 BCAD
15 ADBC 40 BDAC 65 CAEAB 90 BADC 115 CDABE
16 CBAD 41 CABD 66 DABCE 91 BCDA 116 ADEFBC
17 CDEAB 42 CDAB 67 BCDA 92 BCAEFD 117 BACD
18 DABCE 43 BACD 68 BDCA 93 CDABE 118 ADBCE
19 ACDB 44 DABC 69 CABED 94 ABDC 119 BCAED
20 ACDBE 45 ADBC 70 BCADE 95 CBDA 120 CDAB
21 CABD 46 CDBA 71 CABD 96 BDAC 121 ACDEB
22 CEADB 47 BCDA 72 BCAD 97 CDAB 122 BCEDA
23 BCAD 48 ABC 73 ACDB 98 ACB4 123 BDEAC
24 EDABC 49 ABDEC 74 CADB 99 CDAB 124 ACDBE
25 DECAB 50 EADFCB 75 ADECB 100 ABCDE 125 DEACB
56
1 Language of Chimpanzees
1. A simple way to disprove this Innateness Hypothesis, as linguists call it, is to demonstrate that
2. A logical candidate for such a species is the chimpanzee, which shares 98.4% of the human
genetic code.
3. Chimpanzees cannot speak because, unlike humans, their vocal cords are located higher in
4. It does not follow from their lack of speech, however, that chimpanzees are incapable of
language, that is, a human-like grammar.
5. Perhaps they can acquire grammar and speak if they could only use grammar some way other
than with a voice. The obvious alternative is sign language.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
Source: www.researchomatic.com/Applied-Linguistics-20885.html
2 Linguistics
1. It is wrong, however, to exaggerate the similarity between language and other cognitive skills,
2. For one thing, the use of language is universal—all normally developing children learn to speak
at least one language, and many learn more than one.
3. By contrast, not everyone becomes proficient at complex mathematical reasoning, few people
learn to paint well, and many people cannot carry a tune.
4. Because everyone is capable of learning to speak and understand language, it may seem to be
simple.
5. But just the opposite is true—language is one of the most complex of all human cognitive
abilities.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
Source: www.ling.fju.edu.tw/biolinguistic/data/dimension/micro-lgprocessing.htm
57
3 Central Banks
1. In most countries, it is only the government, through their central banks, who are permitted
to issue currency.
2. But in Scotland, three banks are still allowed to issue banknotes.
3. The first Scottish bank to do this was the Bank of Scotland.
4. When this bank was founded in 1695, Scots coinage was in short supply and of uncertain value,
5. To face growth of trade it was deemed necessary to remedy this lack of an adequate currency.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
Source: www.scotland.org/features/a-mint-from-a-print
4 Sepahu in Peru
1. Sepahua, a ramshackle town on the edge of Peru’s Amazon jungle, nestles in a pocket on the
map where a river of the same name flows into the Urubamba.
2. That pocket denotes a tiny patch of legally loggable land sandwiched between four natural
reserves, all rich in mahogany and accessible from the town.
3. In 2001 the government egged on by WWF, a green group, tried to regulate logging in the
relatively small part of the Peruvian Amazon where this is allowed.
4. It abolished the previous system of annual contracts.
5. Instead, it auctioned 40-year concessions to areas ruled off on a map, with the right to log 5%
of the area each year. The aim was to encourage strict management plans and sustainable
extraction.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
Source: www.economist.com/node/9910163
58
5 Market vs. Policy
1. Markets may be good at encouraging innovation, and following trends, but there were no good
at ensuring social inequality.
2. They had become rapidly dominated by powerful enterprises who were unable to act in their
own interests, against the interests of both workers and consumers.
3. There had already been some legislation to prevent such abuses such as various Factory Acts
to prevent the exploitation of child workers, or Acts designed to prevent manufacturers from
adulterating bread.
4. Mill was able to see an expanded role for the State in such legislation to protect us against
powerful interests.
5. He was able to argue that the State was the only organ that was genuinely capable of
responding to social needs and social interests, unlike markets.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
Source: www.arasite.org/statelp.htm
1. International dateline, imaginary line on the earth’s surface, generally following the 180°
meridian of longitude, where, by international agreement, travelers change dates.
2. Traveling eastward across the line, one subtracts one calendar day; traveling westward, one
adds a day.
3. The date line is necessary to avoid a confusion that would otherwise result.
4. For example, if an airplane were to travel westward with the sun, 24 hours would elapse as it
circled the globe, but it would still be the same day for those in the airplane while it would be
one day later for those on the ground below them.
5. The same problem would arise if two travelers journeyed in opposite directions to a point on
the opposite side of the earth, 180° of longitude distant.
6. The apparent paradox is resolved by requiring that the traveler crossing the date line change
his date, thus bringing the travelers into agreement when they meet.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5,6
Source: www.encyclopedia.com/earth-and-environment/geography/maps-and-mapping/international-date-line
59
7 Sydney Fireworks
1. Fireworks and special effects, including a red “waterfall” from the bridge base, will turn the
structure built in 1932 into a giant Aboriginal flag shortly after the sun sets for the last time in
2015.
2. “It’s about how we’re all so affected by the harbor and its surrounds, how special it is to all of
us and how it moves us,” said the Welcome to Country’s creative director, Rhoda Roberts.
3. From 8:40pm, the bridge will be turned into a canvas showing the Welcome to Country
ceremony.
4. Fireworks and special effects will also turn the bridge into a giant Aboriginal flag before the
9pm fireworks display.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
Source: www.smh.com.au/nsw/sydney-new-years-eve-2015-welcome-to-country-ceremony-to-be-seen-around-
the-world-20151231-glxe01.html
1. In the early years of the twenty-first century the impact of immigrants on the welfare state
and, specifically, the capacity of the welfare state to absorb large numbers of immigrants has
become a staple of discussion among policy makers and politicians.
2. It is also a recurrent theme in the press, from the highbrow pages of Prospect to the
populism of the Daily Mail.
3. Inevitably, these discussions focus on present-day dilemmas.
4. But the issues themselves are not new and have historical roots that go much deeper than
have been acknowledged.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
Source: www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/Migration/articles/feldman.html
60
9 Jet Stream
1. Jet stream, narrow, swift currents or tubes of air found at heights ranging from 7 to 8 mi (11.3–
12.9 km) above the surface of the earth.
2. They are caused by great temperature differences between adjacent air masses.
3. Instead of moving along a straight line, the jet stream flows in a wavelike fashion; the waves
propagate eastward (in the Northern Hemisphere) at speeds considerably slower than the wind
speed itself.
4. Since the progress of an airplane is aided or impeded depending on whether tail winds or head
winds are encountered, in the Northern Hemisphere the jet stream is sought by eastbound
aircraft, in order to gain speed and save fuel, and avoided by westbound aircraft.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
Source: www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/earth-and-the-environment/atmosphere-and-weather/atmospheric-
and-space-sciences-atmosphere/jet-stream
10 Web Security
1. In the lobby of Google’s headquarters in Mountain View, California, computer screens display
lists of the words being entered into the company’s search engine.
2. Although Google says the system is designed to filter out any scandalous or potentially
compromising queries, the fact that even a fraction of searches can be seen by visitors to the
world’s biggest search company is likely to come as a shock to internet users who think of web
browsing as a private affair.
3. That may be changing.
4. Over the past year, a series of privacy gaffes and government attempts to gain access to
internet users’ online histories have, along with consolidation among online search and
advertising groups, thrust the issue of internet privacy into the spotlight.
5. This presents a challenge to Google and other internet search companies, which have built a
multi-billion dollar industry out of targeted advertising based on the information users reveal
about themselves online.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
Source: www.ft.com/content/a2081b34-69ff-11dc-a571-0000779fd2ac
61
11 Pilot
1. After finishing first in his pilot training class, Lindbergh took his first job as the chief pilot of
an airmail route operated by Robertson Aircraft Co. of Lambert Field in St. Louis, Missouri.
2. He flew the mail in a de Havilland DH-4 biplane to Springfield, Peoria and Chicago, Illinois.
3. During his tenure on the mail route, he was renowned for delivering the mail under any
circumstances.
4. After a crash, he even salvaged stashes of mail from his burning aircraft and immediately
phoned Alexander Varney, Peoria’s airport manager, to advise him to send a truck.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
1. Technology has drawbacks but also benefits;
2. For example, mobile phone;
3. Someone driving a car and calling, causing an accident or hazard;
4. But we cannot deny the benefits of science and technology;
Answer: 1,2,3,4
13 Brazilian Music
1. 1938, Brazil’s music and folk’s what
2. Then Brazilian
3. Their record is a natural voice, the voice of cattle and sheep
4. What is the record intension 1-16 the second
Answer: 1,2,3,4
62
14 Vegetarian
1. Vegetarian eat things which do not include meat.
2. The school restaurant according to their request to make the relevant food.
3. Many vegetarian also attract non vegetarians.
4. Many vegetarians have been successful from these foods.
5. But this diet still has some risk.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
Source: www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/vegetarian-and-vegan-eating
15 Sick Scientist
1. A scientist is sick.
2. He lost his memory and does not know where the kitchen is
3. But when he is hungry at night, he is automatically finding the location of the kitchen.
4. The scientists have studied it confirmed that 100 years ago.
Answer: 1,2,3,4

1. Innovation in India is as much due to entrepreneurialism as it is to IT skills, says Arun Maria, chairman
2. Indian businessmen have used IT to create new business models that enable them to provide services
research.
3. He suggests the country’s computer services industry can simply outsource research to foreign
4. “This way, I will have access to the best scientists in the world without having to produce them
Answer: 1,2,3,4
Source: http://m.ftchinese.com/story/001014703/ce
63
17 Car Accident
1. More car accident in the morning,
2. Examples and figures, (For example in port Macquarie)
3. In particular, teenage driver accidents, (They some other people) Link: these case
4. Attention should be paid to the young people more concern, (More concern about them)
5. New measures, recommendations more qualifications for teenager to get license (Also there
is a system)
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3503410/
18 System
1. Ask what system can be how?
2. Well, there is a direct answer to the question.
3. It is a system .... (Note that the pronoun refers to the first sentence of the system),
4. This enables ... tools .... (This refers to the system and introduce tools)
5. These tools .......
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
19 Festival
1. What is a festival,
2. and then how this festival,
3. and then there are games,
4. Finally how will the award be given

