FIELDS AND WAVES IN COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS THIRD EDITION SIMON RAMO TRW Inc. JOHN R. WHINNERY University of California, Berkeley THEODORE VAN DUZER University of California, Berkeley JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.ACQUISITIONS EDITOR Steven Elliot MARKETING MANAGER | Susan Elbe PRODUCTION SUPERVISOR Richard Blander MANUFACTURING MANAGER Andrea Price. ILLUSTRATION Gene Aiello This book was set in Times Roman by CRWaldman Graphic Communications and printed and bound by ‘Malloy Lithographing, The cover was printed by. Malloy Lithographing. ‘The paper in this book was manufactured by a mill whose forest management programs include sustained yield harvesting of its timberlands. Sustained yield harvesting principles ensure that the number of trees cut each year does not exceed the amount of new growth. Copyright® 1965, 1984, 1994, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | ‘All rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada. | Nopat of is peeaton may beepced, sed inser senor asied fa aryTom ory sy mem, een, meta, powering ec, ox oterle asps priest Sotns 107 108 of 976 Unie Se Cong Ac wou cer te por rue emission a Publ 0 cast epi rcaae exec ee ca eis Caneel | Ceaatce Conc 22 Rosowod Deve Danes, MA 1823, (7) 75-840, (=) 150470, Reena oe Pate foreman ul be treed be Permissions Departwent, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Sweet, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (on 1-1 x G04) 6-8. Eas PERMREQOWTLECON ‘To order books or for customer service please, call 1(800)-CALL-WILEY (225-5945) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ramo, Simon Fields and waves in communication electronics / Simon Ramo, Joti R. Whinnery, Theodore Van Duzer.—3rd ed. Pp ocm. | ncludes index. ISBN 978-0-471-58551-0 | \ 1. Biectromagnesic fields. 2. Electromagnetic waves. 3, Telecommunication. I. Whinnery, John R. U1. Van Duzer, Theodore. If]. Title. C565. E4R36 1993 537—de20 9334415 cr | Printed in the United States of America 151413 121To our wives Virginia Patricia JanicePREFACE This book is an intermediate-level text on electromagnetic fields and waves. It represents a revision of the first two editions of the text, which in tum built upon an earlier volume by two of the authors.* It assumes an introductory course in field concepts, which can be the lower-division physics course in many colleges or universities, and a background in calculus. Material on vectors, differential equations, Fourier analysis, and complex notation for sinusoids is included in a form suitable for review or a first introduction. We have given such introductions wherever the material is to be used and have related them to real problems in fields and waves. Throughout the book, the derivations and analyses are done in the most direct way possible. Emphasis is placed on physical understanding, enhanced by numerous examples in the early chapters. The fundamentais of electromagnetics, based on Maxwell's brilliant theories, have not changed since the first version of the text, but emphases have changed and new applications continue to appear. The field of coherent optics for communications and information processing continues to grow. New materials of importance to electronic devices (for example, superconductors) have been developed. Integrated circuit ap- proaches to guides, resonators, and antennas have grown in importance. All these ev- olutions are reflected in expanded text and problem material in this edition. Perhaps the most important change for persons who need to solve field problems is the growing power