InKar IAS Academy

The Disaster Management

Gist of Yojana – Jan 2017

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 Tips and Guidelines regarding General Studies (Mains Examination)

Study Material for IAS Mains General Studies (Paper-1) 2017

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YOJANA - JANUARY – 2017

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

 POST SENDAI DECLARATION

 CHEMICAL DISASTERS - PREVENTION AND RESPONSEInKar IAS Acade my

 BIOLOGICAL DISASTERS

 NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE

 DISASTER MANAGEMENT

 RISK MANAGEMENT AND EFFECT OF DISASTERS ON

DEVELOPMENT:

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People.
 Preface
Yojana and Kurukshetra are important magazines for UPSC preparation. Both the magazines are
government publications and contain authenticated information provided by authors who are
eminent in their respective domains. The aim of InKar s Gist is to prepare topics and issues and
have high quality 200 word content for answers.

Vast Mains syllabus need more time. So gist is a short summary you sub sum with full yojana
and Kurukshethra.

For GS Preparation:
In a year, there are 12 months and therefore there are 24(12+12) magazines one need to go
through. In these, you will get at least 35-40 topics covered. Therefore it covers at least 25% of
your mains preparation. At least 10-15 topics are directly part of the Paper-2 syllabus especially
for the General Studies can be done. It means this bunch can prepare for on an average a whole
GS paper.

For optional:
If ou ha e take a S ie e Optio al a d a t affo d so u h ti e upo these agazi es the
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just read the lead article and summary. It would hardly take 30-35 minutes of your entire
month.

You can also find out information about recently launched government schemes, government
initiatives, policy initiatives etc.

For Essay Preparation:

Reading Yojana and Kurukshetra magazines are really helpful for UPSC Preparation; you will get
the idea about Essay writing in different ways. These magazines are very good source for essay
preparation.

The language of the magazine is very important. You can very well develop your vocabulary by
reading the articles.

Finally, revise, re-revise and repeat the same process till you become ready for Exam.

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Government initiative of post Sendai Declaration
The pla te ed as Se dai F a e o k as adopted du i g the d UN Wo ld Co fe e e o
Disaster Risk Reduction, in Japanese city of Sendai in 2015.

India has successfully hosted the Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction
AMCDRR a d adopted Ne Delhi De la atio a d Regio al A tio Pla fo
i ple e tatio of the Se dai F a e o k .

The outcomes of the AMCDRR will guide the implementation of the Sendai Framework in Asia
and the Pacific.

National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) is strengthened in terms of state-of-the-art training

and equipment. The conference also commemorated the first World Tsunami Awareness Day to
spread awareness on tsunami.

Government has approved the creation of National Disaster Response Reserve (NDRR) through
a revolving fund of Rs. 250 crore to be operated by the NDRF.

The go e e t e p essed to sha e I dia s e pe tise a d help othe ou t ies i disaste

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response as it did during Japan Earthquake in 2011 and Nepal earthquake of 2015.

The government is making efforts to promote regional cooperation by hosting the SAARC
Disaster Management Centre to reduce disaster risks in the region and promoting knowledge
sharing among the SAARC countries.

In an effort to augment capacity building, National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM)

has signed a MoU with JNU for financial assistance and academic cooperation for
establishment of Centre for Excellence in Disaster Research and Resilience Building at JNU.

The Government has implemented the recommendations of 14th Finance Commission and
allocated funds towards State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF).

The Sendai framework calls upon private sector to be involved in disaster preparedness and
mitigation.

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People.
Disaster Management efforts at National and International Level
• Se dai F a e o k as adopted du i g the d UN Wo ld Co fe e e o Disaste Risk
Reduction.

• It o sists of fou ajo p io it a eas a d se e ta gets to e et hi h is to

prevent creation of new disaster risks and also to substantially reduce disaster risks.

• The fou p io it a eas i lude:

a) To Understanding Risk factors;

b) Strengthening Risk Governance

c) To Invest in disaster resilience;

d) To Improve capacities for disaster response

• The Se dai F a e o k has set ta gets fo su sta tial edu tio i losses i ludi g edu tio
in number of deaths, number of people affected by disasters, economic losses and
infrastructure losses. InKar IAS Acade my

• SDG goals that ta get o disaste isk esilie e

a) Goal 1- Ending poverty in all its form

b) Goal 2- Ending hunger, achieving food security and promoting sustainable agriculture

c) Goal 3- Ensuring healthy lives

d) Goal 4- Ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education

e) Goal 9- Building resilient Infrastructure

f) Goal 11- Making cities and human settlement safe, resilient and sustainable

g) Goal 13- Combating climate change and its impacts

h) Goal 15- Reversing land degradation

• U ited Natio s Disaste Assess e t a d Coo di atio UNDAC

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a) The United Nations Disaster Assessment And Coordination (UNDAC) is part of the
international emergency response system for sudden-onset emergencies.

