Journal of Renewable Energy and Resources

Volume 4 Issue 2

Vortex Power Generator

Aishwarya V. B, Arpana S. Mashaldi, Jotiba P. Asogekar, Ajey L. Kammar, Kavita Hunasikatti**

Student, Professor**
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, Belagavi 590009
Corresponding author’s email id: arpana1625@gmail.com

Abstract
Gravitational water vortex power plant is a green technology that
generates electricity from alternative or renewable energy source. In the
vortex power plant, water is introduced into a circular basin tangentially
that creates a free vortex and energy is extracted from the free vortex by
using a turbine. The main advantage of this type of power plant is the
generation of electricity from ultra-low hydraulic pressure and it is also
environmental friendly. Since the hydraulic head requirement is as low as
0.5m, this type of power plant can be installed at a river or a stream to
generate electricity for few houses. It is a new and not well-developed
technology to harvest electricity from low pressure water energy sources.

Keywords: Vortex power plant, Generates electricity, Renewable energy

source, Hydraulic pressure, Environmental friendly

INTRODUCTION
Hydro power constitutes the cheapest
source of power generation [1]. The
demand for hydro power is increasing
rapidly because of increase in cost of fossil
fuels and due to depletion of fossils. A
large hydroelectric power generation plant
will cause situation of very high capital
investment and ecological unbalance.
The gravitation water vortex power plant
is a type of micro hydro vortex turbine
system which is capable of converting
energy in a moving fluid to rotational
energy using a low hydraulic head. The
technology is based on a round basin with
a central drain. The water passes through a
straight inlet and then passes tangentially

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into a round basin. The water forms a big
vortex over the center bottom drain of the
basin. A turbine withdraws rotational
energy from the vortex, which is converted
into electric energy by a generator.
The turbine's aeration of the water helps
improve water conditions while the
reduced speeds of the turbine and the lack
of cavitation ensure that most types of fish
can pass through the turbine without
danger, something which is much more
difficult to achieve at normal hydro plants
that require additional structures for the
fish migration.
Artificial Vortex power generation utilizes
the natural tendency of whirlpool
formation of fluids by defining a new
flow-path thereby causing a turbulent
circular movement of fluid layers. A
vertical axis turbine is designed and
developed so as to replicate the fluid
motion while causing minimum
disturbance to the artificially induced
vortex or whirlpool.
In other words, in vortex power generation
the kinetic energy of flowing water is
concentrated using a powerful Gravitation
Water Vortex in a rotation tank. This
kinetic energy is focused as rotation
energy to the turbine in the center of the
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Journal of Renewable Energy and Resources
Volume 4 Issue 2
water vortex[2]. The turbine converts the
rotation energy of the water vortex
together with a generator to green
electricity.
Fig 1 Basin design
Vortices are formed at the outlet of
hydraulic structures, where a large amount
of water is drained into the outlet. This
flow into the outlet causes a vortex to
initiate at the free surface.
This vortex gradually intensifies, causing
the water rotation to speed which, in turn,
causes the pressure at the centre of the
vortex to decrease. This pressure gradually
decreases until; ultimately, it is lower than
the atmospheric pressure and sucks the air
into the intake, so forming an air core. The
radius of the air core reduces gradually
while moving from the free surface to the
outlet

Figure: - 2 Blade shapes
Much attention has been paid to the design
of the turbine blades in cylindrical basin
systems, with the aim of increasing the
efficiency of energy conversion.
Variations in width, height, shape,
curvature and the number of blades have
been investigated, but the simple design
remains the most common in use and
easiest to manufacture. The positioning of
the blades in the vortex has also been
considered. The efficiency has been shown
to decrease with an increase in the number
of blades since they cause a greater
distortion in the vortex. The efficiency also
decreases with increase in radii of the
blades since the water velocities at radii far
away from the core are lower.
LITERATURE SURVEY
[1] Potential of Hydro Power Plant in
India and its Impact on Environment
ROSHNI BHOI International Journal
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Journal of Renewable Energy and Resources
Volume 4 Issue 2
of Engineering Trends and Technology
(IJETT) – Volume 10 Number 3 - Apr
2014
This paper presents a survey report of
hydro power plant in India. There are
various renewable energy resources like
sun, wind, water, ocean, tidal etc. Among
the entire source, hydro plant are emerging
in the developing India. After non-
renewable source like fossil fuel and
nuclear, major part of the India is looking
for the green energy
[2] Numerical Investigation Of Basin
Geometries For Vortex Generation In A
Gravitational Water Vortex Power Plant
NAUMAN HANIF KHAN, Journal of
hydrodynamics, Ser. B, (2007), Vol. 19,
pp. 143-149.
This paper shows how to improve the
efficiency of a gravitational water vortex
turbine, the production of a strong vortex,

