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ME P1 Sol2019
ME P1 Sol2019
PAPER REVIEW
In this paper questions on Fluid Mechanics, Refrigeration & Air conditioning, Renewable
For example Section – B is relatively tougher than Section – A. So, choosing 3 questions
IC Engine Hard 32
Subjects Experts,
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2 ESE - 2019 Mains Solutions
SECTION - A
01(a). A main pipe divides into two parallel pipes which again form as one pipe. The length and
diameter of the first parallel pipe are 1000 m and 0.8 m respectively, while the length and
diameter of the second parallel pipe are 1000 m and 0.6 m respectively. Find the rate of flow
in each parallel pipe, if total flow in the main is 2.5 m3/sec. The coefficient of friction for
each parallel pipe is same and equal to 0.005. (12 M)
L1 = 1000 m
d1 = 0.8 m f1 = 4 0.005
Q1
Q = 2.5 m3/s
Q2
f2 = 4 0.005
L2 = 1000 m
d2 = 0.6 m
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3 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
01(b). A reversible engine works between three thermal reservoirs, A, B and C. The engine
absorbs an equal amount of heat from the thermal reservoirs A and B kept at temperatures
TA and TB respectively and rejects heat to the thermal reservoir C kept at temperature TC.
The efficiency of the engine is times the efficiency of the reversible engine which works
between the two reservoirs A and C.
TA TA
Prove that: 2 1 21 (12 M)
TB TC
Sol:
dQ
2nd law 0
T TA TB
Q Q QR
0
TA TB TC Q Q
TA TB QR E W
Q
TA TB TC
QR
QR T TB
TC A
Q TA TB TC
QR T T TB
e 1 =1 C A
2Q 2 TA TB
Efficiency is given as times the efficiency of the reversible engine working between TA & TC
TC TC TA TB
1 1
TA 2 TA TB
TC TC 1 1
1
TA 2 TA TB
TC TC TC
1
TA 2TA 2TB
Multiply both side by TA and divide by TC
TA TA 1 1 TA
TC TC 2 2 TB
1 TA 1 TA
1
2 TB 2 TC
TA TA
2 1 21
TB TC
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4 ESE - 2019 Mains Solutions
01(c). With the help of a neat sketch, explain the working of a thermostatic expansion valve. How
does it cope up with the variable load? (12 M)
Sensing Bulb
and capillary tube
Diaphragm
spring
Internal
Equalizer
ports
Pan Low pressure liquid
refrigerant
Valve and
seat High
Valve pressure
body liquid
The feeler bulb is fixed on the suction line at the outlet of the evaporator to sense the temperature
changes of the refrigerant.
The pressure of the feeler bulb liquid acts on one side of the bellows/diaphragm as it is connected to
it by state of equilibrium because of the two opposing pressures.
The valve setting gets disturbed, when the change in the degree of superheat is encountered, thereby
it moves in the direction depending on which side the pressure is higher.
Normally thermostatic expansion valves are adjusted for a 4.5 to 5.50C superheat.
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5 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
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6 ESE - 2019 Mains Solutions
01(d). The fuel rod of a nuclear reactor is lagged with a tight fitting cladding material to prevent
oxidation of the surface of the fuel rod by direct contact with the coolant. The heat
r2
generation occurs only in the fuel rod according to the following relation: q g qo 1 .
R2
Under steady state conditions, heat generated in the fuel rod is conducted through the
cladding material and then dissipated to the coolant flowing around the cladding by
convection.
Assuming that there is no contact resistance between the fuel rod and cladding, derive an
expression for the heat flux through the fuel rod and cladding material. (12 M)
r2
Sol: Given: qg qo 1
R2
1 qg 1 T
r
r r r k t
T qgr
r
r r k
T qor r2
r 1
r r k R2
d dT qg r3
r r
dr dr k R2
dT qg r 2 r4
r C1
dr k 2 4R 2
dT
r o, 0, c1 0
dr
dT qg r 2 r4
r
dr k 2 4R 2
dT qg r 2 r4
dr rk 2 4R 2
dT qgr r r3
dr rk 2 4R 2
dT qg r r3
dr k 2 4R 2
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7 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
qg r 2 r4
T c2 -----------(1)
k 4 16R 2
r = R,
T = TS
qg R 2 R4
TS c2
k 4 16R 2
qg R 2 R2
TS c2
k 4 16
qgR 2 1 1
TS c2
k 4 16
qgR 2 3
TS c2
k 16
qgR 2 3
C2 TS
16k
Put c2 in equation (1)
2
qg r2 r4 3 qgR
T TS
k 4 16R 2 16 k
2
3 qgR qg r2 r4
T TS
16 k k 4 16R 2
dT
q rod k
dr r R
qg r r3
q rod k
k 2 4R 2 r R
qg R R3
q rod k
k 2 4R 2
qg R R
q rod k
k 2 4
1 1
q rod qgR
2 4
qg k
q rod W / m2
4
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8 ESE - 2019 Mains Solutions
01(e). Compare compression ignition engine with spark ignition engine so far as the following
points are concerned:
(i) Working cycle
(ii) Method of ignition
(iii) Method of fuel supply (12 M)
Sol:
(i) Working cycle of SI engine
Otto cycle:
The main drawback of the Carnot cycle is its impracticability due to high pressure and high volume
ratios employed with comparatively low mean effective pressure. Nicolaus Otto(1876), proposed a
constant – volume heat addition cycle which forms the basis for the working of today’s spark-
ignition engines. The cycle is shown on P-V and T-s diagrams in the following figures
3
P3
3
Pressure
P4 4
Temperature
P2 2 2
P1 1 4
1
V2 =V3 V1 =V4 Entropy
Volume
The process 1-2 represents isentropic compression of the air when the piston moves from bottom
dead centre to top dead centre.