Answer: 1,2,3,4
64
20 Australia’s Immigration Policy

1. Australia used to have a generous immigration policy for refugees fleeing violence and
conflict.
2. We took even more than our share of refugees on a population-weighted basic.
3. With the election of a new administration, all refugees were subject to detention while
waiting for a decision on their application.
4. At the same time, a raft of changes was introduced to alter Australia's migration law and
policy.
5. The rate of refugee arrivals has indeed slowed; but, as some argue, at the expense of our
human rights reputation.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
21 Book List
1. A German writer has books list for ***,
2. The lists also has other publications...;
3. it sorted by dates and ***;
4. but it doesn’t provide search function
Answer: 1,2,3,4
22 Railway Development
1. First said before the rail with wood,
2. Later industrialized,
3. Changed to steel,
4. A few years later a personal invention of the wagon,
5. Finally, how can this wagon look like
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
65
23 Cook and Debt
1. Take a company to do an example,
2. pull money, there are mentioned debt,
3. Leave it to the cook for X years，
4. That is the recipe of many....companies.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
1. The Environmental Revolution has been almost three decades in the making, and it has
changed forever how companies do business.
2. In the 1960s and 1970, corporations were in a state of denial regarding their impact on the
environment.
3. Then a series of highly visible ecological problems created a groundswell of support for strict
4. In the United States, Lake Erie was dead. In Europe, the Rhine was on fire. In Japan, people
were dying of mercury poisoning.
5. Today many companies have accepted their responsibility to do no harm to the environment.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
Source: https://hbr.org/1997/01/beyond-greening-strategies-for-a-sustainable-world
66
25 German Invasion
1. German invasion of Poland officially triggered the Second World War.
2. In the beginning, Britain and France were hopeful that Poland should be able to defend her
borders.
3. But Polish forces could not defend long a border.
4. They lacked compact defense lines and additionally their supply line were also poorly
protected.
5. Meanwhile, the world had woken up to the potential of atomic energy and countries were
conducting tests to exploits the same.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
26 Ocean Floors
1. The topography of the ocean floors is none too well known, since in great areas, the available
2. However, the floor of Atlantic is becoming fairly well known as a result of special surveys since
1920.
3. A broad, well-defined ridge - the Mid-Atlantic ridge - runs north and south between Africa and
the two Americas.
4. Numerous other major irregularities diversify the Atlantic floor.
5. Closely spaced surroundings show that many parts of the ocean floors are as rugged as
mountainous regions of the continents.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
Source: https://wk.baidu.com/view/8a45164033687e21af45a917?pcf=2
67
27 Health
1. It is natural to be healthy, but we wandered so far astray that disease is the rule and good
2. Of course, most people are well enough to attend to their work, but nearly all are suffering
3. There is too much illness, too much suffering.
4. We are losing every year a vast army of individuals who are in their productive prime.
5. The average individual is of less value to himself, to his family and to society than he could
be.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
Source: www.tcyonline.com/discuss/que/37221/directions-read-the-passage-below-and-summarize-it-using-one-
sentence-type
28 Top Executives
1. The top executives of the large, mature, publicly held companies hold the conventional view
when they stop to think of the equity owners’ welfare.
2. They assume that they’re using their shareholders’ resources efficiently if the company’s
performance - especially ROE and earnings per share - is good and if the shareholders don’t
rebel.
3. They assume that the stock market automatically penalizes any corporation that invests it
resources poorly.
4. So companies investing well grow, enriching themselves and shareholders alike, and ensure
management.
5. In short, stock market performance and the company’s financial performance are inexorably
linked.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
Source: https://hbr.org/search?term=ben+c.+ball,+jr.
68
1. With regard to defense, the purpose of the military is to defend the nation and be prepared
to do battle with its enemy.
2. How do you battle with your enemy?
3. The idea is to destroy the enemy’s productive capacity, and depending upon the economic
4. So in the agrarian era, if you need to destroy the enemy’s productive capacity, what you
want to do is bum his fields, or if you’re really vicious, salt them.
5. But in the industrial era, destroying the enemy’s productive capacity means bombing the
factories which are located in the cities.
6. Now in the information era, destroying the enemy’s productive capacity means destroying
the information infrastructure.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5,6
30 Ants
1. The communities of ants are sometimes very large, numbering even to 500,000 individuals.
2. And it is a lesson to us that no one has ever yet seen quarrel between any two ants belonging
to the same community.
3. However, they are in hostility not only with most other insects, including ants of different
species, but even with those of the same species if belonging to different communities.
4. I have over and over again introduced ants from one my nets into another nest of the same
species, and they were invariably attacked, seized by a leg or an antenna, and dragged out.
5. It is evident, therefore, that the ants of each community all recognize one another, which is
very remarkable.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
69
1. Take an underperforming company.
2. Add some generous helpings of debt, a few spoonful of management incentives and trim all
the fat.
3. Leave to cook for five years and you have a feast of profits.
4. That has been the recipe for private-equity groups during the past 200 years.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
32 Retired Engineer
1. In 1992, a retired engineer in San Diego contracted a rare brain disease that wiped out his
memory.
2. Every day he was asked where the kitchen was in his house, and every day he didn’t have the
foggiest idea.
3. Yet whenever he was hungry he got up and propelled himself straight to the kitchen to get
something to eat.
4. Studies of this man led scientists to a breakthrough: the part of our brains where habits are
stored has nothing to do with memory or reason.
5. It offered proof of what the US psychologists William James noticed more than a century ago
– that humans “are mere walking bundles of habits”.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
70
33 Barnes’s Books
1. Unlike Barnes’ previous books, Mother of Storms has a fairly large cast of viewpoint characters.
2. This usually irritates me, but I didn’t mind it here, and their interactions are well-handled and
informative, although occasionally in moving those about the author’s manipulation are a bit
blatant.
3. They’re not all necessarily good guys, either, although with the hurricanes wrecking wholesale
4. But even the Evil American Corporate Magnate is a pretty likable guy.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
Source: www.epiphyte.net/SF/mother-of-storms.html
34 Asian Paradox
1. In May 2006 researchers a Yale University School of Medicine weighed in on the issue with a
review article that looked at more than 100 studies on the health benefits of green tea.
2. They pointed to what they called an “Asian paradox” which refers to lower rates of heart
disease and cancer in Asia despite high rates of cigarette smoking.
3. They theorized that the 1.2 liters of green tea that is consumed by many Asians each day
provides high levels of polyphenols and other antioxidants.
4. The compounds may work in several ways to improve cardiovascular health, including
preventing blood platelets from sticking together and improving cholesterol levels.
5. Specifically (to be more specific), green tea may prevent the oxidation of LDL cholesterol (the
bad type), which, in turn, can reduce the buildup in arteries, the researchers wrote.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
Source: www.viconyteas.com/directory/tea-encyclopedia/gtea-weight-loss.html
71
35 Literacy Project
1. A University of Canberra student has launched the nation’s first father- led literacy project, to
2. Julia Bocking’s Literacy and Dads (LADS) project aims to increase the number of fathers
participating as literacy helpers in K-2 school reading programs at Queanbeyan Primary Schools.
3. “There’s no program like this in Australia,” Ms. Bocking said, who devised the project as the
final component of her community education degree at the University.
4. Having worked as a literacy tutor with teenagers, Ms. Bocking saw the need for good attitudes
Answer: 1,2,3,4
36 Volkswagen
1. Despite posting healthy profits, Volkswagen shares trade at a discount to pears, due to bad
reputation among investors.
2. A disastrous capital hike, an expensive foray into truck business and uncertainty about the
reason for a share buyback has in recent years left investors bewildered.
3. The main problem with Volkswagen is the past.
4. Many investors have been disappointed and frightened away.
5. Volkswagen shares trade at about nine times the 2002 estimated earnings, compared to BMW
‘s 19 and are the second cheapest in the sector.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
Source: www.theautochannel.com/news/2002/02/19/035954.html
72
37 Advertisement
1. Over the years, I have had the opportunities to observe and understand the thought process
behind the ads that have been flooding both the print and the TV.
2. Although there is a huge shift in the quality of ads that we come across on daily basis thanks
3. There is an increasing attempt by most companies to be seen as cool and funky.
4. Another reason could be the burgeoning number of companies, which means an exponential
increase in the number of ads that are being made.
5. Proportionally, the numbers of ads that lack in quality have gone up exponentially as well
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
1. Cash transactions offer both privacy and anonymity as it does not contain information that can
be used to identify the parties nor the transaction history. Moreover, money is worth it is because
we have come to accept it.
2. Moreover, money is worth what it is because we have come to accept it.
3. The whole structure of traditional money is built on faith and so will electronic money have to
be.
4. Electronic transactions are happening in closed group networks and Internet. Electronic
commerce is one of the most important aspects of internet to emerge.
5. To support e-commerce, we need effective payment systems and secure communication

channels and data integrity.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
73
39 NASA
1. A team of scientists has discovered two Earth-like planets in the habitable orbit of Sun-like star.
2. Using observations gathered by NASA’s Kepler Mission, the team found five planets orbiting a
Sun-like star called Kepler-62.
3. Four of these planets are so-called super-Earths, larger than our own planet, but smaller than
even the smallest ice giant planet in our Solar System.
4. These new super-Earths have radii of 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, and 1.9 times that of Earth. In addition, one
of the five was a roughly Mars-sized planet, half the size of Earth.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
Source: www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/04/130418140957.htm
40 Marquez
1. Marquez arrived in October 1577 at the abandoned town of Santa Elena with two ships
carrying pre-fabricated posts and heavy planking.
2. He erected fort San Marcos in six days in defense against a Native American attack such as the
one that forced the abandonment of the town a year earlier.
3. The town had flourished, nearing 400 residents, since its establishment more than a decade
earlier in 1566 by Pedro Menendez de Aviles who had founded La Florida and St. Augustine the
year before.
4. In 1571, it became the capital of La Florida.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
Source: www.blufftontoday.com/beaufort/2016-08-03/santa-elena-fort-discovered-parris-island
74
1. Paleontologists still argue about the origins of major groups, though new fossil finds since
Darwin’s time have cleared up many of the disparities in the fossil record. Even during Darwin’s
lifetime, some transitional forms were found.
2. Today, many years later, many believe that evolution has progressed at the same steady rate
and that the absence of transitional forms can be explained by Darwin’s argument that there are
huge gaps in the fossil record and that transition usually occurred in one restricted locality.
3. Others, however, believe that the fossil evidence suggests that, at various stages in the history
of life, evolution progressed rapidly, in spurts, and that major changes occurred at these points.
4. An evolving group may have reached a stage at which it had an advantage over other groups
and was able to exploit new niches in nature. Climate change may also have produced a “spurt”,
as might the extinction of other groups or species, leaving many niches vacant.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
42 Foreign Aid
1. But beginning in the 1990s, foreign aid had begun to slowly improve.
2. Scrutiny by the news media shamed many developed countries into curbing their bad
practices.
3. Today, the projects of organizations like the World Bank are meticulously inspected b
watchdog groups.
4. Although the system is far from perfect, it is certainly more transparent than it was when
foreign aid routinely helped ruthless dictators stay in power.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
75
1. Great progress was made in the field of aviation during the 1920s and 1930s, such as Charles
Lindbergh’s transatlantic flight in 1927, and Charles Kingsford Smith’s transpacific flight the
following year.
2. One of the most successful designs of this period was the Douglas DC-3, which became the first
airliner that was profitable carrying passengers exclusively, starting the modern era of passenger
airline service.
3. By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built airports, and there were
numerous quailed pilots available.
4. The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first jet aircraft and the first liquid-
fueled rockets.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
Source: www.slotconsulting.eu/glossary/aviation/
44 3-D Print
1. Researchers have developed a system that can 3-D print the basic structure of an entire
building.
2. Structure built with this system could be produced faster and less expensively than traditional
3. Even the internal structure could be modified in new ways; different materials could be
incorporated as the process goes along.
4. Ultimately, the scientist say, this approach could enable the design and the construction of
new buildings that would not be feasible with traditional building methods.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
Source: http://news.mit.edu/2017/3-d-printing-buildings-0426
76
45 Carbon Detox
1. In his fascinating book Carbon Detox, George Marshall argues that people are not persuaded
by information.
2. Our views are formed by the views of the people with whom we mix. Of the narratives that
might penetrate these circles, we are more likely to listen to those which offer us some reward.
3. He proposes that instead of arguing for sacrifice, environmentalists should show where the
rewards might lie.
4. We should emphasize the old-fashioned virtues of uniting in the face of a crisis, of

resourcefulness and community action.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
Source: www.truthmove.org/forum/topic/1357
46 Healthy Food
1. Fruit and vegetable intake is important for the prevention of future chronic disease. So it’s
important to know whether intakes of teens are approaching national objectives for fruit and
vegetable consumption.
2. Larson and colleagues from the University of Minnesota undertook the study to examine
whether or not teens in the state were increasing their intake of fruits and vegetables. The study
gathered information about fruit and vegetable intake among 944 boys and 1,161 girls in 1999
and again in 2004.
3. Ultimately, Teens in middle adolescence are eating fewer fruits and vegetables than in 1999,
Larson and colleagues found.
4. This is giving us the message that we need new and enhanced efforts to increase fruit and
vegetable intake that we haven’t been doing in the past.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
Source: www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/01/070128141337.htm
77
47 Piano Keys
1. Piano keys are generally made of spruce or basswood.
2. Spruce is normally used in high-quality pianos.
3. Traditionally, the sharps (black keys) were made from ebony and the flats (white keys) were
covered with strips of ivory.
4. But since ivory-yielding species are now endangered and protected by treaty, plastics are
now almost exclusively used.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
Source: www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Piano
1. Now, young people are getting more and more money.
2. spend money faster than making money
3. and then have to be repayment.
Answer: 1,2,3
49 UN
1. … called UN;
2. UN … ;
3. it … to focus on world problems;
4. for example, it invites presidents etc. to attend the conference and discuss problems as …
5. … those problems will otherwise not able to …
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
78
50 Piano Keys
1. In the early years of piano construction, keys were commonly made from sugar pine.
2. Today they are usually made of spruce or basswood.
3. Spruce is typically used in high-quality pianos.
4. Black keys were traditionally made of ebony, and the white keys were covered with strips of
ivory.
5. However, since ivory-yielding species are now endangered and protected by treaty, makers
use plastics almost exclusively.
6. Also, ivory tends to chip more easily than plastic.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5,6
Source: www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano
51 Engineers
1. Engineers are much needed to develop greener technologies, he says.
2. “The energy sector has a fantastic skills shortage at all levels, both now and looming over it
for the next 10 years,” he says.
3. “Not only are there some good career opportunities, but there’s a lot of money going into
the research side, too.
4. With the pressures of climate change and the energy gap, in the last few years funding from
the research councils has probably doubled.”
Answer: 1,2,3,4
Source: www.newscientist.com/article/mg19325892-400-four-examples-of-a-new-breed-of-engineer-discuss-their-
work/
79

1. The town of Liberal is said to have been named for an early settler famous among travelers
for being free with drinking water.
2. Liberal is conservative in a moderate Midwestern kind of way which is changing fast due to
big National Beef Packing plant which relies on Hispanic migrants and thus four-fifths of the
children in Liberal’s public-school system are Hispanic.
3. This should make the town receptive to Democrats, but Mr Trump easily won the county of
which it forms part.
4. Liberal’s mayor, Joe Denoyer, who was raised in a Democratic family near Chicago and
moved to Liberal in search of work.
5. Mr Denoyer voted for Mr Trump by being impressed by his promise, though he thinks it
unlikely that the president will keep his promises.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
Source: www.economist.com/news/special-report/21724126-birthplace-populism-supports-president-
trumps-policy-lower-taxes-more
53 Mr Bloomberg
1. Mr Bloomberg's small-schools initiative has drawn criticism, yet the mayor, when faced with
2. Education scholars generally agree that mayors can help failing districts, but they are starting
to utter warnings.
3. Last summer the editors of the Harvard Educational Review warned that mayoral control can
reduce parents’ influence on schools.
4. And they pointed to Mr Bloomberg’s aggressive style as an example of what not to do.
5. All this must be weighed up by the New York state legislature in 2009, when mayoral control
is up for renewal—or scrapping.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
Source: www.smashpte.com.au/reorder-paragraphs
80
54 Roads of rails
1. Roads of rails called Wagonways were being used in Germany as early as 1550.
2. These primitive railed roads consisted of wooden rails over which horse-drawn wagons or carts
3. In 1813 The ‘Puffing Billy’ was built by William Hedley to pull coal wagons at the Wylam Colliery
in Northumberland.
4. In 1825, George Stephenson designe d locomotives that could pull 21 coal wagons 25 miles at
8mph – unheard of at the time.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
Source: www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2063233/Steaming-ahead-180-year-old-toy-train-thats-oldest-
world.html
55 Fibres
1. Fibres suitable for clothing have been made for the first time from the wheat protein gluten.
2. The fibres are as strong and soft as wool and silk, but up to 30 times cheaper. Narenda Reddy
and Yiqi Yang, who produced the fibres at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, say that because
they are biodegradable they might be used in biomedical applications such as surgical sutures.
3. After five years and $6 billion in development, plus months of delay, Microsoft finally launched
its Vista operating system on 30 January.
4. Vista includes software for better handling of audio and video files, and for searching and
sorting digital images.
5. It has home and business versions, as well as a premium version called Vista Ultimate, which
allows people to use video rather than still images as wallpaper on their PCs.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
Source : www.newscientist.com/article/mg19325895-900-gizmo/
81
56 The ignorance of the poor