of computers. At the simplest level, computers greatly speed numerical evalua- tion of analytic expressions, easily giving answers over a wide range of parameters. But there is also a growing library of wholly numerical techniques for finding solutions to field and wave probiems in which complex boundary shapes preclude analytic so- lutions. We can only give an introduction to this important subject but excellent texts and reviews are available to carry the interested student farther, It still remains important to understand the basic laws and to develop strong physical pictures and computer simulations can substantially add insight, especially in dynamic problems. ‘The basic order remains that of the second edition. The purpose of beginning with static fields is not only to develop familiarity with vector field concepts but also to recognize the fact that a large number of practical time-varying problems (especially with small devices) can be treated by static techniques (i.e., are quasistatic). The dy- namic treatment of Maxwell, with wave examples, follows immediately so that even in a first term, the student will meet a mix of static, quasistatic, and wave problems. Once the reader has covered the material of the first three chapters, he or she will find con- * 8 Ramo and J, , Whinnery, Fields and Waves in Modern Radio, John Wiley & Sons (first edition 1944; second edition, 1953), The fist edition was prepared with the assistance of the General Electric Company when the authors were employed in its laboratories. vii~T™“ siderable flexibility in using the text. Matesial on the electromagnetics of circuits (Chap- ter 4) of on special waveguides (Chapter 9) may be delayed or even omitted and the later chapters on microwave circuits, materials, and optics can be used in various orders. Selections from among the more advanced sections within a chapter are also possible without disrupting the basic flow. ‘The authors wish to thank the following reviewers for their helpful comments: Pro- fessor Dennis Nyquist, Michigan State University; Professor Fred Fontaine, Cooper Union; Professor Von R. Eshlemann, Stanford University, Professor Paul Weaver, Uni- versity of Hawaii; Professor Charles Smith, University of Mississippi; Professor Murray Black, George Mason University; Professor Donald Dudley, University of Arizona; Professor B. J. Rickett, University of California at San Dies dnd Professor Emily Van Deventer, University of Toronto. “The authors gratefully ackmowledge the helpful suggestions of students and col- leagues at Berkeley and users in other universities and in industry. We particularly thank D. J. Angelakos, C. K. Birdsall, K. K. Mei, J. Fleischman, M. Khalaf, B. Peters, and Guochun Liang for their important contributions. We alsa express appreciation to Doris Simpson, Ruth Dye, Lisa Lloyd-Maffei and Patricia Chen for their careful work in the preparation of the manuscript. ] August 1993 ' Simon Ramo | John Whinnery | Theodore Van DuzerCONTENTS CHAPTER 1 STATIONARY ELECTRIC FIELDS 1.1 Introduction BASIC LAWS AND CONCEPTS OF ELECTROSTATICS 1.2 Force Between Electric Charges: The Concept of Electric Field 1.3. The Concept of Electric Flux and Flux Density: Gauss's Law 1.4 Examples of the Use of Gauss's Law L5 Surface and Volume Integrals: Gauss's Law in Vector Form 1.6 Tubes of Flux: Plotting of Field Lines 1.7. Energy Considerations: Conservative Property of Electrostatic Fields 1.8 Electrostatic Potential: Equipotentials 1.9 Capacitance DIFFERENTIAL FORMS OF ELECTROSTATIC LAWS 1.10 Gradient 1.11 The Divergence of an Electrostatic Field i.12 Lapface’s and Poisson's