The process 2-3 heat is supplied reversibly at constant volume. This process corresponds to spark-
ignition and combustion in the actual engine.
The process 3 - 4 represents isentropic expansion
The process 4 - 1 represent constant volume heat rejection.
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9 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
2 QS 3
3
Temperature
Pressure
2
4 4
QR 1
0 1
Volume Entropy
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10 ESE - 2019 Mains Solutions
A mixture which contains less air than the stoichiometric requirement is called a rich mixture
(example, A/F ratio of 12:1, 10:1 etc.).
A mixture which contains more air than the Stoichiometric requirement is called a lean mixture
(example, A/F ratio of 17:1, 20:1 etc.)
There is however, a limited range of A/F ratios in a homogeneous mixture, only within which
combustion in an SI engine will occur. Outside this range, the ratio is either too rich or too lean to
sustain flame propagation. This range of useful A/F ratio runs from approximately 9:1 (rich) to 19:1
(lean) as indicated in the figure.
Excess fuel Excess air
9 15 19
Fig: Air - fuel ratio
The carburetor should provide an A/F ratio in accordance with engine operating requirements and
this ratio must be within the combustible range.
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12 ESE - 2019 Mains Solutions
Depending upon the arrangement of the fuel pumps and injectors, solid injection system may be
classified as:
(i) common rail system,
(i) unit injector system,
(ii) individual pump and injector system.
02(a). A jet of water is discharging at 25 kg/sec from a nozzle of 25 mm diameter. The jet from the
nozzle is directed towards a window of a building at a height of 30 m from the ground.
Assuming the nozzle discharge to be a height of 2 m from the ground, determine the greatest
distance from the building where the foreman can stand, so that the jet can reach the
window. (20 M)
Sol: Assumptions:
(i) Air resistance is neglected.
(ii) The flow is steady and incompressible.
Given:
m 25 kg/s , dj = 25 mm
m 25 4
V0 3
= 50.93 m/s
Aj 10 0.0252
x2 1 2 1 2
28 V0 1 t gt = V02 t 2 x2 gt
V02 t 2 2 2
1 2
Or, 28 gt V02 t 2 x2
2
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13 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
2
1 2
28 gt V02 t 2 x2
2
2
2 2 1 2
Or, x= Vt0 28 gt ……….. (iii)
2
1 2
2V02 t 2 28 gt gt
dx 2
and
dt 1 2
2
2 V02 t 2 28 gt
2
dx
For maximum x, 0
dt
1 2
Hence, V02 t 28 gt gt 0
2
1 23
V02 t 28gt g t
2
1 2 2
V02 28g g t
2
V02 28g 2
Or, t2
g2
50.932 28 9.81 2
t = 6.942 s
9.812
Thus, the greatest distance from the building where the foreman can stand, is [from equation (iii)]
2
1
x 50.932 6.9422 28 9.81 6.9422 = 234.75 m
2
02(b). Two rigid tanks shown in Figure 2 (b) each contain 10 kg of N2 gas at 1000 K, 500 kPa.
They are now thermally connected to a reversible heat pump, which heats one and cools the
other with no heat transfer to the surroundings. When one tank in heated to 1500 K, the
process stops. Find the final (P, T) in both tanks and the work input to the heat pump,
assuming constant heat capacities.