capable of driving a runner for the
generation of electricity is very important.
Various design configurations have been
investigated using the computational fluid
dynamics approach.
[3] Gear Transmission Optimization
Design PENG YAN, International
Journal of Digital Content Technology
and its Applications, Vol. 6, No. 12,pp.
189-195, 2012.
This paper shows how the gear designed
using traditional method has large size,
and probably is not the most optimal
design scheme, and the design cycle is
long leading to low efficiency. The
relationship between the tooth shape
coefficient and the number of teeth can be
mapped into radial basis function neural
network.
[4] Design of a Permanent Magnet
Linear Generator HAMZAH AROF,
Permanent-Magnet Generator/Energy
Storage System IEEE Transactions On
Industrial Electronics, Vol. 49, No. 3,
June 2002,pp. 640- 648
This paper presents the experience in the
design of a permanent magnet generator.
The generator has a long translator and a
permanent magnet mover as magnetic field
source. It generates a three phase electrical
current. The generator is proposed to be
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Journal of Renewable Energy and Resources
Volume 4 Issue 2
operated using a dual chamber free piston
internal combustion linear engine.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Vortex Hydro power generation system is
good and effective solution for power
generation than conventional energy
resources. It has greater efficiency.
People should motivate to use the non-
conventional energy resources. It is highly
safe for the environment as it doesn‟t
produce any emission and harmful waste
product like conventional energy resources
and also it doesn‟t harmful to human and
aquatic animals. It is cost effective
solution for generation. It only need initial
investment. It has also long life span.
Overall it is good, reliable and affordable
solution for electricity generation.
Problem Identification
1. Small size plant is not available
2. Large amount of water is required
3. Cost is more
4. Harm to aquatic life
5. Large area is required
6. Construction and assembly time is
more
 Journal of Renewable Energy and Resources
Volume 4 Issue 2

2. To design a submergible generator:

Since the generator will be placed in
OBJECTIVES water, a submergible generator has to
1. To design a miniature vortex turbine: be used. To design a submergible
The turbine has to be designed such generator an Induction Motor is
that, it creates an artificial vortex in the converted into an Induction generator
P-Shaped basin. The Vortex turbine by adding Magnetic poles.
should result in minimum interference
with aquatic life. 3. To make miniature and cost effective
plant

Fig 2 Prototype Vortex Generator Plant

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 Journal of Renewable Energy and Resources
Volume 4 Issue 2

1) Water Tank- 5) Turbine-

A cylindrical tank has been used for water A vortex turbine has been designed and
storage purpose. The capacity of the tank fabricated as per the required size for the
is 100ltr. P-shaped basin.

2) Valve- 6) P- Shaped Basin-

A valve has been used to enable and A P-Shaped basin was designed and
disable water supply. fabricated. This basin enables the
formation of vortex with the help of vortex
3) Penstock- turbine.
A pipe of 2" diameter has been used as
penstock. This acts as the inlet for the P- 7) Water Outlet-
Shaped basin and the vortex turbine. Another 2" pipe has been used for water
outlet.
4) Water tank holding structure- 8) Submersible Generator-
The height of the water tank is from the A submergible induction motor was
ground. The height of the water tank from converted into submergible induction
the head of turbine is generator by adding poles to the rotor part.