Equations 1.13 Static Fields Arising from Steady Currents 1.14 Boundary Conditions in Electrostatics 1.15 Direct Integration of Laplace's Equation: Field Between Coaxial Cylinders with Two Dielectrics 1.16 Direct Integration of Poisson's Equation: The pn Semiconductor Junction 1.17 Uniqueness of Solutions SPECIAL TECHNIQUES FOR ELECTROSTATIC PROBLEMS 1.18 The Use of lmages 1.19 Properties of Two-Dimensional Fields: Graphical Field Mapping 1.20 Numerical Solution of the Laplace and Poisson Equations 1.21 Examples of Information Obtained from Field Maps ENERGY IN FIELDS 1.22 Energy of an Electrostatic System ix 40 42 45 46 46 50 52 57 59 59x Contents | CHAPTER 2 STATIONARY MAGNETIC FIELDS 21 Introduction STATIC MAGNETIC FIELD LAWS AND CONCEPTS 2.2 Concept of a Magnetic Field 2.5 Ampére’s Law 24 The Line Integral of Magnetic Field 2.5 Inductance from Flux Linkages: External Inductance DIFFERENTIAL FORMS FOR MAGNETOSTATICS AND THE USE OF POTENTIAL f 26 The Curl of a Vector Field | 2.7 Curl of Magnetic Field 2.8 Relation Between Differential and integral Forms of the Field Equations 2.9 Vector Magnetic Potential 2.10 Distant Field of Current Loop: Magnetic Dipole | 2.11 Divergence of Magnetic Flux Density | 2.12 Differential Equation for Vector Magnetic Potential 2.13 Scalar Magnetic Potential for Current-Free Regions 2.14 Boundary Conditions for Static Magnetic Fields 2.15 Materials with Permanent Magnetization MAGNETIC FIELD ENERGY 2.16 Energy of a Static Magnetic Field 2.17 Inductance from Energy Storage; Internal Inductance CHAPTER 3 MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS 3.1 Introduction LARGE-SCALE AND DIFFERENTIAL FORMS \ OF MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS I 3.2 Voltages Induced by Changing Magnetic Fields 3.3 Paraday's Law for a Moving System | 3.4 Conservation of Charge and the Concept of Displacement Current 3.5 Physical Pictures of Displacement Current | 3.6 Maxwell's Equations in Differential Equation Form; 3.7 Maxwell's Equations in Large-Scale Form ; 70 rie) m 72 73 7 81 84 88 90 93 96 98 98 99 101 106 106 114 114 116 116 19 121 123 126 128Contents saxwell's Equations for the Time-Periodic Case EXAMPLES OF USE OF MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS ~. Maxwell's Equations and Plane Waves 3.10 Uniform Plane Waves with Steady-State Sinusoids 3.11 The Wave Equation in Three Dimensions 3.12 Power Flow in Electromagnetic Fields: Poynting’s Theorem 3.13 Poynting’s Theorem for Phasors 3.14 Continuity Conditions for ac Fields at a Boundary: Uniqueness of Solutions 3.15 Boundary Conditions at a Perfect Conductor for ac Fields 3.16 Penetration of Electromagnetic Fields into a Good Conductor 3.17 Internal Impedance of a Plane Conductor 3.18 Power Loss in a Plane Conductor POTENTIALS FOR TIME-VARYING FIELDS 3.19 A Possible Set of Potentials for Time-Varying Fields 3.20 The Retarded Potentials as Integrals over Charges and Currents 3.21 The Retarded Potentials for the Time-Periodic Case CHAPTER 4 THE ELECTROMAGNETICS OF CIRCUITS 4.1 Introduction THE IDEALIZATIONS IN CLASSICAL CIRCUIT THEORY 42 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 43 Kirchhoff's Current Law and Multimesh Circuits SKIN EFFECT IN PRACTICAL CONDUCTORS 4.4 Distribution of Time-Varying Currents in Conductors of Circular Cross Section 4.5 Impedance of Round Wires CALCULATION OF CIRCUIT ELEMENTS 4.6 Self-Inductance Calculations 4.7 Mutual Inductance 48 Inductance of Practical Coils 49 Self and Mutual Capacitance CIRCUITS WHICH ARE NOT SMALL COMPARED WITH WAVELENGTH 4.10 Distributed Effects and Retardation 129 132 132 135 138 139 143, 145 