QA QB B
A
N2 H.P N2
W
Figure 2(b)
(20 M)
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14 ESE - 2019 Mains Solutions
TA , 2 v A,2 TB, 2 v B, 2
0 mA cv n R n mB cv n R n
TA ,1 v A ,1 TB,1 v B,1
0 0
T v T v
0 mA c v n A,2 R n A,2 m B c v n B, 2 R n B, 2
TA ,1 v A ,1 TB,1 v B,1
mA = mB
TA , 2 TB, 2
0 cv n cv n
TA ,1 TB,1
TA , 2 TB, 2
0 n n
TA ,1 TB,1
TA , 2 TB, 2
n n
TA ,1 TB,1
TB,1 1000K
TA , 2 TA ,1 1000K
TB, 2 1500K
TA,2 = 667 K
Pv P1v1 P2 v 2
Now find pressures R
T T1 T2
T2
Volume is fixed, P2 P1
T1
1500 K
P2, B 500 kPa 750 kPa
1000 K
667 K
P2, A 500 kPa 333 kPa
1000 K
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15 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
02(c) Water is flowing steadily over a smooth flat plate with a velocity of 2 m/sec. The length of
the plate is 30 cm. Calculate
(i) The thickness of the boundary layer 10 cm from the leading edge of the plate;
(ii) The rate of growth of the boundary layer at 10 cm from the leading edge; and
(iii) The drag coefficient on one side of the plate.
Assume parabolic velocity profile.
Kinematic viscosity of water, = 1.02 10-6 m2/sec.
Derive the expressions used in the calculation. (20 M)
Sol: Assumptions:
(i) The flow is steady, incompressible and two-dimensional in x-y plane.
(ii) The boundary layer remains laminar, over the range of interest.
Given:
Smooth flat plate
U = 2 m/s;
L = 30 cm
= 1.02 10-6 m2/s
Velocity profile is parabolic
2
u y y
i.e., 2
U
The momentum thickness is evaluated as:
2
u u y y 2y y2
1 dy = 2 1 2
dy
0
U U 0
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16 ESE - 2019 Mains Solutions
y 4y2 2 y3 y2 2 y3 y4
= 2 2 3 2 3 4
dy
0
y 5y 2 4 y3 y4
= 2 2 3 4
dy
0
y2 5 y3 y4 1 y5
3 2 3
5 4 0
5 1
=
3 5
5 1 2
2 ……….. (i)
3 5 15
Using von-Karman M.I. equation,
d 0
………. (ii)
dx U2
u y y2
where, 0 2 2
U
yy 0
y y 0
U 2
= ………………….... (iii)
2 d 2
15 dx U
d 15
........................ (iv)
dx U
Integrating,
2
15
x c
2 U
But at x = 0, =0 c=0
2
30
Thus, 2
30
x xU Re x
30 x 5.477 x
................... (v)
Re x Re x
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17 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
2 0.1
(i) At x = 10 cm, Re x 6
196078.43
1.02 10
5.477 0.1
x 10 cm
196078.43
= 1.237 10-3 m
Or, x = 10 cm = 1.237 mm
d 15 1
(ii) The rate of growth of the boundary layer,
dx U
d 15 1
dx x 10 cm U x 10 cm
6
15 1.02 10 1
= 3
2 1.237 10
= 6.1843 10-3 m/m
(iii) We know that drag coefficient, CD can be expressed as: (from Equations (iii) & (v)
2 U 4 Re x
CD, x 0
1 2 1 2 U 5.477 x
U U
2 2
4 U 1/ 2
CD, x .x
U 5.477
L 1 L
1 1 4 U
CD, L c D , x dx 2x 2
L0 L U 5.477 0
8 U L
=
L U 5.477
1.46
CD, L
Re L
U L 2 0.3
where Re L 6
588235.29
1.02 10
Thus, the drag coefficient on one side of the plate is
1.46 3
CD 1.904 10
588235.29
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18 ESE - 2019 Mains Solutions
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19 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
03(a). A four-stroke cycle gasoline engine has six single-acting cylinders of 8 cm bore and 10 cm
stroke. The engine is coupled to a brake having a torque radius of 40 cm. At 3200 rpm,
with all cylinders operating, the net brake load is 350 N. When each cylinder in turn is
rendered inoperative, the average net brake load produced at the same speed by the
remaining 5 cylinders is 250 N. Estimate the indicated mean effective pressure of the
engine. With all cylinders operating, the fuel consumption is 0.33 kg/min; calorific value of
fuel is 43 MJ/kg; the cooling water flow rate and temperature rise is 70 kg/min and 10 C
respectively. On test, the engine is enclosed in a thermally and acoustically insulated box
through which the output drive, water, fuel, air and exhaust connections pass. Ventilating
air blown up through the box at the rate of 15 kg/min enters at 17 C and leaves at 62 C.
Draw up a heat balance of the engine stating the items as a percentage of the heat input.
(20 M)
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20 ESE - 2019 Mains Solutions
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21 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
03(b). A simple saturation refrigeration cycle uses R134a as refrigerant. The refrigeration system
operates at 40 C condenser temperature and –16 C evaporation temperature respectively.
If a liquid vapour heat exchanger is installed in the above simple saturation refrigeration
cycle, find the COP and power per ton of refrigeration. The outlet vapour of heat exchanger
is 15 C temperature.