PARTS OF VORTEX GENERATOR

P shape basin

Fig 3 P Shape Basin

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P shape basin which is fabricated to
converting energy in a moving fluid to
rotational energy using a low hydraulic
head. The technology is based on a round
basin with a central drain. Above the drain
the water forms a stable line vortex which
drives a water turbine.
Vortex turbine
Fig 4 Vortex turbine
Vortex turbine system which is capable of
converting energy in a moving fluid to
rotational energy the turbine withdraws
rotational energy from the vortex, which is
converted into electric energy by a
generator.
Hydro power and Hydro vortex turbine
Specification
1. Maximum Thickness: it is a useful
parameter for describing an aerofoil
and it is expressed as a percentage of
the blade length.
Generator
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Journal of Renewable Energy and Resources
Volume 4 Issue 2
2. Position of Maximum Thickness: It is
useful parameter which is specified as
percentage of the blade length.
3. Leading Edge :It is usually a circular
arc blending into the main profile and
specified by its radius as a a
percentage of Maximum Thickness
4. Trailing Edge: it is usually sharp, i.e.
of zero radius, but as this is impossible
from strength consideration, it is also a
circular arc specified as a percentage
of the maximum thickness.
5. Stagnation point: In the leading edge
where the stream strikes and is
bifurcated smoothly the two parts of
the stream meet again at the trailing
edge without formation of a eddies.
6. Angle of Attack: if horizontal lie draw
the trailing edge, the angle α, it makes
with bottom surface of the suction is
known as angle of attack.
7. Aspect Ratio: Is the ratio of the lengths
of the two sides of the plate and is
equal to h/l, were „h‟ is the height of
the aerofile section and „l‟ is the chord
length.
 Journal of Renewable Energy and Resources
Volume 4 Issue 2

Fig 5 Induction Generator

Electricity generation [2], a generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into
electrical power for use in an external circuit. Sources of mechanical energy include steam
turbines, gas turbines, water turbines, and internal combustion engines and even hand cranks.

Stator

Fig 6 Stator frame Fig 7 Generator Yoke

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Fig 8 fixing on Rotor frame in Yoke

Coil- No. of coil in the stator is 4.

Bushings- No. of Bushings present in the stator is 2. It is made up of Brass.
Winding- No. of turns of windings is 300. Copper wire is used as winding.

The generator converts mechanical power electrical conductor in many categories of

developed by the steam turbine
electrical power. The generator consists of
two main parts - the stator and the rotor.
The stationary part - the stator - consists of
two main parts, the core and the armature
winding. The stator core comprises many
tons of low loss magnetic steel sheets.
There are 84 copper stator bars. The
winding is formed by connecting the stator
bars to make a balanced three-phase lap
type winding.
Copper Wire
Copper is a chemical element with a
symbol Cu & atomic number 29. It is
ductile metal with very high thermal &
electrical conductivity. Copper is
to electrical wiring. Pure Copper is soft &
malleable, a freshly exposed surface a
reddish-orange color. It is used as a heat
and electricity, a building material &
constituent of various metal alloy. Copper
wire is used in power generation, power
transmission, power distribution,
telecommunications, electronic circuitary,
and complex type of electrical equipments.
Roughly, half of all Copper mined is used
to manufacture electrical wire and cable
conductors.
In this project, Copper wire for winding
has been used of a 18 SWG to get the
enough required voltage.
a

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Volume 4 Issue 2

Fig 9 Copper wires in stator

ROTOR

Fig 10 Induction motor rotor

Fig 11 5mm Turning cut on rotor

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The rotor is a moving component of an
electromagnetic system in the electric
motor, electric generator, or alternator. Its
rotation is due to the interaction between
the windings and magnetic fields which
produces a torque around the rotor's axis.
The cylindrical shaped rotor is made of a
solid steel shaft with slots running along
the outside length of the cylinder for
holding the field windings of the rotor
which are laminated copper bars inserted
into the slots and is secured by wedges.
The slots are insulated from the windings
and are held at the end of the rotor by slip
rings. An external direct current (DC)
source is connected to the concentrically
mounted slip rings with brushes running
along the rings. The brushes make
electrical contact with the rotating slip
rings. DC current is also supplied through
brushless excitation from a rectifier
mounted on the machine shaft that
converts alternating current to direct
current
Fig 12 neodymium magnet
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Diameter: 10mm
Thickness: 4mm
Field Strength: 0.25T
Nickel Plated
A magnet is a material or object that
produces a magnetic field. This magnetic
field is invisible but is responsible for the
most notable property of a magnet: a force
that pulls on other ferromagnetic materials,
such as iron, and attracts or repels other
magnets.
A permanent magnet is an object made
from a material that is magnetized and
creates its own persistent magnetic field.
Fig 12 an everyday example is a
refrigerator magnet used to hold notes on a
refrigerator door. Materials that can be
magnetized, which are also the ones that
are strongly attracted to a magnet, are
called ferromagnetic. These include iron,
nickel, cobalt, some alloys of rare-earth
metals, and some naturally occurring
minerals such as lodestone. Although
ferromagnetic materials are the only ones
attracted to a magnet strongly enough to be
commonly considered magnetic, all other
substances respond weakly to a magnetic
field, by one of several other types of
magnetism.
 Journal of Renewable Energy and Resources
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Fig 13 Design of permanent magnet rotor

