JAIME R. TIONG @)ROMEO A. ROJAS JR.Preface ‘Acknowledgement Dedication oY lumbers onversion THEORY: ‘Systems of numbers Cardinal & Ordinal numbers Numerals & Digit Real numbers Imaginary number ‘Complex number Fractions ‘Composite numbers Prime numbers Perfect number Defective & Abundant numbers Amicable numbers Factorial Significant figures Rounding & Truncation Tips & Trivia OUTRARRROOONSI a= ‘TEST (60 Problems for 2 hours) SOLUTIONS a~ 3 THEORY: Basic rules in Algebra 24 Properties of Equality a Properties of Zero 22 Properties of Exponents 22 Properties of Radicals 23 Surds 23 Special Products 23 Properties of Proportion 24 Remainder Theorem 24 Factor Theorem 24 Tips & Trivia 25 TEST (60 Problems for 3.75 hours) 26 SOLUTIONS 37 Logarithms THEORY: Quadratic Formula 49 Nature of roots 49 Properties of roots 49 Binomial Theorem 50 Properties of Expansion 50 Pascal's Triangle 50 Coefficient of any term 50 Formula for rth term 51 ‘Sum of Coefficients 51 ‘Sum of Exponents 51 Common & Natural Logarithms 51 Euler’s Number 51 Binary Logarithm 51 Properties of Logarithms 52 Tips & Trivia 52 TEST (40 Problems for 3hours) 53. SOLUTIONS 6 Mixture, Motion Problems THEORY. Age Problems 69 ‘Work Pronlems 69 Mixture Problems 70 Digit Problems 70 Motion Problems cI Tips & Trivia nm TEST (40 Problems for 4hours) 72 ‘SOLUTIONS 83DAY ion, lems & Progression THEORY: Clock Problems Progression / Sequence Series Arithmetic Progression Geometric Progression Infinite Geometric Progression Harmonic Progression Other related sequences Fibonacci Numbers Lucas Numbers Figurate Numbers ‘Triangular numbers: Square numbers Gnomons Oblong numbers Pentagonal numbers Cubic numbers Tetrahedral numbers Cubic numbers Square pyramidal numbers Supertetrahedral numbers Diophantine Equations Variation Problems Tips & Trivia TEST (65 Problems for 4.5 hours) SOLUTIONS Combination & Probability THEORY: Venn Diagram Fundamental Principle of Counting Permutation Combination Probability Conditional Probability Binomial or Repeated Probability Tips & Trivia TEST (50 Problems for 4 hours) SOLUTIONS 96 DAY % etry 97 97 THEORY: 98 Definition 98 Angles 98 Circles 98 Ellipse 98 Polygons 99 Triangles 99 Quadrilaterals 99 Trapezoids & Trapeziums: 99 Parallelograms 99 ‘Square & Rectangles 99 Rhomboid & Rhombus 99 Tips & Trivia 99 99 TEST (50 Problems for 3.75 hours) 99 SOLUTIONS 99 99 99 99 THEORY: Polyhedrons Platonic solids Cube Rectangular Parallelepiped Prisms Cylinders Pyramids & Cones Frustum of Pyramids / Cones Prismatoid Sphere Zone Spherical Segment ‘Spherical Sector Spherical Pyramid Spherical Wedge Torus 130 130 131 131 131 132 132 132 133 143 153 153 154 155 155 156 156 156 156 187 187 187 158 168 183 183 183 183 184 195 185 186 186 186 187 187 187 187 188Ellipsoid & Spheroid Tips & Trivia TEST (30 Problems for 2.5 hours) SOLUTIONS THEORY: Definition Solution to Right Triangles Pythagorean Theorem Solution to Oblique Triangles Law of Sines Law of Cosines Law of Tangents Trigonomettic Identities Plane Areas (Triangles) Plane Areas (Quadrilaterals) Ptolemy's Theorem Tips & Trivia TEST (60 Problems for 4 hours) SOLUTIONS THEORY: Solution to Right Triangles Napier's Rules Solution to Oblique Triangles Area of Spherical Triangle Terrestrial Sphere Tipo & T TEST (15 Problems for 1.5 hours) SOLUTION 188 189 190 197 206 206 207 207 207 207 207 209 210 211 212 213 223 236 236 237 237 237 238 239 242 THEORY: Rectangular coordinates system Distance formula Distance between two points in space Slope of a line Angle between two lines Distance between a point and a line Distance between two lines Division of line segment Area by coordinates Lines Conic sections Circles Tips & Trivia TEST (50 Problems for 4 hours) SOLUTIONS DAY ometry a, Ellipse & Hyperbola THEORY: Parabola Ellipse Hyperbola Polar coordinates Tips & Trivia TEST (86 Probleme for 4 hours) SOLUTIONS 247 247 248 248 248 248 248 249 249 249 250 251 252 253 262 279 282 284 285 286 297_ OAY ferential imits & Derivatives) THEORY: Derivatives 314 Algebraic functions 314 Exponential functions 314 Logarithmic functions 315 Trigonometric functions 315 Inverse Trigonometric functions 315 Hyperbolic functions 315 Tips & Trivia 316 TEST (40 Probiems for 4 hours) 317 SOLUTIONS 326 Time Rates) THEORY: Maxima / Minima 337 Time Rates 337 Relation