Condenser
Compressor
Sol:
cpl = 1.498 kJ/kgK
s6 = 1.7379 kJ/kgK , T 2
s2 = 1.711 kJ/kgK ,
3 2
h6 = 256.41 kJ/kg, 40 C
4
h2 = 419.43 kJ/kgK ,
15 C
h3 = 256.41 kJ/kg, –16 C 1
c pv 2 = 1.145 kJ/kgK 5 6
h1 h6 c pv1 T1 T6
T1
s1 s6 c pv1 n
T6
288
1.7379 0.831 n
257
= 1.8325 kJ/kgK
s1 = s2 = 1.8325 > 1.7111 (s2 )
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22 ESE - 2019 Mains Solutions
T2
s1 s2 c pv 2 n
T2
T2
1.8325 1.7111 1.145 n
313
T2 1.8325 1.7111
n 0.106
313 1.145
T2 = 313 e0.106 = 348 K
h2 = h2 + c pv 2 T2 T2
389.02 230.65
459.5 414.78
158.37
3.54
44.72
HP 4.72 4.72
1.33
TR COP 3.54
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23 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
03(c). Moist air at 28 C DBT and 20.6 WBT and 101.325 kPa barometric pressure flows over a
cooling coil and leaves it at a state of 10 C DBT and with specific humidity 7.046 gm/kg of
dry air.
(i) If the air is required to offset a sensible heat gain of 2.35 kW and a latent heat gain of
0.31 kW in a space to be air-conditioned, calculate the mass of dry air which must be
supplied to the room in order to maintain a DBT of 21 C in the room.
(ii) What will be the relative humidity in the room?
(iii) If a sensible heat gain diminishes by 1.175 kW but latent heat gain remains unchanged,
at what temperature and moisture content must the air be supplied to the room?
Take specific capacity of air as 1.012 kJ/kg K, latent enthalpy of water at 21 C is
2454 kJ/kg. Show the processes on the psychrometric chart. (20 M)
40.64
1
WBT = 20.6
R
2= 7.046 10–3
2 kgvap/kgda
x
TR = Tx
T2 = 10 C T1 = 28 C
DBT
kJ
m a kg / sec c p hs Tx T2 RSHL kW
kgK
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24 ESE - 2019 Mains Solutions
c p hs c Pa 2 c Pv
m a 21 10 1.0252 2.35
(i) Mass of dry air supply to room,
2.35
ma 0.2084 kg / sec
11 1.0252
ma h R h2 RTHL kW
0.2084 (hR - 27.87) = 2.66
266
hR 27.87
0.2084
= 40.64 kJ/kg d.a
(iii) TR = 21 C,
R = 0.0074,
R = 48%,
1
hR = 40.64 kJ/kgda
R
TX = TR = 21 C 2
x
RSHL = 2.35 - 1.175 = 1.175 kW
RLHL = 0.31 kW DBT
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25 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
0.31
hx 40.64 = 39.15 kJ/kgda
0.2084
ma h x h2 RSHL kW
04(a). A geothermal source provides 10 kg/s of hot water at 500 kPa, 150 C flowing into a flash
evaporator that separates vapour and liquid at 200 kPa. Find the three fluxes of availability
(inlet and two outlets) and the irreversibility rate. Take ambient temperature as 25 C.
1 2
Vapour
N2
3
Liquid
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26 ESE - 2019 Mains Solutions
Mass balance:
m1 m2 m3
Energy balance :
m1h1 m2h 2 m3h 3
h1 = x h2 + (1 – x) h3
h1 h 3
x
h 2 h3
Here the fraction of vapour coming out from the flash chamber is x enthalpy at state 1 is h1 ,
enthalpy at state 2 is h2 and enthalpy at state 3 is h3.
632.18 504.68
x = 0.0579
2706.63 504.68
Now mass of vapour
m2
x
m1
m2 x m1
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27 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
1 m1 h1 h 0 To s1 s o
= 10 [(632.18 – 104.87) – 298(1.8417 – 0.3673)]
= 877.2 kW
Availability at state 2
2 m2 h 2 h0 To s 2 so
= 0.579 [(2706.63 – 104.87) – 298(7.1271 – 0.3673)]
= 339.5 kW
Availability at state 3
3 m3 h 3 h0 To s3 so
= 9.421 [(504.68 – 104.87) – 298(1.53 – 0.3673)]
= 500.7 kW
Now,
Irreversibility, I = 1 + 2 + 3
04(b). Air at a mean velocity of 20 m/sec flows through a 2 cm diameter tube whose surface is
maintained at 200 C. The temperature of air as it enters the tube at inlet is 20 C and leaves
the tube at 180 C. Determine
(i) The length of the tube required to heat the water from 20 C to 180 C, and
(ii) The pumping power required to maintain the flow.
Assume f = 0.3164/(ReD)1/4.
