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TLE ICT Computer Hardware Servicing Grade 9 PDF
TLE ICT Computer Hardware Servicing Grade 9 PDF
Information and
Communications
Technology
Learner’s Material
Computer Hardware Servicing
GOVERNMENT PROPERTY
NOT FOR SALE
ALLOTTED TO
District/ School: _________________________________________
Division _________________________________________________
First Year of Use: _________________________________________
Source of Fund (Year included):__________________________
Department of Education
Republic of the Philippines
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.
Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every
effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.
Authors:
Owen M. Milambiling, Cesar T. Arriola, Dante B. Bermas, Ronaldo V. Ramilo,
Rosalie P. Lujero, Diana Marie B. Dagli, Dr. Virgilio O. Guevarra, and Maria Angelica
G. Mates
Editors: Dr. Paraluman R. Giron, Ofelia C. Flojo, and Perla H. Cuanzon
Reviewers: Romeo B. Gacutan, Simfroso C. Robles II and Marion I. Alinas
Illustrator and Layout Artists:
Subject Specialist: Owen M. Milambiling
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ………………………………………………………………… 30
Objectives………………………………………………………………….. 31
Pre- Assessment …………………………………………… 32
Lesson 1: PLAN AND PREPARE FOR INSTALLATION …………….. 33
1.1 Safety Measures: OHS Policies and Procedures……… 33
1.2 Understanding Computer System…………………………… 37
1.3 Computer Systems, Devices and Peripheral ………..……. 42
iii
1.4 Network…………………………..……………………………. 57
1.5 Materials, tools, equipment and testing devices………….. 61
Lesson 2: INSTALL EQUIPMENT / DEVICES and SYSTEMS ……….… 65
2. 1 Safety Precautions…………………………..……………… 65
2.2 System Specification..………………………………………. 69
2.3 Installation of Hardware components and other peripherals…… 73
2.4 Installing Operating System …………………………….…… 91
2.5 Windows 7 installation ……………………………………….. 107
2.6 Basic Computer Configuration Set- up …………………….. 119
Lesson 3: CONDUCT TEST ON THE INSTALLED COMPUTER SYSTEM ……. 127
3.1. Testing Installed equipment/devices/system………………….. 127
Summative Test ……………………………………………………………….. 134
Post- Test ………………………………………………………………………. 138
Glossary of Terms.…………………………………………………………….. 139
Acronyms ………………………………………………………………………. 141
References …………………………………………………………………….. 143
iv
3.3 Upgrading your Computer Components ……………………. 203
3.3 Basic Network Errors ………………………………………….. 211
3.4 Award BOS / CMOS Setup …………………………………… 220
Lesson 4: TEST SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS……………………………………….. 230
4.1 Testing Computer System …………………………………….. 230
4.2 Error Beep Codes ………………………………………………. 236
Post Assessment ………………………………………………………………. 245
Summative Test ………………………………………………………….……. 247
Glossary ……………………………………………………………………….. 252
References …………………………………………………………………….. 254
v
Technology and Livelihood Education
Entrepreneurship
Have you ever thought running your own business? Entrepreneurship has brought
great success to some, but it's not a career path for all. Do you think you can handle the
stress and hard work that go with running a small business enterprise? The key to succeed
in a small business enterprise is your entrepreneurial ability to produce the desired results.
Before embarking on your first business, it's worth spending some time evaluating your own
preparedness for entrepreneurship. Try to examine your own personality and compare it
with the Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) of a successful entrepreneur. Ask
yourself if you are ready to enter into the world of business. If your answer is yes, take this
reminder: “Successful entrepreneurs continuously develop and improve their PECs”.
Essential Question
Content Standard
1
- The learner prepares an activity plan that addresses his/her development areas
based on his/her PECs and improves further his/her areas of strength.
Guide Questions:
5. Based on the data that you have gathered from the interview with the successful
entrepreneur in your community, how do you develop your PECs?
6. Can you prepare an action plan that addresses your areas of development and
strength based on your PECs?
7. How does your action plan help sustain your strong areas and or address your
development areas based on your PECs?
Pre- Assessment
A. Matching Type
Column A Column B
2
1. Hardworking a. Ability to set realistic targets.
b. Interest in money generation.
2. Self-confident c. To succeed, one must believe in one’s
self.
3. Profit-Oriented
d. Working diligently and industriously.
4. Goal-Oriented e. Being able to listen to the advice of
others.
5. Persistent f. Obtaining useful feedback and advice
from others.
6. Responds to feedback g. Being patient and strives to achieve the
goal.
7. Willing to listen
h. Ability to take measured or calculated
8. Committed risks.
i. Being honest, fair and trustworthy.
9. Reliable and has integrity j. A major priority in the entrepreneur’s
life.
10. Risk-taker
Are you done? This time you will do another set of pre- assessment
which could give you a better understanding of what this module is all about.
Are you ready? So, let’s begin!
B. Multiple Choice.
Directions: Read and study the situation that describes the entrepreneurial
characteristics or attributes. Answer the question by writing the letter of
your choice in your assignment notebook or in the answer sheet provided.
Mrs. Gina Magno opens up her own retail business. She knows that her personal
entrepreneurial characteristics are insufficient to ensure a successful operationalization
of a business that she has in mind. Your answers to the questions below will help in
developing her PECs.
3
1. What PECs must she possess if there are customers who complain about the quality of
her product?
a. Patience
b. Hardworking
c. Versatile
d. All of the above
2. Which of the following is NOT considered as a characteristic of an entrepreneur?
a. Copes with failure
b. Dependent
c. Persistent
d. Opportunity seeker
3. If she wants to ensure a profitable business operation, what characteristic will she
maintain?
a. Commitment
b. Goal oriented
c. Futuristic
d. Opportunity seeker
4. Mrs. Magno follows the advice of a friend to be flexible especially if she intends to
open a retail business. What PECs has been demonstrated by Mrs. Magno?
a. Self- confidence
b. Reliable and has integrity
c. Open to feedback
d. Persistent
5. She tells Mary, her best friend that she has a strong will and does not give up to find a
solution to a business problem. What PECs has been demonstrated by Mrs. Magno?
a. Hard work
b. Persistence
c. Self-confidence
d. Risk- taking
4
This time evaluate your own personal entrepreneurial
characteristics to determine whether you too, can become an
entrepreneur. If you are ready, you may begin!
C. Self- Assessment
Hardworking
Self-confident
Builds for the future
Profit-oriented
Goal-oriented
Persistent
Copes with failure
Responds to feedback
Demonstrates initiative
Willing to listen
Sets own standards
Copes with uncertainty
Committed
Builds on strengths
Reliable and has integrity
Risk-taker
5
Did you enjoy examining yourself? You can become a successful
entrepreneur someday. Please don’t feel bad when you discover that
there are still to be developed. Continue your exploration to find
answers to these underdeveloped PECs.
1. Hard working: If you are determined to run your own business, you must
concentrate on your work either as a producer or a seller. The success of your
business depends on how much time and effort you will spend on it.
2. Self- Confidence: You must have a strong faith in your ability despite the problems
that you will encounter along the way.
3. Future-Oriented: Once a person enters in a line of business, you must understand
that you are in a non-stop contract that an entrepreneur should understand. It may
take several years to build up a business to a reasonable standard. The goal for
most successful business people is to build a secure job and stable income for
themselves based on their own ability.
4. Profit-Oriented: When you enter into the world of business, obviously, you are
looking for income because you know that this will be your bread and butter not only
for you but also for your family. Therefore, you must see to it the business can
generate income. Another plan of action is to expand your own business through
the use of your generated income.
5. Goal-Oriented: An entrepreneur is forward looking. You have an advanced
preparation for your business. You set a long-term goal for the activities that are
needed, an extensive preparation for the production process and procedures that
you need to go through to acquire, human and non-human resources. Everything in
6
your business will have to be set clearly, organized, and planned depending on the
goal you want to achieve.
6. Persistence: Differences in opinion and judgment. Your opponent can be a part of
the rejection on what you intend to do for your endeavor. As an entrepreneur, you
must be firm, strong-willed, and stick or follow your own belief.
7. Copes with Failure: “Learn from your mistakes”. As an entrepreneur, you must
learn how to deal with the frustrations and failures instead, turn these into productive
learning experiences.
8. Responds to Feedback or Open to Feedback: You must be concerned to know
how well you are doing and keep track of your performance. You must obtain useful
feedback and advice from others.
9. Take the Initiative: A successful entrepreneur takes the initiative. You must put
yourself in a position where you personally are responsible for the failure or success
of your business.
10. Willing to Listen: Take time to listen to the advice, suggestions, and
recommendations of fellow entrepreneurs. It will help your business grow.
11. Set your Own Standards: This involves developing and using logical, step-by-step
plans to reach the goals, or offering evaluation alternatives, monitoring progress,
and switching to successful strategies for the goal you want to achieve. To be a
successful entrepreneur you must take into consideration that sales and production
depend on your own standards.
12. Copes with Uncertainty: Pursue your vision to be a successful entrepreneur, you
should know how to handle unusual events that may happen in the business which
include problems in managing the workers, problems on the delivery of goods and
services, and the problems on demand and production. You must be patient in
dealing with these uncertainties.
13. Committed: You should know that in your business, personal needs, attachment to
your friends, families and relatives are set aside. You must separate the money for
your business from the amount that you need to spend for personal obligations and
lifestyles.
7
14. Builds on Strengths: Successful business people base their work on strengths.
Use your manual skills, knowledge in creating products or services, knowledge in
trade and industry, ability to make and use of a wide network of contacts to build
your business.
15. Reliable and has Integrity: An entrepreneur must build a good reputation, possess
the courage to do the right thing, do what you say, walk your talk, be loyal, and be
fair in dealing with the subordinates and costumers.
16. Risk-Taker: Risk sometimes cannot be anticipated. When misfortunes happen,
consider these as challenges and work them out and set good alternatives. Risks
may result to loss of your business or even bankruptcy.
8
Example: My PECs
Directions: At the center of the street are arrows where positive and negative
characteristics and traits are written. Pick out the positive PECs that you are
already strong at, and write them down on the blank arrows on the left side.
PECs written on the arrows at the right side are the negative characteristics
that need to be further improved.
9
DEEPEN Your Understanding
10
5. Avoid being too passive and too aggressive.
6. Don’t let anyone worsen your business life.
7. Prioritize your business goal rather than personal goal in order to become a
successful entrepreneur.
8. Acquire specific skills for creating and maintaining a conducive work environment.
9. Be responsible in everything you do in your business.
10. Always observe business ethics in putting up a business.
Hello! I’m here once again reminding you whether you have achieved
a certain point that you could honestly tell that you are already
successful in strengthening your own PECs.
Let’ s see!
Directions: From the given chart below, write at least six techniques on how you would
strengthen your own PECs. Write the PECs that you feel that you still need to
focus on to strengthen these.
Example: Self-confidence
11
Self-
confidence
Culminating Activity
Directions: Examine yourself once again. Make a short list of PECs that you need to
strengthen. From this activity, prepare of an action plan that requires further development.
You may opt to follow the suggested format below. You may improve or change it as long
as it suits your own plan of action.
12
Specific Purpose Statement: ( Your vision of your future)
Ex. Developing self-confidence in retail business.
Measures Reward/
Focus Current Actions Time
of Recognition
Area Situation Goal Required Frame
Success
My PECs I need to - To Achieve -Selling -During -Earns
develop exercise 100% finished culminating expected
my my own completion of products activities income
undefined PECs development derived -After -Outstanding
characteris during of my own from learning performance in
-tics need selling and PECs through culminating the selling and
for my producing selling and activities in principles, promoting
retail products/ production of any of theories, products and
business. services products, chosen process and services
such as: -To become proper career. of any
_________ proficient manner when -Participate chosen
_________ in my dealing with in skills career
_________ chosen people. competition
_________ skill. sponsored
_________ by the NGO
and GO
Post-Assessment
13
Answer the post assessment below to determine whether there
is significant increase in your understanding of PECs. The feedback to
this post assessment is appended on page 16.
Good Luck!
A. Matching Type
Column A Column B
8. Committed
10. Risk-taker
14
B. Multiple Choice.
Directions: Read and study the situation that describes entrepreneurial characteristics.
Then answer the question by writing the letter of your choice in your
assignment notebook or in the provided answer sheet.
Mrs. Gina Magno opens up her own retail business. She knows that her personal
entrepreneurial characteristics are insufficient to ensure a successful operationalization
of a business she has in mind. Your answers to the questions below will help in
developing her PECs.
1. What PECs must she possess if there are customers who complain about the quality
of her product?
a. Patience
b. Hardworking
c. Versatile
d. All of the above
2. Which of the following is NOT considered as a characteristic of an entrepreneur?
a. Copes with failure
b. Dependent
c. Persistent
d. Opportunity seeker
3. If she wants to ensure a profitable business operation, what characteristic will she
maintain?
a. Commitment
b. Goal oriented
c. Futuristic or future-oriented
d. Opportunity seeker
4. Mrs. Magno follows the advice of a friend to be flexible especially if she intends to
open a retail business. What PECs has been demonstrated by Mrs. Magno?
a. Self- confidence
b. Reliable and has integrity
c. Responsive to feedback
d. Persistent
15
5. She tells Mary, her best friend that she has a strong will and does not give up to find
a solution to a business problem. What PECs has been demonstrated by Mrs.
Magno?
a. Hard work
b. Persistence
c. Self-confidence
d. Risk- taking
Feedback
A. Matching Type
1.d 6. f
2.c 7. e
3.b 8. j
4.a 9. i
5.g 10. h
B. Multiple Choice
1. a
2. b
3. d
4. c
5. b
16
Technology and Livelihood Education
Entrepreneurship
You slowly find answers to these questions as you decide to do the first step in
launching a business enterprise. Be cautious however, that you should develop a habit
of identifying opportunities around you. Only then, you will find the activity both exciting
and easy.
17
EXPLORE your Understanding
Essential Question
How does one select an entrepreneurial activity?
Content Standard
Performance Standard
Guide Questions:
Hello there! Are you ready to assess yourself if you are ready to
generate potential business ideas? Let’s try by answering the
succeeding pre-assessment.
Pre-assessment
18
2. Which of the following should be considered first by a prospective entrepreneur
in choosing the right location for his/her store?
a. Types of merchandise
b. Access of the target customers
c. The attractiveness of the store layout
d. The prevailing prices of goods in the area
3. Thong plans to put a “digi-print” studio in their locality. Which of the following
will help him determine a successful plan for setting up of his business?
Everyone has his or her own needs and wants. However, people have different
concepts of needs and wants. Needs in business are important things that every
individual cannot do without in a society. These include:
19
4. Education and relaxation
Basic needs are essential to every individual so he/she may be able to live with
dignity and pride in the community of people. These needs can obviously help you
generate business ideas.
Wants are desires, luxury and extravagance that signify wealth and an expensive
way of living. Wants or desires are considered above all the basic necessities of life.
Some examples are the eagerness or the passion of every individual which are non-
basic needs like; fashion accessories, shoes, clothes, travelling around the world, eating
in an exclusive restaurant; watching movies, concerts, plays, having luxurious cars,
wearing expensive jewelry, perfume, living in impressive homes, and others.
Needs and wants of people are the basic indicators of the kind of business that
you may engage into because it can serve as the measure of your success. Some
other good points that you might consider in business undertakings are the kind of
people, their needs, wants, lifestyle, culture and tradition, and social orientation that
they belong.
Here are some ways by which you may generate possible ideas for business.
1. Examine the existing goods and services. Are you satisfied with the product?
What do other people who use the product say about it? How can it be
improved? There are many ways of improving a product from the way it is made
to the way it is packed and sold? You can also improve the materials used in
crafting the product. In addition, you introduce new ways of using the product,
making it more useful and adaptable to the customers’ many needs. When you
are improving the product or enhancing it, you are doing an innovation. You can
also do an invention by introducing an entirely new product to replace the old
one.
Business ideas may also be generated by examining what goods and services
are sold outside by the community. Very often, these products are sold in a form
that can still be enhanced or improved.
2. Examine the present and future needs. Look and listen to what the
customers, institution, and communities are missing in terms of goods and
20
services. Sometimes, these needs are already obvious and felt at the moment.
Other needs are not that obvious because they can only be felt in the future, in
the event of certain developments in the community. For example, a town will
have its electrification facility in the next six months. Only by that time will the
entrepreneur could think of electrically- powered or generated business such as
xerox copier, computer service, digital printing, etc.
3. Examine how the needs are being satisfied. Needs for the products and
services are referred to as market demand. To satisfy these needs is to supply
the products and services that meet the demands of the market. The term
market refers to whoever will use or buy the products or service, and these may
be people or institutions such as other businesses, establishments,
organizations, or government agencies.
Businesses or industries in the locality also have needs for goods and services.
Their needs for raw materials, maintenance, and other services such as selling
and distribution are good sources of ideas for business.
A group of people in your neighborhood may have some special skills that can be
harnessed for business. For example, women in the Mountain Province possess
loom weaving skills that have been passed on from one generation to the next
generation. Some communities there set up weaving businesses to produce
blankets, as well as decorative items and various souvenir items for sale to
tourists and lowland communities.
Business ideas can come from your own skills. The work and experience you
may have in agricultural arts, industrial arts, home economics, and ICT classes
will provide you with business opportunities to acquire the needed skills which
will earn for you extra income, should you decide to engage in income-generating
21
activities. With your skills, you may also tinker around with various things in your
spare time. Many products were invented this way.
You have to select the most promising one from among hundreds and one
ideas. It will be good to do this in stages. In the first stage, you screen your
ideas to narrow them down to about five choices. In the next stage, trim down
the five choices to two options. In the final stage, choose between the two and
decide which business idea worth pursuing.
22
Your answers to these questions will be helpful in screening which ones
from among your many ideas are worth examining further and worth pursuing.
23
FIRM UP Your Understanding
In generating
and the business
Threatsidea,
in you
yourshould
environment
first identifytowhat
ensure
type of that
business
the is suited to yo
products/goods and services you are planning to offer will be patronized within the
easy reach by your target markets/consumers.
Bear in mind these simple rules for successful SWOT analysis.
People keep on searching for new things, new trends, and new
issues. For these reasons, an entrepreneur hurriedly responds to these needs
and wants of people.
As generations come and go, another set of new trends will come or will
exist. In order to adapt to the rapid changes in the business environment, the
existing industries need to improve their products and services. But how can you
generate business ideas with those strong competitors? There are three main
sets of decisions that you need to make - what to produce, how to produce, and
how to share or sell out the product to the market.
24
Activity 1 Mini survey
25
21-25 years
old
26-35 years
old
35-45 years
old
46-55 years
old
56-65 years
old
66 and above
A
ctivity 2 Screening business ideas
Directions: After filling out the chart above, try to list down all the probable
business opportunities which you may wish to venture in. Remember to consider
the ideas and suggestions discussed in Lesson 3. Use the suggested matrix
below to indicate your choice. Write your answers in your notebook.
TRANSFER Of Learning
Now that, you have all the information, are you ready to test
your ability to generate your own business idea? If your answer is yes, start
studying the sample vicinity map of a community with a population of two
26
thousand people. A new housing project will be constructed adjacent to Daang
Hari St, close to Old Molino St., its main road. This housing project targets the
homeowners who are young couples with two kids.
