BE8256- Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019

UNIT – III PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCE AND STEAM POWER PLANT

PART – A

1. What are the processes involved in Carnot cycle

 Reversible isothermal compression
 Isentropic compression
 Reversible isothermal expansion
 Isentropic expansion
2. State Carnot theorem.
No heat engine operating in a cyclic process between two fixed temperatures, can be more
efficient than a reversible engine operating between the same temperature limits.
3. What are the Corollaries of Carnot theorem?
 The efficiency of any reversible heat engine operating between two reservoirs is independent
of the nature of the working fluid and depends only on the temperature of the reservoirs.
 All the reversible engines operating between the two given thermal reservoirs with fixed
temperatures, have the same efficiency.
4. Write the expression for efficiency of the Carnot cycle.

5. Why a heat engine cannot have 100% efficiency?

For all the heat engines there will be a heat loss between system and surroundings. Therefore we
can’t convert all the heat input into useful work.
6. Name two alternative methods by which the efficiency of a Carnot cycle can be increased.
 Efficiency can be increased as the higher temperature T1 increases. i.e. temperature of
heat added
 Efficiency can be increased as the lower temperature T2 decreases. i.e. temperature of
heat rejection
7. What is reversed Carnot heat engine?
The cycle consists of two isothermal and two isentropic process but this cycle is used to extract
heat from cold body and reject it into hot body. Therefore, the same cycle is performed in the
reverse direction.
8. What are the limitations of Carnot cycle?
 No friction is considered for moving parts of the engine.
 There should not be any heat loss.
9. Why Carnot cycle cannot be realized in practical?
 In a Carnot cycle all the four process are reversible but in actual practice there is no process
reversible.

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BE8256- Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019
 There are two processes to be carried out during compression and expansion. For isothermal
process the piston moves very slowly and for adiabatic process the piston moves as fast as
possible. This speed variation during the same stroke of the piston is not possible.
 It is not possible to avoid friction moving parts completely.
10. Why Carnot cycle on T-s plot is a rectangle?
Because it consists of two reversible isothermal processes (horizontal line in T-s plot) and two
reversible adiabatic processes (vertical line in T-s diagram).
11. List the assumption made in Air standard cycle.
(i) Air is the working fluid and it obeys the perfect gas laws.
(ii) The engine operates in a closed cycle. The cylinder is filled with constant amount of
working substance and the same fluid is used repeatedly and hence mass remains constant.
(iii) The working fluid is homogeneous throughout at all times and no chemical reaction takes
place, inside the cylinder.
(iv) The compression and expansion processes are assumed to be adiabatic.
(v) The values of specific heat (Cp and Cv) of the working fluid remains constant.
(vi) All processes are internally reversible and no mechanical or frictional losses to occur
throughout the process.
(vii) Combustion is replaced by heat addition process and exhaust is replaced by heat rejection
process.
12. What is an air standard efficiency?
It is defined as the efficiency produced by the ideal engine with air as a working medium.
13. Draw the theoretical and actual P-V diagram for four stroke Petrol engine.

14. List the process involved in Otto cycle.

Process 1-2 = Adiabatic compression Process 2-3 = Constant volume heat addition
Process 3-4 = Adiabatic expansion Process 4-1 = Heat rejection at constant volume

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BE8256- Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019
15. Draw P-V and T-S diagram for Otto cycle .

16. Define compression ratio.

It is defined as the ratio of the stroke volume of cylinder to the clearance volume
17. Define mean effective pressure.
It is defined as the average pressure acting on the piston during the entire power stroke that
would produce the same amount of net work output during the actual cycle. It is also defined as
the ratio of work-done per cycle to swept volume.
18. Define Clearance Volume.
It is the minimum volume occupied by the fluid in the cylinder when the piston reaches the top
dead centre position.
19. Write the expression for air standard efficiency and mean effective pressure of an Otto
cycle.
1 p1r (   1)(r  1  1)
 Otto  1  pm 
r  1 (  1)(r  1)
20. Draw the actual P-V diagram of two stroke engine.