b) It is designed to help the United Nations and governments of disaster-affected countries

during the first phase of a sudden-onset emergency.

c) The office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) at the request of the
government affected by a disaster dispatches a UNDAC team to the country within 12 to 48
hours anywhere in the world

Pri e i ister’s Te poi t Age da disaster risk reduction outlined at AMCDRR

To ensure that all development projects are built to appropriate disaster resilient standard and
contribute to the resilience of communities

Encourage greater involvement and leadership of women in disaster management

Work towards risk coverage for all- starting from poor households to small and medium
enterprises to multi-national corporation to nation states
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Invest in risk mapping globally for all hazard

Leverage technology to enhance efficiency

Development of network of universities to work on disaster issue

Utilize the opportunities provided by social media and mobile technologies

Build on local capacity and initiative

Ensure that opportunity to learn from disaster is not wasted. Establish a facility for technical
support to post-disaster reconstruction of houses.

Bring about greater cohesion in international response to disaster

Increase the Capacity Building

a) The emphasis should not be only on developing human resources, but also on developing the
necessary infrastructure and institutional capacity for risk reduction.

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People.
b) Capacity building cannot be the responsibility of the state alone. As the Sendai framework
puts it aptly, we need an all-of-society approach.

c) Capacity building programmes should be formulated based on the needs assessment. After
identifying the gaps in capacity of different stakeholders, training programmes should be
developed.

• Natio al Poli a d Pla for Capa it Buildi g

a) The National Policy for Disaster Management and the National Disaster Management Plan
(NDMP) identifies the themes for capacity building which include prevention and mitigation for
risk reduction; effective preparedness and response; and recovery and build back better.

• I stitutio al Arra ge e ts

a) The primary responsibility for disaster management lies with the state governments. The
local self governments also have a major role to play. The role of central government is
supportive and supplementary.

b) The overall coordination of disaster management vests with the Ministry of Home Affairs
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(MHA). The Cabinet Committee on Security (CSS) and the National Crisis Management
Committee (NCMC) are the key committees involved in the top level decision making with
regard to disaster management.

c) The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) lays down the policies, plans and
guidelines for disaster management.

d) The National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project aims to empower the governments, the
communities at large, particularly women.

e) The National School Safety Programme is to build capacity of students and teachers for
better preparedness.

f) National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) undertakes training, research and

development of national level information base.

g NIDM st i es to e e ge as a Ce t e of E elle e i the field of Disaste Ma age e t.

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People.
Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (AMCDRR) 2016

This first Asian Ministerial Conference for Disaster Risk Reduction after the advent of the Sendai
Framework was hosted by the Government of India in November 2016.

As a follow-up from the 6th Asian Ministerial Conference outcome (2014) and as a requirement
of the Sendai Framework, the intended outcome of the conference in India was to adopt an
Asia Regio al Pla fo I ple e tatio of the Se dai F a e o k .

The AMCDRR 2016 provided a unique opportunity to shape the implementation and monitoring
of the Sendai Framework in Asia.

Established in 2005, the AMCDRR is a biennial conference jointly organized by different Asian
countries and the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR).

The next AMCDRR will be held in Monglia in 2018 The two important documents – Ne Delhi
De la atio a d the Asia Regio al Pla fo I ple e tatio of the Se dai F a e o k

Asian Regional Plan for Implementation of the Sendai Framework.

Disasters are intertwined with development in a three-dimensional nexus.

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Disasters eat away hard earned gains of development of years and decades.

Lack of development exposes vulnerable communities to the risks of disasters.

Development creates new risks of disasters, such as houses and infrastructure without
compliance of zoning and building regulations are vulnerable; mining and industries in
ecologically sensitive zones may destroy the natural buffer to disasters, while fossil fuel based
production and consumption enhance risks of climate related disasters.

Challenges and Opportunities

India has put in place legal and institutional mechanisms at various levels and deployed
scientific and technological capabilities for disaster risk management.

However similar results were not seen in hydrological disasters like floods or cloudbursts

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People.
Technological disasters like industrial or road accidents continue to spiral; threats of biological
disasters like epidemics and pandemics loom large, while environmental disasters like depleting
water resources and rising level of air pollution in rapidly growing urban settlements are causes
of major concerns.

Initiatives which provides opportunities for planning, designing and implementing the
development projects and contribute to the process of mitigating the risks of disasters

 Digital India
 Make in India
 Skill India
 Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
 Smart Cities Mission
Implementation of the Sendai Framework in conjunction with the SDGs and Paris Climate
Agreement provide opportunities for addressing neglected but challenging tasks of disaster risk
management in India.