In this activity, you need to answer the questions that may lead to the
generation of a probable business. Your answers to these questions will serve
as the bases in formulating your own business ideas.
27
Post-assessment
a. Type of merchandise
b. The access of the target customers
c. The attractiveness of the store layout
d. The prevailing prices of goods in the area
3. Thong plans to put a “digi-print” studio in their locality. Which of the following
will help him determine his plan for a success setting up of his business?
28
Feedback
1. a
2. b
3. d
4. c
5. b
29
Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
MODULE 3:
INSTALL COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND
NETWORKS
29
Welcome to the next level of your modular training in Computer Hardware
Servicing (CHS) under the Information and Communications Technology (ICT)
Course. In this module you will have a great deal of understanding of Installing
Computer Systems and Networks. At the end of this module you will be able to apply
the knowledge and skills on installing computer hardware, operating system,
software components and networks. Those skills are essential for you to pass the
National Certification II in Computer Hardware Servicing.
Reminder! Just follow the instructions given in this module. Now let us start
exploring new things in this module.
30
In this module, there will be three (3) major topics that you will encounter: (1)
plan and prepare for installation; (2) install hardware and software components and
operating systems; and (3) conduct test on the installed computer system. The three
major topics contain sub-topics that discuss the details on installing computer
systems and networks. This module contains what to KNOW, what to PROCESS,
what to REFLECT and UNDERSTAND as well as what to TRANSFER. The
competencies for this module are:
31
LO 3. Conduct test on the installed computer system
Follow OHS policies and procedures in conducting tests
Check circuits and systems being isolated using specified testing procedures
Test devices, systems and/or installation to determine its conformity with the
requirements
Undertake final inspections on the installed devices, systems to ensure
conformity with the requirements
Accomplish technical reports on the tests conducted
Follow procedures in forwarding documentation to appropriate personnel and/or
authority on the test conducted
You will be challenged to dig deeper into your prior knowledge and previous
experiences about computer hardware servicing.
SKILLS TEST
Direction: Listed below are some of the most important skills that you must
gain in order to render quality service when you enter the real world of Computer
Hardware Servicing. Read the skills carefully. Write “YES” if you are familiar with the
skill and “NO” if not. Feel free to answer each skill. Write your answers in your
notebook.
32
I know how to install an operating system
I know how to configure a hardware components and its related software
I know the procedures in testing the installed computer components
The following topics will enable you to be familiar with planning and preparing
for installation, install equipment and devices, and conduct test on the installed
computer system. All you need to do is to read carefully all the topics and apply the
skills you’ve gained through the distinct activities provided in this module.
This lesson is intended to develop your skills in planning and preparing for
installation of computer devices and operating system. At the end of this lesson you
are expected to:
Observe OHS policies and procedures in planning for installation activity in
accordance with requirements
Familiarize with computer peripheral/ devices/systems in accordance with
established procedures correct operation and safety
Consult appropriate/ technical personnel to ensure that work is coordinated with
others who are involved in the activity
Obtain materials necessary to complete the work in accordance with
established procedures
Check the materials received against job requirements
33
and for the devices that you are using. The basis for this process begins with
Occupational Health and Safety Policies.
Procedure
1. Identify the hazard
2. Clear the area close to the hazard
3. Partition the hazard off or clearly identify the area to protect other people
from harm
4. If the hazard is easily and safely cleared, then do so
If not…
5. Report the hazard to the appropriate person (such as teacher in charge,
principal etc.) to obtain assistance
6. Following clearing of the hazard fill out the correct documentation to assist
in identifying improved practice to reduce further incidence of hazards.
All hazards must be reported using Accidental Report form. This enables us to
track the kinds of hazards we have in our workplace, and take action where
necessary to make it safer for all student and clients.
Accident reports
Forms are used to give specific details with regards to the accidents
happened in the laboratory during experiments.
34
Accident report sample form
Date:
Rm. No:
Name: Yr/Sec:
Hazardous substances
If the workplace hazard appears to be dangerous to staff and clients and
professional assistance is required:
A. Call the supervisor or manager and advise them of the problem and the
urgency of the matter.
B. Depending on the risk it may be called as an evacuation.
C. Follow the evacuation procedure.
D. The supervisor or manager will call in the fire brigade or specialized
personnel who will deal with the spill.
Fire exits
All fire exits should be kept clear of from obstacles. All students have a
responsibility to make sure that chairs, empty boxes or any other type of obstacle are
not placed in or near fire exit doorways.
All corridors also need to have equipment stored on one side only to ensure
that in the event of an emergency there is a clear exit.
35
If you find the fire
If the designated fire officer is not present, someone quickly needs to take
responsibility and:
36
3. The performance will be rated according to the following:
Performance Criteria:
UNDERSTANDING COMPUTER
Analog Computers: These are almost extinct today. These are different from a
digital computer because an analog computer can perform several mathematical
operations simultaneously. It uses continuous variables for mathematical operations
and utilizes mechanical or electrical energy.
37
Figure1. Different Types of Computer
Digital Computers: They use digital circuits and are designed to operate on two
states, namely bits 0 and 1. They are analogous to states ON and OFF. Data on
these computers is represented as a series of 0s and 1s. Digital computers are
suitable for complex computation and have higher processing speeds. They are
programmable. Digital computers are either general purpose computers or special
purpose ones. Special purpose computers, as their name suggests, are designed for
specific types of data processing while general purpose computers are meant for
general use.
Hybrid Computers: These computers are a combination of both digital and analog
computers. In this type of computers, the digital segments perform process control
by conversion of analog signals to digital ones.
Classification of Computers
The following are the classification of the different types of computers based
on their sizes and functionalities:
38
systems or workstations. The term began to be popularly used in the 1960s to refer
to relatively smaller third generation computers.
39
Microcomputers: A computer with a microprocessor and its central processing unit
it is known as a microcomputer. They do not occupy space as much as mainframes
do. When supplemented with a keyboard and a mouse, microcomputers can be
called personal computers. A monitor, a keyboard and other similar input output
devices, computer memory in the form of RAM and a power supply unit come
packaged in a microcomputer. These computers can fit on desks or tables and prove
to be the best choice for single-user tasks.
40
Netbooks: They fall in the category of laptops, but are inexpensive and relatively
smaller in size. They had a smaller feature set and lesser capacities in comparison
to regular laptops, at the time they came into the market.
Tablet Computers: Tablets are mobile computers that are very handy to use. They
use the touch screen technology. Tablets come with an onscreen keyboard or use a
stylus or a digital pen. Apple's iPod redefined the class of tablet computers.
Wearable Computers: A record-setting step in the evolution of computers was the
creation of wearable computers. These computers can be worn on the body and are
often used in the study of behavior modeling and human health. Military and health
professionals have incorporated wearable computers into their daily routine, as a
part of such studies. When the users' hands and sensory organs are engaged in
other activities, wearable computers are of great help in tracking human actions.
Wearable computers do not have to be turned on and off and remain in operation
without user intervention.
Direction: Identify the type of computer being described in the following sentences
and write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
41
COMPUTER SYSTEM, DEVICES AND PERIPHERALS
o Multi-user: Allows two or more users to run programs at the same time.
Some operating systems permit hundreds or even thousands of
concurrent users.
Linux
Unix
Windows 2000
o Multiprocessing : Supports running a program on more than one CPU.
Linux
Unix
Windows 2000
o Multitasking : Allows more than one program to run concurrently.
Unix
Windows 2000 and Windows multi point
o Multithreading : Allows different parts of a single program to run
concurrently.
42
Linux
Unix
Windows 2000 and Windows 7
The following list represents a basic set of devices found in most Personal
Computers.
1. System Unit- The main part of a microcomputer, sometimes called the chassis. It
includes the following parts: Motherboard, Microprocessor, Memory Chips, Buses,
Ports, Expansion Slots and Cards.
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2. Motherboard / Mainboard / System Board- The main circuit board of a
computer. It contains all the circuits and components that run the computer.
3. CPU (Central Processing Unit) - The processor is the main “brain” or “heart” of a
computer system. It performs all of the instructions and calculations that are needed
and manages the flow of information through a computer.
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Two (2) Types of Memory
a. ROM – (Read Only Memory) ROM is non-volatile, meaning it holds data even
when the power is ON or OFF.
b. RAM – (Random Access Memory) RAM is volatile, meaning it holds data only
when the power is on. When the power is off, RAM's contents are lost.
45
7. Power Supply Unit (PSU) - Installed in the back corner
of the PC case, next to the motherboard. It converts
120vac (standard house power) into DC voltages that are
used by other components in the PC.
Figure12. CD ROM
The devices attached to a personal computer can be classified into two- the
input and output devices. Input Device is composed of a device that accepts data
and instructions from the user or from another computer system. While, output
46
device is any piece of computer hardware that displays results after the computer
has processed the input data that has been entered.
Keyboard - The first input device developed for the PC. Data is transferred to
the PC over a short cable with a circular 6-pin Mini-din connector that plugs
into the back of the motherboard.
Figure14. Keyboard
2. Direct Entry – A form of input that does not require data to be keyed by someone
sitting at a keyboard. Direct-entry devices create machine-readable data on paper,
or magnetic media, or feed it directly into the computer’s CPU.
Figure15. Mouse
47
Light Pen - A light-sensitive stylus wired to a video terminal used to draw
pictures or select menu options. The user brings the pen to the desired
point on screen and presses the pen button to make contact.
F
i
Figure17. Light Pen
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3. Voice- Input Devices - Audio input devices also known as speech or voice
recognition systems that allow a user to send audio signals to a computer for
processing, recording, or carrying out commands. Audio input devices such as
microphones allow users to speak to the computer in order to record a voice
message or navigate software.
1. Computer Display Monitor- It displays information in visual form, using text and
graphics. The portion of the monitor that displays the information is called the
screen or video display terminal.
Types of Monitor
a. CRT Monitors - Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT) were the only type of displays for use
with desktop PCs. They are relatively big (14" to 16" deep) and heavy (over 15
lbs).
b. LCD Monitors – Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology has been used in
laptops for some time. It has recently been made commercially available as
monitors for desktop PCs.
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c. LED Monitors (Light Emitting Diode) - A display and lighting technology used in
almost every electrical and electronic product on the market, from a tiny on/off
light to digital readouts, flashlights, traffic lights and perimeter lighting.
3. Smart Board - A type of display screen that has a touch sensitive transparent
panel covering the screen, which is similar to a touch screen.
Types of printer
b) Laser Printer - Uses the same technology as copy machines. Laser printers
produce very high quality text and graphics.
c) LCD and LED Printer- Similar to a laser printer, but uses liquid crystals or light-
emitting diodes rather than a laser to produce an image on the drum.
d) Line Printer - Contains a chain of characters or pins that print an entire line at
one time. Line printers are very fast, but produce low-quality print.
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Figure 28.Types of Printer
(e) Thermal Printer- An inexpensive printer that works by pushing heated pins
against heat-sensitive paper. Thermal printers are widely used in calculators and
fax machines.
Figure 29.Speaker
Aside from the devices attached on a PC, there are also the so called storage
devices that perform a special task in computing system. Storage device is any
apparatus for recording computer data in a permanent or semi-permanent form.
51
Figure 30.Storage Devices
Floppy diskette- is a random access, removable data storage medium that can be
used with personal computers. The term usually refers to the magnetic medium
housed in a rigid plastic cartridge measuring 3.5 inches square and about
2millimeters thick. Also called a "3.5-inch diskette," it can store up to 1.44 megabytes
(MB) of data.
Compact disc (CD) – also called optical disc is a nonmagnetic, polished metal disk
used to store digital information. The disc is read by the CD- ROM.
Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)- an optical disc technology with a 4.7 gigabyte storage
capacity on a single-sided, one-layered disk, which is enough for a 133-minute
movie.
Jump drive and USB flash drive- is a plug-and-play portable storage device that
uses flash memory and is lightweight enough to attach to a key chain. A USB drive
can be used in place of a floppy disk, Zip drive disk, or CD.
Hard drive- is the main, and usually largest, data storage device in a computer.
The operating system, software titles and most other files are stored in the hard disk
drive.
52
LS-120- is a drive which supports a special floppy diskette which can store up to
120MB of information as well as being backwards compatible and still supporting the
standard 1.44MB floppy diskettes.
Zip drive-is a small, portable disk drive used primarily for backing up and archiving
personal computer files.
Direction: In the puzzle below, look for the 10 hidden computer devices and
determine whether it belongs to INPUT, OUTPUT or STORAGE DEVICE.
C G M M Q F Y L W K C P A H K H G C N H
P O R K I R X N A A O A U A K B M P H U
Z A M Z W G W P X W A F V R Q V X U M Y
Q U I P R Y P T E X V I R D B W A O R B
I R T B A R S R U Y L G R D V J B O C U
A O N R D C S G S I L N H I Q S M I L X
C U H L Q U T Z G D C J F S E E J K O U
N H X S P U P D A K O Z X K M T Y U Z S
G H L P F H G P I Z T A F D O U U F T R
A S L W W T R A O S Q F A R E H B G M O
R Y B E A E M J I X K P I I X E C F H T
E S A C M E T S Y S D D E V W T I D V I
K W M I Q K K I S I O R R E I L D F F N
L E I O M E H Y A S K S A I I D G Z K O
M Q U N D H M R W O Q U H O V K T M J M
W P T H E R M K Z W J U B J B E A P Q Z
K Z Z M L H M O U S E C K Y C Y V Y S D
Y B Y V X E W P L Q Q Y O V N H E Z H D
R N F H T U B U G L S N P F J W N K N J
M J G N Y H V J D U G F L U X O M K D A
1. ________________________ ______________________
2. ________________________ ______________________
3. ________________________ ______________________
4. ________________________ ______________________
5. ________________________ ______________________
6. ________________________ ______________________
7. ________________________ ______________________
8. ________________________ ______________________
9. ________________________ ______________________
10. ________________________ ______________________
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Matching Type. Match column A with Column B and write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
A. B.
1. It serves as the brain of computer. a. Adapter
2. Printed-circuit boards (also called b. CD- ROM
interface cards) that enable the computer c. CPU
to use a peripheral device d. Floppy disk
3. Also called read/write memory e. Microphone
4. a small, portable disk drive used primarily f. Monitor
for backing up files g. Motherboard
5. The main circuit board of a computer h. Mouse
6. Also called diskette i. Optical Drive
7. Acts as a pointing device j. RAM
8. Device that makes sounds, clips and any k. ROM
audio materials be heard. l. Speaker
9. Component that reads and record data in m. Zip Drive
CDs and DVDs.
What is a Network?
10. it is a visual device that displays the
information
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2. http://www.professormesser.com/free-a-plus-training/220-801/an-overview-of-
cpu-socket-types/
3. http://www.professormesser.com/free-a-plus-training/220-801/an-overview-of-
cpu-socket-types/
4. http://www.professormesser.com/free-a-plus-training/220-801/an-overview-of-
display-device-types/
5. http://www.professormesser.com/free-a-plus-training/220-801/an-overview-of-
pc-input-devices/
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After watching the videos, answer the following questions:
1. What are the different types of motherboard shown in the video?
2. What are the different sizes of a motherboard?
3. What are the different types of CPU?
4. Describe the different types of memory cited in the video.
5. What do you think is the most efficient monitor used in our
computers nowadays?
6. Give at least 5 input devices featured in the video presentation.
Role Playing
The class will be divided into 5 groups (depending on the class size),
each group will have a minimum of 5 members and maximum of 10. Each
member should have a special role pertaining to the devices of a computer
and their functions. Each group will be tasked to showcase their talents in
front of the class. Each presentation will be rated using the following criteria:
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NETWORK
A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share
resources (such as printers and CD-ROMs), exchange files, or allow electronic
communications. The computers on a network may be linked through cables,
telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.
There are three basic types of networks which includes the following:
Networking Devices
Consist of, but are not limited to non-local printers, workstations, servers,
webcams, data loggers, instruments, dial-in devices, and, in general anything that
requires an Ethernet connection. These devices are supported on a best-effort basis
limited by the staffing and equipment level available.
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Hub is a small, simple, inexpensive device that joins
multiple computers together. Many network hubs
available today support the Ethernet standard. Other
types including USB hubs also exist, but Ethernet is
the type traditionally used in home networking.
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Network interface is a device that connects a client computer, server, printer or
Direction: Identify what is being described in the following sentences and write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. It protects a computer network from unauthorized access.
2. Type of network that connect larger geographic areas, such as Florida, the
United States, or the world.
3. This is an internetworking system capable of joining together two networks
that use different base protocols.
4. It is consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share
resources (such as printers and CD-ROMs), exchange files, or allow
electronic communications.
5. They translate digital signals from a computer into analog signals that can
travel across conventional phone lines.
6. It is a device that connects a client computer, server, printer or other
component to your network.
7. A device filters data traffic at a network boundary.
8. It is a device that gathers the signals from devices that are connected to it,
and then regenerates a new copy of each signal.
9. It is a small, simple, inexpensive device that joins multiple computers
together.
10. Type of network that is confined to a relatively small area.
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Now, that you are done with the introduction of network as well as the
networking devices, to enlighten your understanding and knowledge have some
more readings about it thru books and other resources. You should consider the
following topics for research:
1. Different types of Network Topology
2. Common networking tools
After the research, you can also deepen your understanding by watching a
video presentation using the URL below:
o http://www.professormesser.com/free-a-plus-training/220-801/network-
devices/
o http://www.professormesser.com/free-a-plus-training/220-801/network-
topologies-3/
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MATERIALS, TOOLS, EQUIPMENT and TESTING DEVICES
The following tools and equipment are classified according to their functions
and uses.
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Scanner- it is an input device that read text or
illustration printed on paper, translates the
information into a form that a computer can use
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Philips Screw Driver- is used to drive or fasten
positive slotted screws
A. Direction: Identify the following tools and materials, give their uses.
1.
2.
3.
4.
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B. Identification.
Direction: Identify the appropriate term described in each sentence. Use a
separate sheet for your answers.
________1. It is a connector at the black of a computer or other device.
________2. A computer circuit board installed in a computer so that it can be
connected to a network.
________3.A device that allows a given computer to share a data.
________4. An input device that read text or illustration printed on paper, translated
the information into a form that a computer that can use.
________5.The least expensive and most popular network media.
For you to deepen your knowledge and skills and understanding in planning
and preparing for installation, you need to determine the location of the devices /
systems to be used, obtain materials necessary to complete the work in accordance
with established procedures and check the materials received against job
requirements . Your task is to have a research, find as well and watch video
presentations relating and showing the following:
After reflecting on the task given to you, it’s your chance now to transfer what
you have learned from the activity by having a presentation in front of the class. You
will be grouped with 5 members during the presentation. Make use of your creativity
in presenting each topic to awaken the interest of your classmates.
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LESSON2. INSTALL EQUIPMENT / DEVICES and SYSTEMS
This lesson is designed to give you the proper procedures used in installing
devices and operating system of a personal computer, alongside with it is the basic
computer configuration set up. At the end of this lesson you should be able to:
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
PPE can also be used to protect the working environment from pesticide
application, pollution or infection from the worker (for example in a microchipfactory).
It is important that students and teachers during their laboratory period should
be required to use personal protective equipment. Some of these are:
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Goggles A large spectacles, with
shields around the rims, for protecting
the eyes from dust, excessive light,
wind, etc.