1. Karl Marx is arguably the most of the most famous political philosopher of all time, but he was
also one of the great foreign correspondents of the 10-century. During his qq years writing for
the New York Tribune – their collaboration began in 1852 – Marx tackled an abundance of topics,
from issues of class and the state to world affairs.
2. In this landmark account, first published over twenty years ago, the author argues that the
ignorance and lethargy of the poor are the direct result of the whole situation of economic, social
and political domination, by being kept in a situation in which critical awareness and response
are practically impossible the disadvantaged are kept ‘submerged’.
3. Historically, the low level of political autonomy of the cities in China is partly a result of the
early development of the state bureaucracy, The bureaucrats played a major role in the growth
of urbanization, but were also able to control its subsequent development and they never
completely gave up this control.
4. Welfare has a special political meaning to the United States it refers to how the poor receives
financial aid. In comparison, welfare services are regarded as a universal right in other regions
like Europe, Where it is believed that all citizens should be able to obtain a minimal level of social
support and well-being.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
Source: https://www.coursehero.com/file/p11didu/D-Although-it-says-that-the-system-is-designed-to-filter-any-
scandalous-or/
57 Weakness and disease

1. It is natural to be healthy, but we have wandered so far astray that disease is the rule and good
2. Of course, most people are well enough to attend to their work, but nearly all are suffering
3. The average individual is of less value to himself, to his family and to society than he could be.
4. His bad habits, of which he is often not aware, have brought weakness and disease upon him.
5. These conditions prevent him from doing his best mentally and physically.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
Source: https://www.tcyonline.com/discuss/que/37221/directions-read-the-passage-below-and-summarize-it-
using-one-sentence-type
82
58 Chimpanzees (2)
1. A simple way to disprove this Innateness Hypothesis, as linguists call it, is to demonstrate that
A logical candidate for such a species is the chimpanzee, which shares 98.4% of the human
genetic code.
2. Chimpanzees cannot speak because, unlike humans, their vocal cords are located higher in
3. It does not follow from their lack of speech, however, that chimpanzees are incapable of
language, this is, a human-like grammar. Perhaps they can acquire grammar and speak if they
could only use grammar some way other than with a voice.
4. The obvious alternative is sign language. All primates have extremely dexterous hands and sign
language is a language. You have probably already read about the regular chimpanzees Washoe
and Nim Chimpsky, and the lowland gorilla, Koko, all of whom learned to sign and interact very
naturally with their trainers.
5. All of these animals were taught to sign in order to get food, tickling, grooming, and toys and
to get out of their cages. The question, then, is whether chimpanzee and gorilla signing is
language; is it based on grammatical rules?
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
59 A map in the ticket hall
1. For as long as I can remember, there has been a map in the ticket hall of Piccadilly Circus tube
station supposedly showing night and day across the time zones of the world.
2. This is somewhat surprising given the London Underground's historic difficultly in grasping the
concept of punctuality.
3. But this map has always fascinated me, and still does, even though it now seems very primitive.
4. This is because it chops the world up equally by longitude, without regard the reality of either
political divisions or the changing seasons.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
83
60 Nomadic hunter-gatherers
1. A consequence of a settled existence is that it permits one to store food surpluses, since
storage would be pointless if one didn't remain nearby to guard the stored food.
2. So, while some nomadic hunter-gatherers may occasionally bag more food than they can
consume in a few days, such a bonanza is of little use to them because they cannot protect it.
3. But stored food is essential for feeding non-food-producing specialists, and certainly for
supporting whole towns of them.
4. Hence nomadic hunter- gatherer societies have few or no such full-time specialists, who
instead first appear in sedentary societies.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
61 The hypothesis
1. There are numerous examples of this, dating from the Greek philosophers to the present
day. One common mistake is to ignore or rule out data which do not support the hypothesis.
2. Ideally, the experimenter is open to the possibility that the hypothesis is correct or incorrect.
3. Sometimes, however, a scientist may have a strong belief that the hypothesis is true (or
false), or feels internal or external pressure to get a specific result.
4. In that case, there may be a psychological tendency to find "something wrong", such as
systematic effects, with data which do not support the scientist's expectations, while data
which do agree with those expectations may not be checked as carefully.
5. The lesson is that all data must be handled in the same way.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
84
62 September
1. Normally in Delhi, September is a month of almost equatorial fertility and the land seems
refreshed and newly-washed.
2. But in the year of our arrival, after a parching summer, the rains had lasted for only three
weeks.
3. As a result dust was everywhere and the city’s trees and flowers all looked as if they had
been lightly sprinkled with talcum powder.
4. Nevertheless, the air was still sticky with damp-heat, and it was in a cloud of perspiration that
we began to unpack.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
Source: https://bi.hcpdts.com/reflowable/scrollableiframe/9780007378784
63 False memories
1. False memories are constructed by combining actual memories with the content of
suggestions received from others.
2. During the process, individuals may forget the source of the information.
3. This is a classic example of source confusion, in which the content and the source become
dissociated.
4. Of course, because we can implant false childhood memories in some individuals in no way
implies that all memories that arise after suggestion are necessarily false.
5. Put another way, although experimental work on the creation of false memories may raise
doubt about the validity of long-buried memories, such as repeated trauma, it in no way
disproves them.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
Source: www.uky.edu/~bdabra2/HowFalseMemoriesFormLoftus.htm
85
64 Communal card
1. Since independence, every political party has played communal card whenever election time
draws near
2. When each party carefully selects political candidates on the basis of religion or caste, it is
encouraging and continuing the divide-and-rule tactics of its colonial masters
3. In fact, the caste and communal cards have been fine-tuned to an art form in the political
games that are played in this country
4. And no political party can absolve itself on this count; worse, political parties take on board
hoodlums and gangsters who use their clout in political circles to settle scores and extract
money.
5. This was seen when the Youth Congress(I) goons were given a free hand to terrorise Sikhs all
over the country after Indira Gandhi's assassination.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
65 Educational system
1. With all the limitations and deficiencies inherent in our educational system has to be
achieved only through combined effort of teachers and community
2. A value based approach must form the backbone of educational system and also the teacher
education system
3. Teacher preparation must ensure development of commitment amongst teachers
4. It is tough proposition when most of the other sectors are influenced by self-interests and
material pursuits everywhere
5. However, teacher education needs to emphasise that teachers alone can kindle the value-
based growth.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
86
66 Capitalism
1. In the West, men are only capable of seeing the external aspects of things.
2. In capitalism, wealth is concentrated in the hands of a few.
3. The domination of the capitalist class today is justified in the name of economic growth and
population efficiency.
4. The resultant deprivations are variable even in the developed countries.
5. In the US about 12 million people are homeless, one-third of the people cannot afford
primary health care, 20 percent of the children live below the poverty line, and about 23
percent of the people are illiterate with no security of either job or life.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
67 Teens
1. Teen personal durable ownership is up.
2. Thus, the presence of a teen in the home accelerate and influences purchase of
entertainment durables
3. The study goes on to profile Indian teens, segments them on their mind-set, media
preferences, attitudes and how they behave in the market place
4. To a large extent, it also fulfils the need for an substitutionalized system of gathering
information on the dynamic market segment on a regular basis.There is a lot of justification in
making the NFOCoke Teen perspective report an annual exercise.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
87
68 Economic life
1. Indian thinking has traditionally been encumbered by a zero-sum view of the economy
2. A government that facilitated private business was assumed to be working against the
interest of the workers and the public sector.
3. In reality, economic life is full of complementarities
4. I think even more urgent than privatizing existing state-owned firms is to allow the entry of
private firms into sectors earlier reserved for the state
Answer: 1,2,3,4
69 Manage yourself
1. Earlier on, Dishu had applied his expectancy theory in a step by step process used mainly as a
oneon- one approach between the manager and the employees
2. It was not designed for the entire organizations.
3. Nevertheless, Dishu organized a team and implemented, tested and gathered data to
measure results in the corporate environment
4. Everyone was flabbergasted by his success
5. In his second book ‘Manage yourself’, Dishu explained how the expectancy theory convinced
managers and employees that managing the individual works better than treating everyone the
same
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
88
70 Grenada
1. In 1979, Grenada witnessed the establishment of a socialist government by Maurice Bishop,

which survived four years of US-engineered incursions.
2. This government was overthrown in an internal power struggle among left-wing groups and,
within three weeks of the Bishop’s ouster and assassination, Reagan launched Operation
Urgent Fury against Grenada, claiming that the invasion was "forced on us by events that have
no precedent in the eastern Caribbean."
3. Around 2,000 US Marines "fought" for a week, destroying a mental hospital, killing 84 Cubans
building an airstrip, and 400 Grenadians.
4. This was duly appreciated, with some 7, 000 US servicemen being designated as heroes and
given decorations.
5. In the end Grenada, just like Cuba and Nicaragua, was no more than the Chomskian "threat
of a good example" to other Third World countries in the region.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
71 Wait and see

1. Some business executives have adapted a 'wait and see' attitude.Like deer caught in the
headlights of an oncoming truck, they risk being turn over.
2. Others are too busy bailing themselves out of troubles already caused by the changes that
have taken place around them to have any time to reflect on the future
3. Like a driver changing a tyre in the middle of the highway they hope an oncoming vehicle will
not hit them before their work is done
4. Discussions with several executives in both situations show that they recognize the danger is
not applying themselves to understanding the shape of future. Traditional ways of forecasting
and strategic planning are not effective any longer.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
89
72 Foreign investment
1. Risk-stemming from fluctuations in exchange rate loans hover constantly on the horizon of
foreign investment.
2. In addition, a foreign investment is subject to discriminatory treatment and selection control

in various forms.
3. In view of the higher risk, a firm contemplating foreign investment would naturally expect a
higher rate of return.
4. A multinational company may be accused of 'profiteering' even when it may simply be

following the sound financial practice of asking for a higher rate of return commensurate with
risks characterizing the project.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
73 Behaviour
1. The turning test, one may say, is seriously flawed.
2. The view that a mind can be reduced to patterns in behaviour is a hypothesis long
abandoned
3. Behaviour is just the evidence for mind, not its very nature
4. Thus you can act as if you are in pain and not really be in pain
Answer: 1,2,3,4
74 Investors
1. Most investors feel they lose out when the market rallies. While the index and several scripts
may be running with each passing day, the investor may find that the specific shares in his
portfolio are hardly moving
2. Everytime such a thing happens you wish to include in your portfolio some of the stocks
scaling the new highs every day
3. All this can lead to rash decisions.
4. There are times when one is not sure of the direction in which a sector will move. Picking a
winner even within a booming sector is tough.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
90
75 Wonder
1. Of course, wonder is costly because it is the antithesis of the anxiously worshipped security
2. Wonder is marvellous, but it is also cruel, cruel, cruel
3. We have paid a terrible price for our education, such as it is
4. We have educated ourselves into a world from which wonder has been banished.
5. The Magian World View, in so far as it exists, has taken flight into science
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
76 Children's depression
1. Just as with adults, pessimistic ways of interpreting defeats seem to feed the sense of
helplessness and hopelessness at the heart of children's depression.That people who are
already depressed think in these ways has long been known
2. What has only recently emerged, though, is that children's beliefs about their own ability to
control what happens in their lives
3. This insight suggests a window of opportunity for inoculating them against depression before
it strikes.
4. One line of evidence comes from studies of children's belief about their own ability to control
what happens in their lives- for example, being able to change things for the better. This
assessed by children's rating of themselves in such term as : 'when I have problems at home I'm
better than most kids at helping to solve problems' and 'When I work hard, I get good grades'.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
91
77 Credit rating agencies
1. The credit rating agencies use legions of high trained analyst with access to top management
2. Their meticulous reports giving ratings for corporate bonds are designed to give an accurate
picture of the bonds riskiness and ultimately the probability of default
3. Lately, the credit-rating agencies have struggled to keep up
4. It seems a bond rating tells you even less about the price that investors are willing to pay
5. In 1999 two-third of the debt rated triple B by standard and poor was priced within 20 basis
points of the average bond with the same rating.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
78 Cargo handling
1. In terms of cargo handling efficiency, some of India's ports have lately undergone a sea
change.
2. The impetus for change in cargo handling, after years of operational inefficiency has come
from new private sector facilitators.
3. And the government agrees this is having a cascading effect on the functioning of other
ports.
4. Other ports, both major and minor, have spurred into action.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
92
79 Entrepreneurial knowledge
1. Entrepreneurial knowledge is essentially intuitive
2. It involves seeing and realizing a vision of future markets, products and/or other
opportunities.
3. Ignorance is the opposite of knowledge, i.e., want of knowledge
4. To deal with uncertainty and ignorance economists have recognized the entrepreneur as
possessing this non-rational form of knowledge
5. Like some ancient priest-king, the entrepreneur ‘knows’ the future and leads his people
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
80 Fiscal deficit
1. The fiscal deficit has deteriorated.
2. The current reforms pace is too slow
3. Industry too is not ready to deliver growth, should even the government pursue the right
policies
4. There are big gaps in perception and capability of managers
5. Government finances are terminally impaired with uncontrolled fiscal deficits
6. A good budget is one which makes a sincere attempt to change the policy environment
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5,6
93
81 The Armada
1. In September 1519 the Armada de Molucca of five ships and 250 sailors has set out from San
lucar de Barrameda under the command of Fernando de Magellan
2. It was to sail to the spice islands of the Malayan Archipelago where they were to exchange an
assortment of bells, mirrors and scissors for cinnamon and cloves.
3. In September 1522 Victoria , the sole survivor of the Armada, limped into the Spanish port
San Lucar , manned by a skeleton crew of 15, so weak they could not talk
4. Its cargo consisted of 38 sacks of spices and Magellan himself had been hacked to pieces on
the beach of Mactan in the Philippines
5. So contrary to popular belief it was the crew of the Victoria who were the first men to have
sailed around the globe
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
82 Employees
1. Employees need to follow a meaningful set of guidelines designed to minimize risks while
encouraging creativity. Seniors managers have a large role to play in this balancing act
2. They need to make sure the workers they hire have the skills necessary to drive the company
forward.
3. They have to find ways of encouraging mass experiments while limiting possible threats to
the company's existence
4. They must establish a meaningful corporate culture that encourages a sense of