Properties of air at the mean film temperature Tf :
density = = 0.8345 kg/m3;
Specific heat = cp = 1015 J/kg K;
Dynamic viscosity, = 2.3825 10-5 kg/m.s; Pr = 0.703;
Thermal conductivity, k = 0.034425 W/mK. (20 M)
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28 ESE - 2019 Mains Solutions
To Ts h DL
n
Ti Ts m cp
f = 0.029081
P f L u2
hf
g 2gD
fLu 2
P
2D
2
0.8345 0.029081 2.607 20
P
2 0.02
P = 632.669 N/m2
V flow rate A c u D2 u
4
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29 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
2
0.02 20
4
= 0.006283 m3/s
Power required = P V = 632.669 0.006283 = 3.975 W
S
v1 = 0.7 m3/kg,
h1 = 183.2 kJ/kg,
h2 = 203.2 kJ/kg
s1 = 0.702 kJ/kgK,
s2 = 0.6825 kJ/kgK
P1 = 2.1912 bar,
P2 = 9.607 bar
s1 = s2 = 0.702 > s2
Super heated state
T2
s1 = s2 = s2 + cpv n
T2
T2
0.702 0.6825 0.759 n
313
T2 s1 s 2 0.702 0.6825
n = 0.02569
313 c pv 0.759
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30 ESE - 2019 Mains Solutions
Performance characteristics :
Work of compression = h2 – h1
= 209.39 – 183.2 = 26.18 kJ/kg
As clearance is zero, volumetric efficiency is 100 %.
D2 L N x
Mass flow rate = 4
60 v1
2
0.08 0.06 1450 1
4 = 0.0104 kg/sec
60 0.7
P2 9.607
Pressure ratio = 4.384
P1 2.1912
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31 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
SECTION - B
05(a). A single – cylinder, single-acting, square reciprocating pump has piston diameter and stroke
length of 300 mm. The pump is placed such that the vertical distance between the center-line
of the pump and sump level is 5 m. The water is being delivered at a height of 22 m above
the centerline of the pump. The suction and delivery pipes are 8 m and 28 m long
respectively, and diameter of both the pipes is 150 mm. If the pump is running at 30 rpm
and coefficient of friction for suction and delivery pipe is 0.005, estimate the theoretical
power required to drive the pump (kW). (12 M)
Sol: Assumptions:
(i) The motion of the plunger inside the cylinder is treated as a simple harmonic motion.
(ii) The crank rotates with a constant angular velocity rad/s.
(iii) The connecting rod is considered to be very long compared to crank radius.
Given data:
D = 0.3 m = L; f=4 0.005 = 0.02;
Hs = 5 m; Hd = 22 m;
s = 8 m; d = 28 m ;
ds = dd = 0.15 m ; N = 30 rpm;
A 0.32 0.0707 m 2
4
2 30
Angular speed, = 3.14 rad / s
60
2
A 0 .3 A
4 and 4
as 0.15 ad
Average frictional head loss in the suction pipe,
2
2 1f s A
h f sav h fsm r
3 3 gd s a s
where hfsm is the maximum frictional head loss in the suction pipe (at = 90 )
2
1 0.02 8 0.3
= 4 3.14
3 9.81 0.15 2
= 0.1286 m
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05(b). Show that the diagram work per unit mass of steam for maximum blading efficiency of a
50% reaction stage is Vb2, where Vb is the mean blade velocity. (12 M)
Vf2 V2
Power, P = m Vb Vw1 Vw 2 Vr1 Vf1
Vr2 V1
V12 Vr22 Vr21 D
Energy input,
2 2
But, Vr2 = V1
Vr21
Energy input = V12
2
m Vb Vw1 Vw 2 Vb Vw1 Vw 2
stage
Vr21 Vr21
m V12 V12
2 2
A Vb B
But, Vw1 = V1 cos 1
1
Vr1
Vw2 = Vb – Vr2 cos V1
2
D
i.e., Vw2 = Vb – V1 cos 1
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33 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
Cosine rule :
Vr12 = Vb 2 + V12 – 2 Vb V1 cos 1
W = Vb (Vw1 – Vw2)
= Vb [V1 cos 1 – (Vb – V1 cos 1)]
W = Vb (2V1 cos 1 – V b)
Energy input :
Vr21
= V12
2
2
Vb V12 2 Vb V1 cos
V12 1
1 2 2
V1 Vb 2 Vb V1 cos 1
2
Work
Energy input
Vb 2V1 cos 1 Vb
1 2 2
V1 Vb 2 Vb V1 cos 1
2
2
4 Vb V1 cos 1 2Vb
2
V12 Vb 2 Vb V1 cos 1
2
4 Vb V1 cos 1 2 Vb
2
V12 Vb 2 Vb V1 cos 1
2
Dividing by V1
2 2
4Vb cos V 2Vb Vb
1
2 b 2 cos 1
V1 V1 V1 V1
2 2
Vb Vb Vb Vb
1 2 cos 1 1 2 cos
V12 V1 V1 V1
1
Vb
Let, a =
V1
2 2a cos 1 a 2 2 2a cos 1 a2 1 1
1 a 2 2a cos 1 2a cos 1 a2 1
2
2
2a cos 1 a2 1
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2
max 2 2
cos 1 1
2 cos 2 1 1 2 2 cos 2 1 2 2
max
cos 2 1 1 cos 2 1 1
2 cos 2 1
max
cos 2 1 1
2
2Vb
i.e., max 2
Vb V12
The velocity diagram of 50 % reaction turbine with maximum blading efficiency is shown below.