Rubber Sole A special type of shoes
used to prevent electrical shock and for
waterproofing and insulating purposes.
The little shock you experience while you are walking across a carpeted floor
or when you touched a door knob, table, counter or even another person is a result
of static electricity. Static electricity is the discharge of electricity between two
objects with different electrical potential. Humans can't feel a static shock until it is
several thousand volts strong, but it takes less than 30 volts to fry a sensitive
computer component, such as a stick of RAM or a processor.
That's why computer technicians and home computer builders have to guard
their computers against the deadly ravages of static electricity, as well as take steps
to avoid injury.
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Safety and Anti-Static Rules
True or False
Direction: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE otherwise.
1. Always disconnect a computer from the AC power and from any powered
peripherals while you are working on it.
2. Always grasp a metal part of the computer chassis with your bare hand before
you touch anything inside. Do this even if you are wearing an anti-static
wristband.
3. Always handle electronic components by a non-conducting (non-metallic)
edge. Don't touch the pins or other connectors.
4. Always use a UL-approved surge protector or an Uninterruptible Power
Supply that incorporates surge and spike protection.
5. Never use an anti-static wrist strap when working on a computer (except
when working on monitors)
6. Everyone is allowed to eat, drink, or smoke while working on a computer.
7. Never plug an ATX power supply into AC power unless it is connected either
to a computer's motherboard or to a dummy test load.
8. Static electricity is the discharge of electricity between two objects with
different electrical potential.
9. Apron is a garment worn over the front of the body as a protection for one’s
cloth.
10. PPE can also be used to protect the working environment from pesticide
application, pollution or infection from the worker.
67
Directions: The class will be divided into five (5) groups. Each group has its own
respective leader. The group will perform a task regarding familiarizing the personal
protective equipment. After the activity they will be graded using the given
Performance Score Card below:
Performance Rating
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SYSTEM’S SPECIFICATION
Whenever you purchase software or hardware for your computer, you should
first make sure your computer supports the system requirements. These are the
necessary specifications your computer must have in order to use the software or
hardware. For example, a computer game may require your computer to have
Windows XP or later, a 2.0 GHz processor, 512 MB of RAM, a 64 MB graphics card,
and 500 MB or hard drive space. If your computer does not meet all of these
requirements, the game will not run very well or might not run at all.
It is just as important to check system requirements for hardware devices. For
example, if you buy a printer, it may require either Windows XP or Mac OS X 10.3 or
later. It may also require a USB port and 80 MB of available hard drive space. If your
computer does not have any USB ports, you will not be able to physically connect
the printer. If your machine does not have Windows XP or Mac OS X 10.3 or later,
the printer drivers may be incompatible with your operating system. This means your
computer will be unable to recognize the printer.
Most hardware and software products have the system requirements printed
on the side or bottom of the product packaging. When you are shopping for
computer software or hardware, it is a good idea to first find out exactly what your
system's specifications are and write them down on a piece of paper. The important
information to record includes:
1. Operating System (i.e. Windows XP, SP 2 or Mac OS X 10.3.8)
2. Processor Speed (i.e. Pentium 4, 3.2 GHz or Power PC G5, 2.0 GHz)
3. Memory, a.k.a. RAM (i.e. 512 MB)
4. Graphics Card (i.e. ATI Radeon 9800 w/ 256 MB video memory)
5. Hard Disk Space (i.e. 80 GB available)
6. I/O Ports (i.e. USB, Firewire, Serial, Parallel, SCSI, VGA, DVI ports)
By recording these specifications from your computer, you will be able to
make sure your computer supports the products you are buying. In terms of
installation, systems’ specification is a big consideration in order for a computer to
run and work properly for the most efficient way it could be.
In broad terms, the performance of a computer depends on four factors: the
speed and architecture of its processor or "central processing unit" (CPU), how much
random access memory (RAM) it has, its graphics system, and its internal hard drive
speed and capacity. Also of importance to most users will be the specification of
its Internet connection. Most computer users and in particular those working with a
lot of photographs, music files or videos should also think about the most
suitable storage devices they will need in order to keep and back-up all of their
valuable data.
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Processor speed and architecture
For applications such as video editing, 3D graphics work and (for the majority
of "power users") playing computer games, higher processor speeds is highly
required. CPU performance is now determined by far more than raw speed alone.
Intel made this very clear when it introduced its system of processor numbers. These
provide an indication of a processor's "architecture", "cache" and "front side bus
(FSB) speed" in addition to its clock speed.
In addition to clock speed and architecture, a processor's cache and front side
bus (FSB) speed also determine a computer's overall power. Cache is a form of very
fast memory integrated into the processor chip, and used to store up instructions
(work for the processor) so that it has to slow down as little as possible between
tasks. Cache is measured in megabytes (MB), with (for example) low-end Celeron
processors having as little as 0.25MB of cache (256KB), and high-end Itaniums
having up to 24MB. The simple message is, the more cache the better- though high
levels of cache still come at a very significant price.
RAM
To a large extent, the more RAM a computer has the faster and more
effectively it will operate. Computers with little RAM have to keep moving data to and
from their hard disks in order to keep running. This tends to make them not just slow
in general, but more annoyingly intermittently sluggish.
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RAM is measured in megabytes (MB) and gigabytes (GB), as detailed on
the storage page. Just how much RAM a computer needs depends on the software it
is required to run effectively. A computer running Windows XP will usually function
quite happily with 1GB of RAM, whereas twice this amount (ie 2GB) is the realistic
minimum for computers running Windows 7.
Graphics system
A computer's graphics system determines how well it can work with visual
output. Graphics systems can either be integrated into a computer's motherboard, or
plugged into the motherboard as a separate "video card". Graphics systems
integrated into the motherboard (also known as "onboard graphics") are now quite
powerful, and sufficient for handling the requirements of most software applications
aside from games playing, 3D modeling, and some forms of video editing.
Any form of modern computer graphics system can now display high-
resolution color images on a standard-sized display screen (ie any monitor up to
about 19" in size). The more sophisticated graphics cards now determines how well
a computer can handle the playback of high definition video, as well as the speed
and quality at which 3D scenes can be rendered. Another key feature of separate
graphics cards is that most of them now allow more than one display screen to be
connected to a computer. Others also permit the recording of video.
Today 40GB is an absolute minimum hard drive size for a new computer
running Windows 7, with a far larger capacity being recommended in any situation
where more than office software is going to be installed. Where a computer will
frequently be used to edit video, a second internal hard disk dedicated only to video
storage is highly recommended for stable operation. Indeed, for professional video
editing using a program like Premiere Pro CS5, Adobe now recommend that a PC
has at least three internal hard disks (one for the operating system and programs,
one for video project files, and one for video media).
Two key factors determine the speed of traditional, spinning hard disks. The
first is the rotational velocity of the physical disk itself. This can currently be 4200,
5400, 7200, 10000 or 15000 rpm (revolutions per minute). The faster the disk spins,
71
the quicker data can be read from or written to it, hence the faster the disk the better
(although faster disks consumer more power, make more noise, and generate more
heat). Most desktop hard disks run at either 5400 or 7200 rpm, whilst most laptop
hard disks run at 4200 or 5400.
Now, in order for you to better understand the topics under system’s
specification, dig deep into your mind and answer the following essential questions:
72
INSTALLATION OF HARDWARE COMPONENTS AND OTHER PERIPHERALS
One of the basic skills that you must acquire in computer hardware servicing
is to independently assemble and disassemble a personal computer or simply setting
up a PC. After familiarizing with all the tools, devices, peripherals and safety
precautions I believe that you are now ready to gain another experience in CHS by
going through this lesson.
Step1. Unplugging - The first thing you do is to unplug every cable that is plugged
in to your computer. That includes the cables such as Power, USB, Mouse,
Keyboard, Internet, Ethernet, Modem, AM\FM Antenna, Cable TV, etc. Just unplug
all the cables for safety purposes.
Now that your computer is fully unplugged, move your PC to a clean work
space.
Step2.Opening the Outer Shell/Case- First, unscrew the four screws at the back of
the computer. On most computer cases, there will be large knobs that you can
unscrew by hand or by screw driver on the back-right side of the computer. The left
side has small screws because on that side you can't access much on the inside.
Once the screws are removed, you can remove the side panels. On most
computers, they just slide off. Start with the left side panel (the side that once had
the knobs), slide it towards the back of the computer. Now you can remove the left
panel. Just like the other side, slide it towards the back of the computer.
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Side
Panel
NOTICE:
If you are working on a carpet, about every five minutes touch something that is
grounded (Sink faucet / pipe, wire coming from the ground part of a wall outlet). This
is done so you do not shock your motherboard or other parts.
Step3. Removing the System Fan - First, unplug the fan from the motherboard.
You can find the plug by following the wire from the fan. It should be labeled
"SYS_FAN1". Next, you will have to unscrew the fan from the outside. You should
now be able to lift the fan out of the PC.
System Fan
Step4. Removing the CPU Fan- The CPU fan is located right on top of the CPU
heat sink, which is a large piece of metal with fins on the top. The CPU fan plugs into
the motherboard in an awkward place, that is hard to access. But just follow the
wires and you should easily find it. It is labeled "CPU FAN1". To remove the fan from
the heat sink, remove the four screws securing it in place.
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CPU Fan
Step5. Power Supply - The first thing to do is unplug every wire coming from the
power supply. You must disconnect the motherboard (very large connector/plug),
CD/DVD drive(s) power, internal hard drive power and portable hard drive slot
power.
Once everything is unplugged,
unscrew the four screws holding the power
supply in place, on the back of the
computer. Next, push the power supply
from the outside, and then lift it out.
Step6. CD/ DVD Drive(s)-First, unplug the ribbon from the back of the drive. Once
that is completed, pull on the tab
securing the drive in place, then
push it out from the inside.
CD / DVD
Drive
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Step7. Hard Drive - First, unplug the connector at the back of the slot, and unplug
the other end from the motherboard. Also unplug the SATA cable from the
motherboard and the hard drive. The portable hard drive slot is secured the same
way the CD/DVD drive is, with a tab. Pull on the tab, then slide the slot out.
To remove the hard drive from the side of the slot, unscrew the four screws securing
it in place. You must be very careful not to drop the hard drive, since it is very
delicate!
Figure 39. Removing the hard drive from the side of the slot
Step8. Memory (RAM) - To remove the RAM, push down on both tabs holding the
RAM in place, which are located at both ends of the RAM.
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Step9. Motherboard - The motherboard has seven screws holding it to the frame,
which are indicated by large white circles around them. Remove them and then lift
the motherboard out of the frame.
1. Take Inventory:
Before you start, take an inventory of your parts. Do not begin assembling
your computer if you don't have everything you need. Begin the step-by-step process
once you are ready with everything you need.
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Building a PC takes up space - about a dining room table worth. So make
sure you have plenty of working room and a few hours to proceed with minimal
interruption. Work on a flat, stable table top surface, or bare floor, where you have
room to layout all of the items.
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3. Next, review the motherboard manual, to make sure you are familiar with the
motherboard layout and understand which socket is which. Manuals are
extremely helpful, usually easy to read, and include illustrations. Below you
can find instructions on how to install the processor, the heat sink and the
memory modules on the motherboard. You should not place the motherboard
in the computer case until you are told to do so.
1. Follow the manufacturer's directions to install the heat sink and the fan that
will cool the processor. If you bought an OEM CPU and a separate heat sink,
you may need to spread a thin layer of the thermal grease that came with the
heat sink over the chip to ensure proper transfer of heat (some heat sinks
come with this grease already applied).
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3. Attach the clip that holds the heat sink in place keeping in mind that it may
require a fair amount of force. Again, follow the instructions that came with the
heat sink. They will show you how to fit it correctly. If you are in doubt, you
can visit the manufacturer's website for more information.
4. Plug the CPU fan's power connector into the proper connector on the
motherboard.
1. Some PC cases have a removable motherboard tray. If yours does, remove the
screws holding it in place and pull it out of the case (Figure 49).
2. Note the pattern of the holes in your motherboard (Figure 50), and screw brass
standoffs into the motherboard tray or into the PC case in the correct locations
(ALWAYS check the manual and follow their instructions to the letter).
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Figure 49. Screw Brass Standoffs Into the Motherboard
3. Check the layout of the sockets on the motherboard, and confirm that the ports on
your motherboard's back panel match the holes on the case's Input/Output (I/O)
shield that is installed in your case. If necessary, remove the old I/O shield by
tapping it firmly a few times with the butt-end of a screwdriver, and then replace it
with the shield that came with the new motherboard.
4. Carefully position the motherboard on top of the brass standoffs (Figure 51), line
up all the holes, and use the screws that accompanied the case to fasten down the
motherboard. If you are using a removable tray in your system, slide the tray and
motherboard back into the case and then secure the tray.
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Step 7. Connect the Power Supply
1. First, plug the large ATX power connector (Figure 53) from your power supply into
the matching port on your motherboard. Look Figure X for details.
2. Locate the smaller, square processor power connector (Figure 54) (you cannot
miss it - it is the one sprouting the yellow and black wires) and attach it to the
motherboard. Note: your connector is usually located near the processor. As
always, refer to your motherboard's manual for the exact locations.
3. Use your motherboard user manual and find the description about front-panel
connectors.
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NOTE:
You are going to be doing work that requires attention to detail and can be quite
frustrating if you do not go into it with the right attitude.
4. Attach each of the tiny leads from the power and reset switches (Figure 56), the
hard-disk activity lights, the PC speaker, and any front-panel USB and FireWire ports
to the corresponding pin on your motherboard. The needle-nose pliers are useful for
manipulating small pieces.
1. Begin by removing the backplane cover from the AGP or PCI Express X16
slot (the metal piece where the monitor connector will emerge) (Figure 55).
2. Install the graphics board in that slot, and then secure the card with a screw
(Figure 56).
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Figure 56. Install the Graphics Board
Now it is time to install your drives. This is an easy process, but it requires attention
to detail.
1. Make any necessary changes to jumpers on the drives before mounting them
in the case. A two-drive system (one or two SATA (Serial ATA- is a standard
hardware interface for connecting hard drives and CD/DVD drives to a
computer) hard drives, plus one parallel ATA
(Advanced Technology Attachment) optical drive, for example) is easy to set
up; the SATA drives are jumper less, and the optical drive can be set as
master on its own parallel ATA channel. Many cases have removable drive
rails or cages to house drives.
2. Use the included screws to attach your drives to the rails or cage, and slide
them into the case. For externally accessible drives such as a DVD recorder,
you can save time by installing one drive rail and sliding the drive in for a test
fitting to make sure that its front is flush with the case (Figure 57).
3. When the drives are installed, connect power and data cables to each one.
Parallel ATA drives use wide, flat data cables that can be installed only in the
correct way. Floppy drives use a similar but smaller cable; SATA drives use a
thin, 1cm-wide data cable. SATA drives use a new type of power connector
that many power supplies don't come with. Fortunately, many motherboards
ship with adapters for converting a standard four-pin power connector to a
SATA power connector (Figure 57).
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Figure 57. Attach your devices
1. For each add-in card, you must choose a free PCI slot.
1. Remove its backplane cover to allow access from the rear of the case.
3. Carefully position the card above the slot, and press down firmly to seat the
card (Figure 59).
4. Secure the card with a screw.
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Figure 59. Add- in Cards
When attaching hardware and peripherals of the computer, ensure that they
are connected to the correct locations or ports. For example, some mouse and
keyboard cables use the same type of PS/2 connector. So, you must know first the
different ports that can be found in the back panel of the computer.
Keep in mind:
1. When attaching cables, never force a connection.
2. Plug in the power cable after you have connected all other
cables.
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Figure 60. Steps in Connecting Peripherals of a PC
After connecting all the cables into their proper places, the picture in the next
page should be the appearance of the back panel of your PC.
87
Rearrange the Procedures
Direction: Rearrange the following procedures in their proper order. Use numbers to
indicate their order of precedence. The first number is done for you.
88
Performance Test
Direction: Follow and perform the given procedures on Activity A, B and C. Safety
precautions must be observed when working. You will be rated in accordance with
the rubrics provided after the activity:
A. PC Disassembly
89
C. Connecting PC Peripherals
Accuracy 50 %
Speed 10%
Performance Rating
90
INSTALLING OPERATINFG SYSTEM
Windows XP Installation
If you see a message about press any key to boot the CD, do so now.
Otherwise, you will see a message about Setup inspecting your system.
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2. MS-DOS portion of Setup begins
In the first stage of setup; you will see a series of blue and gray MS-DOS-
based screens.
In the first step, you will be asked to press F6 if you need to install any third-
party or RAID drivers.
3. Welcome to Setup
Finally, Setup begins. In this step, you can set up XP, launch the Recovery
Console (another, more complicated system recovery tool), or quit.
Press ENTER to continue Setup, and it will examine your hard drives and
removable disks.
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4. Read the license agreement
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6. Select the file system
If you created a new partition, or wish to change the file system of an existing
partition, you can do so in the next step. NTFS (New Technology File System)
file system is more secured than FAT (File Allocation System).
Regardless of which file system you choose, be sure to select one of the
"quick" format options (the top two choices), if you do need to format, since
these will work much more quickly than a full format.
If you did choose to change or format the file system, this will occur next.
First, you'll be asked to verify the format. If you're installing XP on a system
with more than one partition, especially one that still holds your data on one of
the partitions, be sure you're formatting the correct partition.
Hit F to continue, and a yellow progress bar will indicate the status of the
format. When this is complete, Setup will again examine your disks, and
create a list of files to copy.
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8. Setup folder copy phase and reboot
Setup will now copy system files to the system/boot partition(s) you just
created. This will allow the PC to boot from the C: drive and continue Setup in
GUI mode.
When the file copy is complete, Setup will initialize and save your XP
configuration.
It will then reboot your PC.When the system reboots, you will probably see the
"Press any key to boot from CD" message again. If this happens, do not press
a key: Setup will now boot from your C: drive. In the event that you cannot
prevent the CD-based Setup from reloading, eject the CD and reboot. Setup
will ask for the CD when needed.
Once the system reboots, you will be presented with the GUI Setup phase,
which is much more attractive than the DOS-mode phase. As you progress
through GUI Setup, you can read promotional information on the right side of
the screen about XP.
Next, your hardware devices are detected. This could take several minutes.
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10. Regional and language Options
In the first interactive portion of GUI Setup, you can choose to customize the
regional and language settings that will be used by XP, as well as the text
input language you'd like. Users in the United States will not normally need to
change anything here.
Click Next to continue.
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12. Enter your product key
Now you must enter the 25-character product key that is located on the
orange sticker found on the back of the CD holder that came with Windows
XP. You cannot install XP without a valid product key. Later on, you will be
asked to activate and optionally register your copy of Windows XP. A product
key can be used to install XP on only one PC.
Click Next to continue.
In the next phase of Setup, you can create a name for your computer (which
is used to identify it on a network) and, optionally in Pro Edition only, a
password for the system Administrator, the person who controls the PC (this
will generally be you, of course).
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14. Supply your date and time settings
Next, you can supply the date and time, which are auto-set based on
information in your BIOS, and the time zone, which is irritatingly set to PST,
which is where Microsoft is. Change these as appropriate.
Click Next to continue.