between the variables & maxima /minima values 338 Tips & Trivia 342 TEST (35 Problems for3 hours) 343 SOLUTIONS 361 THEORY: Basic integrals 367 Exponential & Logarithmic functions 367 Trigonometric functions 367 Inverse trigonometric functions 368 Hyperbolic functions 369 Trigonometric substitution 369 Integration by parts 370 Plane areas Centroid Length of arc Propositions of Pappus Work Moment of inertia Tips & Trivia ‘TEST (60 Problems for 4 hours) SOLUTIONS THEORY: Types of DE Order of DE Degree of DE Types of solutions of DE Applications of DE Tips & Trivia TEST (30 Problems for 2.5 hours) SOLUTIONS THEORY: Complex numbers Mathematical operation of complex numbers. Matrices ‘Sum of two matrices Difforence of two matricoe Product of two matrices Division of matrices Transpose matrix Cofactor of an entry of a matrix Cofactor matrix Inverse matrix Determinants Properties ofdeterminants Laplace transform 370 371 371 371 372 373 373 374 385 402 402 402 402 404 406 407 414 425 426 428 429 420 429 430 430 430 431 431 432 432 434Laplace transforms of elementary functions Tips & Trivia TEST (60 Problems for 4 hours) SOLUTIONS THEORY: Vector & scalar quantities Velocity & acceleration Force & Motion Laws of motion Law of universal gravitation Work, Eneray and Power Frictional force Law of conservation of energy Impulse & Momentum Gas laws: Fluids at rest Archimedes Principle Tips & Trivia TEST (40 Problems for 3 hours) SOLUTIONS THEORY: Definition of terms Conditions for equilibrium Friction Parabolic cable & catenary Moment of inertia Mass moment of inertia Tips & Trivia TEST (35 Problems for 3.5 hours) SOLUTIONS 435 436 437 449 491 499 (Dynamics) THEORY: Rectilinear translation 507 Vertical motion 507 Curvilinear translation 508 Projectile or trajectory 508 Rotation 508 D’Alembert's Principle 508 Centrifugal force 509 Tips & Trivia 509 TEST (45 Problems for 4 hours) 510 SOLUTIONS 520 THEORY: Simple stress 531 Simple strain 531 Stress-strain diagram 532 Hooke’s law 532 ‘Thermal stress. 533 Thin-walled cylinder 533 Torsion 534 Helical springs 534 Tips & Trivia 535 TEST (30 Problems for 2.5 hours) 536 SOLUTIONS 543, jineering imple & Compound Interest THEORY: Definition of terms 549 Market situations 560 Simple interest 550 Compound interest 550Nominal & effective rates of interest 551 Discount 551 Tips & Trivia 552 TEST (40 Problems for 3 hours) 553 SOLUTIONS 562 eering nnuity, Depreciation, Bonds, Breakeven analysis, etc. THEORY: Annuity 568 Capitalized cost 569 Bonds 569 Depreciation 570 Break even analysis 572 Legal forms of business ‘organizations 572 Tips & Trivia 573 TEST (61 Problems for 4 hours) 574 SOLUTIONS 586 ‘A. GLOSSARY 598 B. CONVERSION 637 C. PHYSICAL CONSTANTS 639 D. POWER OF 10 640 E. NUMERATION 641 F. MATH NOTATION 641 G. GREEKALPHABETS 642 H. DIVISIBILITYRULES 643Systems of Numbers and Conversion 1 Number is an item that describes a magnitude or a position. Numbers are classified into two types, namely cardinal and ordinal numbers. Cardinal numbers are numbers which allow us to count the objects or ideas in a given collection. Example, 4,2,3... while ordinal numbers states the position of individual objects in a sequence. Example, First, second, third. Numerals are symbols, or combination of symbols which describe a number. The most widely used numerals are the Arabic numerals and the Roman numerals. Arabic numerals were simply a modification of the Hindu-Arabic number signs and are written in Arabic digits. Taken singly, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8,9 and in combination 20, 21, 22, ... 1999, ... The Roman numerals are numbers which are written in Latin alphabet. Example MCMXCIV. The following are Roman numerals and their equivalent Arabic numbers: 124 Cc = 100 voe5 D = 500 x = 10 M = 1000 L = 50 To increase the number, the following are used: 1. Bracket — to increase by 100 times. \x|=1000 2. Bar above the number — to increase by 1000 times X = 10000 3. A’‘doorframe” above the number —to increase by 100000 times. [a] = 1000 Digit is a specific symbol or symbols used alone or in combination to denote a number. For example, the number 21 has two digits, namely 2 and 1. In Roman numerals, the number 9 is denoted as IX. So the digits | and X were used together to denote one number and that is the number 9. In