entrepreneurship. If all goes well, natural leaders will 'emerge' to move the organization
forward.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
94
83 Transformation in businesses
1. More organisations today seek a transformation in their businesses, yet most of them think
of and talk about managing change
2. The implications of this conflict will not be fully appreciated until we learn to distinguish
between change and transformation
3. Change is characterised by 'reactivity'. Most of us live in the domain of change both as

individuals and as organisations
4. The characteristics of transformation are positive and actually creative. They stem from a
new found sense of purposefulness, once a higher purpose is discovered
5. Clearly, we all aspire to live in the domain of transformation even if we presently are in the
domain of change.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
84 Two-week vacation
1. In the summer of 1992, the first year I became president of XYZ, I decided to take a two-week
vacation.
2. But as soon I arrived at my country house, the telephone began ringing
3. And it kept right on ringing with questions from people back at the office about the most
mundane matters
4. Of course, sitting out in the country I possessed less information than anyone else at
headquarters about was going on, but they called me anyway
Answer: 1,2,3,4
95
85 Priority sectors
1. The government of India directs substantial bank credit to what it deems are 'priority sectors'
for the Indian economy
2. Priority sectors include agriculture, small scale industries, housing, exports, etc
3. It is not clear how sectors get identified for the priority tag, as there is no clearly articulated
logic
4. In my view, a priority sector should be an area of market failure
5. Economics say that a market has failed when the market does not provide efficient outcomes
for society
6. Markets fail for a variety of reasons.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5,6
86 Trade
1. Trade started from person to person but grew to involve different towns in different lands
2. People found work in transporting the goods or selling them.
3. Merchants soon grew rich as the demand for products increased
4. Eventually, people got a greater variety of things to choose from
Answer: 1,2,3,4
96
87 Procter & Gamble

1. Several years ago, senior executives from Procter & Gamble and Wal-Mart met for two days
2. They wanted to explore how they could jointly apply quality management principles to the
disposable diaper business.
3. As a result of this meeting, a team of Procter & Gamble employees moved to Bentonville,
Arkansas, Wal-Mart's headquarters, to work with Wal-Mart executives on productivity and
quality issues
4. Wal-Mart has increased its Procter & Gamble diaper business by 50 percent and cut
inventory by 70 percent because of this collaboration
Answer: 1,2,3,4
88 The obligation to kill

1. However binding the obligation to kill, members of feuding families engaged in mutual
massacre will be genuinely appalled if by some mischance a bystander or outsider is killed.
2. The situations in which violence occurs and the nature of that violence tends to be clearly
defined at least in theory, as in the proverbial Irishman’s question: ‘Is this a private fight or can
anyone join in?’
3. So the actual risk to outsiders, though no doubt higher than our societies, is calculable
4. Probably the only uncontrolled applications of force are those of social superiors to social
inferiors and even here there are probably some rules
Answer: 1,2,3,4
97
89 Mass marketing
1. Mass marketing by Indian retail chains has hitherto been the exception rather than the rule
2. The lack of significant players with national reach is only one of the factors that explains the
relatively low attention given to mass marketing by the retail sector in India
3. The focused brand image which leads to pithy, punchy advertising has been difficult because
most retailers have not been focused in terms of their own vision for their retail brand. Most
advertising has tended to focus on the presence of locations or the range
4. The inherent expectations of a high short-term return on advertising investment that is

common to most traders who are attempting to scale up operations is not conductive to a long-
term consistency in advertising direction
5. Advertising then tends to focus significantly on announcement of in store promotions and

events, where the payoffs in terms of immediate increases in customer entry and average cash
memo size are more visible.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
90 Nonperforming assets
1. The one major cause for the current weakened state of Indian banks is the level and volume
of nonperforming assets. The problem has not been looked at in its proper perspective.
2. Description such as 'deceased portfolio' and figures running into thousands of crores have all
led to treating the problem as a major one-time aberration requiring emergency treatment
3. The causal explanations - political interference, wilful defaults, targeted lending and even
fraudulent behaviours by banks - have some grain of truth in them
4. Yet, the fact remains that the banks allowed themselves to be pressurized into lowering their
guard in the one area of business that is and should be their bread and butter of existence- risk
assessment. The response from the banks is to concentrate on somehow reducing the amount
and number of accounts in this category.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
98
91 Exchange control
1. Exchange control does not altogether prohibit Indian banks keeping open positions during
the course of a day. Thus, depending on the policy of a bank, dealers may be allowed to take
intra-day positions in order to make profit
2. For instance, a dealer expecting the dollar to weaken during the day might deliberately
create, through customer transactions and transaction in the inter-bank market, an oversold
position in the hope of squaring it later during a day at a profit, should his expectation about
the dollar weakening materialise.
3. For market-makers offering two-way quotes in the international markets, open positions are
far more common.
4. Indeed, unless they are willing to take open positions, they will cease to be market-makers.
Large overbought or oversold positions are often deliberately built up in the hope of profiting
from price movements
Answer: 1,2,3,4
92 Vanilla
1. Some cafes can get away with being plain vanilla.
2. But others cannot.
3. The bigger your cafe, the more is the need for additional mean of income.
4. This is because the returns from browsing cover only a percentage of your costs.
5. Thrills, ranging from video games to burgers cover the rest.
6. These fruits will make your clients spend more time with you and also add to your profits.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5,6
99
93 Sales negotiators
1. Research conducted across several negotiators ranging from sales negotiators to purchase
and labour negotiators shows that average negotiators tend to counter propose more often
than skilled negotiators
2. This happens in everyday life too
3. Think back to the last time you were discussing completing an assignment with one of your
colleagues: you may have suggested that you both come in on Saturday to finish the work and
your colleague may have counter proposed that you could stay back on Friday evening and
finish it instead.
4. I may have suggested that my son buy a pair of trousers at a certain price whereas my son
would have made a counterproposal that he would rather buy two pairs at half price each
5. A difference in the frequency of usage of counter proposing between skilled and average
negotiators suggests that counter proposing may not be, as effective one tends to think it
would be
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
94 Karl Marx & television

1. If Karl Marx was alive today, he would say that television is the opiate of the people.
2. Marx thought that religion was the opiate, because it soothed people’s pain and suffering
and prevented them from rising in rebellion.
3. Television and similar entertainments are even more of an opiate because of their addictive
tendencies.
4. If you are used to having your stimulation come in from outside, your mind never develops
its own habits of thinking and reflecting.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
100
95 Food product
1. Foods are overwhelming the most advertised group of all consumer products in the U.S
2. Food product lead in expenditures for network and spot television advertisements, discount
coupons, trading stamps, contests, and other forms of premium advertising
3. In other media- newspapers, magazines, newspaper supplements, billboard and radio, food
advertising expenditures rank near the top.
4. Food manufactures spend more on advertising than any other manufacturing group and the
nation's grocery stores rank first among all retailers
Answer: 1,2,3,4
96 John F. Kennedy
1. John F. Kennedy, Democratic victor in the election of 1960, was at 43, the youngest man ever
to win the presidency
2. In his first inaugural address he concluded with an eloquent plea; "Ask not what your country
can do for you--- ask what you can do for your country."
3. On television, in a series of debates with opponent Richard Nixon, he appeared able,

articulate and energetic
4. In the campaign, he spoke of moving aggressively into the new decade, for 'the New Frontier
is here whether we seek it or not'.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
101
97 Mr D Gautam
1. Mr D Gautam's personality sets him apart the rest
3. He has a fanatical devotion to detail
2. Nothing is too small for his attention
4. This is what makes him a different guy.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
98 Infosys and Wipro
1. Even as Indians leftists think Bill Clinton is coming to take over India, Indian companies are
preparing to take over American ones on a gargantuan scale
2. Infosys and Wipro, our two most glamorous infotech companies, both want automatic
permission from FIPB to take over foreign companies worth - hold your breath - $ 15 billion
each
3. To put this in perspective, recall that when Chandan sold his Parle brands to Coca-Cola
amidst much swadeshi wringing of hands, he got a reported Rs 200 crore
4. Now Infosys and Wipro propose of Rs 54,000 crore each
Answer: 1,2,3,4
102
99 A wealthy man
1. There is a story about a wealthy who was once offered all the land he could walk on in a day,
provided he come back by sundown to the point where he started.
2. To get a head start, early the next morning the farmer started covering ground quickly
because he wanted to get as much land as he could
3. Even though he was tired, he kept going all afternoon because he did not want to miss this
once in a lifetime opportunity to gain more wealth
4. Late in the afternoon he realized the condition he had to fulfil to get the land was to get back
to the starting point by sundown
Answer: 1,2,3,4
100 Feelings
1. The general impressions that skilled negotiators seem to convey is they are people who keep
their cards close to their chest and do not reveal their feelings
2. Feelings are in themselves not observable and Huthwaite's researchers could not measure
them directly.
3. Hence, they used a surrogate method- they countered the number of times that the
negotiators talked about their feelings or motives
4. The results showed that contrary to the general impressions, skilled negotiators are more
likely to give information about internal events than are average negotiators
5. This contrasts sharply with the amount of information given about external events such as
facts, clarifications and general expressions of opinion
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
103
101 Just in time

1. The Japanese are very efficient and such concepts as "just in time" are a witness to their
efficiency
2. But they reach efficiency in a different way than American businesses
3. They reach efficiency through the route of effectiveness.
4. the main difference is that efficiency is a ration and effectiveness is not
Answer: 1,2,3,4
102 Dubai-based Win Gautam

1. Dubai-based Win Gautam who is the
2. accused in the Rs 50 crore Before guns kickback case
3. arrived here on Sunday by an early morning flight
4. He is scheduled to appear in the trial court By Wednesday
Answer: 1,2,3,4
103 NCP
1. At one time I was giving a seminar for the British marketing department of Ford, the biggest
Ford operation outside of Detroit.
2. We were discussing competing in the European market
3. I suggested that Ford should buy up a company called NCP, which owned most of the car
parks in the city centres throughout the UK
4. If NCP became a Ford company, a notice could be placed at the entrance to all city centres
car parks indicating that only Ford cars could use them
Answer: 1,2,3,4
104
104 Economic reform
1. It is clear that there is not consensus on economic reform
2. Otherwise the Congress would not have opposed PSU disinvestment today
3. Nor would allies of ruling NDA opposes privatization
4. All this would stop India from becoming the next superpower.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
105 The RBI governor
1. When the RBI governor came to inaugurate the new printing press, the local unit of the BJP
handed him a gift wrapped box
2. The unsuspecting governor opened the box in full view of the gathering
3. What came out was very large garland made out of currency notes
4. There was a twist – the notes were all as tattered as notes could get
Answer: 1,2,3,4
106 Computer users

1. Most computer users develop disorders because they ignore warnings like tingling fingers, a
numb hand or a sore shoulder
2. They keep pointing and dragging until tendons chafe and scar tissue forms, along with bad
habits that are almost impossible to change
3. Thus begins the search for relief: painkillers, ice, yoga, herbs, even surgery
4. But cures are elusive , because repetitive stree injuries present a bag of ills that often defy
easy diagnosis.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
105
107 Traditional bank
1. Let us take a look at the manner in which the traditional bank adds value to the custome
2. The bank's basic job is risk absorption- it takes money, which has a lot of attached risk, and
provides the customer an assured rate of return
3. Further, as only a small portion of the actual deposit base is retained with the bank in a liquid
form, the very survival of the bank lies in building enough trust with its clientele so as to
prevent the occurrence of a sizeable chunk of simultaneous customer withdrawal (a run on the
bank)
4. The ability to retain deposits, in itself, is not enough to ensure long-term survival and growth
5. The ability to deploy invested funds into productive economic activity at a higher rate of
return, hence contributing to the prosperity of both the economy and the institution, is the
other loop in the banking cycle.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
108 Democracy in America
1. No visitor to the US left a more enduring record of his travels and observations than the
French writer and political theorist Alexis de Tocqueville, whose ‘Democracy in America’, first
published in 1835, remains one of the most trenchant and insightful analyses of American social
and political practices
2. Tocqueville was far too shrewd an observer to be uncritical about the US, but his verdict was
fundamentally positive
3. "The government of democracy brings the nation of political rights to the level of the
humblest citizens. He wrote," Just as the dissemination of wealth brings the notion of property
within the reach of all the members of the community"
4. Nonetheless, Tocqueville was only one of the first of a long line of thinkers to worry whether
such rough equality could survive in the face of a growing factory system that threatened to
create divisions between industrial workers and a new business elite
Answer: 1,2,3,4
106
109 book stories
1. This book is chock-a-block full of intrusive stories and practical advice, describing Carton’s
activities at Vingresor (where he assumed his first presidency at age 32), Linjeflug, and SAS in
particular
2. He began at Vingresor as an order giver, not a listener – neither to his people nor to his
customers and made every mistake in the book.
3. By the time he got to Linjeflug four years later, he had learned many lessons, in fact, he
began his second stint as top dog by calling the entire company together in a hanger and asking
for help, a far cry from his barking out commands just 48 months back
4. At SAS, he arrived at a time crisis
Answer: 1,2,3,4
110 Sports administrators
1. It is a matter of deep regret and concern that the sports administrators often cause more
harm to the image of the country than sportsmen and sportswomen do through their dismal
performances.
2. In the case of sports persons, there is room for some sympathy, but the apathy of the
administrators, which has even led to sanctions from international bodies, is unpardonable
3. A case in the point is the hefty penalty of US $10,000 slapped on the Indian Body-Building
Federation for not fulfilling its commitment for holding the Asian Championships in Mumbai in
October
4. The potential exchanges between the officials of IBBF and the Maharashtra Body-Building
Association has all the trappings of a drama we are accustomed to
Answer: 1,2,3,4
107
111 The Fifth pay Commission