If you have a networking card or modem, Setup now install the networking
components, which include the client for Microsoft networks, File and Print
Sharing, the Quality of Service (QoS) Packet Scheduler, and the TCP/IP
networking protocol by default.
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16a. Choose networking settings
In this phase, you can choose to keep the default settings (recommended) or
enter custom settings.
Note that XP doesn't include the legacy NetBEUI protocol out of the box.
If you want to use this protocol, you will need to install it later from the XP
CD-ROM.
Click Next to continue.
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17. Set-up completion
From this point on, Setup will continue to completion without any further need
for interaction. Setup will now copy files, complete installation, install your
Start Menu items, register system components, save settings, remove any
temporary files needed by Setup, and then reboot.
Again, you will probably see the "Press any key to boot from CD" message on
reboot. If this happens, do not press a key, and your new XP install will boot
up. You can remove the XP Setup CD now.
You’ll be greeted by the XP splash screen on first boot (this actually appears
briefly when you rebooted into GUI Setup as well).The splash screens for XP
Pro and Home are subtly different.
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19. Change display settings
Users with CRT monitors and some LCDs (such as laptops and flat panel
displays) will see a Display Settings dialog appear, which asks whether you'd
like XP to automatically set the resolution. This will generally change the
resolution from 800 x 600 to 1024 x 768 on a CRT monitor, or to the native
resolution of an LCD display.
Click OK and let XP change the resolution. Then, accept the settings if the
screen display changes and can be read. If you can't see the display, it will
time out after 30 seconds and return to the sub-optimal 800 x 600 resolution.
Click OK to accept the screen resolution change.
Now, you are presented with XP's "Out of Box Experience," or OOBE, which
presents a silly wizard to guide you through the final set up of your PC.
Click Next to continue.
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21. Network setup
In the opening OOBE phase, you are asked to set up your network/Internet
connection, which is required for activation and registration. If you selected
the default networking configuration during Setup and know it will work
(because you're connected directly to a cable modem, perhaps, or are on a
local area network), then select Yes (the default). Otherwise, you can select
No and then Skip.
We'll assume that your network is up and running and select Yes.
Click Next to continue.
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23. Set up users
Now, you can set up the user names of the people who will be using the PC.
You will want at least one user (for you), since you shouldn't be logging on as
Administrator. Curiously, each user you do create here has administrative
privileges, however, and no password. You should set up your users correctly
with passwords as soon as possible.
This phase lets you create up to five users. You can create more later, or
manage users, using the User Accounts tool in Control Panel.
Click Finish when done creating users. At this point, OOBE ends and you're
reading to go.
Click Finish again.
Click your name, that account will logon and you'll be presented with the XP
desktop. After you create passwords, however, you'll be asked to enter a
password before you can logon.
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Multiple Choice: Read each question carefully and choose the letter of the best
answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
2. If you see a message to press any key to boot the CD and you fail to do so,
what do you think will happen?
a. The computer will restart
b. Set up inspecting your system will appear
c. It will be prompted to BIOS setup
d. It will return to boot menu
3. What key should you press if you need to install any third- party or RAID
drivers?
a. F2 c. F2
b. F6 d. F12
4. After reading the license agreement, what function key will press in order to
start the installation?
a. F6 c. F9
b. F8 d. F12
1 5. Where do we typically install the operating system?
a. Drive C c. External Drive
b. DVD d. Floppy Drive
2 6. What file system is usually used during installation?
a. FAT c. NTFS
b. FAT32 d. NTFS32
3 7. Suppose that you will install Windows XP on a system with more than one
4 partition, what important process should be done?
5 a. Change the file system
6 b. Delete the data and files on the different partition
7 c. Examine the partition
8 d. Format the correct partition
9 8. When the folder copy phase is complete your system will reboot, what are you
10 going to do if see the message “Press any key to boot from CD”?
a. Press any key c. Reboot the system
b. Do not press a key d. Eject the CD
11 9. What is the next phase after the set up folder copy phase and reboot?
a. GUI set up c. Username setup
b. Software d. Software personalization
12 10. What phase will immediately follow after the first boot phase?
a. Welcome to Windows c. Change display setting
b. Network Setup d. Set up users
13
14
15
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16
17 For you to have a profound knowledge on the overview of what windows XP
18 is, utilize the internet and watch the following video presentations:
19 1. Overview of Windows XP
20 http://www.professormesser.com/free-a-plus-training/220-802/an-
21 overview-of-windows-xp/
22
26
27 3. Windows XP installation
28 http://www.professormesser.com/free-a-plus-training/220-
29 802/installing-windows-xp-3/
30
31 After watching the videos, have a documentation containing the overview of
32 Windows Xp and salient procedures in Planning for installation and Windows XP
33 installation. Use a short white bond paper and be creative for the documentation.
34
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39
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42 Windows XP Installation
43 Equipment:
45 AVR / UPS
46 Materials:
47 Windows XP Installer
48 Procedure:
49 1. Work in triads or quartet (depending on the no. of computer available)
50 2. Install the Operating System (OS), Windows XP.
51 3. Take turns in doing the above task.
52
53 You will be assessed using the criteria in the score card below.
CRITERIA
Performance Criteria
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66
67 Windows 7 Installation
68
69 As a technician you must be able to know the variations or options in installing
70 an operating system that is compatible with the hardware requirement of a personal
71 computer. Another operating system available in the market now is the Windows 7
72 version. Now, take a tour through the procedures in installing a Windows 7 operating
73 system. I believe, the procedures will be very easy for you.
74
75 1. Turn your computer on then press Del or F2 (depend on your computer’s
76 mainboard) to enter the system BIOS.
77 2. Go to Boot menu and choose Boot from CD/DVD.
78
79
80
81 Figure 87. Boot Menu
82
83
84 3. Press F10 to save the configuration and exit BIOS then reset your computer.
85
86
87 Figure 88. Save configuration settings
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88 4. Insert Windows 7 DVD into your DVD drive then start up your computer,
89 Windows 7 will be loading files.
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100 Figure 89. Windows 7 loading files and Start up
101
102
103 5. Select your language, time & currency format, keyboard or input method and
104 click Next.
105
106
107 Figure 90. Language, Time and Currency Set- up
108 6. Click Install now.
109
110 Figure 91. Install Now
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111 7. Check I accept the license terms and click Next.
112
113
114
115 Figure 92. License Terms Agreement
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117 8. Click Upgrade if you already have a previous Windows version
118 or Custom (advanced) if you don’t have a previous Windows version or want
119 to install a fresh copy of Windows 7.
120
121
122 Figure 93. Windows 7 Options for Installation
123
124
125
109
126 9. (Skip this step if you chose Upgrade and have only one partition) Select
127 the drive where you want to install Windows 7 and click Next. If you want to
128 make any partitions, click Drive options (advanced), make the partitions and
129 then click Next.
130
131
132 Figure 94. Drive Options
133
134 10. It will now start installing Windows 7. The first step, (i.e. Copying Windows
135 files) was already done when you booted the Windows 7 DVD so it will
136 complete instantly.
137
138
139 Figure 95. Windows 7 Starts Installation
140
110
141 11. After completing the first step, it will expand (decompress) the files that it has
142 been copied.
143
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149 Figure 97. Installing Features and Updates
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153 13. After that it will automatically restart after 15 seconds and continue the setup.
154 You can also click Restart now to restart without any delays.
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174 Figure 98. Restart to Continue Installation
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176 14. After restarting for the first time, it will continue the setup. This is the last step
177 so it will take the most time than the previous steps.
178
179
180 Figure 99.Completing Installation
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181 15. It will now automatically restart again and continue the setup. You can
182 click Restart now to restart without any delays.
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201 Figure 100.First Start Up
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203 16. Type your desired user name in the text-box and click Next. It will
204 automatically fill up the computer name.
205
206
207 Figure 101.Software Personalization
208
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209 17. If you want to set a password, type it in the text-boxes and click Next.
210
211
212 Figure 102.Password Set- up
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214 18. Type your product key in the text-box and click Next. You can also skip this
215 step and simply click Next if you want to type the product key later. Windows
216 will run only for 30 days if you do that.
217
218
219 Figure 103.Type Windows Product Key
220
221
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222 19. Select your desired option for Windows Updates
223
224
225 Figure 104. Windows Update
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228 20. Select your time and click Next.
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233 21. If you are connected to any network, it will ask you to set the network’s
234 location.
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249 Figure 106. Windows 7 Set- up Complete
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275 Figure 107. Preparing Desktop
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277 Hands- on Activity:
278 You are tasked to reformat / install an operating system particularly Windows
279 7, however, during the process of installation a problem occurred the machine /
280 computer did not boot from CD. What do you think might be the reason for this
281 unplanned incident? Your task now is to demonstrate the correct procedures to solve
282 and respond to this unplanned event in accordance to the established procedures.
283 You will work in quartet or triads (depending on the number of computers) to
284 solve this problem. Your output will be rated according to the following criteria:
285 SKILLS SCORE CARD
287
288 Before implementing any contingency procedures in any unplanned events
289 you must have a deeper understanding in obtaining approval from appropriate
290 personnel. Your task now is to do the following:
291 1. Watch video presentation on the said topic and have a proper documentation
292 of the procedures in obtaining approval from the appropriate personnel.
293 2. Interview a person in the field to acquire the knowledge (procedures) and
294 skills on the said competency.
295
296
297
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298
299
300 Windows 7 Installation
301 Equipment:
304 Materials:
306 Procedure:
307 1. Work in triads or quartet (depending on the no. of computer available)
308 2. Install the Operating System (OS), Windows 7.
309 3. Take turns in doing the above task.
310
311 You will be assessed using the criteria in the score card below.
PERFORMANCE RATING
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324
325 BASIC COMPUTER CONFIGURATION SETUP
326
327 Configuration is the way a system is set up, or the assortment of
328 components that make up the system. Configuration can refer to
329 either hardware or software, or the combination of both.
330
332 The Basic Input Output System, usually referred to as BIOS, is software
333 stored on a small memory chip on the motherboard.
334 BIOS instruct the computer on how to perform a number of basic functions
335 such as booting and keyboard control. BIOS is also used to identify and configure
336 the hardware in a computer such as the hard drive, optical drive, CPU, memory, etc.
337
338
339 Figure 108. BIOS Set- up
340
341 The BIOS is accessed and configured through the BIOS Setup Utility. The
342 BIOS Setup Utility is, for all reasonable purposes, the BIOS itself. All available
343 options in BIOS are configurable via the BIOS Setup Utility. The BIOS Setup Utility is
344 accessed in various ways depending on your computer or motherboard make and
345 model.
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346 BIOS access and configuration on PC systems is independent of
347 any operating systembecause the BIOS is part of the motherboard hardware. It
348 doesn't matter if a computer is running Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows XP,
349 Linux, Unix, or no operating system at all - BIOS functions outside of the operating
350 system environment and is no way dependent upon it.
351 BIOS contain a number of hardware configuration options that can be
352 changed through the setup utility. Saving these changes and restarting the computer
353 applies the changes to the BIOS and alters the way BIOS instructs the hardware to
354 function. The following list shows the things you can do in most BIOS systems:
355
Change the Boot Order Enable or Disable the Computer Logo
Load BIOS Setup Defaults Enable or Disable the Quick Power On
Remove a BIOS Password Self Test (POST)
Create a BIOS Password Enable or Disable the CPU Internal
Change the Date and Time Cache
Change Floppy Drive Settings Enable or Disable the Caching of
Change Hard Drive Settings BIOS
Change CD/DVD/BD Drive Settings Change CPU Settings
View Amount of Memory Installed Change Memory Settings
Change the Boot Up NumLock Status Change System Voltages
357 Now that you successfully installed the operating system, you’ll need to
358 configure the devices such as Video Cards, Network Interface Cards, Sound Cards,
359 etc by installing the device drivers of each. In many cases, if Windows recognizes
360 the device, drivers will be installed automatically. In some cases, generic drivers are
361 installed so that the devices will work properly.
362 Drivers are small software programs that help the operating system use or
363 “drive” the device. Whenever a device doesn’t work properly, ask if the proper driver
364 has been installed.
365 The procedures listed below describe how to obtain and install drivers for
366 hardware devices on a Microsoft Windows 2000-based computer.
368 If you do not know the manufacturer of the device for which you want to install the
369 driver, follow these steps to determine the manufacturer:
370
371
372
373
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374 1. On the desktop, right-click My Computer, and then click Manage.
375
376
377
378 Figure 109. Manage My Computer
379
380 2. Under System Tools, click Device Manager.
381 The devices that are installed on the computer are listed in the right pane.
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392
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394 Device Manager
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403 Figure 110. Device Manager
404
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405 3. In the right pane, expand the category of the device that you want to configure.
406 For example, expand Display adapters.
407
408 NOTE: The device may be listed under other devices.
409
410
411
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413
414
415
416 Expanded
417 Device Category
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425
426
427 Figure 111. Expanded Device Category
428
429
430 4. Right-click the device for which you want to install the driver, and then
431 click Properties.
432
433 NOTE: The device may appear as Unknown device or as a generic
434 device.
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437
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448
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450
451
452 Figure 112. Device Properties
453
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454 5. Click the General tab. Make a note of the manufacturer and model of the
455 device.
456
457
458
459 Figure 113. General Tab
460
461 6. Click Cancel, and then quit Computer Management.
462
463 NOTE: If the device is not displayed in Device Manager, or the device is
464 listed as an "Unknown device," contact the computer or device manufacturer
465
to obtain more information about the device.
467 To obtain the latest driver, use the following list of possible sources for the
468 driver, in the order in which they are presented.
474 Contact the manufacturer of the device to inquire about how to obtain,
475 download, and install the latest drivers for the device.
123
476 Chipset Manufacturer
477 Contact the chipset manufacturer of the device to find out how to obtain,
478 download, and install the latest drivers for the device. It is best to first contact the
479 manufacturer of the device for the drivers before you contact the chipset
480 manufacturer.
481
482 For example, if your display adapter uses a NVIDIA chipset, first contact the
483 manufacturer of the display adapter. If you cannot contact the display adapter
484 manufacturer or if the manufacturer does not have a driver, contact NVIDIA.
485
486 Some examples of chipset manufacturers (and their Web sites) include:
487 NVIDIA (display adapters)
488 PCTEL, Inc. (modems)
490 If you have the original driver CD or floppy disks that were included with the
491 computer or device, and if no other source for the drivers is available, use the
492 original driver that is included with the computer or device.
493
494 NOTE: Whenever possible, try to first contact the Original Equipment Manufacturer
495 (OEM), device manufacturer, or chipset manufacturer to obtain the latest version of
496 the driver.
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516 Device Is Displayed in Device Manager
517 1. On the desktop, right-click My Computer, and then click Manage.
518 2. Under System Tools, click Device Manager.
519 The devices that are installed on the computer are listed in the right pane.
520 3. Expand the category of the device that you want to configure. For example,
521 expand Modems.
522 NOTE: The device may be listed under Other devices.
523 4. Right-click the device for which you want to install the driver, and then
524 click Properties.
525 NOTE: The device may be displayed as Unknown device, or as a generic
526 device.
527 5. Click the Driver tab, and then click Update Driver.
528 The Upgrade Device Driver wizard starts.
529 6. Click Next.
530 7. Do one of the following:
531 o Click Search for a suitable driver for my device (recommended), and
532 then click Next.
533 -or-
534 o Click Display a list of the known devices for this device so that I can
535 choose a specific driver, and then clickNext. Click Have Disk,
536 click Browse, locate the .inf files that you downloaded in Step 2: Obtain
537 the Driver, click an .inf file, and then click Open.
538
539 8. Follow the wizard instructions to install the driver.
540 9. Restart the computer.
541
542 Device Is Not Displayed in Device Manager
543
544 Use the Add New Hardware wizard in Control Panel to install drivers for non-
545 Plug and Play devices. You may have to use this method to install certain modems,
546 serial ports, or printer ports.
547 1. Click Start, point to Settings, and then click Control Panel.
548 2. Double-click Add/Remove Hardware.
549 3. Click Next.
550 4. Click Add/Troubleshoot a device, and then click Next.
551 5. Do one of the following:
552 o Click Yes, search for new hardware, and then click Next.
553 -or-
554 o Click No, I want to select the hardware from a list, and then click Next.
555 6. Follow the wizard instructions to install the driver.
556 7. Restart the computer.
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581
582 Lesson3. CONDUCT TEST ON THE INSTALLED COMPUTER SYSTEM
583
584 In the previous lesson, you were introduced with all the necessary knowledge
585 and skills on installation of computer devices and operating system. Now, after
586 executing the correct procedures I am sure that installation is a very easy task for
587 you. Those skills will be very essential for the next lesson.
588 In the next phase of your learning it will focus in conducting test on the
589 installed computer components. After reading all the required topics and performing
590 the essential skills you must be able to:
591 Follow OHS policies and procedures in conducting tests;
592 Check circuits and systems being isolated using specified testing procedures;
593 Test devices, systems and/or installation to determine its conformity with the
594 requirements;
595 Undertake final inspections on the installed devices, systems to ensure
596 conformity with the requirements;
597 Accomplish technical reports on the tests conducted; and
598 Follow procedures in forwarding documentation to appropriate personnel and/or
599 authority on the test conducted.
600
601
602
603
604
605
606 TESTING INSTALLED EQUIPMENT / DEVICES (COMPONENTS)
607
608 As computer technician you will need a good understanding of the health and
609 safety regulations from early on in your career, so that you understand the good
610 practices demanded by law. In particular, you need to:
611 report any accidents
612 take reasonable care of your own health and safety when moving
613 heavy components
614 not cause any electrical hazards
615 make sure that workstations meet safety requirements.
616 You need to adhere to health and safety regulations as they will help to protect you
617 and others and will avoid any unnecessary legal action for reckless and unsafe
618 working practices. If you identify any health and safety problems, you should tell your
619 line manager or the health and safety representative immediately.
620
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621 The most basic test is to switch the system on to check it starts without errors.
622 ICT professionals are also likely to use tools and utilities to check that all is well with
623 the system after an installation.
624 The Use of Diagnostic Tools in testing installed hardware components and
625 other peripherals
626 Diagnostic tools are used to test and diagnose equipment. Diagnostic tools
627 include the following:
628 Digital multimeter is a device that can take many types of measurements. It
629 tests the integrity of circuits and the quality of electricity in computer
630 components. A digital multimeter displays the information on an LCD or LED.
631
632 A loopback adapter, also called a loopback plug, tests the basic functionality
633 of computer ports. The adapter is specific to the port that you want to test.
634
635 The toner probe, is a two-part tool. The toner part is connected to a cable at
636 one end using specific adapters, such as an RJ-45, coaxial, or metal clips.
637 The toner generates a tone that travels the length of the cable. The probe part
638 traces the cable. When the probe is in near proximity to the cable to which the
639 toner is attached, the tone can be heard through a speaker in the probe.
640
643 Like hardware tools, there are a variety of software tools that can be used to
644 help technicians pinpoint and troubleshoot problems. Many of these tools are free
645 and several come with the Windows operating system.
647 Software tools help diagnose computer and network problems and determine which
648 computer device is not functioning correctly. A technician must be able to use a
649 range of software tools to diagnose problems, maintain hardware, and protect the
650 data stored on a computer.