mathematical computations or engineering applications, a system of numbers using cardinal numbers was established and widely used.2 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas ‘The number system is divided into two categories: Real numbers and Imaginary number. @ REAL NUMBERS: A. Natural numbers - are numbers considered as “counting numbers’. Examples: 1, 2, 3, . B. _ Integers — are alll the natural numbers, the negative of the natural numbers and the number zero. C. Rational numbers — are numbers which can be expressed as a quotient (ratio) of two integers. The term “rational” comes from the word “ratio”. Example: 0.5, z +3, 0.333... In the example, 0.5 can be expressed as and 3 can be expressed as 2. hence rational numbers. The number 0.333... is a repeating and non-terminating decimal. As a rule, a non-terminating but repeating (or periodic) decimals is always a rational number. Also, all integers are rational numbers. D. Irrational numbers — are numbers which cannot be expressed as a quotient of two integers. Example: V2, z,¢,... ‘The numbers in the examples above can never be expressed exactly as a quotient of two integers. They are in fact, a non- terminating number with non-terminating decimal. © IMAGINARY NUMBER: An imaginary number is denoted as i. in somerother areas in mathematical computation. especially in electronics and electrical engineering itis denatad asi. Imaginary number and its equivalent:‘Systems of Numbers and Conversion 3 Systems of Numbers Real Numbers Imaginary Number Irrational numbers Rational numbers Integers Negative numbers Natural numbers Diagram showing the Systems of Numbers Complex number is an expression of both real and imaginary number combined. It takes the form of a + bi, where a and b are real numbers. If a = 0, then pure imaginary number is produced while real number is obtained when b = 0. Absolute value of a real number is the numerical value of the number neglecting the sign. For example, the absolute value of -5 is 5 while of -x is x. The absolute value | a|is either positive or zero but can never be negative. Common fractions are numbers which are in the form of gor alb, where a is the numerator which may be any integer while b is the denominator which may be any integer greater than zero. If the numerator is smaller than the denominator, it is called as proper fraction while improper fraction ic when the numaratnr is greatar than the denominator. Unit fractions are common fractions with unity for numerator and positive integer for the denominator. Example: 2,1. 5°25 Composite number is a number that can be written as product of two or more integers, each greater than 1. Itis observed that most integers are composite numbers.4 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Example: 60 =2x2x3x5 231 =3x7x11 Prime number is an integer greater than 1 that is divisible only by 1 and itself According to the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, “ Every positive integer greater than 1 ie a prime or can be expressed ac a unique product of primes and powers of primes’ Example of prime numbers: 2,3, 5, 7, 11, 13, ,17, 19, 23, 29, 1 000 000 008 649, Example of unique, product of power of primes: 360 = 2°. 3°.5" ‘Twin primes are prime numbers that appear in pair and differ by 2. Example: 3 and 5, 11 and 13, 17 and 19... Perfect number is an integer number that is equal to the sum of all its possible divisors, except the number itself. Example: 6, 28, 496... In the case of 6, the factors or divisors are 1, 2 and 3. 1+24+3=6 Defective or deficient number is an integer number, the sum of all its possible divisor is less than the number itself. If the sum of the possible divisors is greater than the number, it is referred to as abundant number. There are around 30 numbers known today as perfect number and all of which are even numbers. Amicable numbers or friendly numbers refers to two integer numbers where each is the sum of all the possible divisors of the other. The smallest known amicable numbers are 220 and 284. ‘The number 220 has the following factors/divisors: 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 11, 20, 22, 44, 55, & 110 which when added sums up to 284, while the number 284 has the following divisors 1, 2, 4, 71, and 142 which adds up to 220. Factorial denoted as n!, represents the product of all positive integers from 1 ton, inclusive. Example: n!