148 149 153 156, 158 158 160, 162 it 171 172 172 177 180 180 182 186 186 189 193 196 198 198xii Contents 4.11 Circuit Formulation Through the Retarded Potentials 4.12 Circuits with Radiation CHAPTER 5 TRANSMISSION LINES | 5.1 Introduction \ TIME AND SPACE DEPENDENCE OF SIGNALS ON IDEAL TRANSMISSION LINES 5.2 Voltage and Current Variations Along an Ideal Transmission Line 5.3. Relation of Field and Circuit Analysis for Transmission Lines 5.4 Reflection and Transmission at a Resistive Discontinuity 5.5 Pulse Excitation on Transmission Lines | 5.6 Pulse Forming Line SINUSOIDAL WAVES ON IDEAL TRANSMISSION LINES 5.7 Reflection and Transmission Coefficients and Impedance and Admittance Transformations for Sinusoidal Voltages 5.8 Standing Wave Ratio 5.9 The Smith Transmission-Line Chart 5.10 Some Uses of the Smith Chart NONIDEAL TRANSMISSION LINES \ 5.11 Transmission Lines with General Forms of Distributed Impedances: Lossy Lines 5.12 Filter-Type Distributed Circuits: the o-B Diagram RESONANT TRANSMISSION LINES i 5.13 Purely Standing Wave on an Ideal Line | 5.14 Input Impedance and Quality Factor for Resonant Transmission Lines SPECIAL TOPICS 5.15 Group and Energy Velocities 5.16 Backward Waves 5.17 Nonuniform Transmission Lines \ CHAPTER 6 PLANE-WAVE PROPAGATION AND REFLECTION i 6.1 Introduction | PLANE-WAVE PROPAGATION \ 205 213 213 214 214 218 219 227 229 229 233, 936 238 245, 245 252 254 254 256 260 263 264 274 274 2756.5 6.6 6.7 68 69 Contents Uniform Plane Waves in a Perfect Dielectric Polarization of Plane Waves Waves in Imperfect Dielectrics and Conductors PLANE WAVES NORMALLY INCIDENT ON DISCONTINUITIES Reflection of Normally Incident Plane Waves from Perfect Conductors Transmission-Line Analogy of Wave Propagation: The Impedance Concept Normal Incidence on a Dielectric Reflection Problems with Several Dielectrics PLANE WAVES OBLIQUELY INCIDENT ON DISCONTINUITIES Incidence at Any Angle on Perfect Conductors 6.10 Phase Velocity and Impedance for Waves at Oblique Incidence 6.11 Incidence at Any Angle on Dielectrics 6.12 Total Reflection 6.13 Polarizing or Brewster Angle 6.14 Multiple Dielectric Boundaries with Obfique Incidence CHAPTER 7 TWO- AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL 7 72 73 74 15 7.6 17 78 es BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS Introduction THE BASIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND NUMERICAL METHODS Roles of Helmholtz, Laplace, and Poisson Equations Numerical Methods: Method of Moments METHOD OF CONFORMAL TRANSFORMATION Method of Conformal Transformation and Introduction to Complex-Function Theory Properties of Analytic Functions of Complex Variables Conformal Mapping for Laplace's Equation The Schwarz Transformation for General Polygons Conformal Mapping for Wave Problems SEPARATION OF VARIABLES METHOD Laplace's Equation in Rectangular Coordinates 7.10 Static Field Described by a Single Rectangular Harmonic 7.11 Fourier Series and Integral xiii 275 280 283 287 287 289 292 295, 300 303 306 310 312 313 322 322 304 331 331 333 336 345 348 351 351 353 355xiv Contents 7.12 Series of Rectangular Harmonics for Two- and Three-Dimensional Static Fields | 360 7.13 Cylindrical Harmonics for Static Fields 1 365 7.14 Bessel Functions \ 368 7.15 Bessel Function Zeros and Formulas | 373 7.16 Expansion of a Function as a Series of Bessel Functions 35 7.17 Fields Described by Cylindrical Harmonics | 377 7.18 Spherical Harmonics 379 7.19 Product Solutions for the Helmholtz Equation in Rectangular Coordinates 385 7.20 Product Solutions for the Helmholtz Equation | in Cylindrical Coordinates | 386 a i CHAPTER 8 WAVEGUIDES WITH CYLINDRICAL CONDUCTING BOUNDARIES 395, 8.1 Introduction ! 