Vw = Vb
Vr2 = V1 V1
V2 Vr1 = V2
2
1 1 2
Vb = V1 cos
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35 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
05(c). Derive an expression for efficiency of a combined cycle where two thermodynamic cycles are
coupled in series. The expression should be derived in terms of efficiencies of the coupled
cycles. Conventional notations may be used. (12 M)
Sol: If two Rankine cycles with two different working fluids are coupled in series, the heat lost by one is
absorbed by the other, as in the mercury-steam binary cycle. Let 1 and 2 be the efficiencies of the
topping and bottom cycles, respectively, and be the overall efficiency of the combined cycle.
Q2 Q3
1 1 and 2 1
Q1 Q2
Q2 = (1 – 1) Q1
Q3 = Q2 (1 – 2)
Q3 Q2 1 2 Q2 1 1 1 2
1 1 1
Q1 Q1 Q1
= 1 – (1 – 1) (1 – 2)
1- = (1 – 1) (1 – 2)
n
1 1 i
i 1
1 2 1 . 2
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37 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
05(d). Explain with neat sketch how solar absorption refrigeration system works for space cooling.
(12 M)
Sun
QG H2O Vapour QC
105 C
7.5cm Hg abs
105 C Cooling
Steam or water
any heat
Condenser
Generator
QG source
Heat 75 cm Hg abs
Heat Exchanger
Exchanger H2O Vapour
0.7 cm Hg
solution solution QE
QA
Refrigeration
7C
load
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05(e). How do fuel cells work? Explain the principle with the help of a sketch. (12 M)
Electrons flow
– +
Fuel (H2 or
Spent oxidant
H2 rich gas)
+ H2O vapour
2e- 2e- H2O
H2 +
2H
Phosphoric ½ O2
Acid
(electrolyte)
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39 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
06(a). A centrifugal pump has an impeller diameter at outlet as 1 m and delivers 1.5 m3/s of water
against a head of 100 m. The impeller is running at 1000 rpm. The width of the impeller is
85 mm. If the manometric efficiency is 85%, determine the type of impeller (forward, radial
or backward curved), and the blade angle at outlet. Draw velocity triangle at outlet. (20 M)
Sol: Assumptions:
(i) The flow is steady.
(ii) The liquid is incompressible.
(iii) There are no irreversible losses through the impeller.
(iv) At the inlet the entry is shockless.
Centrifugal pump:
D2 = 1 m; Q = 1.5 m3/s;
H = 100 m; N = 1000 rpm;
B2 = 85 mm; man = 0.85
Type of impeller & 2
D2 N 1 1000
u2 52.36 m/s
60 60
gH m
Since, max
u 2 Vw 2
gH m 9.81 100
Vw 2 = 22.042 m/s
u 2 man 52.36 0.85
Since, Q = D2B2Vf2
Q 1.5
Vf 2 5.617 m/s
D 2 B2 1 0.085
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Vf 2 5.617
tan 2 = 0.1853
u 2 Vw 2 52.36 22.042
2 = 10.497 10.5
Since 2 < 90 , the blade type is backward curved.
u2
2 Vw2
Vr2 Vf2 V2
Outlet velocity
06(b). Consider the combined gas steam power cycle shown in the figure. The topping cycle is a gas
turbine cycle that has a pressure ratio of 8. Air enters the compressor at 300 k and the
turbine at 1300 k. The isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 80 percent, and that of the
gas turbine is 85 percent. The bottoming cycle is a simple ideal Rankine cycle operating
between the pressure limits of 7 MPa and 5 kPa. Steam is heated in a heat exchanger by the
exhaust gases to a temperature of 500oC. The exhaust gases leave the heat exchanger at 450
k. Determine (i) the ratio of the mass flow rates of the steam and the combustion gases, and
(ii) the thermal efficiency of the combined cycle.
1300 3
T
4
2 3
500 C
7 MPa
450 7MPa
5
2
300 1
1 5kPa 4
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41 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
Process 3 to 4 S
Q = 0, S = C, T = 0.85
T3 1300
T4 1 1.4 1
717.7
rp 8 1.4
T4 T3 T T3 T4
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6.8 0.4762
x4 = 0.8
7.9176
h4 hf 4 x h fg 4
= 137.79 + (0.8)(2423) = 2076.19 kJ/kg
cp a T3 T2
ms c pa T4 T5
mg h3 h2
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06(c). What is Betz limit for wind turbines? Derive an expression for Betz limit for wind turbines.