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651 You must be able to identify which software to use in different situations. Disk
652 management tools help detect and correct disk errors, prepare a disk for data
653 storage, and remove unwanted files.
655 FDISK: A command-line tool that creates and deletes partitions on a hard
656 drive. The FDISK tool is not available in Windows XP, Vista, or 7. It has been
657 replaced with the Disk Management tool.
658 Disk Management Tool: Initializes disks, creates partitions, and formats
659 partitions.
660 Format: Prepares a hard drive to store information.
661 ScanDisk or CHKDSK: Checks the integrity of files and folders on a hard
662 drive by scanning the file system. These tools might also check the disk
663 surface for physical errors.
664 Defrag: Optimizes space on a hard drive to allow faster access to programs
665 and data.
666 Disk Cleanup: Clears space on a hard drive by searching for files that can be
667 safely deleted.
668 System File Checker (SFC): A command-line tool that scans the operating
669 system critical files and replaces files that are corrupted.
670 Use the Windows 7 boot disk for troubleshooting and repairing corrupted files.
671 The Windows 7 boot disk repairs Windows system files, restores damaged or lost
672 files, and reinstalls the operating system.
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690 4. Checking specification. The final step is an important end to testing. You need
691 to check the specification for the installation to make sure that it has been met. For
692 example, if a user requested an upgrade to make their display run at 1920 x 1200,
693 then the ICT professionalshould check that the graphics card and screen can do this.
694
695 External Visual Inspection
696 The external visual inspection consists of a quick inspection of the exterior of
697 the computer, the monitor, the keyboard, any peripherals, and cables. While
698 performing the visual inspection, make any necessary corrections. To perform the
699 external visual inspection, perform the following steps:
700 1. Turn off the computer, the monitor, and all peripherals.
701 2. Verify that all power cables are properly connected to the computer, the
702 monitor and peripherals, and their power sources.
703 3. Verify that the keyboard and mouse interface cables are firmly attached to the
704 proper connectors on the back of the computer.
705 For a PS/2-compatible mouse, the keyboard and mouse interface cable
706 connectors are identical except for their labels.
707 For a serial mouse, the mouse interface cable must be firmly attached
708 to one of the serial port connectors, and its captive screws must be
709 secure enough to ensure a firm connection.
710 4. Verify that network cables (if present) are properly attached.
711 5. Verify that any devices attached to the serial and parallel port connectors are
712 properly connected.
713 Each of the serial and parallel port interface cables must be firmly
714 attached to an appropriate connector on the back of the computer as
715 well as to the interface connector on the device. The captive screws
716 that secure these connectors at each end of the interface cable must
717 be secure enough to ensure a firm connection.
718 6. Verify that the video interface cable is firmly attached to the video connector
719 on the back panel or to a video expansion card, and also to the connector on
720 the back of the monitor. For proper connection of the video monitor, see the
721 documentation for the monitor.
722 7. Inspect all external monitor controls for any obvious damage or improper
723 settings. For proper settings of the video monitor controls, see the
724 documentation for the monitor.
725 8. Inspect the keyboard to ensure that no keys are sticking. If one or more keys
726 are sticking, it may be necessary to replace the keyboard.
727 9. Inspect the exterior of the computer, including all controls and indicators, and
728 all user-accessible data storage devices for any signs of physical damage.
729
730 Does the inspection reveal any problems?
731
732 Yes. Proceed to the appropriate procedure in "Removing and Replacing
733 Parts."
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734
735 No. Proceed to "Observing the Boot Routine."
736
737 Observing the Boot Routine
738 After you have performed an external visual inspection as described in the
739 previous section, you should boot the system and, while the boot routine is running,
740 observe the system for any indications of problems.
741 NOTE: Most of the steps in this procedure require observation of system
functions and indications, some of which can occur simultaneously. It may be
742 necessary to reboot the system several times to complete all of these steps.
743 To observe problem indications during the boot routine, perform the following steps:
744 1. If the system is off, turn on all peripherals and the computer.
745 2. Check the power supply fan.
746 Does the fan run normally?
747 o Yes. Proceed to step 3.
748 o No. Troubleshoot the system power supply.
749
750 3. Watch the <Num Lock>, <Caps Lock>, and <Scroll Lock> indicators on the
751 upper-right corner of the keyboard. After all three indicators flash momentarily,
752 and following a long pause (approximately 30 seconds), the Num Lock
753 indicator should light up and remain on (unless the Num Lock option is set
754 to Off in the System Setup program).
755
756 Do these indicators flash on and off within approximately 10 seconds after the
757 boot routine starts?
758 o Yes. Proceed to step 4.
759 o No. Troubleshoot the system power supply. If the troubleshooting
760 procedure indicates that the system power supply is operational,
761 troubleshoot the memory.
762 4. During the boot routine, observe the system for any of the following
763 indications:
764 o Beep codes — A beep code is a series of beeps that indicates an error
765 condition.
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771 routine, troubleshoot the diskette drive or hard-disk drive subsystem,
772 as appropriate.
NOTICE: Before you proceed with the internal visual inspection described in this
section, ensure that the user has saved all open files and exited all open
application programs if possible.
775 A simple visual inspection of a computer’s interior hardware can often lead to
776 the source of a problem, such as a loose expansion card, cable connector, or
777 mounting screw. To perform the internal visual inspection, perform the following
778 steps:
779 1. Turn off the system, including any attached peripherals, and disconnect all the
780 AC power cables from electrical outlets.
781
782 2. Remove the computer’s right side cover.
CAUTION: The heat sink assembly can get extremely hot during system
operations. Be sure that it has had sufficient time to cool before
touching it.
CAUTION: When handling the heat sink assembly, take care to avoid
sharp edges on the heat sink.
783 3. Verify that the chips, expansion cards, and SEC cartridge and heat sink
784 assembly or assemblies are fully seated in their sockets or connectors.
785 4. To ensure that the chips are fully seated in their sockets, press firmly on the
786 top of each chip.
787 5. Verify that all jumpers are set correctly.
788 6. Check all cable connectors inside the computer to verify that they are firmly
789 attached to their appropriate connectors.
790 7. Reinstall the computer cover.
791 8. Reconnect the computer and any attached peripherals to their power sources,
792 and turn them on.
793
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794
795 Suppose that you are in the workshop carrying out hardware installations, the
796 owner are very impressed with you. There has been a lot of telephone time spent
797 recently explaining to customers how to test installed components of their computer
798 systems. The shop has decided to create their own video that will be uploaded to the
799 website and YouTube. You have been asked to create this video.
800
801 1. Create a video to demonstrate how to install the hardware components.
802 Make sure you include everything you need to do to work safely.
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
133
825
826
828 Direction: Identify the terms being described in the following sentences.
829 1. These are mobile computers that are very handy to use.
830 2. They are computers designed to provide services to client machines in a
831 computer network.
832 3. They are also called mid-range systems or workstations.
833 4. A computer with a microprocessor and its central processing unit it.
834 5. They fall in the category of laptops, but are inexpensive and relatively smaller in
835 size.
836 6. A type of computer which is intended be used on a single location.
837 7. They use digital circuits and are designed to operate on two states, namely bits
838 0 and 1.
839 8. Computers that have the capacities to host multiple operating systems and
840 operate as a number of virtual machines and can substitute for several small
841 servers.
842 9. It is a handheld computer and popularly known as a palmtop.
843 10. These computers can be worn on the body and are often used in the study of
844 behavior modeling and human health.
845 11. It is considered as the most important program that runs on a computer.
846 12. It is composed of a device that accepts data and instructions from the user or
847 from another computer system.
848 13. Any piece of computer hardware that displays results after the computer has
849 processed the input data that has been entered.
850 14. Any apparatus for recording computer data in a permanent or semi-permanent
851 form.
852 15. It protects a computer network from unauthorized access.
853 16. Type of network that connect larger geographic areas, such as Florida, the
854 United States, or the world.
855 17. This is an internetworking system capable of joining together two networks that
856 use different base protocols.
857 18. It is consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share
858 resources (such as printers and CD-ROMs), exchange files, or allow electronic
859 communications.
860 19. It is a small, simple, inexpensive device that joins multiple computers together.
861 20. A device filters data traffic at a network boundary.
862
863
864 Test II. True or false
865 Direction: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE otherwise.
866 1. Always use an anti-static wrist strap when working on a computer (except
867 when working on monitors)
134
868 2. Always disconnect a computer from the AC power and from any powered
869 peripherals while you are working on it.
870 3. Always grasp a metal part of the computer chassis with your bare hand before
871 you touch anything inside. Do this even if you are wearing an anti-static
872 wristband.
873 4. Always handle electronic components by a non-conducting (non-metallic)
874 edge. Don't touch the pins or other connectors.
875 5. Always use a UL-approved surge protector or an Uninterruptible Power
876 Supply that incorporates surge and spike protection
877 6. Never eat, drink, or smoke while working on a computer.
878 7. Whenever you purchase software or hardware for your computer, you should
879 first make sure your computer supports the system requirements.
880 8. The speed of a computer's processor chip (technically known as its "clock
881 speed") in measured in gigahertz (GHz).
882 9. A computer's graphics system determines how well it can work with visual
883 output.
884 10. Today 40GB is an absolute minimum hard drive size for a new computer
885 running Windows 7.
886 11. When attaching cables, never force a connection.
887 12. BIOS instruct the computer on how to perform a number of basic functions
888 such as booting and keyboard control.
889 13. The external visual inspection consists of a quick inspection of the interior of
890 the computer.
891 14. Disk management tools help detect and correct disk errors.
892 15. The most basic test is to switch the system on to check it starts without errors.
893
895 Direction: Read each questions carefully and write the letter of the best answer.
896 1. These are small software programs that help the operating system use the
897 device.
898 a. Application
899 b. Driver
900 2. Which of the following is software shared on a small memory chip on the
901 motherboard?
a. Installer c. Driver
b. Application d. BIOS
902 3. It is the way to set up a system or the assortment of components that make up
903 the system.
a. Configuration c. Driver
b. Set up d. Installation
4. Which of the following is not a Windows XP minimum requirement?
a. 128MB RAM or higher
b. CD- ROM or DVD ROM
c. Lower resolution monitor
d. 4.3 GB hard disk space or more
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5. If you see a message to press any key to boot the CD and you fail to do so,
what do you think will happen?
a. The computer will restart
b. Set up inspecting your system will appear
c. It will be prompted to BIOS setup
d. It will return to boot menu
6. What key should you press if you need to install any third- party or RAID
drivers?
a. F2 c. F9
b. F6 d. F12
7. Where do we typically install the operating system?
a. Drive C
b. DVD
c. External Drive
d. Floppy Drive
8. Suppose that you will install Windows XP on a system with more than one
partition, what important process should be done?
a. Change the file system
b. Delete the data and files on the different partition
c. Examine the partition
d. Format the correct partition
9. What file system is usually used during installation?
a. FAT
b. FAT32
c. NTFS
d. NTFS32
10. Which of the following is a connector on the back of a computer or other
device?
a. Modem
b. Port hub
c. Router
d. Network Gateway
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Test IV. Matching Type
Direction: Match column A with Column B and write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
A. B.
1) It serves as the brain of computer. a) Adapter
2) Printed-circuit boards (also called interface b) CD- ROM
cards) that enable the computer to use a c) CPU
peripheral device d) Flash Drive
3) Also called read/write memory e) Floppy disk
4) Small portable disk drive usually used for f) Microphone
backing up files g) Monitor
5) Main board of a computer h) Motherboard
6) Also called diskette i) Mouse
7) Acts as a pointing device j) Multitasking
8) Device that makes sounds, clips and any k) Optical Discs
audio materials be heard. l) PDA
9) Component that reads and record data in m) Power supply
CDs and DVDs. n) Printer
10) It is a visual device that displays the o) RAM
information p) Register
11) Plug- and play portable storage device q) ROM
12) Prints text and illustrations in paper r) Speaker
13) Converts AC into DC s) Tablet
14) Allows more than one program to run t) Zip Drive
concurrently
15) Handheld computer
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SKILLS TEST
Direction: Listed below are some of the most important skills that you must gain in
order to render quality service when you enter the real world of Computer Hardware
Servicing. Read the skills carefully. Write “YES” if you are familiar with the skill and “NO” if
not. Feel free to answer each skill. Write your answers in your notebook.
138
adapters - These are printed-circuit boards that enables the computer to use a
peripheral device for which it does not have the necessary connections or circuit
boards.
Drivers- are small software programs that help the operating system use or “drive”
the device
Ethernet switch is a device that gathers the signals from devices that are connected
to it
hard disk drive- Is a magnetic storage device that is installed inside the computer.
hazard- Is a situation in the workplace that has the potential to harm the health and
safety of people or to damage plant and equipment.
Hub- is a small, simple, inexpensive device that joins multiple computers together
Loopback adapter- is also called a loopback plug, tests the basic functionality of
computer ports
Mainframe Computers- these are computers have the capacities to host multiple
operating systems and operate as a number of virtual machines and can substitute
for several small servers
139
motherboard- The main circuit board of a computer containing all the essential parts
of a PC.
Network firewall - protects a computer network from unauthorized access
smart board - Type of display screen that has a touch sensitive transparent panel
covering the screen.
140
ATA- Advance Technology Attachment
141
ROM- Read Only Memory
142
Books and Articles and Printed Materials:
Electronic Resources:
1. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/computer-memory-types.html
Computer Memory Types
2. http://www.athropolis.com/popup/c-comp2.htm
Measurements for Memory & Storage
3. http://www.ustudy.in/ce/hard/u1
Fundamentals of PC repair
4. http://danreb.com/sites/default/files/CHS-NC2%20Reviewer%20-
%20With%20Oral%20Questioning_0.pdf
Occupational Health and Safety Precautions
5. http://puzzlemaker.discoveryeducation.com/CrissCrossSetupForm.asp
Puzzles for Activities
143
6. http://info.psu.edu.sa/psu/cis/kalmustafa/CISCO/Lecture%20Slides/ITE_PC_
v40_Chapter2.pdf
Occupational Safety Precautions
7. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6N7bqBsFL0w-
Computer Hardware Basics
8. http://www.wikihow.com/Install-Computer-Hardware-
How to install Computer Hardware
9. http://www.directron.com/howtoupsys.html-
How to install Computer components
10. http://www.bechtel.com/assets/files/Environmental/ToolboxSafetyTopics/20
10/ProperToolSelection.pdf
Tool Selection
11. http://www.iml.uts.edu.au/assessment-futures/designing/assembling.html
144
Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
MODULE 4:
DIAGNOSE AND
TROUBLESHOOT COMPUTER
SYSTEMS (DT)
144
Welcome to the next level of your modular training in Computer Hardware
Servicing (CHS) under the Information and Communications Technology (ICT)
Course. In this module you will have a great deal of diagnosing and troubleshooting
computer system. At the end of this module you will be able to plan and prepare for
diagnosis of computer system errors, configure, inspect and test computer system
networks and errors. Those skills are essential for you to reach the door of National
Certification II in Computer Hardware Servicing.
Reminder! Just follow the instructions given in this module. Now let us start
exploring new things in this module.
145
In this module, there will be four (4) major topics that you will encounter: (1)
be plan and prepare diagnosis of computer system errors; (2) diagnose and
configure computer systems and networks ; (3) inspect and test the configured
computer systems and networks ; and (4) test systems and networks. The four major
topics contains sub-topics which all leads to diagnose and troubleshoot computer
systems. This module contains what to KNOW, what to PROCESS, what to
REFLECT and UNDERSTAND as well as what to TRANSFER. The competencies
for this module are:
146
You will be challenged to dig deeper into your prior knowledge and previous
experiences about computer hardware servicing.
Instruction:
Read each of the statements in the left-hand column of the chart.
Place a check on the column that indicates your answers.
Knowledge Have a little No
able Knowledge Knowledg
e at All
Plan and prepare work to ensure occupational health
and safety (OHS) policies and procedures are followed
Obtain materials, tools, equipment and testing devices
needed to on form with job requirements
Interpret work instructions according to job requirements
Obtain computer components/devices/systems and
determines its location prior to installation
Install equipment/devices/systems in accordance with
job requirements
Check/Test devices/systems and/or installations to
determine the conformity to job requirements.
Check computer systems and networks for configuration
in accordance with specifications and requirements
Diagnose fault or problem in the computer systems and
networks in line with standard operating procedures
(SOP)
Configure the identified systems and networks based on
specifications and job requirements
Inspect and test configured computer systems and
networks in conformity with manufacturer's
instructions/manual
Correct/Adjust components or parts of computer
systems and networks in accordance with job
requirements
Test computer systems and networks to ensure safe
operation
Perform scheduled/periodic maintenance in accordance
with manufacturer's requirements
Make needed repairs/replacements in accordance with
established procedures, when necessary
Document tasks undertaken in accordance with SOP
Clean and clear worksite of all surplus/excess materials
in accordance with company SOP
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LESSON 1: PLAN AND PREPARE FOR DIAGNOSIS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
ERRORS
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Proper preparation is the key to a successful work. Before you begin, make
sure that you have the tools you will need, and secure a clear well-lit workplace.
Gather all the components you’ll be using and unpack them at the same time.
Always keep in mind that personal protection is one of the traits of a good computer
technician.
Types of personal protective devices
1. Anti-static devices
2. Power surge protectors
3. Personal equipment
Anti-static devices
Devices designed to protect the computer from static electricity.
148
Anti- static bag
Anti-static spray
Personal Equipment
Small paint brush
149
Screw drivers
Compressed air
Handheld vacuum
Choose a partner
Do a simulation exercise
o One will act out the role of a computer teacher.
o The other will be the student
Situation: Computer teacher will show/demonstrate to the students the
Personal Protective Devices, what they are and how they are used.
The Student keeps on asking about the Personal Protective
Devices/Equipment and how they can be maintained in good condition of PC.
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Answer the following questions in your own answer/test notebook
1. For somebody who always works (do troubleshooting) with computers, what
personal protective devices do you usually use? How often do you use them?
2. Computers should be protected from static electricity to prevent component
malfunction. What anti-static devices can you utilize to avoid such
malfunction?
There are several errors in a computer from the point you open it up to the point you
reach the stand by window (reaching standby windows means boot process has no
error). Here's a list of computer error.
1. No Video Output - When you open your PC, nothing shows up in your monitor and
the LED indicator of your monitor is flashing in yellow color.
2. No Video Output - Same as number one but now the LED indicator of your
monitor is in steady orange color.
3. Doesn't Boot - When you open your PC it will show the processor brand and/or the
motherboard brand but doesn't continue. Usually this error will result to system
restart over and over again.
4. Never Ending Loading of Operating system - The computer opens up then boots
but when the operating system loads it doesn't continue and it will take a lifetime if
you're going to wait for it to load.
5 Lots of pop up windows showing on standby mode - This also happens even if you
try disconnecting your computer set from the internet. This is what we called
aftershock virus which will continue to run even if internet is disconnected.
6. Lots of hardware installation windows appear - This happens even if you try
installing the hardware. When you restart your set it will happen again.
7. Safe mode doesn't work - When you try going to safe mode all you will see is a list
of files in Command prompt style.
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8. Keyboard and mouse system restart - This will happen only in standby mode,
when you move your mouse or type something, your system will automatically restart
and the worst part is it will delete a file at random.
9. Sound on/off error - Upon loading the operating system, you will hear a loading
sound and then the sound stops, when you try running an audio file, no sound will be
heard.
