SYNOPSIS ON

UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC COMMUNICATION

Under Guidance of “Mr. Mridul Chawla”

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Ms. Geetanjali Pandey Sonu kumar

D.C.R.U.S.T. Murthal M.tech(ece)

09032322
OBJECTIVE:

Underwater communication is very vast field. Currently research is going on to

provide efficient communication link between transmitter and receiver. Also the
process is going on to speed up the data transfer rate & to reduce the losses.

For efficient communication digital communication techniques are being used.

My objective of thesis work is to study underwater communication & modulation

techniques (coding Techniques) used in underwater communication.
INTRODUCTION
Underwater acoustic is the study of propagation of sound in water and the
interaction of the mechanical waves that constitute sound with the water and its
boundaries.

Typical frequency associated with underwater acoustic are between 10 Hz to 1

MHz. The propagation of sound in the ocean at frequencies lower than 10 Hz is
not possible without penetrating deep in the sea, whereas frequencies above 1
MHz are rarely used because they are absorbed very quickly.

For the underwater communication, acoustic waves are best solution

besides Radio Frequency (RF) waves, Laser beams, Ultra Low Frequency
(ULF), and optical cables. Acoustic waves need fairly low power for
transmission and reception of signal and also small amount of hardware is
needed . Underwater acoustic communication channels are characterized by a
path loss that depends not only on the distance between the transmitter
and receiver, as it is the case in many other wireless channels, but also on the
signal frequency. The signal frequency determines the absorption loss which
occurs.

Because of the transfer of acoustic energy into heat. This fact implies the
dependence of acoustic bandwidth on the communication distance. The
absorption loss increases with frequency as well as with distance, eventually
imposing a limit on the available bandwidth within the practical constraints of
finite transmission power. Underwater acoustic (UWA) channels present a
number of challenges to the designers of communications systems. One of
their most important characteristics is multipath propagation, which severely
limits data rate and system reliability. This thesis addresses the problem of
multipath propagation in underwater acoustic channels.
NEED FOR UNDERWATER COMMUNICATION

The need for underwater acoustic communications exists in applications

such as remote control in off-shore oil industry, pollution monitoring in
environmental systems, collection of scientific data recorded at ocean-bottom
stations, speech transmission between divers, and mapping of the ocean floor
for detection of objects, as well as for the discovery of new resources.

Wireless underwater communications can be established by transmission of

acoustic waves. Underwater acoustic communications are a rapidly growing
field of research and engineering as the applications, which once were
exclusively military, are extending into commercial fields. The possibility to
maintain signal transmission, but eliminate physical connection of tethers,
enables gathering of data from submerged instruments without human
intervention, and unobstructed operation of unmanned or autonomous
underwater vehicles (UUVs & AUVs).
 UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC COMMUNICATION

The basic digital communication block diagram for the

underwater acoustic (UWA) communication system is shown below in figure
1.1. For data transfer, first of all source data is coded and then after it is
modulated using digital modulation techniques like BPSK, QPSK, 8-PSK, QAM,
8-QAM etc. this modulated signal is then send to transmit antenna, which
is like a projector. This projector creates acoustic waves, which travels under
water and reaches to the destination point with different multipath.

combined using diversity combiner. Space diversity combining is done using

many techniques like Selection Combining (SC), Equal gain Combining (EGC),
Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC), and Optimal Combining (OC).
 PROPAGATION OF SOUND

tx rx
In shallow water multipath occurs due to signal reflection from the surface and
bottom.

While in deep water it occurs due to ray bending.

c distance
tx
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communication oceanic engineering,ieee journal vol-21 issue-2 year-1996
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developments oceans 2008 vol-2008 supplementary year-2008 pages-1-6

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