=n(n—1)..3,2,1 ifn |, by definition: eaairace This is known as faN(o +1)= + tt <— recursion formula NON S02 The factorial symbol (!) was introduced by Christian Kramp in 1808.Systems of Numbers and Conversion $ Significant figures or digits are digits that define the numerical value of a number. A digit is considered significant unless it is used to place a decimal point. The significant digit of a number begins with the first non-zero digit and ends with the final digit, whether zero or non-zero. Examples: 016.72 4 significant figures @1.672 x 10° 4 significant figures 0.0016 2 significant figures Example 2 is expressed in scientific notation and figures considered significant are 1, 6, 7 and 2 excluding 10°. Example 3 has 2 significant figures only because the 3 zeros are used only to place a decimal. The number of significant digits is considered the place of accuracy. Hence, a number with 3 significant digits is said to have a three place accuracy and a number with 4 significant figures is said to have a four place accuracy. Rounding and Truneating: The two forms of approximations are known as rounding and truncation. Rounding of a number means replacing the number with another number having fewer significant decimal digits, or for integer number, fewer value-carrying (non- zero) digits. Example: @ 3.14159 shall be rounded up to 3.1416 ® 3.12364 shall be rounded down to 3.1235 Truncation refers to the dropping of the next digits in order to obtain the degree of accuracy beyond the need of practical calculations. This is just the same as rounding down and truncated values will always have values lower than the exact, values. Example: 3.14159 is truncated to 4 decimal as 3.14156 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Tips: 1. Revolution and its equivalent in units of angle. 4 revolution 360 degrees 2n radians 400 grads 6400 mils = 6400 centissimal degree = 6400 gons 2. Temperature. Relation between °Celsius and °Fahrenheit "c= 3(’r-32) 9 °F =°C+32 gct Absolute temperature: “| °C +273 “R="F + 460 Kelvin was named after British physicist, William ‘Thompson (1824-1902) the First Baron, Kelvin, Rankine was named after Scottish engineer and physicist, William John Macquom Rankine (1820-1872). Fahrenheit was named after German physicist, Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit (1686 - 1736). Celsius (or Centigrade) was named after Swedish astronomer, Anders Celsius (1701 — 1744). 3. Density of water = 1000 kg /m® 2.4 Ibicu, ft 18.10 Nim? gram / co 4. Read “Appendix B - Conversion” and Appendix D — “Prefixes” at the last part of this book and be familiar with the values. Bi pou Rnow that... the symbol x (pi), which is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter was introduced by William Jones in 1706 after the initial letter of the Greek word meaning “periphery” Proceed to the next page for your first test. GOODLUCK! =”Systems of Numbers and Conversion 7 Time element: 3.0 hours Problem 1: ME Board October 1996 How many significant digits do 10.097 have? com> asen Problem 2: ECE Board April 1991 Round off 0.003086 to three significant figures. 0.003 0.00309 0.0031 0.00308 oom> Problem 3: ECE Board April 1991 Round off 34.2814 to four significant figures. 34.2814 34.281 34.28 34.0 com> Problem 4: ME Board April 1996 Which number has three significant figures? A. 0.0014 B. 1.4141 Cc. 0.01414 D. 0.0144 Problem 5: ECE Board April 1991 Round off 149.691 to the nearest integer A. 149.69 B. 149.7 Cc. 150 D. 1498 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics by Tiong & Rojas Problem 6: ECE Board April 1991 Round off 2.371 x 10° to two significant figures. A. 24x10" B. 237x10° C. 0.2371 x 10° D. 0.002371 x 10" A. irrational number B. real number C. imaginary number D. a variable Problem 8: ECE Board March 1996 The number 0.123123123123........ is irrational surd rational transcendental gop> Problem 9: ECE Board April 1991 Round off 6785768,342 to the nearest one-tenth 6785768 6785768.4 6785768.3 None of these pom> Problem 10: EE Board April 1993 Express decimally: Fourteen Ten thousandths 0.0014 0.00014 0.014 0.14 vom> Problem 11: ECE Board March 1996 MCMXCIV is equivalent to what number? 1964 1994 1984 1974 pom>