Introduction To Project Scheduling PDF

1
Scheduling Terminology
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
•A deliverable oriented hierarchical decomposition of the work to be executed
by the project team to accomplish the team mission and create the required
deliverables. The WBS defines the project scope.
Team Mission
2
Deliverable
•Any unique and verifiable product or result that must be produced to
complete a project. Usually the lowest level of the WBS.
Team Mission
3
Scheduled Activity (task)
•A component of work performed to create a deliverable.
Team Mission
(Scope)
WBS
Activity List
Task 1 Task 1 Task 1 Task 1 Task 1 Task 1

(Schedule)
Task 2 Task 2 Task 2 Task 2 Task 2 Task 2

(Etc.) (Etc.) (Etc.) (Etc.) (Etc.) (Etc.)
4
Duration
•Total number of work periods required to complete a scheduled activity.
Usually expressed as workdays. (contrast with “effort”)
•Effort
•Total number of labor units requird to complete a scheduled activity.
Usually expressed as staff hours or a rate. (contrast with “duration”)
•Schedule Milestone
•A significant event in the project schedule, such as an event restraining
future work or marking the completion of a major deliverable. A “measuring
point”. Milestones have “0” (zero) duration and no resource assignments.
5
Basic Bar Chart
(Gantt Chart)
6
Defining Activities/Tasks
•Definition
•Assignment
•Significance
Microsoft Project 2016: Building an

Effective Project Management Plan
(Enroll now and pay 11$) before end the
discount.
7
Task Interdependencies
Task Interdependencies
Specify Task Relationships
All tasks are Related To:

• Other Schedule Activities
– “Mandatory” or “Hard Logic”
– “Discretionary” or “Soft Logic”
• External Events
– Dependent Dates
– Required Dates
Network Diagram
8
Types of Task Relationships
• FS – Finish Start
Finish Start
• SS – Start Start
Start Start
• FF – Finish Finish
Finish Finish
9
Leads and Lags
Normal Finish – Start Finish – Start

Finish - Start Modified by a Lead Modified by a Lag
• Lead and Lag are used to Modify Relationships

• Lead and Lag Can be used with any Relationship Type
(FS, FF, SS)
10
Arrow Diagram Method (ADM)
(aka Activity on Arrow – AOA)
•Tasks represented by arrows (length not related to duration)

•Dependency shown as node
•Only F-S relationship used
•Archaic – not used with current software
2 5
1 7
3
8
6
“Dummy task” used to complete logic, duration of “0”

11
Precedence Diagram Method
(PDM)
•Tasks represented
(aka Activity on Node – AON and Network Diagram)
by nodes
•Dependency shown as arrows or links between nodes
•All task relationships can be used (FS, FF, SS)
•Basis for all current software applications
A D
F
B
E
C G
12
Critical Path
•Sequence of scheduled activities that determines the project
duration
•Longest duration path through the project network
•Activities on the Critical Path are called “Critical Activities”
•Critical activities have no float or slack
•A project can have more than one critical path
•Activities not on the Critical Path are called “Non Critical
Activities
•To shorten the project duration, a scheduler must modify the
critical path activities or dependencies
13
Float (or Slack)
•Total Float – the total amount of time that a scheduled
activity (or milestone) may be delayed or extended without
delaying the project end date or violating a schedule
constraint.
•Free Float – the amount of time that a scheduled activity (or

milestone) can be delayed without delaying the start of the
next activity in the network.
•Negative Float – the amount of time that by which a critical

activity (or milestone) misses a required date.
14
Critical Path Method
1. Calculate Early Start & Early Finish

dates (FORWARD PASS)
2. Calculate Late Start & Late Finish dates
(BACKWARD PASS)
3. Calculate TOTAL FLOAT for each
activity
4. Identify activities with 0 (zero) TOTAL
FLOAT
15
WBS Code Activity
Early Start (ES) Late Start (LS)