(20 M)
Betz model :
u0 u0
where,
A0
uo = velocity of wind at upstream, Unperturbed Wind stream tube in absence of turbine
PT 1 m u 02 u 22 …….. (4)
2
(3) = (4)
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45 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
u0 u2
u1 …….. (5)
2
Interference factor ‘a’ is defined as fractional wind speed decrease at the turbine.
a = u0 – u1 / u0 …….. (6)
u1 = (1 –a) u0 ……… (7)
or a = (u0 – u2) / 2u0 ……. (8)
So According to Betz Model 59.3% is the maximum energy that can be extracted from wind.
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
CP
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 0.2 0.8
0 0.4 0.6 1
Variation of Power coefficient (CP)
with interference factor (a)
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07(a). A Pelton turbine with a wheel diameter of 1.5 m, operating with four nozzles, produces 16
MW of power. The turbine is running at 400 rpm and operating under a gross head of 300
m. Water is supplied through penstock of length 2 km. The coefficient of friction in penstock
is 0.004. There is 10% of head loss taking place in the penstock. If the velocity coefficient is
0.97, blade velocity coefficient is 0.9, overall efficiency is 0.84 and Pelton bucket deflects the
jet by 165%, determine
(i) Discharge through the turbine (m3/s)
(ii) Penstock diameter (m)
(iii) Jet diameter (m)
(iv) Hydraulic efficiency of the turbine.
Draw velocity triangles. (20 M)
DN 1.5 400
u = 31.416 m/s
60 60
16 106
0
gQH
16 106 16 106
Q
0 gH 0.84 9810 270
7.1913
dj
70.6
(iii) dj = 0.18 m = 180 mm
2
fLQ2 0.004 4 2 1000 7.1913
(ii) hf
12.1D5 12.1 D5
D = 1.354 m
V1 u 1 k cos u
(iv) hyd
gH
70.6 31.416 1 0.9 cos15 31.416
=
9.81 270
= 0.8688 = 86.88 %
Velocity triangles are drawn as:
U Vw2
C2 D2
A2
Vr2 Vf2
B2
Angle of
V1=Vw1 Deflection
A1 C1 B1
U Vr1
07(b). What do you mean by compounding in steam and gas turbines? What are the various
methods of compounding in steam and gas turbines? Explain all the methods with neat
sketch. (20 M)
Sol:
One of the chief objects in the development of the steam turbine is to reduce the speed of the rotor
to practical limits.
If the steam is expanded from the boiler pressure to the condenser pressure in a single stage, its
velocity is liable to be supersonic, in which case pressure jumps may occur and reduce the
efficiency.
Also, if this high velocity is used up on a single-blade ring it produces a rotor speed of about 30,000
rev/min, which is too high for practical purposes.
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There are several methods of overcoming this high rotor speed, all of which utilize several blade
rings. In all these methods there is a multiple system of rotors in series, keyed on a common shaft,
and the steam pressure or the jet velocity is absorbed in stages as it flows over the rotor blades; this
is known as compounding.
V2 (Velocity)
V P2 (pressure)
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49 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
Nozzles
M M
P1 M
Pressure
P2
V1 V2
(Velocity)
Pressure-Velocity Compounding:
The total pressure drop of the steam is divided into stages, and the velocity obtained in each stage is
also compounded.
This has the advantage of allowing a bigger pressure drop in each stage, and consequently fewer
stages are necessary.
Hence, a shorter turbine will be obtained for a given total pressure drop.
The curves of pressure and velocity for this type of compounding are shown in figure.
It will be noticed that the diameter of the turbine is increased at each stage, this is to allow for the
increasing volume of the steam at the lower pressures.
A ring of nozzles must be fitted at the commencement of each stage. It will be seen from the curves
that the pressure is constant during each stage, the turbine is therefore an impulse turbine.
This method of pressure-velocity compounding is used in the Curtis turbine.
Guide blades
Nozzles
P1
M M M M
P2
Pressure
V1 V2
(Velocity)
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51 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
07(c). A reaction steam turbine having diameter of 1400 mm is rotating at 3000 rpm. The turbine
stages are designed in such a fashion that the enthalpy drop in both, rotor and stator, is
same in each stage. If the speed ratio is 0.7 and blade angle at outlet is 20 , draw velocity
triangles and determine degree of reaction, blade angle at inlet and diagram efficiency.