Disaster Management
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Disaster adopted by UN which also has been coopted in National Act of DM 2005, Disaster is as
serious disruption of a community or a society functioning, causing widespread human,
material, economic and or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected
community or society to cope using its own resources.

 National Disaster Response Force

NDRF is a most viable and vibrant multi-disciplinary, Multi skilled, high force capable of dealing
with all types of natural as well as manmade disasters and to mitigate the effects of disasters.
Aftermath of 2004 Tsunami disaster, Disaster management Act was enacted. The specialised
force to tackle the disaster is needed. So, NDRF comprising of 8 battalions (two battalions from
each BSF, CRPF, ITBP and CISF) is raised in 2010 two battalions (one form CRPF and BSF) and in
2015 two more form SSB inducted and now it contains 12 battalions. It is under the control of
Ministry of Home Affairs.

 Functions of NDRF

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Provide specialized response for rescue and relief in case of disasters - natural or manmade.
Deployment in case of impending disaster
Assistance of civil authorities in distribution of relief material during/after disaster.
Co-ordination with other agencies engaged in rescue/relief work.

United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination (UNDAC)

The United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination (UNDAC) is part of the international
emergency response system for sudden-onset emergencies.
It is designed to help the United Nations and governments of disaster-affected countries during
the first phase of a sudden-onset emergency.
The office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) at the request of the
government affected by a disaster dispatches a UNDAC team to the country within 12 to 48
hours anywhere in the world.

Risk Management and effect of disasters on development:

• Disaste isk a age e t ea s that the u de l i g haza ds a d ul e a ilities, atu al o
anthropogenic, are assessed scientifically and necessary measures are taken to prevent the
InKar IAS Acade my

creation of risks.

• Disaste p epa ed ess ea s getti g p epa ed for responding to disasters effectively as and
when it strikes so that lives can be saved and human suffering reduced to the maximum extent
possible through measures like evacuation, search and rescue and humanitarian assistance like
shelter and relief.

• Preparedness further means having policies, strategies, and resources in place for building
back better livelihoods, houses and infrastructures devastated during disasters.

• Disaste isk a age e t has assu ed iti al i po ta e fo sustai a le de elop ent as

damage and losses due to disasters are spiraling despite plethora of measures taken to reduce
such losses.

Disaster and Development:

Disasters are intertwined with development in a three-dimensional nexus.

• Disaste s eat a a ha d ea ed gai s of development of years and decades.

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People.
• La k of de elop e t e poses ul e a le o u ities to the isks of disaste s.

• De elop e t eates e isks of disaste s, su h as houses a d i f ast u tu e ithout

compliance of zoning and building regulations are vulnerable; mining and industries in
ecologically sensitive zones may destroy the natural buffer to disasters.

 Chemical disasters
• The I dia he i al i dust th ough its pe fo a e a d pote tial has o t i uted to . %
of the ou t s GDP

• Che i al disasters may arise at any stage of the process life cycle such as commissioning,
storage, manufacturing, maintenance, disposal and transportation etc.

• The elease of to i he i als a ause i epa a le da age that a last lo g to people as

well as to the environment.

• The Mi ist of E i o e t a d Fo est MoEF is the odal i ist fo a age e t of

chemical disasters and National Disaster Management Authority has prepared guidelines for
disaster management plans.
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 Causative Factors
• Agei g of process plant and inadequate steps to pace with modern technologies has
increased vulnerability to chemical disasters

• Du i g t a spo tatio , sto age a d p o essi g due to u e of easo s su h as te pe atu e

and pressure deviations, mixing of incompatible materials, catastrophic rupture of reactors,
storage vessel leak

• O ga i sol e ts a e the ost o o sou es of fi es a d e plosio s i he i al i dust

• A ajo it of i dust ial a ide ts due to hu a e o as a esult of o o plia e of

standard operating procedures (SOP) that have been put into place by company

• Defe t i desig a also e a ause fo he i al disaste

• A se e of SOP to itigate ea l a i g i the p o ess

• Poo oo di atio et ee diffe e t depa t e ts ith the he i al company

•I easi g th eat of te o ist a ti ities

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• Natu al disaste su h as floods a d ea th uakes

• I p ope ai te a e of e uip e t

• No -availability of an emerging response team to mitigate accident during the transportation

of hazardous chemical have resulted in major disasters

• Haza dous aste disposal eeds spe ial atte tio

Prevention and Response

• Role of I dustr :

a) Identification of Hazardous activities A knowledgeable and dedicated team of qualified

professionals to evaluate the hazards and risks arising is essential.

b) Maintenance of the plant facility and equipment-Proper maintenance of all the equipment
and machinery need to be carried out at regular intervals to ensure that the plant facility is safe.

c) Installation of Vapour / gas detection System-Installation of gas / vapour detection system

with alarms to detect leak even at micro levels would ensure that the leaks are attended at the
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early stages.

d) Compliance with existing rules and regulations-Various rules and regulations of the state and
centre should be strictly adhered for a sustainable and safe process.

e) Development of human resource management-A good human resource management must

be setup by the industry comprising of the top most officials to improve the safety systems in
the chemical industry.

f) Emergency preparedness-The industry must have a good emergency response team that can
react swiftly to mitigate disasters.