GEARING SYSTEM Bevel gears

Spur gears Bevel gears are useful when the direction
Spur gears are simple [3], easily of a shaft's rotation needs to be changed.
manufactured gears and are usually the They are usually mounted on shafts that
first choice when exploring gear options. are 90 degrees apart, but can be designed
Transmitting power between parallel axes, to work at other angles as well. The teeth
the teeth project radially on the disc. Spur on bevel gears can be straight, spiral or
gears are regularly used for speed hypoid. Straight bevel gear teeth actually
reduction or increase, torque have the same problem as straight spur
multiplication, resolution and accuracy gear teeth -- as each tooth engages; it
enhancement for positioning systems. The impacts the corresponding tooth all at
teeth run parallel to the gear axis and can once.
only transfer motion between parallel-axis
gear sets. Spur gears mate only one tooth
at a time, resulting in high stress on the
mating teeth and noisy operation.

Fig 15 Bevel gears

Fig 14 spur gears

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Bushings
Fig 16 Bushing
Bushings (also referred to as plain
bearings, plane bearings, and sleeve
bearings or linear sleeve bushings) operate
with sliding motion between the moving
surfaces. Bushings are selected based on
Fig 17 Module of vortex power generator
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Journal of Renewable Energy and Resources
Volume 4 Issue 2
the velocity and the applied load.
Maintenance-free bushings do not require
additional lubrication to operate.
METHODOLOGY
The whirlpool turbine makes use of small
rapids or waterfalls to harness energy. A
land is dug up near the water source to
install a concrete basin. A generator and
impeller go inside the basin. Then a river
wall is lifted so some of the river water
will pour into the basin, getting the turbine
going. It produces limitless free energy as
long as water is flowing, and if a river
froze in the winter, production would
come to a screeching halt.
 Journal of Renewable Energy and Resources
Volume 4 Issue 2

The turbine possesses just a single moving together with a generator to green
part, so it can have a longer operating life electricity.
and doesn‟t require much maintenance. A
self-cleaning screen captures large debris, Calculation of kinetic energy and
and fish won‟t be harmed in the turbine. potential energy
V= Velocity of Water
Hydropower has become less sustainable G= Gravitational Force
over time, with high-pressure turbines and H= Height of the Tank
dams, and the goal is to make the energy
source sustainable again. Unlike large Mass of the Water in kg 100 lit = 91kg
dams, the low-pressure turbine requires a V=1.31 m/s
less height difference. G=9.8 m/s²
H=1.5mt
In Fig 17 shows the Artificial Vortex
power generation utilizes the natural 1. Kinetic Energy of Water
tendency of whirlpool formation of fluids K.E. = 1/2 m v2
by defining a new flow-path thereby K.E=1/2*91*(1.31)²
causing a turbulent circular movement of = 78.08 J
fluid layers. A vertical axis turbine is
designed and developed so as to replicate 2. Potential Energy of Water
the fluid motion while causing minimum P.E=mgh
disturbance to the artificially induced P.E=91*9.8*1.5
vortex or whirlpool. = 1337.7 J

In other words, in vortex power generation

the kinetic energy of flowing water is
concentrated using a powerful Gravitation
Water Vortex in a rotation tank. This
kinetic energy is focused as rotation
energy to the turbine in the center of the
water vortex. The turbine converts the
rotation energy of the water vortex

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 Journal of Renewable Energy and Resources
Volume 4 Issue 2

Pipes size Maximum Water Flow Capacity

Table:-1

Maximum Flow Velocity

Pipe Size Head Loss
(gal/min) (ft/s)
(inch) (ftH2O/100ft, m/100m)

2 45 4.3 3.9

2½ 75 5.0 4.1

3 130 5.6 3.9

4 260 6.6 4.0

6 800 8.9 4.0

8 1600 10.3 3.8

10 3000 12.2 4.0

12 4700 13.4 4.0

14 6000 14.2 4.0

16 8000 14.5 3.5

18 10000 14.3 3.0

20 12000 13.8 2.4

24 18000 14.4 2.1

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Total magnetic strength of one pole=