(20 M)
DN 1.4 3000
Blade speed = U = 219.8 m/sec
60 60
Vw2 Vw1
U 219.8
Steam speed = V1 = = 314 m/sec V
0.7 0.7
2 1 2 1
2 cos 2
Diagram efficiency =
1 cos 2
2 cos 2 20
0.9378 = 93.78%
1 cos 2 20
h
Degree of reaction = MB
h MB h FB
x
0.5
x x
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08(a). A single-stage air compressor delivers air at 6 bar. The pressure and temperature at the end
of suction are 1 bar and 27 C. It delivers 1.5 m3 of free air per minute when the compressor
is running at 350 rpm. The clearance volume is 5% of stroke volume. The free air conditions
are 1.013 bar and 15 C. The index of compression and expansion is 1.3. Find
(i) The volumetric efficiency,
(ii) Bore and stroke of cylinder if both are equal,
(iii) The power required if the mechanical efficiency is 80%. (20 M)
P1 = 100 kPa V
T1 = 273 + 27 = 300 K
1
P n
vol 1 C C 2 = 1 + 0.05 – 0.05 (6)1/1.3 = 0.852
P1
PR = 101.3 kPa
TR = 273 + 15 = 288 K
VR = 1.5 m3/min
PR VR P1V1
TR T1
1.3 1. 3 1
= 100 1.583 6 1.3 1 = 351.27 kW
1.3 1
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53 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
w c kW 351.27
Wc(kW)Actual = 439.08 kW
m 0.8
= d 2 d 350 1 0.852
4
4 1.583 1
d3 = 6.7624 10-3
0.852 350
3 3
d= 6.7624 10 0.189 m
Length = Diameter = 0.189 m
08(b). Consider the ideal steam regenerative cycle in which steam enters the turbine at 3 MPa,
300 C and exhausts to the condenser at 10 kPa. Steam is extracted from the turbine at 0.8
MPa and supplied to an open feed water heater. The feed water leaves the heater as
saturated liquid. The appropriate pumps are used for the water leaving the condenser and
feed water heater. If the mass flow rate through the boiler is 1 kg/s, determine the amount of
steam extracted (kg/s), the total pump work (kW) and total turbine work (kW). Draw the
schematic of this set-up.
(Refer Table A placed at the end of booklet) (20 M)
Sol:
T
1
3 MPa
7 1 kg
1 kg
0.8 MPa
2
5 6 m1 kg (1–m1)
10 kPa
(1–m1) 3
4
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w p2 2.453 kJ / kg
s1 = s2 = sf 2 x 2 sg 2 sf 2
m1 h2
(1– m) Open 1 kg
h5 FWH h6
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55 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
wP = 1 m1 w P1 1 w P2
m1 0.21 kg / sec
WP (kW) = 3.083 kW
WT (kW) = 779.97 kW
1 kg
(1–m1) kg
2 m 1kg
3
(1–m1) kg
5
7 (1–m1) kg
1 kg 6 Fwif
1 kg 4
SCHEMATIC OF SETUP
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57 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
08(c). A Brayton cycle works between 1 bar, 300 K and 5 bar, 1250 K. There are two stages of
compression with perfect inter-cooling and two stages of expansion. The work out of first
expansion stage is being used to drive the two compressors. The air from the first stage
turbine is again heated to 1250 K and expanded. Calculate the power output of free power
turbine and cycle efficiency without and with a perfect heat exchanger and compare them.
Also calculate the percentage improvement in the efficiency because of the addition of heat
exchangers. (20 M)
Sol:
T5 = T7 = 1250 K T 5 7
T1 = 300 K = T3
P4 = P5 = 5 bar 6
4
P1 = 1 bar 8
2
1-2 : Q=0;s=C,
P2 P3 P1 P4 1 5 = 2.236 bar
1 1.4 1
P 2.236 1.4
T2 T1 2 300 = 377.55 K
P1 1
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5-6 : Q = 0 , s = C
1
T5 P5
T6 P6
1 1.4
P5 T5 1250 1.4 1
= 1.5899
P6 T6 1094.9
P5 5
P6 = 3.1448 bar
1.5899 1.5899
7 -8 : Q = 0 ; s = C , P6 = P7
1
T7 P7
T8 P8
T7 1250
T8 1 1.4 1
= 901 K
P7 3.1148 1.4
P8 1
1-2-3-4-4 - 5-6-7-8
With perfect Heat exchanger.
Heat rejected by exhaust gases used to heat compressed air with e = 1
T actual
Effectiveness of HE = e =
T max
T4 T4
1
T8 T4
T8 = T4 = 901 K
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59 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
% improvement in efficiency
th with HE th without HE
th without HE
69.23 33.96
= 1.0386 or 103.86 %
33.96
Work output is same in both cases. Temperature at entry to combustion chamber is less in
the case when there is no heat exchanger.
Heat supplied is less in the case when there is heat exchanger.
Thermal efficiency almost doubles with heat exchanger.
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61 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
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65 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
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67 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
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71 Mechanical Engineering._ (Paper – I)
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