1. It reminds us of the political shenanigans during the implementation of the Fifth pay
Commission
2. How many times have you heard experts, politicians and the finance minister refer to the
implementation of the pay hikes following the commission's report as the singular cause for the
increase in government expenditure
3. They argue that it is this, which has led to the bankruptcy in many states
4. Here was a commission whose members worked very hard, did exemplary research and
homework, before coming up with a list of recommendations that balanced economic efficiency
with safety nets for disadvantaged labour
5. Barring P. Chidambram, who was then the finance minister, every single political party and
politician opposed the implementation of the recommendations and are directly responsible for
the current fiscal crises in the Centre and the states.
Answer: 1,2,3,4, 5
112 Policy of open encouragement

1. Since Independence the policy of the government of India towards private foreign investment and
collaboration has moved from cautious encouragement through a brief spell of near 'open door' in the
fifties, a long phase of rigorous selectivity from 1968 to 1991 onto current post-1991 policy of open
encouragement of direct investment specially in priority areas even with 51 percent participation in
equity. Independent India started with a legacy of well-established foreign capital and all the fear and
prejudice associated with it
2. While the overwhelming thrust has all along been towards the goal of a self-sufficient economy and of
freeing national economic and industrial policy from the dictates and manipulates of foreign capital, the
compulsions of an economy of scarcity and chronic foreign exchange deficiency also had an effect in
shaping official policy towards foreign investment and foreign collaboration.
3. During the seventies and eighties, official view has been inevitably influenced by the controversy the
world over on the role of multinational corporations in relation to third world countries
4. Based on the exposure of a series of misdeeds perpetrated on some third countries by some of the
multinational like International Telephone and Telegraph corp. (ITT), United Fruit, Union Miniere and
Lockheed, criticism welled up against the MNCs in the Indian parliament and outside. On the other hand,
there was also a realisation that all foreign enterprises operating in India should not be tarred with the
same brush and that there were some amongst them who were performing a useful role in the economy
by their import-substitution or export-oriented operation, or by making valuable contribution to the
technological skill and capability of our country.
Answer: 1,2,3,4, 5
108
113 Journalists
1. Although experts like journalists are expected to be unbiased they invariably share the
system biases of the disciplines and cultures in which they work.
2. Journalists try to be fair and objective by presenting all sides of a particular issue.
3. Practically speaking, however, it is about as easy to present all sides of an issue as it is to

invite candidates from all political parties to a presidential debate.
4. Some perspectives ultimately are not included.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
Source: www.epdf.tips/the-power-of-impossible-thinking-transform-the-business-of-your-life-and-the-
lif.html
114 An underperforming company
2. Add some generous helpings of debt, a few spoonful of management incentives and trim all
the fat.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
109
115 Dietary supplements

1. Dietary supplements can appear to be a healthful option for treating certain health
conditions.
2. Their labels list herbs or other natural ingredients that consumers assume are safe to take.
3. But over the past several years, regulators have detected prohibited substances in some of
these products that aren’t included on the labels.
4. The drug sibutramine is one of these substances.
5. It was once approved for weight loss but was withdrawn after concerns arose that the
medication could increase the risk of heart attacks.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
Source: www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/presspacs/2015/acs-presspac-august-5-2015/rooting-
out-viagra-and-other-hidden-ingredients-from-dietary-sup.html
116 House prices

1. Americans bought far fewer new homes last month, according to government data released
on Wednesday that showed sales fell at the fastest rate in 13 years.
2. House prices also eased as the median cost of a new home fell 2.1 per cent from a year ago
to $239,800.
3. The pace of sales fell to 937,000 from a rate of 1.1m the previous month, while inventories of
unsold homes stood at 537,000.
4. The biggest drop was in the west, where sales fell 37 per cent to an annual rate of 166,000.
5. Stephen Stanley, chief economist at RBS Greenwich Capital, said: "Builders will probably have
to continue to work off bloated stocks of finished homes for most of 2007."
6. However, the Federal Reserve views the overhang of unsold homes as cause for concern but
remains cautiously.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5,6
Source: www.ft.com/content/64ddeb84-c73a-11db-8078-000b5df10621
110
117 A review
1. A review is a survey of what you have covered.
2. It is a review of what you are supposed to accomplish not what you are going to do.
3. Rereading is an important part of the review process.
4. Reread with the idea that you are measuring what you have gained from the process.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
Source: www.adprima.com/studyout.htm
118 Watching elephants
1. While watching elephants in the Samburu National Reserve in northern Kenya, I noticed one
that walked very slowly.
2. Elephant expert lain Douglas-Hamilton told me that this female elephant, Babyl, had been
crippled for years, but the other members of the herd never left her.
3. They would walk a while and then stop and look around to see where she was.
4. Depending on how she was doing, they would either wait or go on.
5. Sometimes the matriarch even fed Babyl.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
Source: www.newscientist.com/article/mg19426051-300-do-animals-have-emotions/
111
119 The Highway Code
1. In language learning, there is a dis nc on between ―competence‖ and ―performance‖.

Competence is a state of the speaker's mind - what he or she knows.
2. Separate from actual performance - what he or she does while producing or comprehending
language. In other words, competence is put to use through performance.
3. An analogy can be made to the Highway Code for driving. Drivers know the Code and have
indeed been tested on it to obtain a driving license.
4. In actual driving, however, the driver has to relate the Code to a continuous flow of changing
circumstances, and may even break it from time to time.
5. Knowing the Highway Code is not the same as driving.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
120 A German sociologist
1. This site contains a comprehensive listing of the works of Norbert Elias, a German sociologist.
2. The site lists not only his published books and articles but also manuscripts and oral
communications, in a variety of media and including reprints and translations.
3. The material has been catalogued, cross-referenced and organized by date.
4. There is, however, no search facility.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
112
121 A happy home
1. The finest asset any child can have is a happy home.
2. Such environment will enable him to develop strength and stability of character thereby
teaching him to face the future without fear or undue anxiety.
3. It also will give him something worthwhile to live for.
4. If he fails, it may have been due to troubles in his home, his school or unsympathetic and
hostile relative.
5. If he exhibits good judgement in later years, much of the credit must go to those who trained
him.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
122 Master Hugh's family
1. I lived in Master Hugh's family for seven years.
2. During this time, I succeeded in learning to read and write.
3. In accomplishing this, I was compelled to resort to various stratagems.
4. I had no regular teacher.
5. Mrs. Hugh, who had kindly consented to instruct me, had, in compliance with the advice and
direction of her husband, not only ceased to instruct, but had set her face against my being
instructed by anyone else.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
113
123 De-industrialisation
1. De-industrialisation causes problems in economies unable to absorb the workers released by
manufacturing.
2. But those who would tackle this by subsidies or trade barriers are missing the point.
3. As manufacturing continues to shrink in an economy, overall growth will increasingly depend

on boosting productivity in services.
4. Policy should therefore focus on removing obstacles (such as trade barriers and regulation),
to such productivity growth, and creating a labour market in which workers can move freely
from factory employment to services.
5. Protection and subsidies push just the wrong way.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
124 Innovation
1. Innovation is about doing what delights the customer, not just satisfying the customer.
2. It's giving the customer something they didn't expect. They can't ask for it because they can't
know what it is before it is created.
3. Once it has been invented, customers can't imagine ever having lived without it.
4. But you can't invent revolutionary products in a conservative environment.
5. You have to let people think and act outside their corporate ―boxes‖. You have to create an
atmosphere of innovation.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
114
125 The extinct animal
1. The extinct animal has been described through re-examination of a specimen that's been in a
museum collection since 1951.
2. Researchers think it is a relative of the endangered South Asian river dolphin, offering clues
to the evolutionary history of modern species.
3. The findings have been published in the journal open access Peer J.
4. The fossil, a partial skull about 22cm (9ins) long, was discovered in southeastern Alaska by
geologist Donald J Miller in 1961.
5. It then spent decades in the collection of the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History in
Washington DC.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
126 The destruction of the forests
1. The earth is losing its forests. Presently, trees cover about 30 percent of the earth's surface,
but they are being destroyed at an alarming rate, especially in the tropics.
2. Timber harvesting is a major reason for the destruction of the forests.
3. The timbers are used for building houses, making furniture, and providing pulp for paper
products, such as newspapers and magazines.
4. At least 40 hectares of rainforest are being felled every minute, mostly in order to extract the
valuable timber.
5. Another way that man is destroying the world's forests is by burning them down. In the
Amazon, for example, rainforests are being burnt down at a rate of 20 hectares a minutes.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
115
127 Wholesales
1. A person or company located in New South Wales may not supply by wholesales any substance
which is for their therapeutic use and included in Schedule 2 of the Poisons List.
2. Unless they are licensed or authorised to do so under the Poisons and Therapeutic Goods
Regulation 2002, no one may supply these Schedule 2 substances.
3. Additionally, wholesales have an obligation to ensure that the persons or companies they
supply are licensed or authorised, to obtain, use, supply or possess the substance.
4. Any breach of these regulations will result in immediate termination employment
Answer: 1,2,3,4
128 Historical records
1. Historical records, coins, and other date-bearing objects can help - if they exist. But even
prehistoric sites contain records - written in nature's hand.
2. The series of strata in an archaeological dig enables an excavator to date recovered objects
relatively, if not absolutely.
3. However, when archaeologists want know the absolute date of a site, they can often go
beyond simple stratigraphy.
4. For example, tree rings, Dendrochronology (literally, ―tree me‖) dates wooden artefacts by
matching their ring patterns to known records, which, in some areas of the world, span several
thousand years.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
116
129 Festival in The Desert
1. The "Festival in The Desert" is a celebration of the musical heritage of the Touareg, a fiercely
independent nomadic people.
2. It is held annually near Essakane, an oasis some 40 miles north-west of Timbuktu, the ancient
city on the Niger River.
3. Reaching it tests endurance, with miles of impermanent sand tracks to negotiate.
4. The reward of navigating this rough terrain comes in the form of a three-day feast of music
and dance.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
130. Native English speaker
1. Anyone wanting to get to the top of international business, medicine or academia (but
possibly not sport) needs to be able to speak English to a pretty high level.
2. Equally, any native English speaker wanting to deal with these new high achievers needs to
know how to talk without baffling them.
3. Because so many English-speakers today are monoglots, they have little idea how difficult it
is to master another language.
4. Many think the best way to make foreigners understand is to be chatty and informal.
5. This may seem friendly but, as it probably involves using colloquial expressions, it makes
comprehension harder.
Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
Source: www.ft.com/content/18a5b79e-77fa-11e1-b237-00144feab49a
117
131 Embryonic stem cells

1. Embryonic stem cells are valued by scientists because the cells' descendant can turn into any
other sort of body cell.
2. These stem cells have been found in tissues such as the brain, bone marrow, blood, blood
vessels, skeletal muscles, skin, and the liver.
3. They might thus be used as treatments for diseases that require the replacement of a
particular, lost cell type.
4. Some example cited for a possible treatment using these cells are diabetes, motor neuron
disease and Parkinson's disease.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
132 Educational Media Services

1. Educational Media Services runs a Filming Coordinating service which acts as a starting point
for film companies wishing to use the University as a location, and provides advice and support
for those parts of the University which receive requests to act as location for commercial
filming.
2. Oxford University has a vast collection of buildings and rooms dating from the 11th century
to the present day, and designed by architects such as Wren and Cockerell, Arne Jacobsen and
Norman Foster.
3. The Filming Coordinator draws on 20 years experience of filming around these locations, and
has knowledge of the needs of crews and the requirements of the owners of locations.
4. As part of the service, based on knowledge of the University year, he will also advise on the
likely availability of rooms.
Answer: 1,2,3,4
118
(v.2.0)
1 Language of Chimpanzees
1. A simple way to disprove this Innateness Hypothesis, as linguists call it, is to demonstrate that other
species have the capacity to speak but for some reason simply have not developed speech.
2. A logical candidate for such a species is the chimpanzee, which shares 98.4% of the human genetic
code.
3. Chimpanzees cannot speak because, unlike humans, their vocal cords are located higher in their
throats and cannot be controlled as well as human vocal cords.
4. It does not follow from their lack of speech, however, that chimpanzees are incapable of language,
that is, a human-like grammar.
5. Perhaps they can acquire grammar and speak if they could only use grammar some way other than
with a voice. The obvious alternative is sign language.
Linguists human genetic code/ chimpanzee throats
incapable of language sign language
‫ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﮔﻠﻮ ﻫﺎ ﯾﺸﺎن‬ ،‫ﺷﺎﻣﭙﺎﻧﺰه ﻫﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺎوي ﮐﺪ ژﻧﺘﯿﮏ اﻧﺴﺎن ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫زﺑﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن ﭘﯽ ﺑﺮدﻧﺪ‬
.‫از زﺑﺎن اﺷﺎره اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ داﺷﺘﻦ زﺑﺎن را ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ و‬
119
2 Linguistics
1. It is wrong, however, to exaggerate the similarity between language and other cognitive skills,
2. For one thing, the use of language is universal—all normally developing children learn to speak at
least one language, and many learn more than one.
3. By contrast, not everyone becomes proficient at complex mathematical reasoning, few people learn
to paint well, and many people cannot carry a tune.
4. Because everyone is capable of learning to speak and understand language, it may seem to be simple.
5. But just the opposite is true—language is one of the most complex of all human cognitive abilities.
Similarity between language children people

may seem to be simple but/ opposite
.‫اﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﻋﮑﺲ اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﮑﻨﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﺎده ﺑﯿﺎد‬ ‫و ﻣﺮدم‬ ‫ﮐﻮدﮐﺎن‬ ‫ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﺑﯿﻦ زﺑﺎن‬
120
3 Central Banks
1. In most countries, it is only the government, through their central banks, who are permitted to issue
currency.
2. But in Scotland, three banks are still allowed to issue banknotes.
3. The first Scottish bank to do this was the Bank of Scotland.
4. When this bank was founded in 1695, Scots coinage was in short supply and of uncertain value,
5. To face growth of trade it was deemed necessary to remedy this lack of an adequate currency.
In most countries banknotes the first Scottish bank

coin necessary to remedy
‫اوﻟﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ اﺳﮑﺎﺗﻠﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﮑﻨﺎس ﻫﺎي‬ ‫در ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎ‬

