1 -“Stampede at the Kumbh Mela: Preventable Accident?

”
Citation

Holman SR, Balsari S(2017). Stampede at the Kumbh Mela: Preventable Accident? Case Study. Global
Health Education and Learning Incubator at Harvard University 2017.

This teaching case describes the fatal stampede in Allahabad, India during the 2013 Kumbh Mela
festival, and the lessons it offers for thinking about global health risks and responses to unintentional
accidents and injuries related to mass gatherings. The case is part of a teaching pack, “Accidents &
Injuries: Lessons from a Stampede,” which also includes a companion instructor’s guide, discussion
guide, role-play exercise, annotated bibliography, and glossary of terms. The case is suitable for
undergraduate and graduate classes in the study of religion, humanitarian aid, public health, and
emergency medicine with a focus on disaster management.

http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12027.

2- “The Kumbh Mela Stampede: Disaster Preparedness Must Bridge

Jurisdictions”
Citation

P Gregg Greenough assistant professor of medicine, emergency medicine, Harvard Medical School;and
fellow, FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard University(2013)

In this report the author brief argues that the 2013 Kumbh Mela stampede in allahabad, where 36
people died, demonstrated system failure despite extraordinary planning by the Indian state. An honest
interagency gap analysis will provide critical lessons that may help make the next Kumbh Mela safer
than it already is. The author is an emergency medicine physician who co-led the public health research
for the Harvard “Mapping the Kumbh Mela” project.

3-“Human stampedes at mass gatherings: An overview”

Citation
1 2

Lakshmi Devi Vanumu , Laxmikant , K.Ramachandra Rao(2018)

The study presents an overview of human stampedes occurred all over the world. It is observed that the
frequency of stampede occurrences increasing since 1980 and most of the stampedes are happened in
Religious gatherings. The major triggering factors in various stampedes were identified as narrow
passage, Overcrowding and rumours. This study can be considered as an initial step in giving an overview
of human stampedes, which would help to prepare a framework based on the past experiences. Further, it
can give better insights for large-scale crowd management and to minimize the loss of human lives in
future.

4- “Environmental Management in Mass Gatherings: A Case Study of Maha

Kumbh Mela 2013 at Prayag, India”
Citation

IJIRST –International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology| Volume 1 | Issue 7 |
December 2014

Kumbh Mela, the name itself projects the belief and vibrant traditions in India. With the religious
sentiments, and adamant faith of thousands of people encasing the event, the Mela itself is a binder of
different sects of people. The effects of Kumbh Mela had grown significantly over the past decades, its
ability to draw the mass all around the world has grown significantly. In the presence of proper planning,
a successful event can be guaranteed. The Kumbh had implemented many modern techniques like
CCTV, GPS, advanced water treatment units etc , their total efforts is no doubt incredible but there were
few loop holes in the planning section. There was lack of awareness among the masses regarding the
use of advanced technologies been implemented, inadequacy of skilled personals for operation &
maintenance on time. This paper has covers the overall effects on environment due to conductance of
Maha Kumbh by data analysis and few technological advancements which may prove useful to other
events over the world like Hajj, Rath Yatra, Durga Puja etc, other fairs and festivals, sporting events,
conferences etc. The means of sustainable development can be achieved by fulfilling the basic needs of
the masses. A mass gathering like Kumbh Mela often brings together organization that has never
worked together. It is very essential to establish excellent coordination and communication system
between different organizing groups. A proper understanding, planning, timely risk assessment and
proper resource utilization can make any event a successful one

5- “Development of Safety Module for Crowd Management in Simhastha 2016

in Ujjain”

Citation
Ritu Shrivastava1 , Parag Dalal2 , A. K. Dwivedi3

2015
Simhastha Mela, the name itself projects the belief and vibrant traditions of India. With the religious
sentiments, lakhs of devotees from different sectors of the country gathered in the Ujjain City between
the periods 22 April to 21 May 2016 and took a holy dip in the River Kshipra. In the presence of proper
crowd management planning, a successful event had been done. This Kumbh had implemented many
modern techniques like CCTV, GPS, app-based panic buttons, effective fire control system, barricades,
electric poles that are uniquely numbered, Crowd management system, etc. This topic covers the overall
effects on the social environment due to the conductance of Maha Kumbh by data analysis and few
technological advancements With all advancement, proper crowd management Simhasth 2016 made a
successful event without any causality due to the Stampede. There were few casualties occurred due to
natural disaster like heavy rainfall before the Second Shahi Snan only that too is being minimized by the
proper crowd management system

6- “A review of studies on understanding crowd dynamics in the context of

crowd safety in mass religious gatherings”

Citation
H. Gayathria , P.M. Aparnaa , Ashish Vermaa,b,c,⁎a Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of
Science (IISc), Bangalore 560012, India b ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia c Robert Bosch Centre
for Cyber Physical Systems, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore 560012, India(2015)

This paper summarizes the various studies that have been done on crowd dynamics emphasizing on
mass gatherings. It is seen that not much studies have been done in mass gatherings in uncontrolled
setup except few like Hajj. Many studies are done in a controlled setup. In mass gatherings, crowd safety
is the most important aspect that has to be considered as the circumstances in such uncontrolled setups
are very dynamic. Therefore the objectives of this paper are (a) to provide a comprehensive review of
the studies on crowd dynamics (b) to identify the limitations and gap in the current literatures (c) to
provide a base or a guideline for future studies

In this paper, the uniqueness of Kumbh Mela from other experimental setups for crowd dynamics is
discussed. The important pedestrian characteristics that have great influence on their behaviour are
studied and how they differ in the context of crowd safety in mass religious gatherings are dealt in more
detail. Also, various traditional pedestrian modelling approaches are discussed. Large scale human
activities have become more frequent especially massive entertainment events, religious gatherings,
sports events etc. Crowd safety has become a critical issue causing the attention of security sector. This
makes it meaningful to analyze the crowd dynamics and associated characteristics. This paper presents a
comprehensive literature review of crowd dynamics in various scenarios-from controlled experiments
which have comparatively lesser crowd density to uncontrolled experiments with critically high density
like Hajj. Situations considered in most of the literature are rather simple except for the experiments
conducted at Hajj.