10. Application causes system to restart - Just like the mouse problem, when you
open a program that will take the whole screen like for example a game and/or a
program applications, when you close it, it will cause your system to restart.
Aside from the common computer errors, computers also can have different
Operating System (OS) errors. OS errors can be classified into various categories,
such as:
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instance, a 404 error would indicate that the browser is trying to access a
webpage that does not exist in the specified location.
PC Diagnosing
Trial and error: When you find a faulty component in your computer, check it
with the other computers so that you can make sure whether the fault is in the
component or not.
Check cables: In case of any device failure, check all the cables of your
computer such as data cables, power cable, internal circuitry cables and
make sure that all these are plugged in and working fine.
Hardware settings: Check the hardware settings in the CMOS and in the
device manager of the system and make all the device drivers up to date and
all the cards are plugged in properly.
Notice changes: When you notice a software or hardware error in your
computer, determine what was changed before the problem occurred.
Event viewer: In the event viewer, you will find the error or warning
messages associated with any faulty hardware or software.
Make notes: Troubleshooting is a big learning option and we can learn a lot
when we face any kind of troubleshooting in our computer. Make notes
including the error messages and their solutions, so that you have a record on
how a certain problem occurred and how did you solve it.
153
Steps
1. Check the POST. POST stands for Power On Self-Test. This is generally the first
or second thing that appears on a computer after turning on the power. This appears
before the operating system begins to load. The POST will display any problems
found with hardware that makes the computer unable to boot, POST may also
display problems with hardware that allow the computer to boot, but not operate at
its full capacity during operation.
2. Notice the load time of the OS (operating system). A longer than usual load
time may indicate errors in the hard drive.
3. Notice any graphics problems once the OS has loaded. Reduced graphics
may indicate driver failures or hardware failures with graphic cards.
4. Perform an auditory test. An auditory test is an unorthodox, but still effective way
of judging how a computer is working. With the computer on and running, play any
decent length audio file (usually above 30 sec). If the audio is choppy or slow, it
usually means that the processor is working at an elevated level, or there is not
enough RAM to run all programs loading. Changing the startup sound is a great way
to apply this test. Another issue associated with choppy sounds is PIO (Programmed
Input/Output) Mode. This affects how the hard drive reads and writes data from a
drive. Switching to Direct Memory Access (DMA) allows for faster reads and writes,
and can sometimes repair choppy audio.
6. Check any newly installed software. Software may require more resources than
the system can provide. Chances are that if a problem begins after software starts,
the software is causing it. If the problem appears directly upon startup, it may be
caused by software that starts automatically on boot.
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percentage of CPU the process is consuming. The Memory Usage column indicates
how much memory a process is consuming.
8. Listen to the computer, if the hard drive is scratching or making loud noises,
shut off the computer and have a professional diagnose the hard drive. Listen
to the CPU fan, this comes on a high speed when the CPU is working hard, and can
tell you when the computer is working beyond its capacity.
10. Check for the problem in safe mode. To enter safe mode, tap F8 repeatedly
during POST (this works on most systems). If the problem persists in safe mode, it is
a fair bet that the operating system itself is to blame.
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Identify the following:
1. Moderately dangerous types of errors among those that can pop up on your
PC.
2. Caused by malfunctioning hardware components, and are characterized by
short beep sounds from the tiny internal speaker of your motherboard.
3. Caused at any point of time. As the name suggests, these are caused by
applications while those are running.
4. Usually caused by corrupted driver files or malfunctioning hardware
components.
5. Caused by corrupted or malfunctioning system files or software executables.
6. Caused by corrupted hardware, especially malfunctioning RAM modules and
bad sectors on hard disks.
7. Caused by problems faced by browsers when trying to access a website.
AC outlet
AVR
AVR fuse
Monitor Switch
Power Supply
156
Diagnosing a Computer Power Supply
Create a diagnostic plan for troubleshooting a power supply with the use of
the following tools, materials and equipment.
PERFORMANCE RATING
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LESSON 2. DIAGNOSE AND CONFIGURE COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND
NETWORKS
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Every worker has a right to healthy and safe work and to a work environment
that enables them to live a socially and economically productive life. Safety practices
should be learned early and always adhered when working with any electrical device
including personal computers and peripherals.
The following statements are some safety precautions to take before working with
any computer devices:
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Basic Concepts of Electricity
159
Conductors and Insulators
Conductors are materials that easily allow the flow of current, or it has a low
resistance to current flow.
Insulators are materials that do not easily allow the flow of current, or it has a
high resistance to current flow.
Types of Current
1. Direct Current
In direct current (DC), the flow of electric charge is only in one direction. This
is the type of electricity is produced by batteries, static, and lightning. A voltage is
created, and maybe stored, until it is consumed. When the current flows directly, in
one direction. In the circuit, the current flows at a specific, constant voltage (this is
oversimplified somewhat but good enough for our needs.) When you use a flashlight,
pocket radio, portable CD player or virtually any other type of portable or battery-
powered device, you are using direct current.
Most DC circuits are relatively low in voltage; for example, your car's battery is
approximately 12V, and that's about as high a DC voltage as most people ever use.
Direct currents flow in one direction only, and are constant in time. Their
appearance is that of a straight line which does not vary. They are produced from
power sources such as batteries, power supplies and DC generators. Photovoltaic
devices such as solar cells also generate DC power.
2. AC Alternating Current
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In alternating current (AC, also ac) the movement of electric charge
periodically reverses direction. This type of electricity is produced or generated by
AC generators commonly from a hydro electric plant. It is the commercial power that
we use in homes and offices. Delivered through a power transmission lines. AC
current can be reduced through the use of power transformer to suite for its
application. It can also be converted to DC for a specific purpose. In the Philippines
AC is rated as 220V AC at 60 Hz.
Alternating currents change direction, flowing first one way and then the other.
They are sinusoidal waves, so that they change in time. They are produced from
sources such as power supplies and AC generators. In North America, AC is 120
volts and 60 hertz or cycles per second. This means it changes direction 60 times
per second. In Europe, it is generally 50 hertz with 220 to 240 volts.
Why does standard electricity come only in the form of alternating current?
There are a number of reasons, but one of the most important is that a characteristic
of AC is that it is relatively easy to change voltages from one level to another using a
transformer, while transformers do not work for DC. This capability allows the
companies that generate and distribute electricity to do it in a more efficient manner,
by transmitting it at high voltage for long lengths, which reduces energy loss due to
the resistance in the transmission wires. Another reason is that it may be easier to
mechanically generate alternating current electricity than direct current.
PC’s use only direct current, which means that the alternating current
provided by your utility must be converted to direct current before use. This is
the primary function of your power supply.
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AC POWER PC’s PSU DC POWER
MOTHERBOARD
DRIVES
COOLING FANS
Electric Circuit
Components of Circuit
Load
Supply
Switch
Types of Circuit
1. Open Circuit - a type of circuit that has an open path for current to flow. It means
that current cannot flow in open circuit.
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Load
- +
Supply
Switch
The switch is said to be “OPEN” the current can’t flow into the circuit and the
bulb is “OFF”
2. Closed Circuit - a type of circuit that has a closed path for current to flow. It
means that current can flow in a closed circuit.
Load
- +
Supply
Switch
The switch is said to be “CLOSED” the current can’t flow into the circuit and
the bulb is “ON”
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I. Identification:
Direction: Identify the following statement.
_________2. The negatively charge component of an atom. It has the ability to flow.
_________3. Define as the opposition to the flow of current. The amount of resistance
can be measure in ohms (Ω).
_________4. The positively charge component of an atom. It has the ability to attract
electron.
_________5. Anything that occupy space and has mass. It can be a solid, liquid or gas
in state.
_________8. The amount of pulling force that makes the electron flow. Also known as
potential difference or EMF (electromotive force). The amount of voltage
can be measured in volt (V).
_________9. Materials that easily allow the flow of current, or it has a low resistance to
current flow.
_________10. Materials that do not easily allow the flow of current, or it has a high
resistance to current flow.
_________11. A computer power supply converts AC to ___________________.
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_________13. A component of a circuit that is commonly represented by a bulb or any
electrical component that consumes electricity.
_________16. A type of circuit that has a closed path for current to flow. It means that
current can flow in this circuit.
_________17. A type of circuit that has an open path for current to flow. It means that
current cannot flow in this circuit.
_________18. A circuit connection has only one path of current flow. In this circuit
connection the current remain constant.
_________19. A circuit connection that has 2 or more path of current. In this circuit the
voltage remains constant.
Computer Diagnosis
Sometimes when the problem with a system is not totally apparent and the
problem may be intermittent, using a basic common diagnostic procedure may help
determine what is wrong. This procedure has a number of steps that, if followed
each time, can be of help.
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Identify the different types of FRU that can be used for replacement or
sub assembly.
4. Proper assembly and disassembly
5. Factors Causing Computer Failures and Defects
People ware
Untrained personnel would probably damage programs in PC.
Firmware
Programs or software burnt in chips may be corrupted.
Software
Corrupted operating systems would cause the system to fail.
Hardware
Defective hardware components would lead to computer malfunction.
Hardware conflicts and viruses can hinder your computers performance.
Electricity
Incoming supply from AC outlet must be regulated; power surges can damage
computer units.
Problem Isolation
Component Isolation
This section will aid in determining components in your system which are
failing. First, most systems have 3 major components; monitor, system unit, and
printers. Some have multiple external devices. To troubleshoot, you need to isolate
major components which are failing to operate.
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2. Check the switch operation with a Digital Volt Meter on the continuity or
resistance setting.
Pin 1 Pin 2 Pin 3 Pin 4 Pin 5 Pin 6 Pin 7 Pin 8 Pin 9 Pin 10
Oran Oran Blk Red Blk Red Blk Gray Purp Yell
Oran Blue Blk Green Blk Blk Blk White Red Red
Pin 11 Pin 12 Pin 13 Pin 14 Pin 15 Pin 16 Pin 17 Pin 18 Pin 19 Pin 20
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Flowchart for ATX Power Supply Repair
Warning! You must unplug your ATX power supply from the wall before
working inside the case.
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Things to Consider
There are many devices, parts, cords, and connections on a computer, which
means that there are many possible problems that could arise. In addition, your
computer uses a variety of software, which can also cause problems. However, no
matter what the problem is, you can use the following tips to help you find a
solution:
Always check the cables: Many computer problems are related to an issue in
the cables and connections. The easiest first step you can take to troubleshoot
most problems is to check all related cables and connections.
Isolate the problem: If possible, try to isolate the problem. For example, if you
can't get the cursor to move on the screen, try to determine if the issue is with the
mouse. If you have an extra mouse, you can alternate devices to see if the one
plugged in is the issue, or use the arrow keys on the keyboard to help determine
if the mouse is the source of the problem. When trying to isolate the problem,
only make one change at a time.
Take notes about error messages: If your computer gives you error
messages, be sure to write down as much information as possible. If the basic
troubleshooting steps don't work, you may need the information.
Remember the steps you've taken, or write them down: Once you start
troubleshooting, you will want to remember what you have done, so you don't
repeat yourself. If you can't remember it, then write it down. If you end up asking
someone for help, it will be much easier if they know exactly which steps you've
taken.
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Program Runs Slowly or Isn't Working Right
If a program is running slowly or otherwise isn't working right, the first thing you
should try is closing the program and re-opening it.
You can also shut down your computer, wait a few seconds, and boot it up
again. Some minor problems will work themselves out when you do this.
Check with the company for any known problems or updates to the software.
If a program has become completely unresponsive, you can press (and hold)
Control+Alt+Delete on your keyboard to open the Task Manager. You can then
select the program that isn't working and click End Task. If you are using a Mac,
you can press Option+Command+Esc to open a similar dialog box.
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Problems Starting or Shutting Down the Computer
If your computer does not start, begin by checking the power cord to confirm
that it is plugged securely into the back of the computer case and the power
outlet.
If it is plugged into an outlet, make sure it is a working outlet. Often, this will
require you to plug a lamp or other electrical device into the outlet to make sure it
is receiving power.
If the computer is plugged into a surge protector, verify that it is turned on. You
may have to reset the surge protector by turning it off and then back on. You can
also plug a lamp or other device into the surge protector to verify that it is on.
If you are using a laptop, the battery may not be charged. Plug the AC adapter
into the wall and then try to turn on the laptop. If it still doesn't start up, you may
need to wait a few minutes and then try again.
If you get this message when you boot up your computer, it usually means
there is a CD, DVD, USB flash drive, or floppy disk in your computer, which is
interfering with your computer's booting process. Remove the disk from the drive
and restart the computer.
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Windows Shutting Down Message Will Not Disappear
Check for overheating. Make sure the vents in the case are not blocked. Confirm
that there is good air flow around the computer.
Update your antivirus software and scan for viruses.
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Problems with the Monitor and Speakers
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No Sound
Check the volume control on your computer. In Windows, the sound icon will
usually be on the taskbar, and you can also access the sound options in the
Control Panel. On Macs, the sound options are found at the top of the screen or
in System Preferences.
Most media programs (such as iTunes or Windows Media Player) have a
volume control, which will need to be turned up.
Make sure the speakers are turned on, if using external speakers.
Make sure external speakers are connected to the correct audio port or a USB
port. If your computer has color-coded ports, the audio output will usually be
green.
Connect headphones to the correct audio port and determine if sound is audible
from the headphones.
If you still haven't found a solution to your problem, you may need to ask
someone else for help. Try searching the web for the problem that you're having, as
other people may have had similar problems. Also, if you have a friend or family
member who knows a lot about computers, they may be able to help you.
Keep in mind that most computer problems have simple solutions, although it
may take some time to find them. For very difficult problems, a more drastic
solution may be required, such as reformatting your hard drive, reinstalling
programs, or reinstalling your operating system. If you're not a computer expert, it's
possible that you could make the situation worse, so it's best to consult a
professional if you think a drastic solution is needed.
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Task. Examining the Motherboard in Detail
1. Look at the back of your computer. Without opening the case, list the ports that
you believe come directly from the motherboard.
2. Remove the cover of the case. List the different expansion cards in the expansion
slots. Was your guess correct about which ports come from the motherboard?
3. To expose the motherboard so you can identify its parts, remove all the
expansion cards.
4. Draw a diagram of the motherboard and label these parts: Processor (Include the
prominent label on the processor housing.)
a) RAM (each DIMM slot)
b) CMOS battery
c) Expansion slots (Identify the slots as PCI, PCIe x1, PCIe x4, PCIe x16,
and AGP.) Each port coming directly from the motherboard Power supply
connections, SATA or IDE drive connectors and floppy drive connector
5. Draw a rectangle on the diagram to represent each bank of jumpers on the
board.
6. What is the brand and model of the motherboard?
7. Locate the manufacturer’s Web site. If you can find the motherboard manual on
the site, download it.
8. You can complete the following activity only if you have the documentation for the
motherboard:
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Directions: Divide the class into five (5) groups. Choose a leader for each group.
The group will prepares a chart and perform the tasks required by the Diagnostics
Procedure of ATX Power Supply Failure. After the activity they will be graded
through the given Performance Score Card below:
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Tools for Testing Computer System
Tools and equipment play vital roles in troubleshooting. They help the user
determine the errors found in their computer hardware and network.
1. Screw drivers - are used for installing and removing screws in the computer unit.
2. Pliers and tweezers - are used for picking small parts in the computer unit.
3. Soldering iron- is primarily used for connecting terminals in the power supply and
circuit board with the use of a soldering lead.
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Figure18. Soldering iron
4. Anti-static wrist strap, mat and spray- are used for eliminating electrostatic
discharge in the work area.
5. Lens cleaner – a device used for cleaning optical media, such as DVD-ROMS and
CD-writers.
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Network Troubleshooting Tools
2. Crimping tool- is a device used to crimp the RJ45 connector to the UTP cable.
Direction: Answer the following question. Write your answers on your notebook.
Enumerate the six tools used for 2. Enumerate the two network
troubleshooting. troubleshooting tools.
1. . a.
2.
b.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Troubleshooting computer system network
Solution
Verify that the network cable is properly connected to the back of the
computer. In addition, when checking the connection of the network cable, ensure
that the LEDs on the network are properly illuminated. For example, a network card
with a solid green LED or light usually indicates that the card is either connected or
receiving a signal.
If, however, the card does not have any lights or has orange or red lights, it is
possible that either the card is bad, the card is not connected properly, or that the
card is not receiving a signal from the network.
If you are on a small or local network and have the capability of checking a
hub or switch, verify that the cables are properly connected and that the hub or
switch has power.
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Adapter resources
Ensure that if this is a new network card being installed into the computer that
the card's resources are properly set and not conflicting with any hardware in the
computer.
Adapter functionality
Verify that the network card is capable of detecting or seeing itself by using
the ping command. Windows / MS-DOS users ping the computer from a MS-DOS
prompt. Unix / Linux variant users ping the computer from the shell.
To ping the card or the local host, type either ping 127.0.0.1 or ping local host
This should show a listing of replies from the network card. If you receive an
error or if the transmission failed, it is likely that either the network card is not
physically installed into the computer correctly, or that the card is bad.
Protocol
Verify that the correct protocols are installed on the computer. Most networks
today will utilize TCP/IP, but may also utilize or require IPX/SPX and NetBEUI.
When the TCP/IP protocol is installed, unless a DNS server or other computer
assigns the IPX address, the user must specify an IP address as well as a Subnet
Mask. To do this, follow the instructions below.
1. Click Start / Settings / Control Panel
2. Double-click the Network icon
3. Within the configuration tab double-click the TCP/IP protocol icon. Note: Do
not click on the PPP or Dial-Up adapter, click on the network card adapter.
4. In the TCP/IP properties click the IP address tab
5. Select the option to specify an IP address
6. Enter the IP address and Subnet Mask address, an example of such an
Firewall
If your computer network utilizes a firewall, ensure that all ports required are
open. If possible, close the firewall software program or disconnect the computer
from the firewall to ensure it is not causing the problem.
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Additional time
In some cases it may take a computer some additional time to detect or see
the network. If after booting the computer you are unable to see the network, give
the computer 2-3 minutes to detect the network. Windows users may also want to try
pressing the F5 (refresh) key when in Network Neighborhood to refresh the network
connections and possibly detect the network
Additional troubleshooting
If after following or verifying the above recommendations you are still unable to
connect or see the network, attempt one or more of the below recommendations.
If you have installed or are using TCP/IP as your protocol you can ping another
computer's IP address to verify if the computer is able to send and receive data. To
do this, Windows or MS-DOS users must be at a prompt and Linux / Unix variant
users must open or be at a shell.
Once at the prompt assuming, that the address of the computer you wish to
ping is 102.55.92.2, you would type:
ping 102.55.92.2
If you receive a response back from this address (and it is a different
computer), this demonstrates that the computer is communicating over the network.
If you are still unable to connect or see the network, it is possible that other issues
may be present.
Another method of determining network issues is to use the tracert command
if you are a MS-DOS or Windows user or the trace route command if you are a Linux
/ Unix variant user. To use this command you must be at the command prompt or
shell. Or trace route 102.55.92.2
This should begin listing the hops between the computer and network
devices. When the connection fails, determine what device is causing the issue by
reviewing the trace route listing.