Velocity of Flow rate of 7*3*.25=5.25Tesla
Water=Area*Velocity
a)Area of Pipe =π/4 *(D)² Coil Design Consideration
Area of Pipe =π/4*(0.0508)² It‟s a faraday‟s Law that you need to
=0.00202 m² employ while trying to determine how big
the coil needs to be for certain voltage
For 2'' pipe the average velocity will be from your alternator or your generator. It
1.31 m/s has been found a common question, how
b)Velocity=1.31 m/s big does my coil need to be. Faraday‟s
Velocity of Flow rate of Water Law will answer the question but you will
=0.00202*1.31 soon find that, getting the data needed for
=0.00265m³/s Faraday to answer your question will be
very difficult because getting exact
Calculation of Gear ratio numbers will be next to impossible.
 Big gear teeth T1=36
 Small gear teeth T2=6 Coils
If RPM of Big gear S1=1RPM Gauge=18SWG
No. of turns=300
T1*S1=T2*S2
Resistance of each coil=36 ohm
S2= (T1*S1)/T2
S2=(36*1)/6
Generator design
S2=6
In the forums there is a common question
asking how many turns does my coil need
Ratio of gear is 1/6
to produce amount of output. That depends
on your design, how close your coils are to
Calculation of magnetic strength of one
the magnets, how strong your magnets are,
pole
what size of wire you are using, and how
 Type of Magnet=Neodymium Magnet
fast your coils are cutting the magnetic
 Diameter of Magnet=10mm
flux.(Fig-17) A question is not easily
 Thickness of Magnet=4mm
answered you really have to experiment to
 Magnetic Strength=0.25Tesla/piece
find what works best for you. The higher

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 Journal of Renewable Energy and Resources
Volume 4 Issue 2

the RPM‟s of your alternator less the V=300*(5.25*(0.00082/0.2))

number of turns needed thereby allowing a
heavier gauge of wire that can be used
giving higher amperage output or we can
do it the way tesla would do it and was
with mathematics the formula for output is
below
V=-N*change in ((tesla *area meter
squared)/seconds)
This gives number of turns
V = 6.25V
The wire used for the making of the coil is
copper gauge wire of 18 SWG and made 4
coils of 300 turns as per the calculation
shown above. The magnets used are
Neodymium Magnets because it has more
conductivity compared to other magnets.
Total magnetic strength of one pole=
7*3*.25=5.25Tesla

RESULT & DISCUSSIONS

Readings of Vortex Power Generator
Table:-2

Sl No spur gear Ratio Bevel gear Ratio Total Gear box Generator output
Ratio Voltage
1 1/1 1/3 1/3 0.34
2 1/2 1/3 1/6 0.8
3 1/3 1/3 1/9 2.14

2.5
Generator Output Voltage

1.5

0.5

0
1/3 1/6 1/9
Gear Ratio

Fig 18 Generator output Voltage v/s Gear Ratio

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 Journal of Renewable Energy and Resources
Volume 4 Issue 2

This graph represents Generator output Voltage v/s Gear Ratio. From this graph we can
observe that the generator output increases as the gear ratio increases.

Readings of generator output v/s gear box output

Table:-3
S. No Turbine Speed Gear Box Output Generator Output
1 42 RPM 42 0.34
2 42RPM 84 0.8
3 42RPM 126 2.14

2.5

2
Generator Output

1.5

0.5

0
42 84 126
Gear Box Output

Fig 19 generator output v/s gear box output

This graph represents generator output v/s gear box output. From this graph we can observe
that generator output increases as gear box output increases.