Duration
Early Finish (EF) Late Finish (LF)
Total Float (TF)
Activity Node 16
Simple Project consisting of 5 Tasks
WBS Code Activity WBS Code Activity
Activity A Activity B
Early Start (ES) Duration Late Start (LS) Early Start (ES) Duration Late Start (LS)
Early Finish (EF) 7 Late Finish (LF) Early Finish (EF) 5 Late Finish (LF)
Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = WBS Code Activity
Activity D
Early Start (ES) Duration Late Start (LS)
Early Finish (EF) 3 Late Finish (LF)
WBS Code Activity
Activity C Total Float (TF) =
Total Float (TF) =
WBS Code Activity
Activity E
Total Float (TF) =
17
TWO THINGS WBS Code Activity
Activity A
NEEDED TO SET
1
PROJECT START Total Float (TF) =
DATE WBS Code Activity
Activity E
Total Float (TF) =
1. First and last activities

(milestones)
2. Activity durations
18
6

(BACKWARD PASS)
activity
FLOAT
19
Project Start Date & Task Durations are known
1
Activity D
WBS Code Activity
Total Float (TF) =
WBS Code Activity
Activity E
Total Float (TF) =
20
Early Finish = Early Start + Duration
1
8
Activity D
WBS Code Activity
Total Float (TF) =
WBS Code Activity
Activity E
Total Float (TF) =
21
Early Start With Single Predecessor
1 8
8
Total Float (TF) =
13
Total Float (TF) = WBS Code Activity
Activity D
WBS Code Activity
8
10
Total Float (TF) =
WBS Code Activity
Activity E
Total Float (TF) =
22
Early Start With Multiple Predecessors
1 8
8
Total Float (TF) =
13
Activity D
13
WBS Code Activity

16
8
10
Total Float (TF) =
WBS Code Activity
Activity E
Total Float (TF) =
23
Start-to-Start Relationships (A to E)
1 8
8
Total Float (TF) =
13
Activity D
13
WBS Code Activity

16
8
10
Total Float (TF) =
WBS Code Activity
Activity E
1
4
Total Float (TF) =
24
Completed FORWARD Pass
1 8
8
Total Float (TF) =
13
Activity D
13
WBS Code Activity

16
8
10
Total Float (TF) =
WBS Code Activity
Activity E
1
4
Total Float (TF) =
25

(BACKWARD PASS)
activity
FLOAT
26
Start the BACKWARD Pass
1 8
8
Total Float (TF) =
13
Activity D
13
WBS Code Activity

16 16
8
The last activity
10
Total Float (TF) = Early Finish
(EF) will default
to be the Late
WBS Code Activity
Finish (LF).
Activity E
1
4
Total Float (TF) =
27
Late Start (LS) = Late Finish (LF) - Duration
1 8
8
Total Float (TF) =
13
Activity D
13 13
WBS Code Activity

16 16
8
10
Total Float (TF) =
WBS Code Activity
Activity E
1
4
Total Float (TF) =
28
Late Starts with Single Successors
1 8 8
8
Total Float (TF) =
13
Total Float (TF) =
13 WBS Code Activity
Activity D
13 13
WBS Code Activity

16 16
8 11
10
Total Float (TF) =
13
WBS Code Activity
Activity E
1
4
Total Float (TF) =
29
Late Start with Multiple Successors
1 1 8 8
8
Total Float (TF) =
8 13
Total Float (TF) =
Activity D
13 13
WBS Code Activity

16 16
8 11
10
Total Float (TF) =
13
WBS Code Activity
Activity E
1
4
Total Float (TF) =
30
Finish-to-Finish Relationships (D to E)
1 1 8 8
8
Total Float (TF) =
8 13
Total Float (TF) =
Activity D
13 13
WBS Code Activity

16 16
8 11
10
Total Float (TF) =
13
WBS Code Activity
Activity E
1 13
4
Total Float (TF) =
16
31
Completed BACKWARD Pass
1 1 8 8
8
Total Float (TF) =
8 13
Total Float (TF) =
Activity D
13 13
WBS Code Activity

16 16
8 11
10
Total Float (TF) =
13
WBS Code Activity
Activity E
1 13
4
Total Float (TF) =
16
32
6

(BACKWARD PASS)
activity
FLOAT
33
Total Float (TF) = Late Finish (LF) – Early Finish (EF)
1 1 8 8
8 8 13 13
Total Float (TF) =
0 Total Float (TF) =
0 WBS Code Activity
Activity D
13 13
WBS Code Activity

16 16
0
8 11
10 13
Total Float (TF) =
3
WBS Code Activity
Activity E
1 13
4 16
Total Float (TF) = 12
34
6