.‫)ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ دﯾﺪﮔﺎه( ﻧﯿﺎز ﺑﻪ اﺻﻼح دارد‬ (‫)را ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان( ﺳﮑﻪ )ﻣﯿﺸﻨﺎﺳﻨﺪ‬
121
4 Sepahua in Peru
1. Sepahua, a ramshackle town on the edge of Peru’s Amazon jungle, nestles in a pocket on the map
where a river of the same name flows into the Urubamba.
2. That pocket denotes a tiny patch of legally loggable land sandwiched between four natural reserves,
all rich in mahogany and accessible from the town.
3. In 2001 the government egged on by WWF, a green group, tried to regulate logging in the relatively
small part of the Peruvian Amazon where this is allowed.
4. It abolished the previous system of annual contracts.
5. Instead, it auctioned 40-year concessions to areas ruled off on a map, with the right to log 5% of the
area each year. The aim was to encourage strict management plans and sustainable extraction.
SEPAHUA sandwiched WWF abolished 40 year/ strict
WWF‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺪوﯾﭻ ﻫﺎش ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﻪ‬ Sepahua ‫در ﺷﻬﺮ‬
.‫ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺳﺨﺖ ﮔﯿﺮي ﻧﮑﻨﻨﺪ‬40 ‫ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن رو ﻟﻐﻮ ﮐﺮد‬
122
5 Market vs. Policy

1. Markets may be good at encouraging innovation, and following trends, but there were no good at
ensuring social inequality.
2. They had become rapidly dominated by powerful enterprises who were unable to act in their own
interests, against the interests of both workers and consumers.
3. There had already been some legislation to prevent such abuses such as various Factory Acts to
prevent the exploitation of child workers, or Acts designed to prevent manufacturers from adulterating
bread.
4. Mill was able to see an expanded role for the State in such legislation to protect us against powerful
interests.
5. He was able to argue that the State was the only organ that was genuinely capable of responding to
social needs and social interests, unlike markets.
Markets/ encouraging consumers bread to see genuinely
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر واﻗﻌﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ ﺑﺒﯿﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫)ﺑﻪ ﺧﺮﯾﺪ( ﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﯾﺎن را‬ ‫ﺑﺎزار ﻫﺎ ﺗﺸﻮﯾﻖ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬
123
1. International dateline, imaginary line on the earth’s surface, generally following the 180° meridian of
longitude, where, by international agreement, travelers change dates.
2. Traveling eastward across the line, one subtracts one calendar day; traveling westward, one adds a
day.
3. The date line is necessary to avoid a confusion that would otherwise result.
4. For example, if an airplane were to travel westward with the sun, 24 hours would elapse as it circled
the globe, but it would still be the same day for those in the airplane while it would be one day later for
those on the ground below them.
5. The same problem would arise if two travelers journeyed in opposite directions to a point on the
opposite side of the earth, 180° of longitude distant.
6. The apparent paradox is resolved by requiring that the traveler crossing the date line change his date,
thus bringing the travelers into agreement when they meet.
by international agreement calendar/ adds a day to avoid a confusion

24 hours two travelers when they meet
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي از ﮔﯿﺞ ﺷﺪن‬ ‫روزي ﺑﻪ ﺗﻘﻮﯾﻢ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ‬
.‫زﻣﺎﻧﯿﮑﻪ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ را ﻣﻼﻗﺎت ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫دو ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻪ‬24
124
7 Sydney Fireworks
1. Fireworks and special effects, including a red “waterfall” from the bridge base, will turn the structure
built in 1932 into a giant Aboriginal flag shortly after the sun sets for the last time in 2015.
2. “It’s about how we’re all so affected by the harbor and its surrounds, how special it is to all of us and
how it moves us,” said the Welcome to Country’s creative director, Rhoda Roberts.
3. From 8:40pm, the bridge will be turned into a canvas showing the Welcome to Country ceremony.
4. Fireworks and special effects will also turn the bridge into a giant Aboriginal flag before the 9pm
fireworks display.
red waterfall harbor 8:40pm 9pm
.‫ﺷﺐ روﺷﻦ اﺳﺖ‬9 ‫ﺗﺎ‬ 8:40 ‫از ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬ ‫در ﺑﻨﺪرﮔﺎه‬ ‫آﺑﺸﺎرﻗﺮﻣﺰ‬
125
1. In the early years of the twenty-first century the impact of immigrants on the welfare state and,
specifically, the capacity of the welfare state to absorb large numbers of immigrants has become a
staple of discussion among policy makers and politicians.
2. It is also a recurrent theme in the press, from the highbrow pages of Prospect to the populism of the
Daily Mail.
3. Inevitably, these discussions focus on present-day dilemmas.
4. But the issues themselves are not new and have historical roots that go much deeper than have been
acknowledged.
Immigrants daily Mail focus on Present-day historical roots
(.‫ﮐﻪ رﯾﺸﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ داﺷﺖ )ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﺑﺮ وﻗﺎﯾﻊ اﻣﺮوز‬ ‫اﯾﻤﯿﻞ روزاﻧﻪ را‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﯾﻦ‬
126
9 Jet Stream
1. Jet stream, narrow, swift currents or tubes of air found at heights ranging from 7 to 8 mi (11.3–12.9
km) above the surface of the earth.
2. They are caused by great temperature differences between adjacent air masses.
3. Instead of moving along a straight line, the jet stream flows in a wavelike fashion; the waves
propagate eastward (in the Northern Hemisphere) at speeds considerably slower than the wind speed
itself.
4. Since the progress of an airplane is aided or impeded depending on whether tail winds or head winds
are encountered, in the Northern Hemisphere the jet stream is sought by eastbound aircraft, in order to
gain speed and save fuel, and avoided by westbound aircraft.
Jet stream/ at heights ranging from 7 to 8 mi temperature differences