Task: Setting up a local area network with a Dynamic Host Control Protocol
(DHCP) server is easy! The DHCP server provides all the information your computer
needs to get up and running on the network. Once connected, you will check
network connectivity with the router and at least one other peer on the network.
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Procedure
Getting connected
a. How many network devices are listed in the output? Record their names in your
worksheet.
b. Is there an IPv4 address listed for any of the network devices? If so, record your
4. Connect your computer to a network switch using a patch cable. Did you get a
light on the switch? Record the port number you connected to in your worksheet.
5. Draw a diagram of the entire local area network in the space below, including the
6. Run ifconfig again. Do you see an IP address? If so, record it in your worksheet.
7. In the terminal window, type dhclient eth1 and press Enter. Describe what
happens.
1. Check connectivity with the router with the ping command. Type ping -c4 10.0.1.1
and press Enter. Record the times listed in the last column of the output. What was
the average round trip time (rtt) from your computer to the router and back?
2. Ask another group for their IP address. Check connectivity with that group's
computer with ping. Run ping as shown above, substituting the new IP address for
the one listed in the previous item. Record the times listed in the last column below.
What was the average round trip time (rtt)?
3. When you have completed the activity, shut down your computer and return to
your seat.
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Title: Networking with Static IPs
Procedure
Getting connected
2. When the boot process is completed, connect your computer to the network
switch using a patch cable. Did you get a light? What port number did you connect
to on the switch?
1. Open a terminal window on your computer, if one is not already open, by clicking
Applications->Accessories->Terminal.
2. Type ipconfig and press Enter. Are your network setting correct? If not, repeat the
steps 4–11 in the previous section
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3. Ask another group for their IP address. Check connectivity with that group's
computer with ping. For example, ping -c4 10.0.1.200. Record the times listed in the
last column below. What was the average round trip time?
4. Ask a second group for their IP address. Check connectivity to that group's
computer with ping. Record the times listed in the last column below. What was the
average round trip time?
Evaluation:
CRITERIA
Passed Failed
Remarks
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Computer System and Network Configurations
Computer Networks
Networks are collections of computers, software, and hardware that are all
connected to help their users work together. A network connects computers by
means of cabling systems, specialized software, and devices that manage data
traffic. A network enables users to share files and resources, such as printers, as
well as send messages electronically (e-mail) to each other.
The most common networks are Local Area Networks or LANs for short. A
LAN connects computers within a single geographical location, such as one office
building, office suite, or home. By contrast, Wide Area Networks (WANs) span
different cities or even countries, using phone lines or satellite links.
All networks go through roughly the same steps in terms of design, rollout,
configuration, and management.
Plan on the design phase to take anywhere from one to three working days,
depending on how much help you have ad how big your network is.
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Install the server or servers if you’re setting up a client/server network. (If you are
setting up a peer-to-peer network, you typically don’t have to worry about any
dedicated servers.)
Set up the workstation hardware.
Plug in and cable the Network Interface Cards (NICs – these connect the network
to the LAN).
Install the hub or hubs (if you are using twisted-pair cable).
Install printers.
Load up the server software (the NOS, or Network Operating System) if your
network is a client/server type.
Install the workstation software.
Install modem hardware for remote dial-up (if you want the users to be able to
dial into the network).
Install the programs you want to run (application software).
Network configuration means customizing the network for your own use.
Creating network accounts for your users (names, passwords, and groups).
Creating areas on shared disk drives for users to share data files.
Creating areas on shared disk drives for users to share programs (unless
everyone runs programs from their own computer).
Setting up print queues (the software that lets users share networked printers).
Installing network support on user workstations, so they can "talk" to your
network.
The work you do right after your LAN is up and running and configured can save you
huge amounts of time in the coming months.
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Smooth Setup
One key advantage of a peer-to-peer network is that it’s easy to setup. With
the simplest sort of peer-to-peer network, you just use the built-in networking that
comes with your operating system (Windows 98, Windows XP, Windows 7,
Windows 8 and so on) and you have very little software to set up – even less if you
have computers that have the operating system preinstalled, as most computers do
these days.
A UTP cable (category 5) is one of the most popular LAN cables. This cable
consists of 4 twisted pairs of metal wires (that means there are 8 wires in the cable).
Adding RJ45 connectors at both ends of the UTP cable it becomes a LAN cable they
usually use.
Preparation
Making Cable
Follow the steps below.
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1. Remove the outmost vinyl shield for 12mm at one end of the cable (we call this
side A-side).
2. Arrange the metal wires in parallel (refer the each section's wire arrangement
table). Don't remove the shield of each metal line.
3. Insert the metal wires into RJ45 connector on keeping the metal wire
arrangement.
4. Set the RJ45 connector (with the cable) on the pliers, and squeeze it tightly.
5. Make the other side of the cable (we call this side B-side) in the same way.
6. After you made it, you don't need to take care of the direction of the cable. (Any
cable in this page is directionless --- that means you can set either end of the
cable to either device.)
Take the UTP cable with your left hand and a RJ45 connector with your right
hand. Hold the RJ45 connector in the way you can see the contact metal face of the
RJ45 connector.
The tables below are for the case where the UTP cable consists of
green/green-white, orange/orange-white, blue/blue-white, brown/brown-white twisted
pairs.
10BaseT and 100BaseT are most common mode of LAN. You can use UTP
category-5 cable for both modes. (You can use UTP category-3 cable for 10BaseT,
in which there are only 3 wires inside the cable.)
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Pin ID side A side B
1 orange-white orange-white
2 orange orange
3 green-white green-white
4 blue blue
5 blue-white blue-white
6 green green
7 brown-white brown-white
8 brown brown
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• A network interface or Local Area Network (LAN) adapter for each computer. The
same manufacturer and model of network card is preferred.
To create a peer network, follow these steps for each computer connected to the
network:
1. Shut down the computer and install the network card and appropriate cabling for
each computer.
NOTE: For information about how to configure your network adapters and physically
connect your computers, consult the documentation included with your network adapters
or contact the manufacturer(s) of your network adapters.
2. Start Windows and install the network drivers. Windows may detect your network
card and install the drivers when you start the computer. If the network card drivers
are not included with Windows, follow the manufacturer's instructions about how to
install the network drivers.
3. Choose a client and a common protocol for each computer. To do this, follow
these steps:
a. Click Start, point to Settings, click Control Panel, and then double-click
Network.
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e. In the Manufacturers box, click the appropriate manufacturer, click the
appropriate protocol in the Network Protocol box, and then click OK.
4. Configure a peer server. Each computer that is configured for File and Printer
Sharing can act as a server. To configure a computer for File and Printer Sharing,
use the following steps:
a. Click Start, point to Settings, click Control Panel, and then double-click
Network.
b. Click File and Print Sharing, click one or both options to share files and printers,
click OK, and then click OK again.
1. Give each computer a unique computer name. To do this, use the following steps:
a. Click Start, point to Settings, click Control Panel, and then double-click
Network.
b. On the Identification tab, type a unique name in the Computer name box.
c. Click OK, and then click Yes when you are prompted to restart your computer.
NOTE: The computer name must be unique for each computer on the network and
: should be no more than 15 characters in length. In small networks, the workgroup
name should be the same for each computer so that all computers are visible in the
same workgroup when browsing. You should not use spaces or the following
characters in computer and workgroup names
- UTP cables
- 4 Computer units
- 1 hub
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Given the following materials, set-up a network connection on four computers.
CRITERIA 1 2 3 4 5
Safety Precautions are observed.
All the UTP are properly connected to the computer and
hub.
Computers are properly connected and seen in the
network.
Proper boot-up and shutdown of the computer is
observed.
Total:
In this project, you will learn how useful the Internet can be for a PC support
technician.
1. Using your own or a lab computer pretend that the motherboard manual is not
available and you need to replace a faulty processor. Identify the manufacturer and
model of the mother board by looking for the manufacturer name and model number
stamped on the board. Research the Web site for that manufacturer. Print the list of
processors the board can support.
2 .Research the Web site for your motherboard and print the instructions for flashing
BIOS.
Task. Analyze the situations below and answer the questions that follows.
When Jacob travels on company business, he finds it’s a great help to be able to
access his office computer from anywhere on the road using Remote Desktop.
However, he wants to make sure his office computer as well as the entire corporate
network is as safe as possible. One way you can help Jacob add more security is to
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change the port that Remote Desktop uses. Knowledgeable hackers know that
Remote Desktop uses port 3389, but if you change this port to a secret port, hackers
are less likely to find the open port. Search the Microsoft Knowledge Base articles
(support.microsoft.com) for a way to change the port that Remote Desktop uses.
Practice implementing this change by doing the following:
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Lesson 3. INSPECT AND TEST THE CONFIGURED COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND
NETWORKS
Observe good housekeeping in the area of the machines during and after
maintenance.
Place removed covers and other parts in a safe place, away from all personnel,
while you are servicing the machine.
Keep your tool case away from walk areas so that other people will not trip over
it.
Do not wear loose clothing that can be trapped in the moving parts of a machine.
Ensure that your sleeves are fastened or rolled up above your elbows. If your hair
is long, use hair net or hair cap.
Insert the ends of your necktie or scarf inside clothing or fasten it with a
nonconductive clip, approximately three (3) inches from the end.
Do not wear jewelry, chains, metal-frame eyeglasses, or metal fasteners.
After service, reinstall all safety shields, guards, labels, and ground wires.
Replace any safety device that is worn out or defective.
Finally, reinstall all covers correctly before returning the unit to the customers.
Electrical safety
Electric current from power, telephone, and communication cables can be
hazardous. To avoid personal injury or equipment damage, disconnect the attached
power cords, telecommunications systems, networks and modems before you open
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the server/workstation covers, unless instructed otherwise in the installation and
configuration procedure.
Precautions
1. These steps will help you identify potentially unsafe conditions on electrical
products:
Check exterior covers for damage (loose, broken, or sharp edges)
Power-off computer. Disconnect the power cord.
The power cord should be the appropriate type.
Insulation on the power cord must not be frayed or worn out.
Remove the cover.
Check for any obvious alteration. Use good judgment as to the safety of
any alterations.
Check for worn out, frayed or pinched cables.
Check that the power-supply cover fasteners (screws or rivets) have not
been removed or tampered with.
There must be a process put in place to report accidents, incidents or near misses
for immediate action and to help track causes. The organization needs to identify what
needs to be reported, to whom it is to be reported, and how to report it, then put this
process into a written procedure.
For example:
Any accident, incident, or "near miss," no matter how slight the injury or damage, must be
reported to the department supervisor immediately for appropriate action.
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The supervisor is responsible for taking appropriate follow-up action, including getting
medical attention for the injured, completing an investigation report and recommending or
implementing appropriate corrective actions.
The primary purpose of the accident investigation is to identify the cause(s) of the
accident, incident or "near miss" and take action to prevent a similar occurrence in the
future. In some instances, an employee's or volunteer's failure to follow recognized safety
procedures requires disciplinary action to protect co-workers.
Remember: One person's actions can jeopardize the safety of others in the workplace.
Sample
Approved by
Chairman:
Date:
1. Purpose [complies with legislation, ensure the necessary action to prevent any
recurrence and to enable the organization to maintain proper records.
2. Scope [accident, incident, near-miss; employee, volunteer, anyone on site or
involved in organization-sponsored activities]
3. Definitions [of terms]
4. Accident Reporting [timeline, to whom, how (phone, e-mail, fax) •\ OSHA,
NIOSH?]
5. Absence resulting from an accident [who to report to, Return-to work]
6. Accident Investigation [who investigates, what to do with resulting
recommendations]
7. Forms [Names, where to find them]
8. Reportable Diseases [communicable diseases listed where?]
The senior staff member available at the accident scene or the first member notified
should complete the appropriate investigation reporting form (accident, incident, near
miss). The completed form should be given to the organization's safety committee,
which will forward a copy of the report to the safety coordinator for review.
197
5. Conduct an investigation.
Accident reports
Forms are used to give specific details with regards to the accidents
happened in the laboratory during experiments.
198
Task. Accomplish the sample Accident report sample form
Date:
Rm. No:
Name: Yr/Sec:
199
Replacing different Components
Computer Parts Replacement
When replacing computer parts and peripherals, you need to consider the
following factors:
When replacing computer parts you should check if it is compatible with your
unit. Double check on your computer manual if the component you are replacing is
compatible or not with the unit because this may lead to system crash.
Component Specification
Form factor
Note: Please refer to the Video for Proper Replacement of the components or parts
of the computer.
Figure25. Memory
200
Video Cards-also referred to as a graphics
accelerator, is an item of personal computer
hardware whose function is to generate and
output images to a display.
Figure28. Motherboard
Figure28. CPU
201
CMOS Battery-Refers to a small memory on PC motherboards
that is used to store BIOS settings.
Figure30. CD/DVD
1. Memory
2. Video card
3. NIC
4. Motherboard
5. HDD
202
Upgrading Your Computer Components
To upgrade means to change some parts with faster and better performing ones.
These parts may even cost less and more powerful.
2. Optical drives- old CD-ROMs drives are commonly replaced with DVD-ROM and
DVD writers.
203
Hard Drives- small capacity hard drives are replaced with faster and high capacity
hard drives.
Keyboards and mouse- keyboards and mouse are commonly replaced with optical
mouse and wireless keyboards.
204
Video cards- upgrade computer’s graphics card to improve the computer
performance in terms of graphics and games.
205
How to Speed up the Computer
1. Defragmenter utility: Automatically analyzes the empty disk space on the hard
disk and defrag all scattered files.
206
4. Disk Cleanup: You can delete unwanted programs and files from your computer
and this will be helpful in increasing the speed.
5. Empty Recycle Bin: Delete all the files and folders from the recycle bin and you
will get the space of C drive for reusability.
Memory Upgrade
To make your computer faster, you can upgrade its memory. Here are the
steps in upgrading your computer’s memory
207
2. In Fig 35 the notches we have marked as A are
used for the ejector clip on the DIMM slot.
Next, take the video card (hold it by the edges) and line it up with the slot
paying careful attention to the alignment notch. When it is aligned correctly, press
gently but firmly until the card is seated fully and evenly into the slot (see fig 39).
208
Figure39. Video card seated fully and evenly on a slot
When you are happy that the card is firmly in place, insert the fixing screw (fig
40) and check to make sure you have not loosened anything during installation.
Replace the case cover and reconnect the mains power.
When you reboot your machine Windows (or other OS) should find the card
automatically, it may then ask you to insert the disk/CD that came with your video
card, insert the CD and follow the on-screen instructions to install the video card
driver.
The first thing to do (after removing the case covers) is to locate the drive bay
where the hard drive will go (see fig 41 below).
209
The next step is to attach the IDE and power cables.
In figure 42 below you can see a standard IDE Cable, note there are three (3)
connections (notice the difference in distance between the connectors). Connection
A plugs into the motherboard and then the slave and master connections are used
for IDE devices such as hard drives, if you are only installing one drive or the new
drive is to be the master then use the master connector, if the drive is to be the slave
then use the slave connector.
The IDE cable will be marked down one side with a red or black strip, this
denotes Pin 1, match this with the Pin 1 indicator on the back of the hard drive.
The power cable you will find in your case is attached to your power supply;
you can see an example below in figure 43.
210
Basic Network Errors
Please make sure that your network Please make sure that your network
adapter is securely plugged into a USB adapter is securely plugged into a USB
port on the back of the box. port on the back of the box.
3. If these steps have not resolved your issue, see Detailed Steps
below for additional assistance.
211
Network problem error message 2
Read the message in the box.
Box running software 14.8 and above: Box running software 14.7 and below:
3. If these steps have not resolved your issue, see Detailed Steps
below for additional assistance.
Problem with network settings. (N05) The specified IP address (<IP Address>) is
already in use by another device on the
Change your network settings to use a
network. (N05)
different (and unused) IP address.
Change your network settings to use a
different (and unused) IP address.
212
Possible solution for error message 3
Wireless Network Not Found. (N06) Could not connect to the wireless network
(<Network Name>). (N06)
1. Verify your TiVo box has the latest software version to support the
encryption used by your router.
2. Make sure your wireless network is operational and you have
sufficient signal strength where the box is located. See How to
configure network settings on your TiVo box for instructions.
3. Verify you entered the correct the correct name of your network
and/or the correct encryption key or password.
Quick Steps
8. If these steps have not resolved your issue, see Detailed Steps
below for additional assistance.
213
Network problem error message 8
Read the message in the box:
Box running software 14.8 and above: Box running software 14.7 and below:
Adapter not set up. (N08) Your network adapter has not been set up
for use with the box. (N08)
Select Change network settings to begin
setting up your network adapter. Select Change network settings to begin
setting up your network adapter.
1. TiVo Wireless N adapter: Verify that your adapter has been set up
properly. Please see TiVo Wireless N Adapter Setup for instructions.
Quick Steps
2. Verify you entered the correct name of your network and/or the
correct encryption key or password.
3. Verify your wireless adapter is compatible with your TiVo box.
4. Try another USB port (when applicable).
5. If these steps have not resolved your issue, see Detailed Steps
below for additional assistance.
214
12. Still need help, contact
consultant at http://hidev.com/contactus.asp for
the tech support.
An extended error has 1. This issue may occur if the workstation doesn't
occurred" or "Access synchronize the time with the server. After verifying
Denied" Symptoms: that basic network connectivity exists, you can
When mapping a force time synchronization on the client computer
network drive using net manually. To do this, run net time /domain /set
use or using the net command.
view command to view 2.
a different computer in Make sure you have granted enough licenses for
the domain, you may clients accessing.
receive: "An extended
error has occurred" or
"Access Denied" error
messages.
“Computer name is not 1. Are you sure the logon user has permission to the
accessible. No shared folder?
permission to access 2. Have you tried to logon using the same user name
the resources" and password of the accessed computer?
3. The last and risky one, if you enable guest account
in computer, can you access now?
"Multiple connections to 1. Try using net use /d from a command to clear all
the server or shared your mapped connections before joining the
resource are not domain. You can also disconnect the mapped drive
allowed" in Windows Explorer by right-click the mapped
drive and select disconnection.
Symptom: when
attempting to join a
domain, you may
receive "Multiple
connections to the
server or shared
resource are not
allowed. Please
disconnect all previous
connections to the
server or shared
resource and try again."
215
"Network path not 1. This issue may occur if the TCP/IP NetBIOS Helper
found" in a domain Service is not running on the client computer. To
network 1 start the TCP/IP NetBIOS Helper Service, go to
MMS>Services, double-click TCP/IP NetBIOS
SYMPTOMS: Helper Service.
When trying to join a
domain by using he
NetBIOS domain name,
you are successful but
not the FQDN and you
may receive one of the
following error
messages:
"Network path not 1. You can find some computer browser errors on the
found" in a domain DNS server. Disable one of two NICs will work.
network 2 More resolutions can be found in browser Issue
page.
"Network path not 1. Make sure that File and Printer Sharing is enabled
found" in a workgroup on the shared computer.
network - error 53 Make sure that shared machine has something
shared.
2. Make sure that you have created the same
workgroup and logon the same username
Make sure that you have enabled NetBIOS over
TCP/IP if this is a mixed OS network.
216
error when you double- 2. Make sure the Computer Browser service is
click My Network started.
Places/Computers Near
Me: <Workgroup
Name> is not
accessible. You may
not have permission to
use this network
resource.