• Role of Go er e t:

a) Setting up accident investigation board and chemical accident database-An online portal
would help industries tackle a wide range of concerns from experts around the world that
would help in preventing any unforeseen conditions arising out of the plant operation.

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b) Awareness campaign-The government can provide awareness regarding the hazards arising
out a chemical disaster to the workers as well as the public.

c) Research and Development-R&D initiative to newer technologies that can minimise the
toxicity of the by-products of chemical industries can be carried out by the government.

d) Transportation of Hazardous Chemicals-Recently Indian Chemical Council (ICC) has initiated a

p og a e alled Ni e glo e hi h p o ide GPRS t a ki g of t u ks ight f o its o igi to
the place of destination.

• Role of Pu li :

a) A general awareness of the risk associated with any chemical accident would help in reducing
the outcome of the accident.

b) A mutual aid group can be setup to organise the general public in case of any disaster and
provide training and awareness about the potential actions to be taken in case of any chemical
leakage.

Biological Disaster InKar IAS Acade my

• Biologi al disaste s defi e the de astati g effe ts aused a e o ous sp ead of a disease,
virus or infestations of plant, animal or insect life on an epidemic or pandemic level.

• Epide i - level biological disasters affect large numbers of people within a given community
or area

• Pa de i - level biological disasters affect a much larger region, sometimes spanning entire
continents or the globe.

• Biologi al Disaste s a e ai l of t pes: I fe tio s; Alle g ; Poiso i g

• Biologi al haza ds, also k o as iohaza ds, efe s to iologi al su sta es o o ga i

matters produced by parasites, viruses, bacteria, fungi and protein that pose a threat to the
health of living organisms, primarily that of humans.

• Mi ist of Health a d Fa il Welfa e is the odal i ist fo ha dli g epide i s, de isio

making, advisory body and emergency medical relief provider.

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• Biologi al Wa fa e BW also k o as ge a fa e is the use of iologi al to i s o
infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi with the intent to kill or incapacitate
humans, animals or plants as an act of war.

• Mi ist of Ho e Affai s MHA is the odal i ist fo BW a d pa t e s ith Mi ist of

Health and Family Welfare in its management.

•Roles and responsibility of WHO

a) Strengthening national surveillance programmes.

b) Disseminating verified information on outbreaks of diseases, and also by providing

technical support for response.

c) Collecting, analysing and disseminating information on diseases likely to cause

epidemics of global importance.

• O upatio a d orkpla e where people come into contact with biological hazards

a) Medical staff, cleaning staff etc.

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b) Healthcare services

c) Cleaning services and property management

d) Employees in environmental hygiene services

e) Agriculture, fishery, veterinary services & manufacturing services

f) Indoor workplaces with central air conditioning

• Pre e ti e a d Co trol easures at orkpla es:

a) Elimination of the source of contamination is fundamental to the prevention and

control of biological hazards.

b) Engineering controls-improvement of ventilation, partial isolation of the

contamination source and the use of ultraviolet lamps can help contain the spread.

c) Personal hygiene-washing hands before and after work is the simplest and most basic
method to avoid infection.

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 d) Personal protection-The employees must use personal protective equipment and
adhere strictly to the practice of personal hygiene.

e) Sterilization is the process using heat or high pressure to eliminate bacteria and
microorganisms to ensure that employees would not be harmed through exposure
in the risk area.

f) Respiratory protection- surgical mask, powered air purifying respirator

• Pre ention of Biological Disasters:

a) Vulnerability Analysis and Risk Assessment.

b) Environmental Management

i. Safe water supply and proper maintenance of sewage pipeline

ii. Necessary awareness should be created in the community about the importance of
personal hygiene.

iii. Vector control programmes like elimination of breeding places, regular spraying of
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insecticides, keeping a watch on rodent population and disposal of the dead

bodies.

Elements of Disaster Management

• A t pi al disaste a age e t o ti uu o p ises si ele e ts

a) Pre Disaster Phase:

i. Prevention

ii. Mitigation

iii. Preparedness

b) Post disaster phase

i. Response

ii. Rehabilitation

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 iii. Reconstruction

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Secondly, to compile all the required study materials in a single place, So to save
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