slower than the wind save fuel
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ اﺧﺘﻼف دﻣﺎ‬ ‫ ﻣﺎﯾﻠﯽ‬8-7 ‫ﺟﺖ اﺳﺘﺮﯾﻢ در ارﺗﻔﺎع‬
.‫ﺗﺎ در ﻣﺼﺮف ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺻﺮﻓﻪ ﺟﻮﯾﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‬ ‫آرام ﺗﺮ از ﺑﺎد ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‬
127
10 Web Security
1. In the lobby of Google’s1 (an internet search engine company’s) headquarters in Mountain View,
California, computer screens display lists of the words being entered into the company’s search engine.
2. Although it (Google) says that the system is designed to filter out any scandalous or potentially
compromising queries, the fact that even a fraction of searches can be seen by visitors to the world’s
biggest search company is likely to come as a shock to internet users who think of web browsing as a
private affair.
3. However, that may be changing.
4. Over the past year, a series of privacy gaffes and government attempts to gain access to internet
users’ online histories have, along with consolidation among online search and advertising groups,
thrust the issue of internet privacy into the spotlight.
5. This presents a challenge to Google and other internet search companies, which have built a multi-
billion dollar industry out of targeted advertising based on the information users reveal about
themselves online.
Search engine (Google) / California filter/ scandalous queries changing
user’s histories/ privacy multi-billion dollar industry
‫)اﯾﻦ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ( در ﺣﺎل ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮه‬ ‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮﻫﺎي ﭘﺮﺟﻨﺠﺎل را ﻓﯿﻠﺘﺮ ﻣﯽ ﮐﺮد‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺗﻮر ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮﯾﯽ در ﮐﺎﻟﯿﻔﺮﻧﯿﺎ‬
.(‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﯿﻠﯿﺎر دﻻري )راه اﻧﺪاﺧﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫واز ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﭽﻪ ﺣﺮﯾﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮان‬
.‫ ذﮐﺮ ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ‬google ‫ ﻧﺎم‬smash ‫ در ﻓﺎﯾﻞ‬1
128
11 Pilot
1. After finishing first in his pilot training class, Lindbergh took his first job as the chief pilot of an airmail
route operated by Robertson Aircraft Co. of Lambert Field in St. Louis, Missouri.
2. He flew the mail in a de Havilland DH-4 biplane to Springfield, Peoria and Chicago, Illinois.
3. During his tenure on the mail route, he was renowned for delivering the mail under any
circumstances.
4. After a crash, he even salvaged stashes of mail from his burning aircraft and immediately phoned
Alexander Varney, Peoria’s airport manager, to advise him to send a truck.
Pilot flew delivering the mail crash
.‫اﻣﺎ ﺳﻘﻮط ﮐﺮد‬ ‫ﺗﺎ ﻣﯿﻞ را ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ دﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮواز ﮐﺮد‬ ‫ﺧﻠﺒﺎن‬
129
1. Technology has drawbacks but also benefits;
2. For example, mobile phone;
3. Someone driving a car and calling, causing an accident or hazard;
4. But we cannot deny the benefits of science and technology;
drawbacks mobile accident but/ cannot deny the benefits
.‫اﻣﺎ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺗﻮان ﻣﻨﮑﺮ ﻣﺰاﯾﺎي آن ﺷﺪ‬ ،‫ﺗﺼﺎدف اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺑﺎﯾﻞ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﮐﺮدن‬ ‫از ﻣﻌﺎﯾﺐ‬
130
13 Brazilian Music
1. 1938, Brazil’s music and folk’s what
2. Then Brazilian
3. Their record is a natural voice, the voice of cattle and sheep
4. What is the record intension 1-16 the second
1938/ music Brazilian the voice of cattle and sheep intension/16 the second
.‫ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﻪ اﺳﺖ‬16 ‫ﺑﺎ ﺷﺪت‬ ‫)ﺷﺎﻣﻞ( ﺻﺪاي ﮔﺎو و ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮزﯾﻠﯽ‬ 1938 ‫ﻣﻮزﯾﮏ ﺳﺎل‬
131
14 Vegetarian
1. Vegetarian eat things which do not include meat.
2. The school restaurant according to their request to make the relevant food.
3. Many vegetarian also attract non vegetarians.
4. Many vegetarians have been successful from these foods.
5. But this diet still has some risk.
Vegetarian/meat school restaurant attract successful But/ diet/ risk
(‫ﺑﻪ رﺳﺘﻮران ﻣﺪرﺳﻪ )ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻏﺬاﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ را دادﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺨﻮاران ﮐﻪ ﮔﻮﺷﺖ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪ‬
.‫اﻣﺎ اﯾﻦ رژﯾﻢ ﺧﻄﺮاﺗﯽ ﻫﻢ دارد‬ ‫و اﻣﺮي ﻣﻮﻓﻘﯿﺖ آﻣﯿﺰ‬ (‫ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺟﺬب )ﻫﻤﻪ ﺳﻠﯿﻘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺷﺪ‬
132
15 Sick Scientist
1. A scientist is sick.
2. He lost his memory and does not know where the kitchen is
3. But when he is hungry at night, he is automatically finding the location of the kitchen.
4. The scientists have studied it confirmed that 100 years ago.
Sick lost his memory hungry/ finding/ kitchen confirmed/100 years ago
‫اﻣﺎ زﻣﺎن ﮔﺮﺳﻨﮕﯽ آﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ را ﭘﯿﺪا ﻣﯿﮑﺮد‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ اش را از دﺳﺖ داد‬ ‫ﻓﺮد ﺑﯿﻤﺎر‬
.‫ﺳﺎل ﭘﯿﺶ ﺗﺎﯾﯿﺪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮد‬100 ‫اﯾﻦ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺖ‬
133
16 Retired Engineer
1. In 1992, a retired engineer in San Diego contracted a rare brain disease that wiped out his memory.
2. Every day he was asked where the kitchen was in his house, and every day he didn’t have the foggiest
idea.
3. Yet whenever he was hungry he got up and propelled himself straight to the kitchen to get something
to eat.
4. Studies of this man led scientists to a breakthrough: the part of our brains where habits are stored has
nothing to do with memory or reason.
5. It offered proof of what the US psychologists William James noticed more than a century ago – that
humans “are mere walking bundles of habits”.
a retired engineer was asked hungry noting to do walking
.‫ﻗﺪم ﺑﺰﻧﺪ‬ ‫و ﮐﺎري ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺠﺎم دادن ﻧﺪارد‬ ‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﮔﺮﺳﻨﻪ اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‬ ‫از ﯾﮏ ﻣﻬﻨﺪس ﺑﺎزﻧﺸﺴﺘﻪ‬
134
1. Innovation in India is as much due to entrepreneurialism as it is to IT skills, says Arun Maria, chairman
2. Indian businessmen have used IT to create new business models that enable them to provide services
research.
3. He suggests the country’s computer services industry can simply outsource research to foreign
4. “This way, I will have access to the best scientists in the world without having to produce them
Innovation Indian businessmen foreign universities best scientists
.‫و ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ داﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪان اﺳﺖ‬ ‫)در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ( داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺎزرﮔﺎﻧﺎن ﻫﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻗﯿﺖ‬
135
1. The Environmental Revolution has been almost three decades in the making, and it has changed
forever how companies do business.
2. In the 1960s and 1970, corporations were in a state of denial regarding their impact on the
environment.
3. Then a series of highly visible ecological problems created a groundswell of support for strict
4. In the United States, Lake Erie was dead. In Europe, the Rhine was on fire. In Japan, people were dying
of mercury poisoning.
5. Today many companies have accepted their responsibility to do no harm to the environment.
Environmental Revolution 1960s ecological problem of mercury poisoning
today/ harm to the environment
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﻣﯿﺖ ﺟﯿﻮه‬ ‫در ﭘﯽ ﻣﺸﮑﻼت اﮐﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ‬ 1960 ‫در دﻫﻪ‬ (‫اﻧﻘﻼب ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺘﯽ )ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد آﻣﺪ‬
.‫)در ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ( اﻣﺮوزه آﺳﯿﺒﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ ﻧﻤﯽ زﻧﻨﺪ‬
136
19 German Invasion
1. German invasion of Poland officially triggered the Second World War.
2. In the beginning, Britain and France were hopeful that Poland should be able to defend her borders.
3. But Polish forces could not defend long a border.
4. They lacked compact defense lines and additionally their supply line were also poorly protected.
5. Meanwhile, the world had woken up to the potential of atomic energy and countries were conducting
tests to exploits the same.
German invasion In the beginning Polish/ could not defend
lacked compact defense atomic energy
‫و اﻧﺮژي اﺗﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻓﻘﺪان دﻓﺎع ﻓﺸﺮده‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺴﺘﺎن ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ دﻓﺎع ﻧﺪاﺷﺖ‬ ‫در اﺑﺘﺪا‬ ‫در زﻣﺎن ﺣﻤﻠﻪ آﻟﻤﺎن‬
137
20 Ocean Floors
1. The topography of the ocean floors is none too well known, since in great areas, the available
2. However, the floor of Atlantic is becoming fairly well known as a result of special surveys since 1920.
3. A broad, well-defined ridge - the Mid-Atlantic ridge - runs north and south between Africa and the
two Americas.
4. Numerous other major irregularities diversify the Atlantic floor.
5. Closely spaced surroundings show that many parts of the ocean floors are as rugged as mountainous
regions of the continents.
Topography floor of Atlantic/1920 defined irregularities rugged
‫و ﻧﺎﻫﻤﻮار‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﺷﺪ‬ 1920 ‫ﮐﻒ اﻗﯿﺎﻧﻮس اﻃﻠﺲ در ﺳﺎل‬ ‫ﺗﻮﭘﻮﮔﺮاﻓﯽ‬
138
21 Health
1. It is natural to be healthy, but we wandered so far astray that disease is the rule and good health the
exception.
2. Of course, most people are well enough to attend to their work, but nearly all are suffering from some
ill, mental or physical, acute or chronic.
3. There is too much illness, too much suffering.
4. We are losing every year a vast army of individuals who are in their productive prime.
5. The average individual is of less value to himself, to his family and to society than he could be.
It is natural people too much illness army less value
(‫ارزش ﮐﻤﺘﺮي )داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫در ارﺗﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻤﺎري زﯾﺎد‬ ‫ﻣﺮدﻣﯽ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯿﻪ‬
139
22 Top Executives
1. The top executives of the large, mature, publicly held companies hold the conventional view when
they stop to think of the equity owners’ welfare.
2. They assume that they’re using their shareholders’ resources efficiently if the company’s performance
- especially ROE and earnings per share - is good and if the shareholders don’t rebel.
3. They assume that the stock market automatically penalizes any corporation that invests it resources
poorly.
4. So companies investing well grow, enriching themselves and shareholders alike, and ensure
management.
5. In short, stock market performance and the company’s financial performance are inexorably linked.
Owners’ welfare rebel/ROE penalize replacement inexorably
‫از روي ﺳﻨﮕﺪﻟﯽ‬ ‫و ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻦ ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎزات‬ ROE ‫ﭼﻮن ﻓﺮد ﺷﻮرﺷﯽ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫رﻓﺎه ﻣﺎﻟﮑﺎن اﯾﺠﺎد ﺷﺪ‬
140
1. With regard to defense, the purpose of the military is to defend the nation and be prepared to do
battle with its enemy.
2. How do you battle with your enemy?
3. The idea is to destroy the enemy’s productive capacity, and depending upon the economic
4. So in the agrarian era, if you need to destroy the enemy’s productive capacity, what you want to do is
bum his fields, or if you’re really vicious, salt them.
5. But in the industrial era, destroying the enemy’s productive capacity means bombing the factories
which are located in the cities.
6. Now in the information era, destroying the enemy’s productive capacity means destroying the
information infrastructure.
defense how case salt bombing information
‫ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬.3 ‫ ﺑﻤﺐ اﻧﺪاﺧﺘﻦ‬.2 ‫ ﻧﻤﮏ رﯾﺨﺘﻦ‬.1 :‫ﻣﻮارد‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺑﮕﯿﺮد؟؟‬ ‫دﻓﺎع ﮐﺮدن‬
141
24 Ants
1. The communities of ants are sometimes very large, numbering even to 500,000 individuals.
2. And it is a lesson to us that no one has ever yet seen quarrel between any two ants belonging to the
same community.
3. However, they are in hostility not only with most other insects, including ants of different species, but
even with those of the same species if belonging to different communities.
4. I have over and over again introduced ants from one my nets into another nest of the same species,
and they were invariably attacked, seized by a leg or an antenna, and dragged out.
5. It is evident, therefore, that the ants of each community all recognize one another, which is very
remarkable.
500000/ants quarrel hostility another nest remarkable
.‫ﮐﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻻﻧﻪ دﯾﮕﺮ دارﻧﺪ‬ ‫وﺧﺼﻮﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺰاع‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﭼﻪ‬500000
142
2. Add some generous helpings of debt, a few spoonful of management incentives and trim all the fat.
underperforming company debt five years 200 years
(!‫ ﺳﺎل )ﻃﻮل ﮐﺸﯿﺪ‬200 (‫)اﻣﺎ‬ (‫ﺳﺎل )ﺑﺪﻫﺪ‬5 (‫)در ﻋﺮض‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻫﯽ را‬ (‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺿﻌﯿﻒ )ﻗﺮار ﺑﻮد‬
143
26 Barnes’s Books
1. Unlike Barnes’ previous books, Mother of Storms has a fairly large cast of viewpoint characters.
2. This usually irritates me, but I didn’t mind it here, and their interactions are well-handled and
informative, although occasionally in moving those about the author’s manipulation are a bit blatant.
3. They’re not all necessarily good guys, either, although with the hurricanes wrecking wholesale
4. But even the Evil American Corporate Magnate is a pretty likable guy.
Mother of Storms blatant good pretty
(‫و ﻗﺸﻨﮓ )اﺳﺖ‬ ‫اﻣﺎ ﺧﻮب‬ ‫ﺑﺎ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺮوﺻﺪا اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎدر ﻃﻮﻓﺎن‬
144
27 Asian Paradox
1. In May 2006 researchers a Yale University School of Medicine weighed in on the issue with a review
article that looked at more than 100 studies on the health benefits of green tea.
2. They pointed to what they called an “Asian paradox” which refers to lower rates of heart disease and
cancer in Asia despite high rates of cigarette smoking.
3. They theorized that the 1.2 liters of green tea that is consumed by many Asians each day provides
high levels of polyphenols and other antioxidants.
4. The compounds may work in several ways to improve cardiovascular health, including preventing
blood platelets from sticking together and improving cholesterol levels.
5. Specifically (to be more specific), green tea may prevent the oxidation of LDL cholesterol (the bad
type), which, in turn, can reduce the buildup in arteries, the researchers wrote.
researchers / Yale University rates of heart disease 1.2 liters of green tea
blood arteries
‫ﻟﯿﺘﺮ ﭼﺎي ﺳﺒﺰ‬1,2 ‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﺼﺮف‬ (‫ﻣﯿﺰان ﺑﯿﻤﺎري ﻗﻠﺒﯽ )ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﯽ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ‬ (‫ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﯾﯿﻞ )درﯾﺎﻓﺘﻨﺪ‬
( .‫در ﺷﺮﯾﺎن ﻫﺎ )ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻣﯽ اﻧﺪازد‬ ‫)زﯾﺮا( ﺧﻮن را‬
145
28 Literacy Project
1. A University of Canberra student has launched the nation’s first father- led literacy project, to
2. Julia Bocking’s Literacy and Dads (LADS) project aims to increase the number of fathers participating
as literacy helpers in K-2 school reading programs at Queanbeyan Primary Schools.
3. “There’s no program like this in Australia,” Ms. Bocking said, who devised the project as the final
component of her community education degree at the University.
4. Having worked as a literacy tutor with teenagers, Ms. Bocking saw the need for good attitudes
A university of Canberra student dads in Australia tutor
(‫)ﺑﺎﯾﺪ(ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ )ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫در ﮐﺸﻮر اﺳﺘﺮاﻟﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﺪران‬ ( :‫ﯾﮏ داﻧﺸﺠﻮي داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮐﺎﻧﺒﺮا )ﮔﻔﺖ‬
146
29 Volkswagen
1. Despite posting healthy profits, Volkswagen shares trade at a discount to pears, due to bad reputation
among investors.
2. A disastrous capital hike, an expensive foray into truck business and uncertainty about the reason for
a share buyback has in recent years left investors bewildered.
3. The main problem with Volkswagen is the past.
4. Many investors have been disappointed and frightened away.
5. Volkswagen shares trade at about nine times the 2002 estimated earnings, compared to BMW ‘s 19
and are the second cheapest in the sector.
Volkswagen/reputation disastrous main problem