395 GENERAL FORMULATION FOR GUIDED WAVES 396, 8.2 Basic Equations and Wave Types for Uniform Systems 396 CYLINDRICAL WAVEGUIDES OF VARIOUS CROSS SECTIONS 398 8.3 Waves Guided by Perfectly Conducting Parallel Plates 398 84 Guided Waves Between Parallel Planes as Superposition of Plane Waves | 405 8&5 Paraffel-Plane Guiding System with Losses | 407 8.6 Planar Transmission Lines 4h 8.7 Rectangular Waveguides : 417 88 The TE,, Wave in a Rectangular Guide 423 89 Circular Waveguides 428 8.10 Higher Order Modes on Coaxial Lines , 433 8.11 Excitation and Reception of Waves in Guides 435 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF GUIDED WAVES 438 8.12 General Properties of TEM Waves on Multiconductor Lines 440 8.13 General Properties of TM Waves in Cylindrical Conducting Guides of Arbitrary Cross Section 442 8.14 General Properties of TE Waves in Cylindrical Conducting Guides of Arbitrary Cross Section 447 |Contents aves Below and Near Cutoff ispersion of Signals Along Transmission Lines and Waveguides CHAPTER 9 SPECIAL WAVEGUIDE TYPES ot 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 Introduction Dielectric Waveguides Parallel-Plane Radial Transmission Lines Circumferential Modes in Radial Lines: Sectoral Horns Duality: Propagation Between Inclined Planes Waves Guided by Conical Systems Ridge Waveguide The Idealized Helix and Other Slow-Wave Structures Surface Guiding 9.10 Periodic Structures and Spatial Harmonics CHAPTER 10 RESONANT CAVITIES 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 Introduction RESONATORS OF SIMPLE SHAPE. Fields of Simple Rectangular Resonator Energy Storage, Losses, and Q of a Rectangular Resonator Other Modes in the Rectangular Resonator Circular Cylindrical Resonator Strip Resonators Wave Solutions in Spherical Coordinates Spherical Resonators SMALL-GAP CAVITIES AND COUPLING Smat!-Gap Cavities 10.10 Coupling to Cavities 10.11 Measurement of Resonator O 10.12 Resonator Perturbations 10,13 Dielectric Resonators xv 449 451 462 462 462 464 468 470 472 474 476 4719 482 490 490 491 493, 494 496, 500 504 508 510 510 510 515 518 52hxvi Contents. CHAPTER 11 MICROWAVE NETWORKS 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The Network Formulation 11.3 Conditions for Reciprocity TWO-PORT WAVEGUIDE JUNCTIONS 114 Equivalent Circuits for a Two Port 11.5 Scattering and Transmission Coefficients 44.6 Measurement of Network Parameters 11.7 Cascaded Two Ports 11.8 Examples of Microwave and Optical Filters N-PORT WAVEGUIDE JUNCTIONS \ 11.9 Circuit and S-Parameter Representation of N Ports 14,10 Directional Couplers and Hybrid Networks FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS OF WAVEGUIDE NETWORKS 11.11 Properties of a One-Port Impedance | 14.19 Equivatent Circuits Showing Frequency Characteristics of One Ports 11.13 Examples of Cavity Equivalent Circuits 11.14 Circuits Giving Frequency Characteristics of N Ports JUNCTION PARAMETERS BY ANALYSIS 11.15 Quasistatic and Other Methods of Junction Analysis CHAPTER 12 RADIATION | 12.1 Introduction 122 Some Types of Practical Radiating Systems FIELD AND POWER CALCULATIONS WITH CURRENTS ASSUMED ON THE ANTENNA 12.3. Electric and Magnetic Dipole Radiators 12.4 Systemization of Calculation of Radiating Fields and Power from Currents on an Antenna } 12.5 Long Straight Wire Antenna: Half-Wave Dipole 12.6 Radiation Patterns and Antenna Gain 12.7 Radiation Resistance 128 Antennas Above Earth or Conducting Plane ( 530 530 532 535 536 536 539 541 548 554 554 557 S61 561 564 569 Sti 573 573 384 584 586 589, 589 593 596 599 603,