21. List the processes involved in Diesel cycle.

Process 1-2 = Adiabatic compression Process 2-3 = Constant pressure heat addition
Process 3-4 = Adiabatic expansion Process 4-1 = Heat rejection at constant volume
22. Draw P-V and T-S diagram for Diesel cycle.

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BE8256- Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019
23. Write the expression for air standard efficiency and mean effective pressure of Diesel
cycle.

Diesel
1 r 1
 1   1 . c

Pm 

p1 r   (rc  1)  r 1 (rc  1) 
 .r rc  1 (  1)(r  1)
24. For same compression ratio efficiency of Otto cycle is greater than Diesel cycle. Why?
The efficiency of the diesel cycle is 1-1/γr-1 x ργ-1/γ (ρ-1)
The efficiency of the diesel cycle for the constant compression ratio depends upon the factor
K=1/γr-1 x ρr-1/γ (ρ-1)
For the value of γ = 1.4, the value of the factor K for different cut- off ratios is given under
ρ = 3 2.5 2 1.5
K = 1.31 1.24 1.17 1.092
Thus we see that the value of is always greater than unity and thus we can deduce that for the
compression ratio, the efficiency of the Otto cycle is greater than that of the Diesel cycle.
25. When compression ratio is kept constant, what is the effect of cut-off ratio on the efficiency
of diesel cycle?
The diesel cycle efficiency decreases with increase in cut-off ratio at constant compression ratio.
26. Differentiate any four major difference between otto and diesel cycle.
S.No. Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle
1 Constant volume cycle Constant pressure cycle
2 Heat is added at constant Heat is added at constant
volume process pressure process

3
 Otto  1 
1 1 r 1
r  1
Diesel  1   1 . c
 .r rc  1
4 Efficiency is high Efficiency is low
27. List the processes involved in Dual combustion cycle.
Process 1-2 = Reversible Adiabatic (Isentropic) compression
Process 2-3 = Addition of heat at Constant volume
Process 3-4 = Addition of heat at Constant pressure
Process 4-5 = Reversible adiabatic (Isentropic) expansion
Process 5-1 = Heat rejection at constant volume
28. Draw P-V and T-S diagram for Dual combustion cycle.

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BE8256- Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019
29. Write the expression for air standard efficiency and mean effective pressure of Dual
combustion cycle.

 dual  1 
1 
 1 
rc   1 
 pm  1
 
p r   (rc  1)  (   1)  r 1 (rc  1) 
r  (   1)   (rc  1) 
,   1(r  1)
30. List the parameters involved in comparing efficiency of otto, diesel and dual combustion
cycles.
(i) Compression ratio (ii) Maximum pressure (iii) Heat supplied and heat rejected, (iv) Net
work output.
31. What are the processes involved in Brayton /Joule cycle.
Process 1-2 = Reversible Adiabatic (Isentropic) compression
Process 2-3 = Addition of heat at Constant pressure
Process 3-4 = Reversible adiabatic (Isentropic) expansion
Process 4-1 = Heat rejection at constant pressure (work done)
32. Draw P-V and T-S diagram for Brayton / Joule cycle

33. Write the expression for air standard efficiency and mean effective pressure of Brayton
/Joule cycle.

1
 Brayton  1   1

r
34. Define work ratio of gas turbine.

It is the ratio of network to turbine work.

WT  WC
Workratio 
WT

35. What is the effect of regeneration in the efficiency of Brayton /Joule cycle?
The efficiency of Brayton cycle is increased by regeneration. The large quantity of heat energy
possessed by the exhaust gases leaving the turbine will be utilized to heat up the air leaving the
compressor. This heating is done in a heat exchanger called a regenerator.
36. List the ways to improve the efficiency of Gas turbine cycle?
(i) Reheating (ii) Regeneration (iii) Inter cooling (iv) Combination of the above three