disappointed compared to BMW
(!‫ )ﮐﻢ ﻣﯿﺎره‬BMW‫در ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺎاﻣﯿﺪ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه اﯾﻨﻪ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﮑﻞ اﺻﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺟﻌﻪ ﺑﺎر ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮت ﻓﻮﻟﮑﺲ واﮔﻦ‬
147
30 Advertisement
1. Over the years, I have had the opportunities to observe and understand the thought process behind
the ads that have been flooding both the print and the TV.
2. Although there is a huge shift in the quality of ads that we come across on daily basis thanks
3. There is an increasing attempt by most companies to be seen as cool and funky.
4. Another reason could be the burgeoning number of companies, which means an exponential increase
in the number of ads that are being made.
5. Proportionally, the numbers of ads that lack in quality have gone up exponentially as well
TV message cool means lack in quality
(.‫ﮐﻤﺒﻮد ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ )اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي‬ (‫ﺳﺮد )ﭘﺨﺶ ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺎﻣﯽ‬ ‫در ﺗﻠﻮﯾﺰﯾﻮن‬
148
1. Cash transactions offer both privacy and anonymity as it does not contain information that can be
used to identify the parties nor the transaction history. Moreover, money is worth it is because we have
come to accept it.
2. Moreover, money is worth what it is because we have come to accept it.
3. The whole structure of traditional money is built on faith and so will electronic money have to be.
4. Electronic transactions are happening in closed group networks and Internet. Electronic commerce is
one of the most important aspects of internet to emerge.
5. To support e-commerce, we need effective payment systems and secure communication channels
and data integrity.
Cash accept traditional/faith internet e-commerce
.‫ﺗﺠﺎرت اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮑﯽ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﯿﺸﻪ‬ ‫)اﻣﺎ اﻣﺮوزه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ( اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬ ‫در اﻋﺘﻘﺎد ﺳﻨﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﯿﺸﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻮل ﻧﻘﺪ‬
149
32 NASA
1. A team of scientists has discovered two Earth-like planets in the habitable orbit of Sun-like star.
2. Using observations gathered by NASA’s Kepler Mission, the team found five planets orbiting a Sun-like
star called Kepler-62.
3. Four of these planets are so-called super-Earths, larger than our own planet, but smaller than even
the smallest ice giant planet in our Solar System.
4. These new super-Earths have radii of 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, and 1.9 times that of Earth. In addition, one of the
five was a roughly Mars-sized planet, half the size of Earth.
two Earth-like planets NASA smaller /ice giant planet Mars-sized
.‫و اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺮﯾﺦ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﮐﻮﭼﮑﺘﺮ از ﺳﯿﺎره ﻏﻮل ﭘﯿﮑﺮ ﯾﺦ‬ (‫ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ )ﮐﺸﻒ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‬ ‫دو ﺳﯿﺎره زﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
150
33 Marquez
1. Marquez arrived in October 1577 at the abandoned town of Santa Elena with two ships carrying pre-
fabricated posts and heavy planking.
2. He erected fort San Marcos in six days in defense against a Native American attack such as the one
that forced the abandonment of the town a year earlier.
3. The town had flourished, nearing 400 residents, since its establishment more than a decade earlier in
1566 by Pedro Menendez de Aviles who had founded La Florida and St. Augustine the year before.
4. In 1571, it became the capital of La Florida.
abandoned town fort San Marcos 400 residents capital
( .‫)ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان( ﭘﺎﯾﺘﺨﺖ )اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺮ ﺳﺎﮐﻦ آﻧﺠﺎ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‬400 ‫و‬ (‫ﻗﻠﻌﻪ ﺳﻦ ﻣﺎرﮐﻮ )ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‬ ‫در ﯾﮏ ﺷﻬﺮ رﻫﺎ ﺷﺪه‬
!‫ در اﯾﻦ ﺳﻮال ﻓﺮﯾﺐ ﺗﻮاﻟﯽ ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎ را ﻧﺨﻮرﯾﻢ‬:‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‬
151
1. Paleontologists still argue about the origins of major groups, though new fossil finds since Darwin’s
time have cleared up many of the disparities in the fossil record. Even during Darwin’s lifetime, some
transitional forms were found.
2. Today, many years later, many believe that evolution has progressed at the same steady rate and that
the absence of transitional forms can be explained by Darwin’s argument that there are huge gaps in the
fossil record and that transition usually occurred in one restricted locality.
3. Others, however, believe that the fossil evidence suggests that, at various stages in the history of life,
evolution progressed rapidly, in spurts, and that major changes occurred at these points.
4. An evolving group may have reached a stage at which it had an advantage over other groups and was
able to exploit new niches in nature. Climate change may also have produced a “spurt”, as might the
extinction of other groups or species, leaving many niches vacant.
Paleontologists Today history an advantage
(.‫ﯾﮏ ﻣﺰﯾﺖ )ﻣﯽ داﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ را‬ ‫اﻣﺮوزه‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻟﺌﻮﻧﺘﻮﻟﻮژﯾﺴﺖ ﻫﺎ‬
152
35 Foreign Aid
1. But beginning in the 1990s, foreign aid had begun to slowly improve.
2. Scrutiny by the news media shamed many developed countries into curbing their bad practices.
3. Today, the projects of organizations like the World Bank are meticulously inspected b watchdog
groups.
4. Although the system is far from perfect, it is certainly more transparent than it was when foreign aid
routinely helped ruthless dictators stay in power.
1990s news media watchdog groups dictators
(.‫دﯾﮑﺘﺎﺗﻮرﻫﺎ )را ﺳﺮﻧﮕﻮن ﮐﺮدﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺘﯽ‬ (‫رﺳﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺒﺮي )ﻧﺸﺎن دادﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ‬ 199 ‫دردﻫﻪ‬
153
1. Great progress was made in the field of aviation during the 1920s and 1930s, such as Charles
Lindbergh’s transatlantic flight in 1927, and Charles Kingsford Smith’s transpacific flight the following
year.
2. One of the most successful designs of this period was the Douglas DC-3, which became the first
airliner that was profitable carrying passengers exclusively, starting the modern era of passenger airline
service.
3. By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built airports, and there were numerous
quailed pilots available.
4. The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first jet aircraft and the first liquid-fueled
rockets.
Charles Lindbergh One of the most successful pilots war
(.‫در ﺟﻨﮓ )ﺑﻮد‬ ‫ﺧﻠﺒﺎﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﭼﺎرﻟﺰ ﻟﯿﻨﺪﻧﺒﺮ‬
154
37 3-D Print
1. Researchers have developed a system that can 3-D print the basic structure of an entire building.
2. Structure built with this system could be produced faster and less expensively than traditional
3. Even the internal structure could be modified in new ways; different materials could be incorporated
as the process goes along.
4. Ultimately, the scientist say, this approach could enable the design and the construction of new
buildings that would not be feasible with traditional building methods.
3-D print faster and less expensively different materials feasible
.‫را اﻣﮑﺎن ﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ‬ ‫)ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد( ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﺳﺮﯾﻊ ﺗﺮ و ارزان ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ 3-D print
155
38 Carbon Detox
1. In his fascinating book Carbon Detox, George Marshall argues that people are not persuaded by
information.
2. Our views are formed by the views of the people with whom we mix. Of the narratives that might
penetrate these circles, we are more likely to listen to those which offer us some reward.
3. He proposes that instead of arguing for sacrifice, environmentalists should show where the rewards
might lie.
4. We should emphasize the old-fashioned virtues of uniting in the face of a crisis, of resourcefulness
and community action.
George Marshall views of the people might lie old-fashioned
(‫و از ﻣﺪ اﻓﺘﺎده )ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ دروغ‬ ‫دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮدم‬ (‫ﺟﺮج ﻣﺎرﺷﺎل )ﻣﯿﮕﻮﯾﺪ‬
156
39 Healthy Food
1. Fruit and vegetable intake is important for the prevention of future chronic disease. So it’s important
to know whether intakes of teens are approaching national objectives for fruit and vegetable
consumption.
2. Larson and colleagues from the University of Minnesota undertook the study to examine whether or
not teens in the state were increasing their intake of fruits and vegetables. The study gathered
information about fruit and vegetable intake among 944 boys and 1,161 girls in 1999 and again in 2004.
3. Ultimately, Teens in middle adolescence are eating fewer fruits and vegetables than in 1999, Larson
and colleagues found.
4. This is giving us the message that we need new and enhanced efforts to increase fruit and vegetable
intake that we haven’t been doing in the past.
vegetable/ disease University of Minnesota undertook the study
fewer vegetables past
‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﺳﻮﺗﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم داد‬ ‫)در ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ( ﺳﺒﺰي ﺑﺮ ﺑﯿﻤﺎري‬
.‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫)و ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ( ﺳﺒﺰي ﮐﻤﺘﺮي ﻣﺼﺮف ﻣﯿﮑﺮدﻧﺪ‬
157
40 Piano Keys
1. Piano keys are generally made of spruce or basswood.
2. Spruce is normally used in high-quality pianos.
3. Traditionally, the sharps (black keys) were made from ebony and the flats (white keys) were covered
with strips of ivory.
4. But since ivory-yielding species are now endangered and protected by treaty, plastics are now almost
exclusively used.
Piano keys high-quality ivory now / plastics
(.‫اﻣﺎ اﻣﺮوزه از ﭘﻼﺳﺘﯿﮏ )ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯿﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫و از ﻋﺎج ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﯿﺪﻫﺎي ﭘﯿﺎﻧﻮ‬
158
41 Piano Keys
1. In the early years of piano construction, keys were commonly made from sugar pine.
2. Today they are usually made of spruce or basswood.
3. Spruce is typically used in high-quality pianos.
4. Black keys were traditionally made of ebony, and the white keys were covered with strips of ivory.
5. However, since ivory-yielding species are now endangered and protected by treaty, makers use
plastics almost exclusively.
6. Also, ivory tends to chip more easily than plastic.
Sugar Today is used white makers more easily
.‫راﺣﺖ ﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ‬ ‫)ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ آن ﺑﺮاي( ﺳﺎزﻧﺪﮔﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺳﻔﯿﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‬ ‫اﻣﺮوزه‬ ‫ﺷﮑﺮ‬
159
42 Engineers
1. Engineers are much needed to develop greener technologies, he says.
2. “The energy sector has a fantastic skills shortage at all levels, both now and looming over it for the
next 10 years,” he says.
3. “Not only are there some good career opportunities, but there’s a lot of money going into the
research side, too.
4. With the pressures of climate change and the energy gap, in the last few years funding from the
research councils has probably doubled.”
Engineers energy sector a lot of money climate change
.‫)ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﮐﺮدﻧﺪ ﺑﺮاي( ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات آب و ﻫﻮاﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار زﯾﺎدي ﭘﻮل‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ اﻧﺮژي‬ ِ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯿﻦ‬
160
1. The town of Liberal is said to have been named for an early settler famous among travelers for being
free with drinking water.
2. Liberal is conservative in a moderate Midwestern kind of way which is changing fast due to big
National Beef Packing plant which relies on Hispanic migrants and thus four-fifths of the children in
Liberal’s public-school system are Hispanic.
3. This should make the town receptive to Democrats, but Mr Trump easily won the county of which it
forms part.
4. Liberal’s mayor, Joe Denoyer, who was raised in a Democratic family near Chicago and moved to
Liberal in search of work.
5. Mr Denoyer voted for Mr Trump by being impressed by his promise, though he thinks it unlikely that
the president will keep his promises.
drinking water Beef county Chicago promise
‫وﻋﺪه داده ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﯿﮑﺎﮔﻮ‬ ‫در ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﺷﺖ ﮔﺎو‬ ‫)اﻓﺰودن( آب آﺷﺎﻣﯿﺪﻧﯽ‬
161
44 Mr Bloomberg
1. Mr Bloomberg's small-schools initiative has drawn criticism, yet the mayor, when faced with
2. Education scholars generally agree that mayors can help failing districts, but they are starting to utter
warnings.
3. Last summer the editors of the Harvard Educational Review warned that mayoral control can reduce
parents’ influence on schools.
4. And they pointed to Mr Bloomberg’s aggressive style as an example of what not to do.
5. All this must be weighed up by the New York state legislature in 2009, when mayoral control is up for
renewal—or scrapping.
small-schools can help control aggressive style New York
‫در ﺷﻬﺮ ﻧﯿﻮﯾﻮرك‬ ‫روش ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﮐﻨﺘﺮل‬ ‫ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺪارس ﮐﻮﭼﮏ‬
162
45 Roads of rails
1. Roads of rails called Wagonways were being used in Germany as early as 1550.
2. These primitive railed roads consisted of wooden rails over which horse-drawn wagons or carts
3. In 1813 The ‘Puffing Billy’ was built by William Hedley to pull coal wagons at the Wylam Colliery in
Northumberland.
4. In 1825, George Stephenson designed locomotives that could pull 21 coal wagons 25 miles at 8mph –
unheard of at the time.
Germany carts was built locomotives
‫)ﻗﺒﻞ از( ﻟﻮﮐﻮﻣﻮﺗﯿﻮ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‬ ‫اراﺑﻪ ﻫﺎ‬ ،‫در ﮐﺸﻮر آﻟﻤﺎن‬
163
46 Fibres
1. Fibres suitable for clothing have been made for the first time from the wheat protein gluten.
2. The fibres are as strong and soft as wool and silk, but up to 30 times cheaper. Narenda Reddy and Yiqi
Yang, who produced the fibres at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, say that because they are
biodegradable they might be used in biomedical applications such as surgical sutures.
3. After five years and $6 billion in development, plus months of delay, Microsoft finally launched its
Vista operating system on 30 January.
4. Vista includes software for better handling of audio and video files, and for searching and sorting
digital images.
5. It has home and business versions, as well as a premium version called Vista Ultimate, which allows
people to use video rather than still images as wallpaper on their PCs.
Wheat silk $6 includes PCs business
‫در ﻣﺸﺎﻏﻞ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯿﻮﺗﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺮار دارد‬ ‫ دﻻري‬6 ‫ﯾﺎ اﺑﺮﯾﺸﻢ‬ ‫)ﻓﺮوش( ﮔﻨﺪم‬
164
1. Now, young people are getting more and more money.
2. spend money faster than making money
3. and then have to be repayment.
young people spend money repayment
‫و در ﺑﺎزﭘﺮداﺧﺖ )ﻣﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻮل ﻫﺎﯾﺸﺎن را ﺧﺮج ﮐﺮده‬ ‫ﺟﻮاﻧﺎن‬
165

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Reorder paragraph #ro

Real Exam Questions

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1. Jumbled paragraphs ………………………………………… 4-56

2. In Correct Order ……………………………….……….…. 57-118

3. Coding (v.2.0) ……………………………….………………. 119-165

C. The first Scottish bank to do this was the Bank of Scotland.

D. But in Scotland, three banks are still allowed to issue banknotes.

D. It abolished the previous system of annual contracts.

5 Market vs. Policy

12 Technology Pros and Cons

B. For example, mobile phone;

C. But we cannot deny the benefits of science and technology;

D. Someone driving a car and calling, causing an accident or hazard;

B. 1938, Brazil’s music and folk’s what

C. What is the record intension 1-16 the second

D. Their record is a natural voice, the voice of cattle and sheep

A. Many vegetarians have been successful from these foods.

B. Many vegetarian also attract non vegetarians.

C. Vegetarian eat things which do not include meat.

E. But this diet still has some risk.

C. The scientists have studied it confirmed that 100 years ago.

16 Arun Maria Boston Consulting

C. More car accident in the morning,

D. Examples and figures, (For example in port Macquarie)

D. Ask what system can be how?

E. These tools .......

B. Finally how will the award be given

C. and then how this festival,

D. and then there are games,

20 Australia’s Immigration Policy

C. We took even more than our share of refugees on a population-weighted basic.

A. The lists also has other publications...;

B. it sorted by dates and ***;

C. A German writer has books list for ***,

D. but it doesn’t provide search function

B. Finally, how can this wagon look like

C. First said before the rail with wood,

D. A few years later a personal invention of the wagon,

23 Cook and Debt

B. Take a company to do an example,

C. pull money, there are mentioned debt,

D. That is the recipe of many....companies.

C. But Polish forces could not defend long a border.

D. German invasion of Poland officially triggered the Second World War.

E. Numerous other major irregularities diversify the Atlantic floor.

B. There is too much illness, too much suffering.

D. How do you battle with your enemy?

31 Recipe for Companies

C. Take an underperforming company.

C. The main problem with Volkswagen is the past.

D. Many investors have been disappointed and frightened away.

E. There is an increasing attempt by most companies to be seen as cool and funky.

D. Moreover, money is worth what it is because we have come to accept it.

C. In 1571, it became the capital of La Florida.

C. We should emphasize the old-fashioned virtues of uniting in the face of a crisis, of

B. Piano keys are generally made of spruce or basswood.

C. Spruce is normally used in high-quality pianos.

48 Young People and Money