Still need help, contact 1. Disable ICF if you don't need it.
consultant at http://hide 2. Open port # (UDP and TCP) from 135 through 139
v.com/contactus.asp for and/or 445. to do this, go to the properties of the
the tech support. connection>Advanced>ICF>Settings>Services. For
Microsoft file sharing SMB: add (UDP and TCP)
217
"System error 6118 ports from 135 through 139. For direct-hosted SMB
has occurred. The list traffic without network basic input/output system
of servers for this (NetBIOS) uses port (TCP and UDP) 445. Note: the
workgroup is not external and internal port numbers should be
currently identical.
available." Symptoms:
When using the net
view
\\computername comm
and, you receive the
following error
message: System error
6118 has occurred. The
list of servers for this
workgroup is not
currently available.
"The password is 1. You need to setup every user that needs access to
incorrect. Try again" the shared folder on every computer they have to
connect to. Then give the proper user proper
permission to the shared folder.
2. Logon the same user and password.
3. As always, you can try to enable a guest account
on the accessed machine.
"There are no entries on 1. If there are no file or print shares on the computer,
the list" the net view command displays a "There are no
entries in the list" message. So, make sure there
Symptom: when using are file or print shares on the computer. Or to use
net net share command to check sharing status.
view \\remotecomputer 2. Make sure no firewall running because the firewall
command, you may may block sharing.
receive "There are no
entries on the list". And
you may have a
problem to access the
remote computer.
218
"Unable to Browse 1. Have you loaded the NIC or is it working?
Network" 2. Have you loaded common protocol, TCP/IP?
3. Does the Computer browser work?
Symptom: When you 4. Have you enable file and printer sharing in the
attempt to browse your accessed computer?
network by opening 5. Is the workstation service running?
Entire Network in My
Network
Places/Network
Neighborhood, you may
receive the following
error message: Unable
to Browse Network.
219
Award BIOS / CMOS Setup
This is the BIOS setup for Award BIOS v6.00PG. If you have a different
version of the Award BIOS there would be a lot of similarities. If your BIOS are AMI
or Phoenix then the common BIOS features would have some similarities. Whatever
BIOS you have, this setup guide should give you an idea about how to setup BIOS.
Please note that setting up BIOS incorrectly could cause system malfunction,
therefore it is recommended that you also follow the BIOS guide provided on your
motherboard manual. If you decide to make changes to certain options it is safer to
make a note of what you have changed. Then restart the system to see how it
performs. If the system behaves abnormally or becomes unstable you can revert
back to your previous settings.
Soft menu III is where you can setup up the CPU without setting jumpers on
the motherboard. You can setup the CPU simply by selecting the speed i.e. Pentium
III 750 from the list. This ensures that the CPU bus, multiplier, voltage etc, is
correctly set for that particular CPU. However you can manually setup each feature if
required. Once you have finished with the setup press ESC to return the previous
menu.
220
Standard CMOS Features
Here you can setup the basic BIOS features such as date, time, type of floppy
etc. Use the arrow keys to move around and press enter to select the required
option. You can specify what IDE devices you have such as Hard drive, CD-ROM,
ZIP drive etc. The easiest way to setup the IDE devices is by leaving it set to auto.
This allows the BIOS to detect the devices automatically so you don't have to do it
manually. At the bottom, it also displays the total memory in your system.
As you can see from figure 3, there are numerous advance settings which you
can select if required. For most cases leaving the default setting should be adequate.
As you can see the first boot device is set to floppy. This ensures that the floppy disk
is read first when the system boots, and therefore can boot from windows boot disk.
The second boot device is the Hard disk and third is set to LS120. If you want to boot
from a bootable CD then you can set the third boot device to CD/DVD-ROM.
221
Figure46. Advance Bios Feature
Here you can setup the contents of the chipset buffers. It is closely related to
the hardware and is therefore recommended that you leave the default setting unless
you know what you are doing. Having an incorrect setting can make your system
unstable. If you know that your SDRAM can handle CAS 2, then making changes
can speed up the memory timing. If you have 128MB SDRAM then the maximum
amount of memory the AGP card can use is 128MB.
222
Integrated Peripherals
This menu allows you to change the various I/O devices such as IDE
controllers, serial ports, parallel port, keyboard etc. You can make changes as
necessary.
The power management allows you to setup various power saving features,
when the PC is in standby or suspend mode.
223
PnP/PCI Configurations
This menu allows you to configure your PCI slots. You can assign IRQ's for
various PCI slots. It is recommended that you leave the default settings as it can get
a bit complicated messing around with IRQ's
PC Health Status
This menu displays the current CPU temperature, the fan speeds, voltages
etc. You can set the warning temperature which will trigger an alarm if the CPU
exceeds the specified temperature.
224
Load Fail-Safe Defaults
If you made changes to the BIOS and your system becomes unstable as a
result, you can change it back to default. However if you made many changes and
don't know which one is causing the problem, your best bet is to choose the option
"Load Fail Safe Mode Defaults" from the BIOS menu. This uses a minimal
performance setting, but the system would run in a stable way. From the dialog box
Choose "Y" followed by enter to load Fail-Safe Defaults.
Like the Fail-Safe mode above, this option loads the BIOS default settings,
but runs the system at optimal performance. From the dialog box Choose "Y"
followed by enter to load Optimized Defaults.
To password protect your BIOS you can specify a password. Make sure you
don't forget the password or you cannot access the BIOS. The only way you can
access the BIOS is by resetting it using the reset jumper on the motherboard.
225
Save and Exit Setup
To save any changes you made to the BIOS you must choose this option.
From the dialog box choose "Y".
If you don't want to save changes made to the BIOS, choose "N" from the
dialog box.
226
Task 1. The BIOS settings in the CMOS memory have become corrupted or
damaged
Procedure:
Evaluation
CRITERIA
Passed Failed
Remarks
227
Practicing TCP/IP Networking Skills
6. What response do you get when you ping the default gateway?
1. Give a brief description of FiOS and how it is used for Internet access.
3. When using FiOS, does your telephone voice communication share the fiber-optic
cable with Internet data?
4. What does Verizon say about FiOS cabling used for television?
228
Hardware Upgrade
Tools
Anti-static mat
Equipment
Network Card
Given the tools and materials, upgrade your computer by installing a network
card.
Evaluation
CRITERIA
Passed Failed
Remarks
229
LESSON 4: TEST SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS
Is your PC healthy? Don't be too sure. Think back to when you heard a
kerklunk sound coming from the hard drive. Or maybe you remember the last time
your Internet connection was down.
The best way to find out what's wrong is to take a proactive approach: Check
under your PC's hood with the following mostly free diagnostic tools, and see if
anything is amiss--before disaster strikes.
Hardware
Software
Firmware
Interface cables
230
Video cards
Monitor power
cable
Keyboard connector
Mouse Connector
Keyboard connecter
Mouse connector
231
I/O circuit board
Parallell ports
4. Power supply
Power cord
Fuse
Power supply
232
Testing Your Software
1. Operating system
Run live updates for your operating systems to get the latest patches
and protection for your OS.
Run registry scanners to check the OS registry configuration
2. Application Software
233
3. Anti-virus software
Check for the correct configuration can accomplish this by configuring the
BIOS in the computer
234
Sample Accomplishment Report Form
235
Error Beep codes
1. First, it will check all the basic components including among other things the
system clock, the processor, RAM, the keyboard
controller and the Video
2. After the video has been tested the BIOS will then
indicate any errors encountered by displaying either a
numeric code or a text message on the screen.
When a device fails the first part of the POST, the BIOS will send a series of
beeps from the PC's speaker (internal) to inform the PC user that there is a problem
these beeps are coded allowing the user to diagnose the troublesome component.
When the POST has been completed successfully, the PC will make a short beep to
let the user know everything is as it should be.
1. AWARD BIOS
2. Phoenix BIOS
3. AMI BIOS
236
Each type of BIOS chip has it own error code
Check memory
1 Beep Memory refresh failure
Check memory
2 Beeps Memory read/write error
Check memory
3 Beeps Motherboard timer not
functioning
Processor error
Replace processor
6 Beeps Display memory
read/write failure
237
Phoenix BIOS ERROR BEEP CODES
Phoenix BIOS beep codes are a series of beeps separated by a pause, for
example:
beep --- beep beep --- beep --- beep beep would be 1-2-1-2
1-3-1-1
Check memory
1-3-4-1
RAM failure data bits Check memory
of low memory bus
238
AWARD BIOS ERROR BEEP CODES
Directions: Answer the following questions and place your answers on your
answer sheet.
1-2-2-3
1-3-4-1
2-1-2-3
1-1-4-1
1-3-1-1
239
Directions:
Test I. Identify the tools presented below and write your answer in separate
paper.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
240
Directions:
Test II. List down at list Five (5) common problem and solution. Use a separate
sheet of paper if needed.
Obtain the manual for the motherboard for your PC. (If you cannot find the manual,
trydownloading it from the motherboard manufacturer’s Web site.) Answer these
questions:
4.If the board has a PCIe slot, what version of PCIe does the board use?
Using the Windows Help and Support window, Search for information on
Windows Meeting Space. Describe the tool. When would you want to use it? What
can you do with Windows Meeting Space? Set up and test the tool with a friend on a
network connection.
241
Task 1. Testing a Computer Unit
Tools
Multi-tester
Screw driver
Equipment
Computer unit
Monitor
Power cables
Materials
Bond paper
Directions: Test the following computer peripherals and equipment with the use of
the tools provider. Document your testing with the use of an accomplishment form.
Computer monitor
Power supply
242
Keyboard
Mouse
CRITERIA Rating
Total
100%
Tools
Screw drivers
Equipment
Computer unit
243
Given the tools and equipment, identify the memory error code by removing the
module in the computer unit
Evaluation:
CRITERIA Rating
100%
Total
244
POST ASSESSMENT
When Enzo travels on company business, he finds it’s a great help to be able
to access his office computer from anywhere on the road using Remote Desktop.
However, he wants to make sure his office computer as well as the entire corporate
network is as safe as possible.
One way you can help Enzo add more security is to change the port that
Remote Desktop uses. Knowledgeable hackers know that Remote Desktop uses
port 3389, but if you change this port to a secret port, hackers are less likely to find
the open port. Search the Microsoft Knowledge Base articles
(support.microsoft.com) for a way to change the port that Remote Desktop uses.
2. Next, change the port that Remote Desktop uses on the host computer to a secret
port. Print a screen shot showing how you made the change. Use the client
computer to create a Remote Desktop session to the host computer using the secret
port. Print a screen shot showing how you made the connection using the secret
port. Verify the session works by transferring files in both directions.
245
Instruction:
Read each of the questions in the left-hand column of the chart.
Place a check on the column that indicate your answers
I Can YES NO
Plan and prepare work to ensure occupational health and
safety
(OHS) policies and procedures are followed
Obtain materials, tools, equipment and testing devices
needed to on form with job requirements
Interpret work instructions according to job requirements
Obtain computer components/devices/systems and
determines its location prior to installation
Install equipment/devices/systems in accordance with job
requirements
Check/Test devices/systems and/or installations to
determine the conformity to job requirements.
Check computer systems and networks for configuration in
accordance with specifications and requirements
Diagnose fault or problem in the computer systems and
networks in line with standard operating procedures (SOP)
246
Summative Test
_________ 2. When you open your PC, nothing shows up in your monitor and the
LED indicator of your monitor is flashing in yellow color.
__________3. When you open your PC it will show the processor brand and/or the
motherboard brand but doesn't continue. Usually this error will result to system
restart over and over again.
__________4.This also happens even if you try disconnecting your computer set
from the internet. This is what we called aftershock virus which will continue to run
even if internet is disconnected.
__________5. The computer opens up then boots but when the operating system
loads it doesn't continue and it will take a lifetime if you're going to wait for it to load.
__________6. This happens even if you try installing the hardware. When you
restart your set it will happen again.
__________7. When you try going to safe mode all you will see is a list of files in
Command prompt style.
__________8. Upon loading he operating system, you will hear a loading sound and
then the sound stops, when you try running an audio file, no sound will be heard
__________9.This will happen only in standby mode, when you move your mouse or
type something, your system will automatically restart and the worst part is it will
delete a file at random.
__________10. Just like the mouse problem, when you open a program that will
take the whole screen like for example a game and/or a program applications, when
you close it, it will cause your system to restart.
247
II. Choose the letter of the best answer:
1) These are moderately dangerous types of errors among those that can pop
up on your PC. System errors are caused by malfunctioning hardware
components, corrupted operating system modules, etc.
a. System error C. Stop errors
b. Runtime errors D. Device managers errors
2) These are caused by corrupted or malfunctioning system files or software
executables. Most runtime errors cause the application that caused it to shut
down. However, more serious runtime errors may cause the system to
become unstable or unresponsive, leaving you with no choice but to reach for
the Reset button.
a. System error C. Stop errors
b. Runtime errors D. Device managers errors
6) These can be caused at any point of time. As the name suggests, these are
caused by applications while those are running. These are usually caused by
glitches in the program code itself. These are usually resolved by updating the
program to its latest version.
a. System error C. Application errors
b. Browser status errors D. Post Code errors
248
website itself, or due to connection problems. For instance, a 404 error would
indicate that the browser is trying to access a webpage that does not exist in
the specified location.
a. System error C. Application errors
b. Browser status errors D. Post Code errors
a. electricity C. Proton
b. atom D. Post Code errors
9) the amount of pulling force that makes the electron flow. Also known as
potential difference or EMF(electromotive force).
a. electricity C. Current
b. resistance D. Voltage
10) a type of circuit that has an open path for current to flow. It means that current
cannot flow in open circuit.
a. Open circuit C. Current circuit
b. resistance D. close circuit
Column A Column B
1. Used for installing and removing A. Screw drivers
screws in the computer unit.
2. Used for picking small parts in the B. Pliers and tweezers
computer unit.
3. Used for eliminating electrostatic C. Soldering iron
discharge in the work area.
4. Primarily used for connecting D. Lens cleaner
terminals in the power supply and
circuit board with the use of a
soldering lead.
5. It is a paste used for heat E. Anti-static wrist strap, mat and
dissipation of the processor. spray
6. A device used for cleaning optical F. Thermal paste
media, such as DVD-ROMS and
CD-writers.
7. A device used to crimp the RJ45 G. LAN Tester
connector to the UTP cable
8. A device used for testing the H. Crimping tool
network connection
I. Systems Tool Box
249
IV. Arrange the following steps in verifying the correct protocols are installed
on the computer.
_____Within the configuration tab double-click the TCP/IP protocol icon. Note: Do
not click on the PPP or Dial-Up adapter, click on the network card adapter.
_____When specifying these values, the computers on the network must all have the
same Subnet Mask and have a different IP Address. For example, when using the
above values on one computer you would want to use an IP address of 102.55.92.2
on another computer and then specify the same Subnet Mask.
_____Enter the IP address and Subnet Mask address, an example of such an
address could be: IP Address: 102.55.92.1, Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.192
V. List down at list Five (5) common computer problems and solutions.
250
KEY TO CORRECTIONS
Test I
1. No Video Output
2. No Video Output
3. Doesn't Boot
4. Lots of pop up windows showing on standby mode
5. Never Ending Loading of Operating system
6. Lots of hardware installation windows appear
7. Safe mode doesn't work
8. Sound on/off error
9. Keyboard and mouse system restart
10. Application causes system to restart
Test II
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. D
6. C
7. B
8. A
9. C
10. A
Test III
1. A
2. B
3. E
4. C
5. F
6. D
7. H
8. G
Test IV
3, 5, 1, 2, 4, 7, 6
Test V
251
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Computer System - The complete computer made up of the CPU, memory and
related electronics (main cabinet), all the peripheral devices connected to it and its
operating system. Computer systems fall into two broad divisions: clients and
servers. Client machines fall into three categories from low to high end: laptop,
desktop and workstation. Servers range from small to large: low-end servers,
midrange servers and mainframes.
Connector - Any plug and socket that links two devices together. Although taken for
granted and rarely in the limelight, connectors are a huge industry, and the quality of
these components is more critical than most people would imagine. When not
designed or constructed properly, they often become the weakest element in an
electronic system.
Display Adapter - A plug-in card in a desktop computer that converts the images
created in the computer to the electronic signals required by the monitor. It
determines the maximum resolution, refresh rate and number of colors that can be
displayed, which the monitor must also be able to support. On many PC
motherboards, the display adapter circuits are built into the chipset, and an AGP or
PCI card is not required.
ESD (Electro Static Discharge)- A small amount of static electricity that can destroy
small parts of your computer.
Expansion Board - A printed circuit board that plugs into an expansion slot and
extends the computer's capability to control a peripheral device. All the boards
(cards) that plug into a computer's bus are expansion boards, such as display
adapters, disk controllers, network adapters and sound cards.
Motherboard - Also called the "system board," it is the main printed circuit board in
an electronic device, which contains sockets that accept additional boards. In a
desktop computer, the motherboard contains the CPU, chipset, PCI bus slots, AGP
slot, memory sockets and controller circuits for the keyboard, mouse, disks and
printer. It may also have built-in controllers for modem, sound, display and network,
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obviating the need to plug in a card. A laptop motherboard typically has all peripheral
controllers built in.
Operating System - The master control program that runs the computer. The first
program loaded when the computer is turned on, its main part, the "kernel," resides
in memory at all times. The operating system sets the standards for all application
programs that run in the computer. The applications "talk to" the operating system for
all user interface and file management operations. Also called an "executive" or
"supervisor," an operating system performs the following functions.
User Interface - All graphics based today, the user interface includes the windows,
menus and method of interaction between you and the computer. Prior to the Mac,
Windows and Motif (Unix) interfaces, all interaction was based on commands
entered by the user. Operating systems may support optional interfaces and allow a
new shell, or skin, to be used instead.
Virus - Software used to infect a computer. After the virus code is written, it is buried
within an existing program. Once that program is executed, the virus code is
activated and attaches copies of itself to other programs in the system. Infected
programs copy the virus to other programs.
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REFERENCES
Electronic Resources:
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/computer-memory-types.html
Computer Memory Types
http://www.athropolis.com/popup/c-comp2.htm
Measurements for Memory & Storage
http://www.ustudy.in/ce/hard/u1
Fundamentals of PC repair
http://danreb.com/sites/default/files/CHS-NC2%20Reviewer%20-
%20With%20Oral%20Questioning_0.pdf
Occupational Health and Safety Precautions
http://puzzlemaker.discoveryeducation.com/CrissCrossSetupForm.asp
Puzzles for Activities
http://info.psu.edu.sa/psu/cis/kalmustafa/CISCO/Lecture%20Slides/ITE_PC_v
40_Chapter2.pdf
Occupational Safety Precautions
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfKe8PPI2zs&feature=related
Conversion of Decimal N umber to Binary
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7M6_VeDhJE&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6N7bqBsFL0w-
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Computer Hardware Basics
http://www.wikihow.com/Install-Computer-Hardware-
How to install Computer Hardware
http://www.directron.com/howtoupsys.html-
How to install Computer components
en.wikipedia.org
http://www.bechtel.com/assets/files/Environmental/ToolboxSafetyTopics/20
10/ProperToolSelection.pdf Tool Selection
http://www.iml.uts.edu.au/assessment-futures/designing/assembling.html
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