Rotor Speed VS Generator Output Ratio

Table:-4
S. No Rotor Speed Generator Output
1 100
2 200
3 300
4 400
5 500
6 600
7 700
8 800
9 900
10 1000
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Series 1
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 100011001200
Figure: -20
ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
Advantages
1: Efficient Energy Resource
One of the main advantages of using small
hydropower plants is concerned with the
fact that they only require a small amount
of water flow to produce electricity. Plus,
the electricity generated can still be used
even if the production site is one mile
away.
2: Reliable Electricity Source
When you compare hydro power plants
with other small scale renewable energy
technologies, this is the one that can be
considered as the more constant and
reliable. However, you need to bear in
mind that during the winter, in the places
where it is normal to snow, the cold may
freeze the rivers preventing the electricity
generation.
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Journal of Renewable Energy and Resources
Volume 4 Issue 2
Series 1
3: No Need for Reservoir
Small hydro power plants are also known
as RUN-OF-RIVER SYSTEMS. And this
only means that they don‟t need any water
reservoir. The energy production starts
with the water passing through the
turbines. The water is then diverted back
into the stream or the river. This causes an
extremely low IMPACT ON THE
SURROUNDING NATURE.
4: Cost Effective
There‟s no question that in today‟s world,
we are always measuring the costs and
evaluating the benefits of everything. And
it should be no different when you look at
small HYDROPOWER PLANTS. The
truth is that they are very cost effective. A
small power plant can cost between $1,000
and $20,000, depending on the site
location and the electricity requirements.
Plus, even though there are maintenance

costs, these tend to be a lot smaller
compared to other technologies.
5: Powering Remote Villages
One of the main reasons why many
developing countries are using
technology is because they can supply
electricity to small communities and
villages while having a long life span as
well as a low-cost solution.
6: Integration with the Local Power Grid
When a site delivers an excess of
electricity production, you can always
integrate it into the GRID. This way, when
you need more electricity than the one the
small power plant is producing, you can
get it back from the grid as well. This
ensures that the most remote villages and
communities will continue to have all the
electricity they need, no matter the season
of the year.
7: Environmental Impact
The small hydro power plants usually have
a very SMALL IMPACT ON THE
ENVIRONMENT. On the contrary, other
energies like large hydro power plants or
even the energy that uses fossil fuels can
provoke a huge damage on
environment in the surroundings.
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Journal of Renewable Energy and Resources
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Disadvantages:
1: Specific Site Requirements
Even though the small hydro power plants
have a lot of benefits, the truth is that they
can‟t just be implemented on every site. to
this be taken into consideration such as the
balance of the system components
(inverter, transmission line, batteries,
pipelines, and controller), the distance
between the power source and the location
where the electricity is going to be used,
and the stream flow.
2: The Expansion Is Not Possible
Both the flow and size of the streams or
rivers will restrict the expansion in case
the demand for electricity increases.
3: The Output Is Variable
One of the main disadvantages of using a
small hydro power plant is that you will
not always get the same amount of
electricity produced. The fact is that it
depends on the flow of the river or stream.
So, during the summer months, this can be
a problem when the small power plant is
located in a dry area. The same can happen
during the winter when these power plants
are located in places where snow tends to
the be abundant which means that the rivers
and streams can freeze.
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CONCLUSION Frequency: 1 to 125Hz and 126 to 62.5

The vortex power generator creates kHz.
artificial vortex in P-shaped basin to
generate Electricity. The vortex power Temperature sensor type-K, J, E, T (1KΩ
generator is small in size so it can be min).Catalogue: measurement instruments/
placed in rivers, lakes, canals etc. to Test meters/ Digital multimeter /Digital
generate electricity. A submergible multimeter PCE.
induction generator was made by adding
magnetic poles to the rotor of an induction
motor. A P-shape basin and vortex turbine
were designed and fabricated. The entire
power generator was fabricated as per the
design. The prototype is in working
condition and the output is obtained as per
our calculation. The challenge is to design
a structure to optimize a powerful vortex
formation and to develop a turbine design
that would cause least disturbance to the
vortex formed while extracting power Fig І.І Digital Multimeter
from it.

APPENDIX І TACHOMETER
DISCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS Scale range: 300RPM to 3500 RPM
Digital Multimeter Mounting: Standard 3-1/8 Inch instrument
Digital multimeter PCE-123 Test Weight: 14 Ounces
instruments Accuracy: +/-25 RPM between 1000 RPM
Digital multimeter for measurement of and 3000 RPM
input electrical signals (frequency and
temperature). -mA DC current: 4 to
20mA/0 to 20Ma/0 to 24Ma Fig (6.1.8) -
mV current, VDC: TO 100mv, 0 to
10,000v, 0 to 1,0000V.

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 Journal of Renewable Energy and Resources
Volume 4 Issue 2

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Fig І.ІІ Tachometer
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Scale range: up to 99,999 RPM
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Contact range: 0.8 - 25,000 rpm
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Exceptional accuracy ±0.006% of reading

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Fig І.ІІl Laser Tachometer

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