(BACKWARD PASS)
activity
FLOAT
35
Critical Path – Tasks with no Total Float (TF)
1 1 8 8
8 8 13 13
Total Float (TF) =
0 Total Float (TF) =
0 WBS Code Activity
Activity D
13 13
WBS Code Activity

16 16
0
8 11
10 13
Total Float (TF) =
3
WBS Code Activity
Activity E
1 13
4 16
Total Float (TF) = 12
36
Task A Task C Task F
2 days 1 days 5 days
Start
Task B Task D Fin
3 days 2 days
Task G
2 days
Task E
4 days
8 days
St – A – C – F – Fin: ________
7 days
St – B – D – G – Fin: ________
St – B – E – G – Fin: ________
9 days
37
Task A Task D Task H
4 days 5 days 7 days
Task B Task E
6 days 10 days
Task J
Start 2 days
Task F Fin
5 days
Task C
8 days
Task G
8 days
St – A – D – H – Fin: ________
16 days
St – B – E – J – Fin: ________
18 days
15 days
St – C – F – J – Fin: ________
38
16 days
St – C – G – Fin: ________
Activity Duration Preceding Activity
Start (Milestone) 0 --
Task A 4 days Start
Task B 3 days Start
Task C 5 days Task A
Task D 7 days Task B
Task E 3 days Task B
Task F 10 days Task C & Task D
Task G 4 days Task D & Task E
Task H 2 days Task E
Task I 2 days Task F & Task G
Task J 4 days Task H
Finish (Milestone) 0 Task I & Task J
39
Task C
Task A 5 days
4 days Task F
10 days
Start Task I
Task D 2 days
Task B 7 days
3 days Task G
4 days Fin
Task E
3 days
Task H Task J
2 days 4 days
21 days
St – A – C – F – I – Fin: ________
22 days
St – B – D – F – I – Fin: ________
St – B – D – G – I – Fin: 16 days
________
12 days
St – B – E – G – I – Fin: ________
40
St – B – E – H – J – Fin: 12 days
________

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1

Task 1 Task 1 Task 1 Task 1 Task 1 Task 1

Task 2 Task 2 Task 2 Task 2 Task 2 Task 2

Microsoft Project 2016: Building an

All tasks are Related To:

Normal Finish – Start Finish – Start

• Lead and Lag are used to Modify Relationships

•Tasks represented by arrows (length not related to duration)

“Dummy task” used to complete logic, duration of “0”

•Free Float – the amount of time that a scheduled activity (or

•Negative Float – the amount of time that by which a critical

1. Calculate Early Start & Early Finish

Early Start (ES) Late Start (LS)

Early Finish (EF) Late Finish (LF)

Total Float (TF)

Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = WBS Code Activity

Early Finish (EF) 3 Late Finish (LF)

WBS Code Activity

Activity C Total Float (TF) =

Early Start (ES) Duration Late Start (LS)

Early Finish (EF) 2 Late Finish (LF)

Total Float (TF) =

WBS Code Activity

Early Finish (EF) 3 Late Finish (LF)

Total Float (TF) =

PROJECT START Total Float (TF) =

DATE WBS Code Activity

Early Finish (EF) 3 Late Finish (LF)

Total Float (TF) =

1. First and last activities

Critical Path Method

1. Calculate Early Start & Early Finish

Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = WBS Code Activity

Early Finish (EF) 3 Late Finish (LF)

WBS Code Activity

Activity C Total Float (TF) =

Early Start (ES) Duration Late Start (LS)

Early Finish (EF) 2 Late Finish (LF)

Total Float (TF) =

WBS Code Activity

Early Finish (EF) 3 Late Finish (LF)

Total Float (TF) =

Early Finish (EF) 3 Late Finish (LF)

WBS Code Activity

Activity C Total Float (TF) =

Early Start (ES) Duration Late Start (LS)

Early Finish (EF) 2 Late Finish (LF)

Total Float (TF) =

WBS Code Activity

Early Finish (EF) 3 Late Finish (LF)

Total Float (TF) =

Early Finish (EF) 3 Late Finish (LF)

WBS Code Activity

Activity C Total Float (TF) =

Early Start (ES) Duration Late Start (LS)

WBS Code Activity

Early Finish (EF) 3 Late Finish (LF)

Total Float (TF) =

WBS Code Activity

Early Start (ES) Duration Late Start (LS)

WBS Code Activity

Early Finish (EF) 3 Late Finish (LF)

Total Float (TF) =